Philippine early

revolts against
Spain
Presented by: Group 3

16th Century 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century

 16th Century
Dagami Revolt (1565 1567)
Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574)
Pampanga Revolt (1585)
Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (1587
1588)
Revolt against the Tribute (1589)
Magalat Revolt (1596)

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 Dagami Revolt
The Dagami revolt was a revolt against
Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.
It was led by Chief Dagami from Gabi
(now part of Palo). The revolt actually
began in 1565, but is sometimes dated
as 1567, the year of Dagami's
execution.

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On May 22, 1565, a party of 16 led by
Chief Dagami and four other chiefs hid
themselves outside of the stockaded
Spanish settlement in Cebu, intending
to kill some Spaniards. At dawn of the
following day, May 23, Pedro de Arana, a
member of the personal company of
Spanish Governor Miguel Lpez de
Legazpi, came out of the fort alone. As
he walked along the beach near the war
party, they speared him and cut off his
head. They returned to Gabi and made
a great celebration and feast with it.
The murder went unsolved at the time,
and Dagami continued as Chief of Gabi
and continued to foment revolt.
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In December 1566, after two Spaniards
were killed and three others nearly
died inside the fort after drinking
poisoned wine purchased from
Sugbu/Cebu wine-sellers, Legazpi sent
for Rajah Tupas and his fellow datus,
alleging that some of them were
behind the killings. The chiefs
protested their innocence, and Legazpi
told them that their guilt could only be
absolved by handing over the culprits.

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The following day, Tupas handed over
two women who, under torture,
implicated two others. Three of the four
were sentenced to flogging and
deportation, and the fourth sentenced to
death. The condemned woman was
executed and her body was drawn and
quartered, with the pieces of the body
displayed along the road between the
Cebuano settlement and the Spanish
fort. The following day, Tupas betrayed
Dagami to Legazpi.

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Dagami was condemned to be drawn and
quartered the next day in the place where
Pedro de Arana had been killed. Dagami's
head was displayed on a pole in that place
and the four quarters of his body were
displayed on poles along the beach. After
this was carried out, Tupas lauded Dagami
as having been among proudest in the
islands, and said that when they were
thinking of making peace with the
Spaniards in 1565 had advised him not to
make peace, had hindered him from doing
that and that after the signing of the Treaty
of Cebu, Dagami continued to be rebellious
against the Spaniards and in favor of revolts
and war to gain Independence.
Lakandula and
Back 16th Century Sulayman
Revolt
Lakandula and Sulayman
Revolt (1574)
The Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt, also
known as the Tagalog Revolt, was an
uprising in 1574 by Lakandula and Rajah
Sulayman in Tondo, Manila. The revolt
occurred in the same year as the Chinese
pirate Limahong attacked the palisaded yet
poorly defended enclosure of Intramuros.
This revolt was caused by losing Soliman
and Lakandula's kingdom when they were
defeated by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to
accept the Spanish sovereignty on the
promise that they would be well-treated by
the Spaniards and would still retain some of
their royal and political powers.

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When Guido de Lavezaris replaced
Legaspi as Governor General of the
Philippines, he revoked their exemptions
from paying tribute and confiscated
their lands. Father Martin convinced
Lakandula and Soliman to abort the
revolt and promised to grant their
privileges. Nevertheless, Soliman
continued his revolt which was brutally
crushed in 1574.
Pampanga
Back 16th Century
Revolt
 Pampanga Revolt
(1585)
The Pampanga Revolt was an uprising
in 1585 by some
native Kapampangan leaders who
resented the Spanish landowners,
or encomenderos who had deprived
them of their historical land
inheritances as tribal chiefs or Datus.

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The revolt included a plot to
storm Intramuros, but the
conspiracy was foiled before it could
begin after a Filipino woman
married to a Spanish soldier
reported the plot to the Spanish
authorities. Spanish and Filipino
colonial troops were sent by
Governor-General Santiago de Vera,
and the leaders of the revolt were
arrested and summarily executed by
Christian Cruz-Herrera.
Conspiracy of
Back 16th Century the
Maharlikas
 Conspiracy of the
Maharlikas (15871588)
Tondo Conspiracy (also known
as Conspiracy of the Maharlikas) was a
plot against the Spaniards in 1587
when Agustin de Legazpi, his cousin Martin
Pangan, and some fellow rebels conspired
against the Spanish government situated in
the Philippines due to the injustices felt by
the Filipinos. It was territorially one of the
largest conspiracies against the Spanish rule
next to the Katipunan. It ranged from
provinces near Manila all the way
to Calamianes islands near Palawan.

