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Solid Geometry PDF

This document provides information about geometry concepts including: 1) It discusses properties of triangles such as right triangles, obtuse triangles, and acute triangles based on the relationships between sides. It also covers finding sides and angles in right triangles. 2) Properties of special right triangles where one side equals half the hypotenuse are described. Medians and the point of concurrence in triangles are also covered. 3) Congruence and similarity between triangles is defined including the AAA, SAS, and SSS criteria. 4) Basic definitions of planes and how they are determined are given.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)

2K views64 pages

Solid Geometry PDF

Uploaded by

Ashok Pradhan

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You are on page 1/ 64

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Revision on the previous Geometry

In any ABC : A
AB + BC > AC
AB + AC > BC

AC + BC > AB
B C
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In any ABC if :

(1) (AB) = (BC) + (AC) then ABC is a right angled triangle at C

(2) (AB) > (BC) + (AC) then ABC is an obtuse angled triangle at C

(1) (AB) < (BC) + (AC) then ABC is an acute angled triangle .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Right - angled triangle
To find a sides :
1) Use Pythagoras theorem :

2) Use Euclid's theorem :

A
(AB) = BD BC

(AC) = CD CB

(AD) = BD DC
B C
D
AB AC
AD
BC

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary -1-

1
To find the Area : Base Height
2
To find the Area : 1 Pr oduct of any two sides Sinethe angleincluded
2
1 1 1
= a b Sin C Or a c Sin B Or b c Sin A
2 2 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) In the right angled triangle ABC , the side opposite to 30 equals half the length of the
hypotonuse AB = AC A

(2) In the right angled triangle ABC , The median from the D
E
vertex of the right angled equals half the length of the hypotonuse
So , BD = AC Or BD = AD = DC
30 o
(3) If E is a mid point of AB and D is the mid point of AC , B C
Then ED // BC And ED = BC

(4) The medians of a triangle intersects at a point called the point of concurrence , This point
divides each median in the ratio of 2 : 1 from the vertex or 1 : 2 from the base .
A
So , From the opposite figure
BM : MZ 2 : 1
Or ZM : ZB 1 : 3 x z
Or BM : BZ 2 : 3 1
M
2
B y C
(5) In an equilateral or isosceles triangle , the height of the bisects the base .
axis of symmetry
Solid Geometry 3rd secondary -2-
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Congruence between two triangles " "
two triangles are congruent If each side of one triangle is congruent to the corresponding side
of another triangle . S S S

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
two triangles are congruent If two sides and included

angle in one triangle are congruent to

the corresponding parts in another triangle

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
two triangles are congruent If two angles and the side

between them in one triangle are congruent to the

corresponding parts in another triangle.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
two triangles are congruent If the hypotenuse and side

of one right triangle are congruent to the corresponding

parts of another right triangle,

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary -3-

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In the opposite figure: A
If DH // BC , then :
AD AH DH AD AH BD CH DH H D
OR OR
AB AC BC DB HC BA CA BC

C B
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In the above figures:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
similarity between two triangles
two triangles are similar if one of the following cases exists :
Case (1)
Theorem (1) : AAA (angles - similarity)
The measures of the angles of one triangle are equal to the measures of the corresponding
angles in the other triangle.

Then

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary -4-

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Case (2)
Theorem (2) : SAS (side - included angle - side similarity )
The length of the Two sides are proportional and included angle is equal to the corresponding
parts in the other triangle .

Then

Case (3)
Theorem (3) : SSS (sides similarity )
The length of the corresponding sides of the two triangles are Proportional .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 2
the area of ABC Side1 perimetr of ABC
in two similar triangles : = =
the area of XY Z Side 2 perimetr of XY Z
2 2
the area of ABCD Side1 perimetr of ABCD
in two similar polygons : = =
the area of XY ZL Side 2 perimetr of XY ZL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary -5-

Chapter 1 Lines and planes

Plane
A plane may be considered as an infinite set of points forming a connected flat surface
extending infinitely far in all directions. A plane has infinite length, infinite width, and zero
height (or thickness). It is usually represented in drawings by a four-sided figure. The word
plane is written with the letter so as not to be confused with a point

For example :
the top of a table, the floor
and a whiteboard are all
like a plane.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The plane is determined by each of the following cases :
(1) Three distinct non collinear points . note : they can form a circle
(2) A straight line and a point not belonging to it . see the figure below
(3) Two intersecting straight lines . see the figure below
(4) Two parallel straight lines . see the figure below
Note : there is one and only one plane passes through three non collinear points .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary -6-

Relative positions of a line and a plane

(1) the line is parallel to the plane x :

So no point in common and L X =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) The line intersects the plan x :
in this case , the plan x and line L have one
point in common
So , L X = {C}

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) the line L lies completely in plane x :
in this case , all points of the line L belong to plan x .
So , L X = L and L X . L

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Relative positions between two planes
(1) The two planes intersect :

A
B

From the figures above .. the two planes intersect in a line AB

So , X Y = AB

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary -7-

So both of them have three non collinear points in common

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) The two planes are parallel :
In this case , the two planes have no common points
So , X Y =
Very important note :
If two planes are parallel , then any line in one of them is parallel to other plane
In the opposite figure :
If X // Y , and L X , Then L // Y

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Relations between two lines in a plane
(1) The two lines are parallel :
two lines are parallel if
i) L M =
ii) they are Coplanar lie in the same plane
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) The two line are Skew :
two lines are Skew if
i) L M =
ii) they are non Coplanar L
So they are not parallel

The path of the car and the path of the boat are skew

The angle between two Skew lines

If L1 and L2 are two skew lines , so from A
draw a straight line AC // L1 , Then m(< BAC )
is the angle between the two skew lines L1 and L2

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary -8-

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Second : show what of the following is true and what is false correct the false
(1) Any two lines determine a plane
Answer
false statement they may be skew
--------------------------------------------------------------
(2) any three points determine a plane
Answer
false statement any three non collinear points determine a plane
--------------------------------------------------------------
(3) if the straight line L // the plane X , then all planes containing L are parallel to X
Answer
false statement there is only one plane that contains L are parallel to X.
--------------------------------------------------------------
(4) if the two planes X and Y are parallel , and if L X , then L // Y
Answer
true statement
--------------------------------------------------------------
(6) the two parallel lines are skew straight lines
Answer
false statement the two parallel lines are Coplanar
--------------------------------------------------------------
(7) the two skew straight lines can not lie in one plane
Answer
true statement
--------------------------------------------------------------
(8) two planes can be intersected in three non collinear points .
Answer
false statement two planes can be intersected in a straight line .
--------------------------------------------------------------
(9) two planes coincide if they have three points in common .
Answer
false statement two planes coincide if they have three non collinear points in common

(10) the sides of any quadrilateral lie in one plane

Answer
false statement if its two diagonals are intersect
--------------------------------------------------------------
Solid Geometry 3rd secondary -9-
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(11) the sides of a rectangle lie in one plane
Answer
true statement
--------------------------------------------------------------
(12) In any quadrilateral ABCD , if AC BD = { M } , Then its sides lie in on plane .
Answer
true statement
--------------------------------------------------------------
(13) if the line AB Plane X and the line CD Plane Y , and if X // Y , then AB // CD
Answer

false statement Then AB // plane X

--------------------------------------------------------------

Some Geometrical solids

(1) The Prism :

Inclined Prism Right Prism

Properties of prisms :
i) the two bases of the prisms are parallel and congruent
ii) AA' , BB' , CC' , DD' are called the edges sides of the prism .

