Sudan University of Science and Technology

School
S h l off El
Electronics
t i Engineering
E i i
Dept. of Communication Engineering

Satellite Communications

Lecture (1)
Prepared by
by::
Dr.. Mohamed Hussien
Dr
[email protected]
eng_kassala@hotmail.
mohamed_hussien@ieee.
mohamed [email protected]
mohamed_hussien@ieee
 Assessment

z Grades in this course will be determined

usingg the followingg criteria:

3The Final Exam is worth: 70%

3Coursework mark is worth: 30%

C
Coursework
k includes
i l d (quizzes,
( i assignments,
i t
tests attendance and class works).
)

2016-06-01 Dr. Mohamed Hussien 2

 Textbook(s)
e tboo (s)

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 Course Content
z Overview of Satellite Systems
z Orbits and Launching Methods
z The Geostationary Orbit
z Radio Wave Propagation
z Polarization/Antennas
z The Space Segment/The Earth Segment
z Analogg Signals
g & Error Control Codingg
z The Space Link
z Interference
z Satellites in Networks
z Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) Television
z Satellite Mobile and Specialized Services
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 Ch 1:
C
Overview of Satellite
Systems

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 Wireless
e ess C
Classification
ass cat o

z Wireless
Wi l system definition,
d fi i i i connecting
is i
between two point without the use of
wired connection. This can be
accomplished by:
Infrared
Optical
Radio frequency
q y
Acoustic

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 Wireless Classificationcont.
cont

Another
A h way to categorize
i wireless
i l
y
system as:
Point-to-point (PTP)
Remote control,
control microwave link,
link etc
Point-to-multipoint (PMP)
AM and d FM broadcast
b d radio
di andd TV,
TV
Local multipoint distribution system (LMDS):

uses in TV broadcast and internet access, i.e.

WiMAX.
Multipoint-to-multipoint (MTM)
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 Wireless
e ess Co
Communication
u cat o Syste
Systems
s Today
oday

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2016-06-01 9
Dr. Mohamed Hussien
 Advantages
d a tages o
of Sate
Satellites
tes
The advantages of satellite
communication over terrestrial
communication
i ti are:
The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds
that
h off a terrestrial
i l system.
Transmission cost of a satellite is independent
off the
h distance
di f
from the
h center off the
h coverage
area.
Satellite
S lli to Satellite
S lli communication i i i very
is
precise.
Higher
Hi h Bandwidths
B d id h are available
il bl for
f use.
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 Disadvantages
g of Satellites

Launching satellites into orbit is

costly
costly.
Satellite bandwidth is gradually
g y
becoming used up.
There
Th i a larger
is l propagation
i delay
d l
in satellite communication than in
terrestrial communication.

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 Satellite--Related Terms
Satellite

Earth Stations antenna systems on or near earth

Uplink transmission from an earth station to a
satellite
Downlink transmission from a satellite to an
earth station
Transponder electronics in the satellite that
convert uplink signals to downlink signals

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 Satellite
Sate te System
Syste Elements
e e ts

Space Segment

Satellite Coverage
Region

Earth Stations SCC

TT&C Ground Station

Ground Segment
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 Space Segment
Satellite
S t llit Launching
L hi Phase
Ph
Transfer Orbit Phase
D l
Deployment
Operation
TT&C - Tracking Telemetry and Command
Station
SCC - Satellite Control Center:
OCC - Operations Control Center
SCF - Satellite Control Facility
Provides link signal monitoring for Link
Maintenance and Interference monitoring.g
Retirement Phase
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 Satellite
Sate te Subsystems
Subsyste s
Communications
Antennas
Transponders
T d
Common Subsystem (Bus Subsystem)
Telemetry/Command (TT&C)
Satellite Control (antenna pointing,
pointing attitude)
Propulsion
Electrical
El t i l Power
P
Structure
Thermal Control
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 Satellite Services
Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
Example: telephone system, Sat to Cable
Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)
Example: Satellite Television/Radio Also called

Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).