Revolts
Back 16th Century Against the More Details
Tribute
 Cause for the revolt
Numerous datus were not in favor of the
Spanish rule as they had conflicting
interests with regard to authority and
freedom. An instance of such is the
waning obedience of the slaves to the
datus. This was brought about by the
initiatives of the Spaniards to abolish
slavery in hopes of shifting the slaves'
allegiance from the datus to the kingly
Spaniards.

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Furthermore, this elimination of
slavery had institutionalized how the
slaves were obligated to pay their
tributes to the Spaniards instead of
the datus. They had been reduced to
vassalage, thus the plan of rebellion of
the datus against the Spaniards.

Revolts
Back 16th Century Against the More Details
Tribute
 Conspirators
Martin Pangan, who was accused of
adultery, Agustin de Legazpi, who was
accused of not paying fees as governor
of Tondo, Gabriel Tuambasan, and
Pitonggatan all met in jail, where they
made a pact of the datus to aid each other
in times of need and hardship. They also
made a pact to stand united against the
Spaniards, though they did not know in
which manner yet.

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After they got out of jail, Martin Pangan
(who was exiled from Tondo) went to live in
a village in Tambobong, Navotas (known
today as Malabon), where he, along with
Legazpi, planned a secret meeting. They
reached out to the datus
of Pandacan, Navotas, Taguig, Maysilo,
Catangalan, and many others in the Manila
area and of nearby provinces such
as Candaba, Pampanga who had been
thinking of starting an uprising for quite
some time then.

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With a pseudo reason of visiting their dear
friend Pangan, arrived Agustin Manuguit and
his father Felipe Salalila (chief from
Maysilo), Magat Salamat (chief of Tondo),
Pedro Balinguit (chief from Pandacan),
Geronimo Basi and Gabriel Tuambasan
(Legazpi's brothers), Luis Amanicalao and
his son Calao, Dionisio Capolo (chief of
Candaba) and his brother Felipe Salonga
(chief of Polo), Felipe Amarlangagui (chief
of Catangalan), Francisco Acta (another
chief from Tondo), and Omaghicon (chief of
Navotas). Timawas, servants, and other
allies were also invited to the secret
meeting.
Revolts
Back 16th Century Against the More Details
Tribute
Planning of the conspiracy

Legazpi told his co-conspirators that he

knew a Japanese captain of a trading boat
named Juan Gayo, whom he frequently
entertained in his home. They were able
to communicate through his interpreter,
Dionisio Fernandez. Through him, the
conspirators were assured of weapons
they could use for the revolt. He also
allegedly promised to provide them with
Japanese warriors, under the deal that he
would get a half of the tribute to be
collected in the Philippines.

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 The warriors were to arrive in Manila
and pretend they arrived with peaceful
intentions by bringing in ship flags for
the Spaniards to use. Once they
captured the Spaniards, Legazpi was to
be made king. However, there was no
fine print that dictated for how long
this deal would go on, thus showing the
lack of organization in the plan.

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Legazpi also had ties with Brunei, as he
was the son-in-law of the sultan. As
such, the conspiracy also sought the
help of Borneo. They believed they
would come join and help the uprising
not only because of their apparent
blood ties, but because of their
historical clash with the Christian
Spaniards as well. The plan was that
once Bornean fleets arrived
at Cavite causing the Spaniards to call
the chiefs to their aid, they would
arrive with their men and attack the
Spaniards in their own homes.
Revolts
Back 16th Century Against the More Details
Tribute
 Events and plots

The conspiracy would remain a plot for

long, as almost a year would pass before
the conspirators could come up with
another step in their plot. In 1588, they
learned that the English pirate Thomas
Candish had captured the Spanish
galleon Santa Ana. He had apparently
threatened the Spaniards of taking over
Manila.

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They waited for him to arrive in hopes that
he would act on his threat to fight the
Spaniards; once he does, they planned to
overthrow the government by overpowering
them on land. However, they made no
contact with Candish to let them know of
their plans. He had made his way
to Visayas (where he failed to burn a
galleon being built in Aravelo) and after, to
India and then England.

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The conspiracy started to materialize more
once Pangan met with Esteban Taes, a
chieftain from Bulacan. They planned an
all-Tagalog uprising: Taes invited all other
chiefs from Bulacan to Tondo, while Pangan
planned to send letters to the
gobernadorcillo of Malolos and Guiguinto,
as well as to reach out to chiefs from
Laguna and Batangas. However, their
planned meeting with all the chiefs never
pushed through.

