Seminar Report

On

WIND LOADING AS PER IS 875 (PART 3) : 2015

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
Of the degree of
Masters of Technology
by
JADHAV KAUSTUBH RAVINDRA RASHMI
REG. ID: C1652003

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans

SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Government Aided Autonomous Institute)
MUNSHI NAGAR, ANDHERI (WEST), MUMBAI, INDIA

1
2
 Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans

SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Mumbai

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Kaustubh Ravindra Jadhav
Seat No. MCSI003 had successfully completed the seminar work
entitled WIND LOADING AS PER IS 875 (PART 3) : 2016
in the partial fulfillment of M.Tech. in Structural Engineering.

Date:
Place: Mumbai

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my coordinator Professors, Department of

Civil Engineering, Sardar Patel College of engineering, Mumbai for valuable
guidance constant encouragement and creative suggestions offered during the
course of this seminar and also in preparing this report.

Kaustubh Ravindra Jadhav

REG. ID: C1652003

Date: __________

4
ABSTRACT

This report specifies wind forces and their effects (static

and dynamic) as per the revised IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015
that should be taken into account when designing
buildings, structures and components thereof.

For this purpose, there is an initial presentation on what

are the changes as per the newly drafted code, how it can
be defined and what aspects can contribute to the
definition of new factors used to design wind load on
structures. Afterwards there is classification of the
methods by which wind load can be applied to the
structure.

5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Sr no. Description
No.
1 CERTIFICATE 3

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

3 ABSTRACT 5

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6

5 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 7
1.2 Need for Revision of Code 10

6 CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Summary of Relevant Technical Papers 11

7 CHAPTER 3 - WIND LOADING AS PER IS 875 (PART 3)-2015

3.1 Changes from previous code 13
3.2 Design Wind Speed 15
3.3 Hourly Mean Wind Speed 19
3.4 Turbulence Intensity 20
3.5 Wind Pressure and Forces on buildings/Structure 21
3.6 Design Wind Pressure 21
3.7 Wind Load on Individual Members 23
3.8 Along Wind Response and Calculation of Gust Factor 24

8 CHAPTER 4 - WORKED OUT EXAMPLES 30

9 CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION 33

10 CHAPTER 6 - REFERENCE 34

6
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
Wind has two aspects. The first - a beneficial one - is that its energy can be utilized
to generate power, sail boats and cool down the temperature on a hot day.
The other - a parasitic one - is that it loads any and every object that
comes in its way. The latter is the aspect an engineer is concerned with, since the
load caused has to be sustained by a structure with the specified safety. All
civil and industrial structures above ground have thus to be designed to resist
wind loads. This introductory note is concerning the aspect of wind
engineering dealing with civil engineering structures.

Wind flow generation is on account of atmospheric pressure differentials and

manifests itself into various forms, such as,

Gales and monosonic winds

Cyclones/Hurricanes/Typhoons
Tornado
Thunderstorms
Localised storms

Photographs in figure a, b depict some of these storms.

Friction from the earths surface leads to boundary layer flow, but
characteristics of flow vary depending upon the storm type.

7
a) Cyclone Storms

b) Thunderstorm

8
Apart from monsonic winds and gales, of greater interest in India are the
cyclonic storms that frequently strike the coasts and the tornados which
appear freakishly.

9
 1.2 Need for revision of code

There has been an increasing trend of natural hazard events as well as wind -
induced disasters in the recent decades, as also the losses caused in such
disasters. The reasons for this increasing trend can be enumerated as below :

Population density is increasing worldwide, particularly in large cities and

agglomerations. In the last twenty years or so the number of cities with more
than 1 million population may have doubled from about 200. Likewise mega
cities with more than 10 million population may have gone up from about 10
to 25.

At the same time the standard of living is increasing almost everywhere a bit
faster here, a bit slower there. Together with the growing population density with
the growing population density the concentration of values; infrastructure cost
sustaining the modern living standard.

Regions formerly avoided on account of their risk potential are now of their
risk potential are now coastal regions particularly exposed to storms and storm
surges, in many cases also to major earthquakes and seismic waves (tsunamis).

Industry is also moving into extremely dangerous regions, concentrating huge

economic values in highly exposed locations.

In many cases new building materials such as glass and plastics used for
facades and roofs are far more susceptible to damage than conventional
methods and materials.

In certain periods, nature also becomes responsible for bigger disasters, with
more dramatic trends in unleashing natural hazards.

10
Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

For understanding the various aspect related to Wind Loding various journals
like International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, International
Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, Technical Papers by B.
Dean Kumar etc. is been referred.