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 11 -

Quadrilateral Prism Triangular Prism Right quadrilateral Prism

Its base is trapezium Its base is triangle Its base is parallelogram
Or square Or rectangle
Or a rhombus
The number of faces of any Prism = edge BASE + 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The altitude of a prism : its the perpendicular distance between the two bases

Special types of prisms

Parallelepiped :
a) Right parallelepiped :
all face are rectangles and the two bases are parallelograms .

b) rectangular parallelepiped cuboid :

all faces are rectangles and the two bases may be squares
or rectangles its diagonal BD = x2 y 2 z 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 11 -

The number of faces of any Pyramid = edge BASE + 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (1)
In the opposite figure : ABCDABCD is a cube , complete the following :

i) m (< ABB) = 90 and m (< ABC) = 90

ii) A' B is a diagonal of plan ABBA
while A' C is a diagonal of the cube
and its length is 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 3
iii) if the length of the edge of the cube is 6 cm ,
then the length of A' B = AC = 6 2
iv) AA' and BC are two skew lines while AB and C' D' are two parallel line & D' D and
CD are two intersecting lines
v) Plane ABCD Plane AADD = AD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 12 -

i) all the faces of the quadrilateral pyramid are surfaces of triangles.

Answer
false statement ...............all the lateral faces only

ii) The triangular pyramid has three faces

Answer

false statement ................ the triangular pyramid has four faces.

iii) the pentagon pyramid has six faces

Answer
True statement
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note : the following examples from 3 to 10 are just for understanding
Example (3)
Prove that all sides of a rectangle lie in one plane
Answer
AB DC D C

AB & DC determine a plane let it X

AD X and BC X
The sides of the rectangle lie in one plane X A B
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
ABC is a straight line and AD BH CO , prove that the four given straight lines lie in
one plane.
Answer
AD BH they determine a plane let it X
ABC X .... ( 1 )
and BH CO they determine a plane let it Y.
ABC Y .... ( 2 )
from ( 1 ) and ( 2 )
X Y ABC and X Y BH
X and Y have a straight line ABC and a point H (not belonging to ABC )
The 4 lines lie in one plane.
Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 13 -
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Example (5)
AB intersect the plane X at M such that AM = MB , Draw from A and B the two rays
A H and B O such that AH BO and they intersect the plane X at H and O respectively ,
prove that:
i)The points H , M and O are collinear.
ii) A H B O is a parallelogram.
Answer
very important Note : to prove that there are three points collinear , we must find two planes
intersected with every two points from the three points .

AH BO AH and BO determine a plane let it Y

X Y= OH
and AB Y and AB X {M }
M OH H ,M and O are collinear.
In AMH and BMO
AM BM

m( A ) m( B ) " alternate angles"

m( AMH ) m( BMO ) " V .O.A."
AMH BMO
From congruency : AH BO but AH BO ( given ).
AHBO is parallelogram
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)
ABCD and ABOH are two non coplanar surfaces of two parallelograms , Then prove that :
CDHO is a parallelogram.
Answers

CD AB & CD AB....( 1 ) & OH AB & OH AB....( 2 )

from( 1 )and( 2 ) CD OH & CD OH
CDHOis a parallelogram.

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 14 -

The diagonals of parallelopiped intersecting in a single point and this point is the mid point
of each diagonal .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 15 -

Theorem (1)
If a line is parallel to a plane , then it is parallel to every line of
intersection of this plane with planes containing the given line

So if you want to prove that two lines are parallel , you have to prove that :

(1) the two lines dont intersect .

(2) the two lines lie in the same plane . otherwise : because they may be skew

Fact
if a straight line external to a given plane is parallel to a line
in the plane , then the first line is parallel to the given plane .

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 16 -

Corollaries
Corollary (1) : if a line is parallel to a plane , then any line
passing through any point of the plane and
parallel to the given line lies in the plane . L

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Very important
Corollary (2) : if a plane intersects two parallel planes , then their line of intersection with
these two planes are parallel .

from the opposite figure :

Plane X // Plane Y
Plane Z intersects in AB and CD
Then AB // CD

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corollary (3) : if a line intersects one of two parallel planes , then intersects the other .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corollary (4) : if two lines are parallel , and each is contained
In a plane , and these two planes intersect , then their
Line of intersection is parallel to these two lines .

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corollary (5) : if a line is parallel to each of two intersecting planes , then it is parallel to
their line of intersection .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 17 -

Examples
Example (1)
In the opposite figure:

X Y AB , CD the planeY and CD the plane X such that :

CD AB , Provethat ABCDis atrapezium.

Answer

CD plane X and CD Y and X Y AB

CD AB Theorem1 , But CD AB
ABCDis a trapezium
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
let X bea given planeand AB be a given straight line outside the plane X such that :
AB the plane X , Draw AC BD to intersect the plane X in C and D.
Provethat : A B CD and AC BD
Answer
AC BD AC and BD determine a plane let it Y
And AB X and AB Y and X Y CD
AB CD ...... theorem ( 1 )
and AC BD ( given ) ( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ABCDis a parallelog ram
AB CD and AC BD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 18 -

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Example (3)
ABCD is a regular triangular pyramid , E and F are the mid-point of AD and BC
respectively , and X and Y are the mid-point of AC and BD respectively.
Prove that : EF and XY bisects each other.
Answer
In ABD , E is the mid-point of AD and Y is the mid-point of BD
EY / / AB .......( 1 )
Similarly In ABC ,
F is the mid-point of BC and X is the mid-point of AC
FX / / AB .......( 2 ) F
C
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) EY / / FX
In ADC , E is the mid-point of AD and X is the mid-point of AC
EX / / DC .......( 3 )
Similarly In BDC , F is the mid-point of BC and Y is the mid-point of BD
FY / / DC .......( 4 )
From ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) EX / / FY
XFYE is a parallelogram EF and XY bisects each other.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
The straight line ABC the plane X , let M be any point such that M theline AC and M X .
DrawMA , MB and MC to meet the plane X at D,H and O respectively.
if MA : AD 2 : 3 , then prove that :
i ) 2DH 5 AB
ii ) AC DH DO AB
Answer
AC X , AC Plane MDO , X plane MDO DO AC DO
AB DH MAB MDH
MA MB AB 2 AB 2
2DH 5 AB
MD MH DH 5 DH 5
Similarly AC DO MAC MDO
MA AC MC 2