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Thus, Pangan went to approach datus
from Pampanga hoping they could unite
their cause because several Pampango
chiefs were about to file a petition asking
the government to suspend the freeing of
their slaves. However, they had no interest
in joining the uprising because they were in
favor of the Spaniards and the King. It was
after the inability to form a meeting with
other Tagalog chiefs and the rejection of
Pampango chiefs when the conspirators
sought the help of Borneans.

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However when the time of attack came,
Gayo did not come through with the arms
or warriors either because he lost interest
or betrayed the rebels. While they were
waiting in vain for help that did not come,
the conspirators were caught when Magat
Salamat revealed their plan against the
Spaniards to Antonio Surabao.

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Magat Salamat had been chosen chief
envoy to go to Borneo and
communicate the plan to the sultan. On
his way over, Salamat stopped
at Cuyo island, where he was able to
recruit a native chief named Sumaclob
to join the uprising. After transferring
to another Calamianes island, Salamat
met Surabao, who was a Cuyo native
pretending to be a supporter. He was
actually a servant of Pedro Sarmiento, a
Spanish encomendero.

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Surabao then betrayed the rebels plan to
his master, Sarmiento, who brought Magat
Salamat, Don Agustin Manuguit, and Don
Joan Banal to Manila as captives. He
exposed the conspirators plan against the
Spanish government to Governor General
Santiago de Vera on October 26, 1588 with
the plan having been in motion for over 15
months. As a result, with Salamat in
captive, the plan, their letters and gifts
never reached the sultan of
Brunei. Moreover, the governor ordered the
arrest of all members part of the
conspiracy who were tried and investigated
in court.
Revolts
Back 16th Century Against the More Details
Tribute
 Aftermath
There were harsh penalties given to the
conspirators, especially to the leaders
Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan who
were brutally hanged while their heads
were chopped off and placed in iron
cages. Their properties were also seized,
with half going to the royal treasury and
the other half to judicial expenses.
Furthermore, their homes plowed and sown
with salt to remain barren.

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A similar fate occurred to Dionisio
Fernandez who was also hanged and his
properties confiscated. Other
conspirators who were executed were
Magat Salamat, Geronimo Basi, and
Esteban Taes.

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While some people were punished severely,
others were let off on a milder sentence
such as paying heavy fines or being exiled
from their towns. Notable members who
were exiled to Mexico were Pedro
Balunguit, Pintonggatan, Felipe Salonga,
Calao, and Agustin Manuguit. Balanguit was
charged with six years of exile and payment
of six tael of orejas gold, Pintonggatan with
two years, Salonga with eight years, Calao
with four years, and Manuguit with six
years of exile and payment of 20 tael of
orejas gold.

Revolts
Back 16th Century Against the More Details
Tribute
 Significance
At the beginning of the Manila Galleon
Trade, slaves and exiles were exchanged
between Manila and Acapulco. The exiles of
these datus were significant because they
were reported to be the first Filipinos to
settle in Mexico.

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The conspiracy is also worth noting for it is
the only recorded plot during the Spanish
colonial period where Luzon chiefs
attempted to enlist help from the Muslims.
The trace and influence of Islam in Manila
and the Tagalog regions disappeared with
passing of these Tagalog chiefsallowing
stability for Christianity in the region in the
future.

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It is also worth pointing out that the Indios
tried to fight for their lost freedom only
after quickly surrendering to the Spaniards.
Thus, their uprising had them labelled as
rebels as they were already subject under
Spanish rule; this contrasted them from
Muslims who never surrendered to the
Spaniards.

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Furthermore, it was different from other
uprisings in the seventeenth century
because the primary goal was to overthrow
the Spanish rule rather than to protest the
oppression of a tribute collector, alcalde,
or friar. The chiefs sought to get rid of
Spanish control rather than be satisfied
with the death of a particular Spanish
official. Interestingly, it is also in this
uprising where the persona of the traitor
first appeared. Lastly, the conspiracy was
not an isolated case, as several other
uprisings were being planned in regions
like Cebu and Panay as well.
Revolts
Back 16th Century Against the
Tribute
Revolts Against the Tribute
(1589)
The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts
Against the Tribute occurred
on Luzon in the present-day provinces
of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte in
1589. Ilocanos, Ibanags and other
Filipinos revolted against alleged
abuses by the tax collectors, including
the collection of high taxes. It began
when six tax collectors who had
arrived from Vigan were killed by the
natives. Governor-General Santiago de
Vera sent Spanish and Filipino colonial
troops to pacify the rebels. The rebels
were eventually pardoned and the
Philippine tax system reformed.
Magalat
Back 16th Century
Revolt
 Magalat Revolt (1596)