2.2 Summary of Relevant Technical Papers

1. By Arvind Y. Vyavahare (2002) :

Tall buildings are slender flexible structures and need to be investigated to

ascertain the importance of wind induced oscillations or excitation along and
across the direction of wind. The Indian code of practice for wind load on
buildings and structures (IS-875 Part-3 1987) gives a procedure to determine
along wind response of tall structures, while the across wind response and
interference effect are not included in the code at present. A document Review of
Indian Wind Code IS 875 (Part 3) 1987 has been prepared by IIT Kanpur under
GSDMA project gives recommendations to obtain across wind response of
tall buildings as per procedure given in Australian/New Zealand standard
Structural Design Actions Part 2 Wind Action (AS/NZS 1170-2 : 2002)
In the Australian code to obtain the cross wind response it is necessary to
compute the coefficient (Cfs) for which figures and expressions are given for
selected (h:b:d) ratios. In this paper use of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has
been made to gener alize the above procedure from the limited available data, so
that across wind response can be obtained for a building with given (h:b:d) ratio.

11
Conclusion :

The curves for values as per IS 875 (Part-3) draft and ANN predicted
values of various responses for across wind direction (Shear force and
Bending moment) are almost overlapping each other which indicates close
agreement between ANN predicted values and values as per IS 875 (Part-3) draft
code.

2. By Ghousia College of Engineering :

This paper presents a framework for evaluating the equivalent static wind load and
a new description of the loading based on the gust loading envelope/peak
dynamic loading is presented. The gust response factors and the equivalent
static wind loads for various along wind response components at different
shapes of building are discussed in detail. In the present study, analytical
investigation of an different shapes of building situated in wind zone I and zoneIV
of India, in accordance with IS 875(part 3)-1987, is taken as an example and the
various analytical approaches (linear static and dynamic analysis) are performed
on the building to identify the base shear, storey displacement, storey drift,
overturning moment and storey shear. Also compared for different storey
building models in both X and Y directions by using finite element software
package ETABs 9.7.4 version.

Conclusion :

The storey displacement is maximum at the top story and becomes zero at bottom
story. As the story increases then the displacement also increases for zone-1
and zone-4 with and without gust factor.
If the wind zone is increases then the storey displacement also increases for
different shape Buildings. The story displacements in regular structures with
and without gust factor in zone-1 and zone- 4 is lesser when compare to the
displacements in irregular structures. The storey drift is gradually increases from
first story to second story and it is maximum at second story in both X and
Y-directions and it becomes decreases to top story for different shapes in
zone-1 and zone-4 with and without gust factor.

12
CHAPTER 3

WIND LOADING AS PER IS 875 (PART3) -2015

3.1 Changes from previous code

In this current revision, the Committee recommends the following

modifications/inclusions by taking into account the recent improvements
that have been made in the wind engineering descriptive, through R&D
efforts nationally and internationally:

1) Aerodynamic roughness heights for individual terrain categories have

been explicitly included, and are used to derive turbulence intensity
and mean hourly wind speed profiles.

2) The previous classification of structures into B and C classes has

been deleted and accordingly the modification factor, k2 is renamed
as terrain roughness and height factor.

3) The values of k2 factor corresponding to previous class A type

structure only, are retained in this standard.

4) An additional modification factor, i.e IMPORTANCE FACTOR has

been included for cyclonic region.

5) Formulae are suggested for height variations of hourly mean wind

speed and also turbulence intensity in different terrains.

13
6) Provisions to account for the effects of directionality, area averaging
and correlation of pressure on design wind pressure have been
included.

7) In the GUST FACTOR method for evaluating along wind response

equations have been suggested for background factor, size reduction
factor, energy ratio and length of scale turbulence.

8) A method for computing across wind response of tall buildings and

lattice towers, which is line with some of the international codes of
practice, has been included.

9) Guidelines to account for wind induced interference for tall buildings

and low rise buildings have been included for use in preliminary
design. It is however recommended to carry out detailed boundary
layer wind tunnel tests/CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) studies
for final deisgn of important structures.

14
 3.2 Design Wind Speed (VZ)

=*1*2*3*4

Where,

Vb = Basic Wind Speed in m/s.

k1 = Probability Factor/Risk Coefficient.

15
 k2 = Terrain roughness and height factor.

Terrain in which a specific structure stands shall be assessed as being one

of
the following terrain categories:

a) Category 1 Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions and in

which the average height of any object surrounding the structure is less
than 1.5 m. The equivalent aerodynamic roughness height, (z0,1) for this
terrain is 0.002m. Typically this category represents open sea-coasts and
flat plains without trees.

b) Category 2 Open terrain with well scattered obstructions having

heights generally between 1.5 m and 10 m. The equivalent aerodynamic
roughness height, (z0,2) for this terrain is 0.02 m. This is the criterion for
measurement of regional basic wind speeds and represents airfields, open
park lands and undeveloped sparsely built-up outskirts of towns and
suburbs. Open land adjacent to sea coast may also be classified as
Category 2 due to roughness of large sea waves at high winds.

c) Category 3 Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having

the size of buildings/structures up to 10 m in height with or without a few
isolated tall structures. The equivalent aerodynamic roughness height,
(z0,3) for this terrain is 0.2 m. This category represents well wooded
areas, and shrubs, towns and industrial areas full or partially developed.
It is likely that the, next higher category than this will not exist in most
design situations and that selection of a more severe category will be
deliberate.

d) Category 4 Terrain with numerous large high closely spaced

obstructions. The equivalent aerodynamic roughness height, (z0,4) for
this terrain is 2.0 m. This category represents large city centers, generally
with obstructions above 25 m and well developed industrial complexes

16
17
k3 = Topography factor.