MD DO MO 5
AC 2 AB 2 AC AB
but AC DH AB DO
DO 5 DH
rd 5 DO DH
Solid Geometry 3 secondary - 19 -
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Example (5)
M is a circle and X is a plane .if the circle M The plane X { C;D }and CH and DO
are two diameters in the circle M , Prove that HO the plane X
Answer
In MCD and MHO
x
MH MD

MO MC D

m( HMO ) m( DMC ) " V .O.A." 1
C
MCD MHO
M
From congruency : m( 1 ) m( 2 )
Then OH CD 2 H

CD X and OH CD OH X O
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)
1
AB and CD aretwo non coplanar lines and M BD such that BM BD
3
Draw the plane MXY parallel to each of AB and CD and intersects BC in X and AD in Y .
Prove that :
i ) MY / / BA and MX / / DC
1
ii ) XY ( 2B A DC )
3
Answer
AB / / Plane MXY and AB plane ABD and Plane ABD plane MXY MY
MY / / AB
CD / / Plane MYX and CD Plane BCD and Plane BCD plane MXY MX
MX / / CD
DM MY 2
In ABD : MY / / BA
DB BA 3
2
MY BA......( 1 )
3
BM MX 1
In BCD: MX / / DC
BD DC 3
1
MX CD ......( 2 )
3
In MXY : XY MX MY
1 2 1
from 1 and 2 XY CD BA XY ( CD 2 AB )
Solid Geometry 3rd secondary
3 3 - 21 -
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Example (7)
The straight line BH / / the plane X , the point A does not belong to each of the
straight line and the plane X . Draw AB and AH to intersect the plane X at C and O
respectively. if D AC and D AC such that AB : BC : CD 1 : 4 : 2. and if we draw
DNM to int er sect the plane X in N such that CN / / the plane MBH ,
Then prove that CO BM 15BH CN .
Answer
BH / / X and BH Plane ACO and X Plane ACO CO
BH / / CO
AB BH AH 1
ABH ACO
AC CO AO 5
BH 1
CO 5BH ............( 1 )
CO 5
Let the plane MBH is denoted by Y
CN / / Y and CN DBM and Y Plane DBM BM
CN / / BM
DC CN DN 2 1
DCN DBM
DB BM DM 6 3
CN 1
BM 3CN ...............( 2 )
BM 3
from ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) and by multiplication CO BM 15 CN BH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 21 -

let Y denote to the plane ABC

X / / Y and the plane MAB cuts X and Y in DH and AB
DH / / AB MDH MAB
MD DH MH
....( 1 )
MA AB MB
DH 3
DH 9 cm
21 7
Also the plane MBC cuts the two parallel planes X and Y at HO and BC
HO BC MHO MBC
MH HO MO
.....( 2 )
MB BC MC
HO 3
HO 12 cm
28 7
By the same method we prove that MOD MCA
MD DO OM
....( 3 )
MA AC CM
DO 3
DO 15 cm
35 7
Surface area of DHO DH
2
9

Surface area of ABC AB 2
49

Surface area of DHO DH

2
9

AB 49
2
64
64 9
Surface area of DHO 11.76 cm 2
49
Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 22 -
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Example (9)
A , B ,C and D are four non-coplanar points , X is the mid-point of AB
Y is the mid point of BC , Z is the mid point of CD and L is the mid point DA
Prove that : i ) XY the plane ADC
ii ) The point s X ,Y ,Z and L are coplanar
Answer
In ABC : X is the mid point of AB , Y is the mid point of BC
1
XY AC and XY AC....( 1 )
2
AC plane ACD XY plane ACD
In ADC : L is the mid point of AD , Z is the mid point of DC
1
LZ AC and LZ AC....( 1 )
2
and AC plane ABC ZL plane ABC
from ( 1 )and ( 2 )
XY ZL XY and ZL are coplanar
X ,Y ,Z and L are coplanar
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (10)
X and Y are two parallel planes and A is a point between the two planes. Draw from A the two
straight lines BAC and DAH to intersect the plane X in B and D and intersect the plane Y
AB 2
in H and C , if = and the surface area of the triangle AHC is equal to 36 cm ,
AC 3
then find the surface area of the triangle ABD
Answer
BC DH { A }
BC and DH determine a plane let it Z
X Y and Z cuts X and y at BD and CH BD HC
ABD ACH
s.area of ABD ( AB ) s.area of ABD 4

s.area of ACH ( AC ) 36 9
4
s. area of ABD 36 16 cm
9

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 23 -

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Example (11)
X and Y are two parallel planes . M is a point outside the two planes .Draw the two
straight lines ML and MN to intersect the plane X in A and B and to intersect the plane Y
in C and D such that MA=AC.then draw DH LM to intersect the plane X in H .
prove that:
i) A,B and H are collinear
ii) B is the mid-point of AH
Answer
ML and MN determine a plane let it Z and Z cuts X and Y at AB and CD
Where X Y AB CD....( 1 )
and CA DH
CA , DH determine a plane which cuts X and Y at AH and CD
Where X Y AH CD....( 2 )
from ( 1 ) and ( 2 )
AB and AH are parallel to CD
A ,B and H are collenear
And AH CD and AC HD ACDH is a parallelogram
AH CD
In MCD : A is the mid point of MC and AB CD
1 1
AB CD BH CD B is the mid point of AH
2 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (12)
ABC is a surface of a triangle N does not belong to the surface of the triangle ABC
Draw a plane parallel to the surface of this triangle to intersect NB and NC in L
and M respectively.if D and H are mid point s of AB and AC .
Then prove that DH LM
Answer
The plane NBC cuts the two parallel planes X and ABC at ML and CB
ML CB ....( 1)
In ABC :
D is the mid point of AB and H is the mid point of AC
DH BC ....( 2 )
from ( 1) and ( 2 )rd ML DH
Solid Geometry 3 secondary - 24 -
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From the previous Examples

The well known Problem Talise
If two straight lines intersect a set of parallel planes , then the lengths of the line
segments intercepted between these planes are proportional

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Theorem (2)
If two coplanar straight lines intersect and are parallel to another two intersecting
coplanar straight lines lying in another plane , then these two planes are parallel .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 25 -
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The line perpendicular to a Plane

Theorem (3)
The line perpendicular to each of two intersecting lines at their point of
intersection is perpendicular to the plane of the two intersecting lines .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corollaries

Corollary (1) : A perpendicular straight line to each of two coplanar

non parallel lines is perpendicular to their plane .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corollary (2) : All perpendicular straight lines to a given line from
a point belongs to this line , lie in a unique plane
perpendicular to the given line .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corollary (3) : There is one and only one plane perpendicular to the line L from the point A
where A L here the plane X is unique
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corollary (4) : if a line is perpendicular to two planes , then the two planes are parallel .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conclusion :
To prove that a given straight line is perpendicular to a given plane , its sufficient to prove
that this line is perpendicular to any two non parallel lines in the plane

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 26 -

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Example (1)
In the opposite figure:
AB the plan X such that AB = 6 cm , AC the plan X ,
if AC = 8 cm , then find the length of BC .