The Magalat revolt was an uprising in

the Philippines in 1596, led by Magalat, one
of the few Filipino rebel from Cagayan. He
had been arrested in Manila for inciting
rebellion against the Spanish, and after he
was released on the importunities of some
Dominican priests, he returned to Cagayan.
Together with his brother, he incited the
whole country to revolt. He was said to
have committed atrocities upon his fellow
natives for refusing to rise up against the
Spaniards. He soon controlled the
countryside, and the Spanish eventually
found themselves besieged.

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The Spanish Governor-General Francisco de
Tello de Guzmn, sent Pedro de Chaves
from Manila with Spanish and Filipino
colonial troops. They fought successfully
against the rebels, and captured and
executed several leaders under Magalat.
Magalat himself was assassinated within his
fortified headquarters by his own men, who
apparently had been promised a reward by
the Spaniards.

Back 16th Century 17th Century

 17th Century
Igorot Revolt (1601)
The Chinese Revolt of 1603
Tamblot Revolt (16211622)
Bankaw Revolt (16211622)
Itneg Revolt (16251627)
Ladia Revolt (1643)
Sumuroy Revolt (164950)
Maniago/Pampanga Revolt (16601661)
Malong Revolt (16601661)
Almazan Revolt (January 1661)
Chinese Revolt of 1662
Panay Revolt (1663)
Zambal Revolt (16811683)

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 Igorot Revolt
By order of the Governor-General Francisco
de Tello de Guzmn an expedition was sent
to the Cordillera region for religious
conversion purposes with the aid of Padre
Esteban Marin. Marin, the curate of Ilocos
at that time, tried initially to convince the
Igorots to convert peacefully to
Catholicism.

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Marin allegedly even tried to create his own
dictionary in the Igorot language to
advance this cause. The Igorots, however,
killed Marin and the Governor- General sent
Captain Aranda with Spanish and Lumad
foot soldiers. The revolt was short-lived as
Aranda made use of extreme measures and
executed them quickly to dispel the revolt
in the Cordillera region.

The Chinese
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 The Chinese Revolt
(1603)
In 1603, at least 30,000 Chinese
merchants were slaughtered and in
Luzon Chinese officials and civilians
were killed without authority by what
The Ming Shi-lu describes as the
barbarian Spanish chieftain of Luzon
during that time.

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The surviving Chinese fled to Wawa, or
what is now known as Guagua, this
atrocity is known in Chinese history as
the Luzon Tragedy The Chinese
inhabitants of Manila set fire to Legarda
and Binondo and for a time threatened
to capture the Moro stronghold in
Intramuros.

The Tamblot
Back 17th Century More
Revolt
The reasons for the rebellion are unclear, but
they seemed to have originated in the
suspicions of the Archbishop of Manila Miguel
de Benavides, O. P., that the Chinese had
ambitions to control the Philippines.

The Governor-General of the Philippines and

failed conqueror of Cambodia, Luis Prez
Dasmarias died during the rebellion when,
overconfident of Spanish strength, he attacked
the Chinese. When cautioned from attacking by
his fellow officers, he famously derided them
as cowards and retorted that "twenty five
Spaniards were enough to conquer the whole of
China". When Dasmarias led a force of
Spaniards to try to apprehend the Chinese, he
and his men were all killed by the Chinese who
mounted the Spanish heads they chopped off
throughout Manila.

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The rebellion was then quelled by the
Spaniards, together with the support
of Filipinos and the Japanese in the
settlement of Dilao. The Japanese
especially showed no mercy in the
repression. Altogether 30,000 Chinese
were killed.

The Tamblot
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 Tamblot Revolt (1621
1622)
The Tamblot Revolt or the Tamblot Uprising,
was a religious uprising in the island of
Bohol, led by Tamblot in 1621. The Jesuits
first came to Bohol in 1596 and eventually
governed the island and converted the
Boholanos to the Catholic faith. Tamblot, a
babaylan or native priest, urged his fellow
Boholanos to return to the old belief of
their forefathers. The revolt began on the
day when the Jesuits were in Cebu,
celebrating the feast day of St. Francis
Xavier. It was finally crushed on New Year's
Day, in 1622. Tamblot was executed and his
head was severed on a pike to serve as a
warning to the populace.
The Bankaw
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 Bankaw Revolt (1621
1622)
The Bankaw Revolt was a religious uprising
against Spanish colonial rule led by Bancao,
the datu of Carigara, in the present-day
Carigara Philippine province of Leyte.
Bankaw had warmly received Miguel Lpez
de Legazpi as his guest, when he first
arrived in the Philippines in 1565.