The effect of topography shall be significant at a site when the upwind slope ( ) is
more than about 3, and below that, the value of k3 may be taken to be equal to
1.0. The value of k3 is confined in the range of 1.0 to 1.36 for slopes more than 3.
A method of evaluating the value of k3 for values more than 1.0 is given in Annex
C. It may be noted that the value of k3 varies with height above ground level, at a
maximum near the ground, and reducing to 1.0 at higher levels.

k4 = importance factor for the cyclonic region.

The east coast of India is relatively more vulnerable for occurrences of severe
cyclones. On the west coast, Gujarat is vulnerable for severe cyclones. Studies of
wind speed and damage to buildings and structures point to the fact that the speeds
given in the basic wind speed map are often exceeded during the cyclones. The
effect of cyclonic storms is largely felt in a belt of approximately 60 km width at
the coast. In order to ensure better safety of structures in this region (60 km wide
on the east coast as well as on the Gujarat Coast), the following values of k4 (as
recommended in IS 15498) are stipulated as applicable according to the importance
of the structure :

18
 3.3 Hourly Mean Wind Speed (VZ,H)

19
 3.4 Turbulence Intensity

20
 3.5 WIND PRESSURES AND FORCES ON
BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES

The wind load on a building shall be calculated for:

a) Building as a whole,

b) Individual structural elements as roofs and walls, and

c) Individual cladding units including glazing and their fixings.

3.6 DESIGN WIND PRESSURE

The wind pressure at any height above mean ground level shall be obtained by the
following relationship
between wind pressure and wind speed:

pz = 0.6 *Vz2

where

pz = wind pressure at height z, in N/m2; and

Vz = design wind speed at height z, in m/s.

The design wind pressure pd can be obtained as,

pd = Kd* Ka* Kc* pz

where

Kd = wind directionality factor

Considering the randomness in the directionality of wind and recognizing the fact
that pressure or force coefficients are determined for specific wind directions, it is
specified that for buildings, solid signs, open signs, lattice frameworks, and trussed
21
towers (triangular, square, rectangular) a factor of 0.90 may be used on the design
wind pressure.
For circular or near-circular forms this factor may be taken as 1.0.
For the cyclone affected regions also the factor Kd shall be taken as 1.0.

Ka = Area averaging factor

Pressure coefficients given in individual member loading are a result of averaging

the measured pressure values over a given area. As the area becomes larger, the
correlation of measured values decrease and vice-versa. The decrease in pressures
due to larger areas may be taken into account as given in Table below.

Kc = combination factor

When taking wind loads on frames of clad buildings it is reasonable to assume that
the pressures or suctions inside and outside the structure shall not be fully
correlated. Therefore when taking the combined effect of wind loads on the frame,
a reduction factor of Kc = 0.90 may be used over the building envelope when roof
is subjected to pressure and internal pressure is suction, or vice-versa.

The value of pd, however shall not be taken as less than 0.70 pz.

22
 3.7 WIND LOAD ON INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS

When calculating the wind load on individual structural elements such as roofs and
walls, and individual cladding units and their fittings, it is essential to take account
of the pressure difference between opposite faces of such elements or units. For
clad structures, it is, therefore, necessary to know the internal pressure as well as
the external pressure. Then the wind load, F, acting in a direction normal to the
individual structural element or cladding unit is:

F = (Cpe Cpi) *A* pd

Where,

Cpe = external pressure coefficient,

Cpi = internal pressure coefficient,

A = surface area of structural element or cladding unit, and

pd = design wind pressure.

23
 3.8 ALONG WIND RESPONSE AND CALCULATION OF GUST
FACTOR

24
25
26
27
28
PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF GUST FACTOR

29
CHAPTER 4
EXAMPLES WORKED OUT AS PER IS 875 (PART 3)
2015

30
31
32
CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The study about Wind loading as per IS 875 ( Part3) 2015 done.

The newly introduced IMPORTANCE FACTOR, k4 increases the load on

building (say when k4=1.15, loading increases by 30% to 40% and when
k4=1.30, loading increases by 70% to 80%).

Detailed studies have to be carried out to find out associated return period of
extreme events and change the wind speed map if required.

For tall buildings wind directionality factor of 0.9 is recommended.

For tall buildings area averaging factor and combination factor is not
recommended.

33
 CHAPTER 6

REFERENCE

IS 875 (Part 3) : 1987 - Wind Load for Buildings and Structures.

IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015 - Wind Load for Buildings and Structures.

SP64 (2001) Explanatory Handbook for wind loading.

IITK - GSDMA Wind 04 V3.0.

Wind Engineering Vol. 1 and 2 P N Godbole, L M Gupta

34