Answer
AC X AC AB ) 90
Then m ( BAC ( BC ) = (BA) + (AC)
( BC ) = 36 + 64 = 100 BC = 100 = 10 CM
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)

In the opposite figure:

ABCD A'B'C'D' is a rectangular parallelepiped (cuboid) where
DA = 4 cm , DC = 3 cm , DD' = 5 cm
Find the length of BD' by two methods
Answer
st
1 method : BD is a diagonal , So , BD = x 2 y 2 z 2
BD = 32 4 2 52 5 2 cm
2nd method :
ABCD is a rectangle m( BAD ) 90 (BD) = (BA) + (AD)
(BD) = 9 +16 = 25 BD = 5 cm
DD The plane ABCD ( DD ) BD
(BD') = (BD) + (DD') BD' = 25 25 BD' = 50 5 2 cm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (3)
In the opposite figure:
ABCD is a surface of rectangle Where AC BD { N }
and NM the plane ABCD . prove that : MA = MB = MC = MD

Answer
NM the plane of ABCD NM each line in the plane of ABCD
NM NA , NM NB , NM NC , NM ND
) m( MNB
m( MNA ) m( MNC
) m( MND
) 90
And ABCD is a rectangle NA = NB = NC = ND
MNA MNB MNC MND Thus : MA=MB = MC = MD .
Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 27 -
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Example (4)
In the opposite figure:
KN the plane of the circle M and B , C and D are three points
Belong to the circle M and A KN , M KN
Prove that AB = AC = AD.

Answer
KN the plane of the circle , Then KN MB , KN MC And and KN MD
(AB) = (AM) + (MB) , (AC) = (AM) + (MC) and (AD) = (AM) + (MD)
but MB = MC = MD (radius of the circle ) (AB) = (AC) = (AD)
AB = AC = AD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)

In the opposite figure:

If m( ABC ) m( ABD ) 90 , Then prove that CD AB

Answer
AB BC and AB BD AB the plane BCD
AB DC which lies in the plane BCD DC AB
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)
In the opposite figure:
1
Let m ( ABC) = m( ABD) = 90 , BC BD , AB= DC
2 B
1
and H is a mid of CD . Then Prove that : (AH) = (CD)
2
Answer
Join BH And BCD is right Angled at B & H is median from right angle
1
BH = DC (1)
2 B
AB BC and AB BD AB the plane BCD
AB BH which lies in the plane BCD
(AH) = (AB) + (BH)
1 1 1
(AH) = ( DC ) + ( DC ) (AH) = (DC)
2 2 2
Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 28 -
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Example (7)
In the opposite figure:
ABCD is a square , N does not belong to the plane ABCD such that :
NM=MB and NAB is an equilateral triangle.
Prove that:
i) NM MB
ii) NM the plane ABCD

Answer
AC and BD are diagonals of the square MA MB
(AB) = (AM) + (MB) and NB = AB & MA = MB= MN
(NB) = (MN) + (MB) (1)
m( NMB ) 90 NM MB
from (1) , NB = NA and MB = MA , Then (NA) = (MA) + (MN)
NM MA
NM each of MA and MB NM the plane ABCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (8)
AB and CD are two chords in a circle M ,AB = CD , X is the mid-point of AB , Y is the
mid-point of CD , Draw EM isthe perpendicular to the plane of the circle. Provethat :EX = EY
Answer

EM isthe perpendicular to the plane of the circle.

EM MX and EM MY
AB = CD , X is the mid-point of AB , Y is the mid-point of CD
MX AB and MY CD
In EMX and EMY
MX MY " equidistant from the center" " Theorem"

EM is common side

m( EMX ) m( EMY ) 90
o

EMX EMY
From congruency : EX EY
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 29 -

AH 9 12 21 AH 21 cm
2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (10)
X and Y are two planes such that X Y= AB . let M X and M Y. Draw ML X and
MN Y . prove that LN AB .
Answer
ML X and AB X
ML AB ........( 1 )
MN Y and AB Y
MN AB ........( 2 )
from( 1 ) and ( 2 )
AB the plane MLN AB LN ( as LN plane MLN )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (11)
ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. Draw AH the plane of ABC .
if D is a mid point of BC , then prove that BC the plane HAD.
Answer

AB AC and D is a mid point of BC

AD BC....( 1 )
HA the plane ABC
HA BC....( 2 )
from( 1 ) and ( 2 ) BC the plane ADH
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 31 -

AD BD , AC BC " given" BD BC CD
2 2 2

CD BC CD AC and CD BC CD Plane ABC

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (13)
M . ABC is a triangular pyramid in which MA= MB = MC and AB BC . Let N be a
mid-point of AC . Then Prove that MN the plane ABC
Answer
MA MC and AN NC MN AC....( 1 )
In ABC : m( ABC ) 90 o and AN NC
1
BN AC AN BN
2
In AMN : MA MN AN And MA= MB
2 2 2
and NA= NB
MB MN BN m( MNB ) 90 o MN NB....( 2 )
2 2 2

from ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) : MN Plane ABC

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 31 -

CM MA and CM MB
CM the plane MAB
CM AB AB CM ........( 1 )
and as MD the plane ABC " altitude"
MD AB .......( 2 )
from( 1 ) and ( 2 )
AB the plane MDC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (15)
A . BCD is a triangular pyramid in which:
m( BAC)= 30 and m ( BAD)= 90 draw BH AC . If BH the plane ACD , then prove
that: AH AD . if BH = 2 3 cm. and AD = 8 cm , then find the length of HD
Answer
BH the plane ACD
BH AD but BA AD ( given )
AD the plane ABH AD AH
In ABH :
) 30 & HB 2 3 cm.
) 90 and m( HAB
m( AHB
AH 2 3 3 6 cm.
AHD is right angled at A
HD HA AD
HD 36 64 100 HD 10 cm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 32 -

Such that BD AA' { D }. Provethat AA' the plane DBC and if AB 5cm ,BD 3 cm
2
and AC 6 cm , Then find the length of DC
3
Answer
BCC' B' is a square CC' CB
But AA' CC' AA' CB .......( 1 )
And as AA' BD ( given ) .......( 2 )
from( 1 ) and ( 2 )
AA' the plane BCD AA' DB , DC
In ABD : AB BD AD
AD 25 9 16 AD 4 cm
In ACD :
400 256 16 1
AC AD DC DC 16 DC 5 cm
9 9 3 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (17)
NA , NB and NC are three line segments in which each pair is perpendicular.
If NA=15 cm , NB=20 cm and D AB such that AD =9 cm. Prove that AB the plane NCD
Answer

NC NA and NC NB NC the plane NAB

NC AB ........( 1 )
In NAB : AB AN NB
AB 225 400 625 AB 25 cm
DB 25 9 16 cm
AD AB 9 25 225 AD AB AN
ND AB . Euclid' s Theorem .....( 2 )
from( 1 ) and ( 2 ) AB the plane NCD.