(DBS)
In Europe called DTH

Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)

Include land mobile, maritime mobile, and

aeronautical mobile.
mobile
Navigational satellite services i.e. GPS
Meteorological satellite services i.e.
i e Weather and
rescue service
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 Frequency
q y Bands

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 Frequency Allocations
for Satellite Services
To facilitate
f ili frequency
f planning,
l i the h
world is divided into three regions:
Region
g 1: Europe,
p , Africa
Region 2: North and South
America and Greenland
Region
R i 3: 3 Asia,
Ai A Australia,
t li andd
the southwest Pacific
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 Frequency Allocations
for Satellite Services

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 Frequency
eque cy Bands
a ds
Different kinds of satellites use different frequency
bands.
L
LBand:
Band: 1 to 2 GHz,
GHz used by MSS
S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space research
C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz,, used by
y FSS the "BUD" ((Big
g Ugly
g y Dish))
band
X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial imaging,
ex: military and meteorological satellites
Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)
There
Th are more than
th 22 FSS Ku K band
b d satellites
t llit orbiting
biti over
North America, each carrying 12 to 48 transponders,
K-Band:
K Band: 18 to 26.5
26 5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS
Ka-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS
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 Space--Earth Frequency Usability
Space

22 2GHz (H20)
22.2GHz
53.5-65.2 GHz (Oxygen)

Atmospheric attenuation effects for Space

Space-to-Earth
to Earth as a function of frequency
(clear air conditions). (a) Oxygen; (b) Water vapor. [Source: ITU 1988]
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 Satellites orbits
GEO 36,000 km

z Satellite Orbits MEO 5 000 15,000

5,000 15 000 km

GEO LEO 500 -1000 km

LEO
MEO
HEO
HAPs
(High Altitude Platform )

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 Geostationary
y Earth Orbit ((GEO))

z These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km

z Objects
Obj t in i Geostationary
G t ti orbit
bit revolve
l
around the earth at the same speed as
the earth rotates.
z This means GEO satellites remain in
th same position
the iti relative
l ti t the
to th
surface of earth.
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 Low Earth Orbit ((LEO))
z LEO satellites are much closer to the
earth than GEO satellites, ranging from
500 to 1,500 km above the surface.
z LEO satellites don dontt stay in fixed
position relative to the surface, and are
only visible for 15 to 20 minutes each
pass.
pass
z A network of LEO satellites is necessary
for LEO satellites to be useful
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 Low Earth Orbit ((LEO))

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 LEO
O (co
(cont.)
t)

z Disadvantages
A network of LEO satellites is needed,
needed
which can be costly
LEO satellites have to compensate for
Doppler
pp shifts cause byy their relative
movement.

Atmospheric drag effects LEO satellites,

causing
i gradual
d l orbital
bit l deterioration.
d t i ti
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 LEO
O (co
(cont.)
t)

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 Medium
ed u Earth
a t Orbit
O b t (MEO)
( O)
zA MEO satellite
t llit is
i in i orbit
bit 8,000
8 000 km
k -
18,000 km
z MEO satellites are visible for much
l
longer periods
i d off time ti th
than LEO
satellites,, usuallyy between 2 to 8 hours.
z MEO satellites have a larger coverage
area than
h LEO satellites. lli
z A.k.a.
A k a Intermediate Circular Orbits (ICO), (ICO)
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 Highly
g y Elliptical
p Orbit (HEO)
( )

z Known as Molniya Orbit Satellites

Used by
y Russia for decades.
Molniya Orbit is an elliptical orbit.
The satellite
Th t llit remains
i ini a nearly
l fixed
fi d
position relative to earth for eight
hours.
A series of three Molniya satellites can
act like a GEO satellite.
Useful in near polar regions.
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 Highly
g y Elliptical
p Orbit (HEO)
( )

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 Other
Ot e Orbits
O b ts (cont.)
(co t )
z High Altitude Platform (HAP)
One of the newest ideas in satellite
communication.
A blimp or plane around 20 km above
the earths surface is used as a satellite.
HAPs would have very small coverage
area, but would have a comparatively
strong
t signal.
i l
Cheaper to put in position, but would
require a lot of them in a network.
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 INTELSAT
z Stand for International Telecommunications
Satellite.
z Created
C t d in
i 1964 andd currently
tl has
h over 140
member countries
one 36 MHz
transponder
p is capable
p
of carrying about
9000 voice channels, or
two analog TV
channels, or about eight
digital TV channels.

