CHEM 16 LAB SECOND LONG EXAM F > -1

Cl, Br, I (not bonded to O) > -1

Experiment # 5 Oxidation-Reduction
O (except in peroxides = -1) > -2
Redox Reaction
- Involves a change in oxidation number
corresponding to loss/gain of electrons
Oxidation
Increase in oxidation number
Loss of electrons
Substance that undergoes oxidation is the
reducing agent.
Reduction Ion-Electron Method

Decrease in oxidation number

Gain of electrons
Substance that undergoes reduction is the
oxidizing agent.

*They always take place SIMULTANEOUSLY.

*Gain and lose do not mean an actual transfer
of electrons for COVALENT compounds.

LEORA vs GEROA
Losing Electrons = Oxidation-
Reducing Agent.
Gaining Electrons = Reduction
Oxidizing Agent.

Oxidation State
ACIDIC
- Number of electrons that an atom loses,
gains or appears to use when joining with - Oxygen deficient side:
other atom in compounds Add 1 mole H2O, then add 2 moles
H+ to the other side.
Rules for assigning oxidation states:
- Hydrogen deficient side:
o Total oxidation state: Add 1 mole H+.
Neutral species > 0
BASIC
Ion > ion charge (Law of
Conservation of Charge) - Oxygen deficient side:
o Individual atom/free element > 0 Add 2 moles OH-, then add 1 mole
o In compounds: H2O to the other side.
Group I metals(Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, - Hydrogen deficient side:
Fr) > +1 Add 1 mole H2O, then add 1 mole
H (except in hydrides = -1) > +1 OH- to the other side.
Group II metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba,
Ra) > +2
B, Al > +3

REDOX 1
Post-Lab:

Activity of Metals

Metal solids Cu, Fe, Zn

Metal ions Cu2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, H+

1. Cu(NO3)2, FeSO4, H2SO4 + mossy zinc

Equation Visible Results Reducing

Property

Cu2+ + Zn -> Cu + Zn2+ Solid: silver -> black Zn > Cu

Solution: -> green/light blue

Fe2+ + Zn -> Fe + Zn2+ Solid: silver -> rust-colored Zn > Fe

Solution: yellow -> light yellow

2H+ + Zn -> H2 + Zn2+ Bubbling / effervescence Zn > H2

2. Zn(NO3)2, FeSO4, H2SO4 + copper wire

Equation Visible Results Reducing

Property

Zn2+ + Cu -> nr No visible reaction Zn > Cu

Fe2+ + Cu -> nr No visible reaction Fe > Cu

H+ + Cu -> nr No visible reaction H2 > Cu

3. Zn(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, H2SO4 + iron nail

Equation Visible Results Reducing

Property

Zn2+ + Fe -> nr No visible reaction Zn > Fe

Cu2+ + Fe-> Fe2+ + Cu Nail: -> rust-colored Fe > Cu

Deposition of black particles

2H+ + Fe -> H2 + Fe2+ Nail: -> rust-colored Fe > H2

Bubbles
REDOX 2
Activity of Non-metals
Cl- (aq) colorless
I2, Br2, Cl2
Br- (aq) yellow
I-, Br-, Cl-
I- (aq) pink
Cl2 (org) colorless
Br2 (org) yellow
I2 (org) pink

1. KBr, KI + toluene + Cl2 water

Equation Visible Results Reducing

Property

Cl2 + 2Br- -> 2Cl- + Br2 Aq: colorless Cl2 > Br2

Org: yellow / yellow orange

Cl2 + 2I- -> 2Cl- + I2 Aq: colorless Cl2 > I2

Org: pink

2. KCl, KI + toluene + Br2 water

Equation Visible Results Reducing

Property

Br2 + 2Cl- -> nr Aq: colorless Cl2 > Br2

Org: yellow / yellow orange

Br2 + 2I- -> 2Br- + I2 Aq: yellow Br2 > I2

Org: pink

3. KCl, KBr + toluene + saturated I2 solution

Equation Visible Results Reducing

Property

I2 + 2Cl- -> nr Aq: colorless Cl2 > I2

Org: pink

I2 + 2Br- -> nr Aq: yellow Br2 > I2

Org: pink

REDOX 3
Reaction of SO32- and MnO4- in different media
1. Na2SO3 + KMnO4
Neutral formation of brown precipitate
H2O + 2MnO4- + 3SO32- -> 3SO42 + 2MnO2 + 2OH-
2. Na2SO3 + H2SO4 + excess acid + KMnO4
Acidic colorless solution
6H+ + 2MnO4- + 5SO32- -> 5SO42 + 2Mn2+ + 3H2O
3. Na2SO3 + NaOH + excess base + KMnO4
Basic green solution
2OH- + 2MnO4- + SO32- -> SO42 + 2MnO42- + H2O

REDOX 4