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 33 -

Chapter 2 Orthogonal projection

Definition :
The orthogonal projection of a given point on a given plane is
The foot of the perpendicular line from the point to the plane .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The angle between a line and a plane

angle of inclination
Definition : the angle of inclination of a line on a plane is the angle between this line and its
projection on the plane .

Angle of inclination : union of two rays between

its Original its Projection

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note to make it easy to you : inclined line on a plane means that a part of the line lies in
the plane and the other part lies outside it .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (1)
AB and AC are two lines inclined on a plane X , and intersect it in B and C. If AB AC,
then prove that the measure of the angle of inclination of AB on the plane X is less than
the measure of the angle of inclination of AC on the plane X.
Answer
Draw AA' X and join A' B and A' C
The angle of inclination of AC is C " always opposite to the 90 o "
The angle of inclination of AB is B " always opposite to the 90 o "

sin ABA'
AA'
AB

and sin ACA'
AC

AA'

AB AC sin ABA'
sin ACA'
m ACA'
m ABA'
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 34 -

AD X AD DB and AD DC
In ADB : AB AD DB ( 2 )
2 2 2

In ADC : AC AD DC ( 3 )
2 2 2

from 1 , 2 and 3
BC BD CD 2 AD
2 2 2 2

BC BD CD m BDC 90 o
2 2 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (3)
ABCABC is a triangular prism , its three edges AA' BB' CC' are inclined on the plane of
its base ABC with an angle of measure 60 and the length of each is 12 3 cm , find :
i) the length of the projection of BB' on the base ABC .
ii) the length of the line segment drawn from B perpendicular to ABC
Answer
Draw B' D the plane ABC
Then the projection of BB' on the base ABC is BD
Adj. BD
In B' BD : Cos 60
Hyp. 12 3
BD 12 3 cos 60 6 3 cm
3
B' D 12 3 sin 60 12 3 18 cm.
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 35 -

Answer
AC is the projection of AC' on the plane ABCD
CC' the plane ABCD CC' AC
and AC' 9K 2 K 2 15K 2 25K 2 5K " diagonal rule "
and CAC' is the angle of inclination

15K 15
sin( CAC') 0.7746
5K 5

m( CAC') Sin 1 0.7746 50 46'
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)
ABC is an equilateral triangle of side length 6 cm . N is the mid-point of BC.
Draw AX , BY and CZ perpendicular to the plane ABC and each of length 3 cm.
i) Prove that XYZ is an equilateral triangle.
ii) Find the measure of the angle of inclination of each of XN and XC on the plane ABC.
Answer
AX BY , AX BY and AX plane ABC
ABYX is a rectangle XY = AB
By the same method we prove that YZ = BC and XZ = AC
ABC is an equilateral triangle
XYZ is an equilateral triangle
AB = AC and BN = CN AN 36 9 3 3 cm A
ANX is the angle of inclination of XN on the plane ABC :
AX 3 1 1
Tan(ANX)= m (< ANX) Tan 1 30 o
AN 3 3 3 3
ACX is the angle of inclination of XC on the plane ABC:
AX 3 1
Tan(ACX) 26 34'
m(ACX)
AC 6 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 36 -

The line Inclined to a Plane

Theorem (4)
If a line inclined to a plane is perpendicular to a line in the plane , then its
projection on the plane is perpendicular to the plane

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 37 -

Converse of Theorem (4)

If the projection of a line inclined to a plane on the plane is perpendicular to a
line in it , then the inclined line is perpendicular to the line in the plane

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 38 -

) 1
cos( CHB ) 60
m( CHB
2
Another method :
AH Plane X AH BC......( 1 ) And BC AB ......( 2 )
from ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) : BC Plane ABH BC BH
) 90 and HC 2 1 4
2
m( CBH HC 4 2cm
2
3

) 1
cos( CHB ) 60
m( CHB
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
In the opposite figure:
AB and AD inclined on the plane X , AH X and HB CD.
If BD 5 cm , and AD 13 cm
Then find the length of AB and m( ADB ).
Answer
Note : search for an inclined line , its projection has a perpendicular to a line .
AB inclined on X and its projection HB CD AB CD ) 90
m( ABD
In ABD : AD AB BD AB 169 25 144 AB 12 cm
2 2 2 2

) 5 0.3846 m( BDA
cos( BDA ) 67 23'
13
Another method :
AH Plane X AH BC......( 1 ) BC BH ......( 2 )
And
from ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) : BC Plane ABH BC AB m( ABD ) 90

In ABD : AD AB BD AB 169 25 144 AB 12 cm

2 2 2 2

cos( BDA ) 5 0.3846 ) 67 23'

m( BDA
Solid Geometry 3rd secondary 13 - 39 -
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Example (3)
ABC is a right-angle triangle in C , Draw AM the plane ABC , Prove that MC BC
Answer

MC inclined to the plane ABC and its projection AC BC ( given ).

