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03 Signal Conditioning - Bridge

1. The document discusses various types of signal conditioning circuits used to modify sensor signals for transmission and analysis, including bridge circuits, amplifiers, and filters. 2. Bridge circuits like the Wheatstone and current balance bridges are used to convert impedance or current variations into voltage signals for measurement. They require balancing resistances to produce a null output voltage. 3. Signal conditioning is necessary to transmit sensor signals from measurement sites to data collection sites, amplify and modify signals for recording and analysis by control systems. It provides a standard interface for receiving and transmitting measurement and control data.

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66 views21 pages

03 Signal Conditioning - Bridge

1. The document discusses various types of signal conditioning circuits used to modify sensor signals for transmission and analysis, including bridge circuits, amplifiers, and filters. 2. Bridge circuits like the Wheatstone and current balance bridges are used to convert impedance or current variations into voltage signals for measurement. They require balancing resistances to produce a null output voltage. 3. Signal conditioning is necessary to transmit sensor signals from measurement sites to data collection sites, amplify and modify signals for recording and analysis by control systems. It provides a standard interface for receiving and transmitting measurement and control data.

Uploaded by

cesarinigillas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal

Conditioning
mohammad iqbal
[email protected]
Teknik Elektro
Universitas Muria Kudus
Signal Conditioning

1. Introduction to signal conditioning


2. Bridge circuits
3. Amplifiers
4. Filters

2
Introduction

3
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

WHY?

1. Easy to transmit signal from measurement site


the data collection site
2. Easy to amplify, filter and modify
3. Easy to record the signal

4
Signal conditioning
Used in factory or machine automation : to convert
sensor or transducer measurement signal levels to
industry standard control signals
Provide computer and control system manufacturers a
common communication method to effectively receive
and transmit measurement and control data
Examples of measurement data : temperature or
AC/DC voltage/current signals from various transducers
Examples of control data : on/off signals for a heating
element or proportional signals for a valve actuator.

5
Signal conditioning

6
Bridge circuits

7
Bridge circuits

Used to convert impedance variations into


voltage variations
Can be design so the voltage produced varies
around zero
Amplification can be used to increase voltage
level for increased sensitivity to variation of
impedance

8
Wheatstone bridge
D : voltage detector

V = Va Vb
R3
Va = V
R1 + R3
R4
Vb = V
R2 + R4
R3 R2 R1 R4
V = V
(R1 + R3 )(R2 + R4 )
R3 R2 = R1 R4

9
Exercise 1
Determine;
1. R4 if a Wheatstone bridge nulls with
R1 = 1000 , R2 = 842 , and R3 =
500 .

2. The voltage offset if the supply


voltage is 10.0 V. The resistors in a

bridge are given by R1 = R2 =


R3 = 120 and R4 = 121 .

10
Galvanometer detector

R3 R2 R1 R4
VTh = V
(R1 + R3 )(R2 + R4 )
R1 R3 R2 R4
RTh = +
R1 + R3 R2 + R4
VTh
IG =
RTh + RG

11
Exercise 2

A bridge circuit has a resistance of


R1 = R2 = R3 = 2.00 k and
R4 = 2.05 k and a 5.00 V supply. If
a galvanometer with a 50.0
internal resistance is used for a
detector, calculate the offset current.

12
Bridge resolution

Resolution function of detector : to


determine the bridge offset

Resistance resolution : resistance change in


1 arm bridge that causes an offset voltage
equal to detector resolution

Detector can measure change of 100 V

13
Resolution

The smallest discernible change in input; the


smallest change in input that manifests itself
as perceptible change in output that can be
measured (example : 0.000 1 mm)
Primary factor in deciding precision
Good resolution does not imply in good
precision

14
Current balance bridge

15
Current balance bridge
Used current to null bridge

R4 >> R5
(R2 + R4 ) >> R5
R4 + R5
Vb = V + IR5
R2 + R4 + R5
R3 R4 + R5
V = V V IR5
R1 + R3 R2 + R4 + R5

16
Exercise 3

A current balance bridge has a 10 V


supply voltage and resistors
R1 = R2 = 10 k, R3 = 1 k,
R4 = 950 , R5 = 50 and a high
impedance null detector. Determine the
current required to null the bridge if R3
increased by 1 .

17
Potential measurements
using bridges

18
Potential measurements
using bridges
Vc = V x + V a
V = V c Vb
R3 R4
Vx + V V =0
R1 + R3 R2 + R4
R3 R 4 + R5
Vx + V V IR5 = 0
R1 + R3 R 2 + R 4 + R5
V x IR5 = 0
19
Exercise 4

A bridge for potential measurement


nulls when R1 = R2 = 1 k, R3 =
605 , and R4 = 500 with a 10.0 v
supply. Determine the unknown
potential.

20
Exercise 5

A current balance bridge is used for


potential measurement. The fixed
resistors are R1 = R2 = 5 k, R3 = 1 k,
R4 = 990 , and R5 = 10 with a 10 V
supply. Calculate the current necessary to
null the bridge if the potential is 12 mV.

21

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