32
2016-06-01 Dr. Mohamed Hussien
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 DOMSAT
O S

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 Direct broadcasting
g satellite system
y

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 Transceiver design

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 Typical
yp ca receiver
ece e b blocks
oc s
(LNB) low
low-noise
noise block converter

Antenna

RF IF BB

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 Transponder
p

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 Duplexing
up e g

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 RF communication channel

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 Propagation
p g Effects

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 RF Transceiver at Glance

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 Digital Communication
System

TRANSMITTER

Source Source Channel Modulator

Data Coding Coding

RF
Channel

Output Source Channel Demodulator

Data Decoding Decoder

RECEIVER

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 Digital
g ta Tx & Rx

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 FM Transceiver vs. Mobile
Transceiver

45
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 Disciplines required in RF system
design

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 RF Circuit Design
g Hexagon
g

z Several trade-offs
in RF design
g
z In digital design
only
l one main i
trade-off between
speed and power

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 Ultimate objective
z Single-chip
Si l hi transceiver
i
z Minimum external components
z Inductors and capacitors integrated on chip

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 Antenna
te a
z Convert RF signal to
electromagnetic waves and vice
versa
Same antenna is used for Tx and
Rx by y usingg reciprocal
p feature
z Antenna characteristics:
Operating frequency range
Size
Pattern coverage
z Radiation pattern of antenna is a plot of the txed or Rxed
signal strength versus position around the antenna
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2016-06-01 Dr. Mohamed Hussien 50
 Diplexing Filter
Isolation Tx and Rx channels,
channels to avoid interference
Isolation between Tx and Rx should be about 120 dB
Bandpass
B d fil
filterer at the
h input
i off the
h Rx
R can be
b usedd to
attenuate the transmitter signals.
Same antenna should be used for Tx
and Rx
Duplexing filter should be used to:
Separate Tx from Rx signals, and
Provide attenuation between Tx
and Rx signals
Transmit/Receive ((T/R)) switch can be
used in half-duplex wireless systems
Dr. Mohamed Hussien 51
2016-06-01
 Antennae2

z Antenna size decreases with the

increase in frequency
* =c/f
z The gain of the antenna is proportional
t its
to it cross-sectional
ti l area divided b 2
di id d by

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 Filters
z To reject unwanted signals
z Important parameters:
Cut-off
Cut off frequency
Insertion loss
Out-of-band
Out of band attenuation rate
z Another important factor is integrability with other circuit
components
Difficult to integrate high performance bandpass filters in IC
forms
Has high insertion loss and low out-of-band attenuation rate
So, it uses off-chip
off chip filters located on the circuit board rather
than fully integrated filter
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All outside even they
y may
y being
gpproduced from different materials

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 Amplifier
z There are three main categories
g of amplifier
p used in
wireless:
Low noise amplifier
p (LNA)
( )
Power amplifier (PA)
IF amplifier

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 Amplifier
p e 2
z Importance specifications for Amplifiers:
Power Gain (in dB)
Noise Figure
g (NF)
( )
Intercept point (IP)
z Transistor amplifier
p is non-linear devices
z Saturation
Saturation happen
pp because the output
p voltage
g of an amplifier
p cant
exceed the bias voltage level.
Saturation is usually only an issue with PAs
z Harmonic distortion
usually is very low, however at cube of the input signal is increases.
In
I practice
i iti is
i important
i to keep
k distortion
di i levels
l l as low
l as 50-80
50 80
dB below the output level.
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 Amplifier
p ..3
.. 3

z Si transistors is inexpensive and have frequencies

up to several GHz
z Previously Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) transistors
were required for frequencies at above 1GHz,
However,
H G
GaAsA processing
i iis very expensive
i
and incompatible with silicon-based IC
f b i ti
fabrication.
z Another promising technology is silicon
germanium (SiGe),
Which can be used at higher
g frequencies
q than
silicon and lower cost than GaAs.
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 Mixer

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 Oscillator
z Is required in the Rx and Tx to provide frequency
conversion
z Typical Tx and Rx each may use as many as 4-6
oscillators
z RF oscillators
Hartley, Colpitts oscillators
z Use transistor with LC network (to control the frequency
of oscillation)
z Better frequency
q y control is uses q quartz crystal
y in p
place of
LC resonators (Pierce Oscillator)
z In crystal oscillators is difficult to tune the frequency
PLL (frequency synthesizer) can be used for
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Dr. Mohamed Hussien
 Oscillator
Osc ato 2

Hartley Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator

Pierce Oscillator Clapp oscillator

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60
 Transceiver Architecture for
ground station

2016-06-01 61
Dr. Mohamed Hussien
 Thank you

2016-06-01 Dr. Mohamed Hussien 62