MC BC.
Is there another solution ??
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC and D is the mid-point of BC. Draw AH the plane ABC
Pr ove that HD BC.
Answer
In ABC : AB AC , and D is the mid point of BC.
AD BC
And HD is a line inclined to the plane ABC
and its projection AD BC HD BC
Is there another solution ??
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)
M is the point to intersection of the altitudes of the triangle ABC , Draw BM to intersect AC
at H , then draw MN the plane ABC , Then Prove that NH AC

Answer
NM the plane ABC
NH is a line inclined to the plane ABC
MH is the projection of NH on the plane ABC .
MH AC NH AC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 41 -

Answer
as DC the plane ABC DC CH
) 90
m( DCH ( DH )2 ( DC )2 ( CH )2 ......( 1 )
DH is a line inclined to plane ABC and DH AB Then its projection is CH AB
1 1
In ACH : CH AC " Side opposite to 30 o " And CD AC " Given"
2 2
DC CH .......( 2 )
Substitute ( 2 ) in ( 1 ) ( DH )2 2( CH )2 DH 2 CH
and m( HDC ) 45
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (7)
In the given figure :
ABCD is a parallelogram in which m A 60 o
BC 20 cm. Draw DH the plane ABCD
where DH 10 cm , then draw HO AB , Prove that HO BC

Answer
Join OD HO inclined on ABCD and HO AB Its projection DO AB
opposite DO 3 3
In ADO : Sin60 DO 20 10 3 cm
hypotonuse DA 2 2
In HDO : ) 90
m( HDO ( HO )2 ( 10 )2 ( 10 3 )2
( HO )2 400 HO 20 cm HO BC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 41 -

( DH )2 1 5.76 6.76 DH 6.76 2.6 cm

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 42 -

Answer
Join DB , OB and OC
DC the plane ABC DC AC
In ACD : ) 90 and O is the mid-point of AD
m( ACD
CO DO .........( 1 )
And DB inclined on the plane ABC and its projection BC AB
DB AB
In ABD : ) 90 and O is the mid-point of AD
m( ABD BO DO .......( 2 )
from (1) and (2) BO CO
In CBO : H is the mid point of BC and BO CO HO BC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 43 -

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Example (12)
X and Y aretwo intersecting planes in AB. The point M X and M Y. From M draw MC X
and MN Y to intersect them in C and N. Then draw ND X to intersect it at D.
Prove that CD AB.
Answer
Draw CN and CD to cut AB at H
MC the plane X and AB X MC AB
MN the plane Y and AB Y MN AB
AB the plane MCN AB NC
NC is a line inclined on X and NC AB D

Its projection CD AB CD AB
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (13)
ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC and m( BAC )=120 , Draw AD BC to intersect it at D
and draw AM the plane ABC , If AD 2 cm and m( AMB )=30 then find the length of
each of AM and MD , also find the surface area of MBC.
Answer
In ABC : )=120 , AB AC m( CBA
m( BAC )= 30
And AD BC BD = DC
Opposite 2 2
In ABD : Tan 30 o= = DB= 2 3
Adjacent DB Tan 30 o
AB 2 AD 4 cm " side opposite to 30 o "
MA the plane ABC MA AB
)=30 4
In AMB : m( BMA Tan 30 o= AM 4 3 cm
AM
MA the plane ABC MA AD
In AMB : ( MD )2 ( MA )2 ( AD )2 ( MD )2 48 4 52
MD 52 2 13 cm
MD inclined on the plane ABC and its projection AD BC
MD BC Then MD is the altitude of triangle MBC
1 1
S.A of MBC Base height 4 3 2 13 4 39 cm 2
2 2

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 44 -

Answer
MA MB and MA MC
MA the plane MBC MA BC and MA MD
MH the plane ABC MH BC
BC MA and BC MH BC the plane MAH
BC AH BC AD
MD is a line incline on the plane ABC , and its projection AD BC
MD BC
Another method for this step : we can say that :
BC MA and BC AD BC the plane MAD
BC MD

MH the plane ABC MH AD

)=90 ......( 1 )
m( AMD , MH AD in AMD.......( 2 )
from ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ( MH )2 AH HD " Euclid' s Theorem "
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 45 -

Dihedral angles

A dihedral angle is the opening between two intersecting planes .

From the opposite figure :

The common edge AB is called the edge of the dihedral angle

The plane angle of the dihedral angle

Definition : it is the angle formed by the lines of intersection of the
two planes with a plane perpendicular to its edge .

we can determine the plane angle of a given dihedral angle as the following :
1) let C is any point on the common edge AB .
2) Draw from C CD AB such that CD X
3) Draw from C CH AB such that CD Y
The angle DCH is the plane angle for this dihedral angle

Dihedral angle is written as : H AB D

So , to find the dihedral angle in a given planes , search for a perpendicular from H to AB ,
and search for a perpendicular from D to AB
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes :
(1) all the plane angles of a dihedral angle are equal in measure .
(2) the measure of the dihedral angle is the measure of any of its plane angles .
(3) to make it easy for you : the required angle is the opposite angle of HD .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 46 -

DH AC and BH AC
BHD is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( B AC D )
In DBH : DB BH and m( DBH ) 90 m( BHD ) 45
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 47 -

In XDY : ) 6 3 3
Tan( DYX
6
) Tan 1 3 60
m( DYX ( X YZ D ) 60
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
3
A triangle ABC in which tan A = and AB 15cm , Draw BD the plane of the triangle
4
such that BD = 9 cm , then draw BH AC to meet it at H. Find the length of BH ,
then prove that DH AC and find the measure of the dihedral angle ( B AC D ).
Answer A
) 3
Tan ( A Sin( A ) 3
4 5 5
Opposite BH 3 BH 4
In ABH : Sin A =
Hypotonuse AB 5 15
B 3 C
3
BH 15 9 cm
5
DH is a line inclined on the plane ABC and its projection BH AC
DH AC
BHD is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( B AC D )
DB BH and DB BH 9 cm m( BHD ) 45
m( B AC D ) 45
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 48 -

In MAD : MA MD ) AM 5 1
Tan( ADM
AD 5 3 3
) Tan 1 1
m( ADM 30 Thus m( M BC A ) 30
3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (6)
ABC is a right - angled triangle in B , BC = 8 cm and AC = 10 cm , Draw AD the plane of the
5
triangle. If m( A BC D ) , where Tan , then prove that DC 5 5 cm
6
Answer
BD inclined on the plane ABC and its projection AB BC BD BC
ABD is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( A BC D )
In ABC : AB ( 10 )2 ( 8 )2 36 AB 6 cm
5 ) 5 Opposite
Tan Tan( ABD
6 6 Adjacent
DA 5 DA 5
DA 5 cm
AB 6 6 6
DA the plane DCA DA AC
In DAC : DC rd ( 10 )2 ( 5 )2 125 5 5 DC 5 5 cm
Solid Geometry 3 secondary - 49 -
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Example (7)
ABCD is a rectangle and M is the point of intersection of its diagonals.
Draw MX the plane of the rectangle such that MX=BC , then draw XA and XB
Prove that: i) XA = XB ii ) If m( X AB C ) , then prove that Tan = 2
Answer
XM the plane of the rectangle XM MA , XM MH
MA MB( for AC,BD are diagonals of a rectangle)
(XA)2 (XM)2 (MA)2 and (XB)2 (MX)2 (MB)2 XA XB
Draw MH AB to cut it at H and join XH
XH is a line inclined on plane ABCD , its projection MH AB
XH AB
MHX is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( X AB C )
) MX BC 2
Tan Tan( MHX
MH 0.5 BC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (8)
ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 6 cm , BC = 2 3 cm and H is the point of intersection of its
diagonals , Draw HM the plane of the rectangle such that m( M AB C ) 45.
find the length of MH and m( M BC A )
Answer
Draw HO AB to cut it at O also Draw HN BC to cut it at N. Then Join MO and MN
HO AB O is the mid-point of AB
MO is a line inclined on the plane ABCD and its projection HO AB
MO AB
2
MOH is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( M AB C )
MO Plane ABCD , then HM HO
) 45 and 1
In MHO : m( HOM HO BC
2
MH
Tan 45 o MH 3 cm
2 3
MN is a line inclined on the plane ABCD and its projection HN BC MN BC
HNM is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( M BC A )
1
MH the plane ABCD MH HN and HN CD 3cm
2
Tan( HNM ) MH 3 1 m( HNM ) 30
rd
HN 3 3
Solid Geometry 3 secondary - 51 -
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Example (9)
CDE is a right - angled triangle at C. Draw CA plane CDE and draw AD ,AE
if the area of the triangle AED 96 cm , and CD 9 cm ,CE 12 cm , calculate the
length of AE and the measure of the dihedral angle between the two planes ADE and CDE
Answer
A
Draw CM DE , and join AM
In CDE : m( DCE ) 90
DE 9 12 15 cm
2 2

C
Also ( CE ) EM ED
2
" Euclid' s"
144 9 cm
( 12 )2 EM 15 EM 9.6 cm
15 12
And AM is a line inclined on plane CDE
its projection CM DE Then AM DE D 5.4 cm M 9.6 cm E
1
Area of triangle AED = 96 cm base height 96 cm 2
2

2
1 96 2
15 AM 96 AM 12.8 cm
2 15
In AME : AM ME ( AE )2 ( AM )2 ( ME )2
( AE )2 ( 12.8 )2 ( 9.6 )2 AE 256 16 cm
CM DE And AM DE
AMC is the angle of the dihedral angle between the two plane ADE and CDE
In CDE : ( CM )2 EM MD " Euclid' s"
( CM )2 9.6 5.4 CM 51.84 7.2 cm
And AC Plane CDE Then AC CM
7.2 7.2
In ACM : Cos AMC AMC Cos 1 55 o46'
12.8 12.8
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 51 -

Perpendicular planes
Two intersecting planes are said to be perpendicular if any of the resulting
dihedral angles formed by the intersection of the two planes is a right angles

Theorem (5)
If a line is perpendicular to a plane , then every plane containing the line is
perpendicular to this plane .

Search for L1 P1 and L1 P2 Then P1 P2

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 52 -

Answer
AH the plane ABCD AH AB But AH plane AHB
The plane ABH is perpendicular on plane ABCD.
The two planes AHC and AHD are on ABCD.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
In the opposite figure:
X and Y are two intersecting planes in AB and plane Z AB
Pr ove that Z X and Z Y

Answer
AB the plane Z and AB plane X X Z
Also AB plane Y Y Z The plane Z is perpendicular on each of X and Y .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (3)
In the opposite figure:
D. ABC is a triangular pyramid where AD the plane ABC and m( ABC ) 90 , P r ove that
CB the plane DAB,then deduce that the two planes DBA and DBC are perpendicular
Answer
DA the plane ABC DA BC And BC AB ( given )
BC the plane DAB
And BC plane DBC
the plane DBC which contains BC is the plane DBA

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 53 -

Answer
AH the plane ABCD AH BD
And BD AC " diagonals of a square "
BD each of AC and AH BD the plane HAC
And BD HBD
the plane HBD the plane HAC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem (5)
M is the point of intersection of the two diagonals of the rectangle ABCD , Draw
1
MH the plane ABCD where MH BC, X is the mid-point of AB and N is the mid point
2
of DC , Prove that :
i ) Find the measure of the dihedral angle between the two planes HAB and ABCD
ii )Find the line of intersection of the two planes HAB and HCD, give reason
iii )Prove that the two planes HAB and HCD are perpendicular.
Answer
i X is a mid point of AB and MA MB MX AB
And HX is a line inclined to plane ABCD , its projection MX AB
HX AB HXM is the plane angle of dihedral angle O

H AB M between the two planes HAB and ABCD

HM the plane ABCD HM MX
and HM MX m HXM 45 o
ii Draw HO which passes through H and parallel to each AB and CD
HBA is a plane containing HO and also HDC is a plane containing HO
HO is a line of intersection between the two planes
iii HX AB and HO AB HX HO, similarly NH HO
XHM is the plane angle of the dihedral angle between ABH and CDH
m XHN m XHM m NHM 45 o 45 o 90 o
The plane HAB the plane HCD.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 54 -

Theorem (6)

If a line , contained in one of two perpendicular

planes , is perpendicular to their line of intersection
Then this line is perpendicular to the other plane .

if X Y , CD AB , CD Y and X Y AB Then CD X
note : we must proof that two planes are perpendicular first

if each of two intersecting planes is perpendicular

to a third plane , then the line of intersection of the
two planes is perpendicular to the third plane .
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (1)
In The opposite figure:
The two planes ABC and BCD are perpendicular
and DH BC ,Prove that DH The plane ABC.

Answer
BC is the line of intersection of the two perpendicular planes ABC and DBC , DH BC
and DH the plane DBC DH the plane ABC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
In the opposite figure:
ABCD A'B'C'D' is an inclined parallelopiped
the plane XYLN BC and YM NL ,
Prove that YM the plane ABCD.
Answer
BC the plane XYLN and BC the plane ABCD
The two planes XYLN and ABCD are perpendicular
YM the plane XYLN and YM the line of intersection NL
YM the plane ABCD

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 55 -

Answer
ABC A'B'C' is a right triangular prism
The plane ABB'A' the plane ABC
CA CB and D is the mid-point of AB
CD AB
CD the plane ABC , CD the line of intersection of the two
perpendicular planes ABC and ABB'A'
CD the plane ABB' A'
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
AB is a chord in a circle M and the plane DAB the plane of the circle. If N is the mid-point
of AB Then prove that MN the plane DAB
Answer

AB is a chord and N its mid-point

MN AB
The plane DAB the plane of the circle
MN the line of intersection of the two planes ABD and ABM
And MN circle MN the plane DAB
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)
DO is perpendicular to the plane of the rectangle ABCD prove that:
i) AD the planeODC.
ii) The two planes DOC and DOA are perpendicular.
Answer
ABCD is a rectangle AD DC
OD the plane of the rectangle : OD AD
AD DC and AD OD AD the plane ODC
AD the plane ODC And AD plane ADO
The two planes DOC and DOA are perpendicular.

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 56 -

ABC is right angled at B and H is the mid-point of AC A

O 13 13
1
The median BH AC BH 5cm
2 5 h
In BDH : ( DB ) ( 13 )2 169
2
6 cm
And ( DH )2 ( HB )2 ( 12 )2 ( 5 )2 169 5
( DB )2 ( DH )2 ( HB )2 ) 90
m( DHB
B C
DH HB............( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) DH the plane ABC
But DH The plane ADC The two planes DAC and ABC are perpendicular.
In ABC : AO AC 3.6 10 36 ( AB )2 And ( AB )2 36
( AB )2 AO AC And m( ABC ) 90 BO AC " Euclid' s"
BO the plane ABC BO the plane DAC.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 57 -

BC Plane MAE BC AE and BC AM E

AEM is the plane angle of the dihedral angle M BC A B
AE AE
In ABE : Sin 60 o Sin 60 o AE 40 Sin 60 o 20 3 cm
AB 40
20 3
Tan ( AEM ) 1 ( AEM ) 45 o
20 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
very important remark

Fom now, if you want to prove that a line is perpendicular to a plane

you have one out of three options according to the given in the problem
1 Search for a line to two different lines on the plane Theorem 3
2 Search for an inclined line or its projection Theorem 4
3 Search for two perpendicular planes and this line is to their line of
intersection Theorem 6

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 58 -

Application on pyramids
1st kind : The right Pyramid

The pyramid is called a right pyramid if :

(a)The base of the pyramid is a regular polygon equilateral , square , regular pentagon
i) Its sides are equal in length .
ii) Its interior angles have the same measure .
(b) The altitude of the pyramid meets the base at its center ,
( where the center of the regular polygon is the center of the circle
passing through its vertices )

Properties of right pyramid

(1) All its lateral edges are equal in length , so that
its surfaces form isosceles triangles

(2) The lateral altitudes of the right pyramid are all equal in length
from the opposite figure : MX = MY =

2nd kind : The regular triangular Pyramid ( Tetrahedron)

its four faces (the lateral faces and the base ) are the surfaces of equilateral triangles
the six edges are equal in length .
its altitude meets its base at its geometrical center
( which is 1 : 2 from the base or 2 : 1 from the vertex ).
2 6
Its altitude = L L Where L is the length of its edge .
3 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 59 -

3 9 9
2 2
AN L 3 AN 2 L2
2 2

3
2 6
Then the altitude of the pyramid = L L
3 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 61 -

Revision on all previous theorems

Example (1)
M .ABC is a triangular pyramid in which MA the plane ABC ,Let AB = AC = 10 cm
MA= 8 cm and BC=12 cm , If D is the mid-point of BC,then find
i) The length of AD
ii) m( M BC A )
iii ) Prove that the two planes MAD and MBC are perpendicular.
Answer
i ) In ABC : AB AC and D is the mid - point of BC AD BC
In ADB : ( AD )2 ( AB )2 ( BD )2 ( AD )2 100 36 64 AD 8 cm
ii ) MD is a line inclined on plane ABC , its projection AD BC
MD BC
MDA is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( M BC A )
And MA the plane ABC MA AD
) MA 8 1 m( M BC A ) m( MDA
In AMD : Tan ( MDA ) 45
AD 8
iii ) MA the plane ABC MA BC
BC MD , BC AD BC the plane DAM
And BC plane MBC The plane MBC the plane MAD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (2)
M .ABC is a regular triangular pyramid whose edge is of length 12 cm. Find the length of its
altitude and the length of the altitude of its lateral face.
Answer
2
Draw MN (the altitude of the pyramid)to cut the base ABC at its centre N where AN= AD
3
6
MN 12 4 6 cm " well known problem "
3
MH is the altitude of the face MAB :
MH
Sin 60 MH = 12 Sin 60 = 6 3 cm
12
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 61 -

Draw MD to Bisect AB at D and join CD.

Draw also MN the altitude of the pyramid
MD AB in the plane MAB , CD AB in the plane CAB
MDN is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( M AB C ) where

In MDN : Cos ( MDN ) DN but DN 1 CD 1 L sin60 and MD L sin60

MD 3 3
1
L sin60
3 1 ) 70 32'
Cos( MDN ) m( M AB C ) m( MDN
L sin60 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (4)
M . ABCD is a right quadrilateral pyramid whose vertex is M , The length of its lateral edge is
12 cm and the length of the side of its base is 8 cm.Find the measure of the angle between the
edge MA and the plane of the base ABCD
Answer
right pyramid Then its base is regular Then AB = BC = CD = AD = 8 cm
Draw MN the altitude of the pyramid where N is the center of the base ABCD
Then AN is the projection of MA on the base ABCD
MAN is the angle between the lateral edge MA and the base ABCD
In ABC : AC 8 2 8 2 128 AC 8 2 cm
2

) AN but AN 1 AC " as N is the center of AC "

Cos( MAN
MA 2
1
AN 8 2 4 2 cm , and MA 12cm
2
) 4 2 2
Cos( MAN m( MAN ) 61o 52'
12 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 62 -

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 63 -

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01009988836 01009988826 Email : [email protected]
Example (6)
DXYZ is a triangular pyramid whose vertex is D and whose base is XYZ
wherem( XYZ ) 90 and DX is the altitude of the pyramid and also DX = XY = 2YZ.
2
find m( X YZ D ),the prove that DX DZ
3
Answer
DY inclined on the plane XYZ and its projection XY YZ DY YZ
XY YZ and DY YZ
XYZ is a plane angle of the dihedral angle ( X YZ D ).
And DX the plane XYZ DX XY
In DXY : DX XY ) 45
m( XYZ
m( X YZ D ) 45
In DYZ : DY YZ (DZ)2 ( DY )2 ( YZ )2 ......( 1 )
In XYD : for DX XY (DY)2 ( DX )2 ( XY )2 2DX 2 ......( 2 )
1 1
YZ DX " given" YZ DX .........( 3 )
2 2
And
2 4
So substitute ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) in ( 1 )
1 9 3 2
(DZ)2 2DX 2 DX (DZ)2 DZ DX
2
DX 2 DX DZ .
4 4 2 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (7)
ABCD is a right triangular pyramid whose vertex is A and its base BCD is an equilateral
triangle the length of its side 12 cm. If AB = 8 cm , then find the measure of the angle of
inclination of AB on the base BCD .
Answer
Draw AN the plane BCD and draw BN to cut CD at H
ABCD is a right pyramid
N is the point of concurrence of the medians of BCD
so H is the mid-point of CD
2
BH 12 2 6 2 6 3 cm and BN BH 4 3 cm
3
NBA is the angle of inclination of AB on the base where

NB 4 3 3 ) 30
cos(NBA)= m( NBA
BA 8 2

Solid Geometry 3rd secondary - 64 -

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