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Although baptized as a Catholic in his
youth, he abandoned this faith in later
years. With a babaylan, or religious
leader named Pagali, he built a temple
for a diwata or local goddess, and
pressed six towns to rise up in revolt.

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Similar to the Tamblot Uprising, Pagali used
magic to attract followers, and claimed
that they could turn the Spaniards into clay
by hurling bits of earth at them.

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Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de
Entenza sent the alcalde mayor of Cebu,
Juan de Alcarazo, with Spanish and foot
soldier colonial troops, to suppress the
rebellion. Bankaw's severed head was
impaled on a bamboo stake and displayed
to the public as a stern warning. One of his
sons was also beheaded, and one of the
babaylans was burned at the stake.

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Three other followers were executed by
firing squad which the Spanish already
possessed at that time. Other historical
sources/accounts reports The Bankaw
Revolt as the first recorded uprising
against foreign colonization. The (1621
1622) dates may be inaccurate. Carigara
was known only a decade after Magellan
landed in Limasawa in 1521. The
uprising may well have taken place
towards the end of the 16th century.

The Itneg
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 Itneg Revolt (16251627)
The Itneg revolt took place in the village
of Abulag, which is part of Capinatan in
northwestern Cagayan, was a religious
uprising against the Spanish colonial rule
led by a two itneg warrior named Miguel
Lanab and Alalaban.

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Their village was force to baptize as
Catholics and it was against their will. Then
a rebellion happened after a Spanish soldier
killed Lanab's wife and their village was
ransacked and burn, due to the incident
happened, he took revenge after the death
of his wife and of his people. Lanab and
Alalaban killed ,beheaded, and mutilated
two missionaries, Padre Alonzo Garcia and
brother Onofre Palao, who was sent by the
Spanish government to baptize the
mountain savages, referring to the Itneg
tribes and other Ygolotes tribes to
Christianity.

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Miguel Lanab and Alababan killed,
beheaded and mutilated two Dominican
missionaries, Father Alonzo Garcia and
Brother Onofre Palao, who were sent by the
Spanish colonial government to convert the
Itneg people to Christianity. After cutting
Father Garcia's body into pieces, they fed
his flesh to a herd of pigs.

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Afterwards, they compelled their fellow
Itnegs to loot, desecrate Catholic images,
set fire to the local churches, and escape
with them to the mountains.

In 1626, Governor-General Fernndo de

Silva sent Spanish and foot soldier colonial
troops to suppress the rebellion. They
destroyed farms and other sources of food
to starve the Itnegs, and forced them to
surrender in 1627.

The Ladia
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 Ladia Revolt (1643)
Pedro Ladia was a Moro Bornean and a self-
claimed descendant of Lakandula who came
to Malolos in 1643. At that time, his land
was confiscated by the Spanish and he
thought that it was about time that they
stage an uprising and put himself as King of
the Tagalogs. This was despite the fact that
a parish priest tried to convince him not to
pursue his plans. Upon his capture, he was
brought to Manila where he was executed.

The Sumuroy
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 Sumuroy Revolt (1649
1650)
In the town of Palapag today in Northern
Samar, Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some
of his followers rose in arms on June 1,
1649 over the polo y servicio or forced
labor system being undertaken in Samar.
This is known as the Sumuroy Revolt,
named after Agustin Sumuroy.

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The government in Manila directed that all
natives subject to the polo are not to be
sent to places distant from their
hometowns to do their forced labor.
However, under orders of the various town
alcaldes, or mayors, The Waray were being
sent to the shipyards of Cavite to do their
polo y servicio, which sparked the revolt.

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The local parish priest of Palapag was
murdered and the revolt eventually spread
to Mindanao, Bicol and the rest of the
Visayas, especially in places such as Cebu,
Masbate, Camiguin, Zamboanga, Albay,
Camarines and parts of northern Mindanao,
such as Surigao. A rebel government was
successfully established in the mountains of
Samar.

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The defeat, capture and execution of
Sumuroy in June 1650 delivered a big
setback to the revolt. His trusted co
conspirator David Dula sustained the quest
for freedom with greater vigor but in one of
a fierce battles several years later, he was
wounded, captured and later executed in
Palapag, Northern Samar by the Spaniards
together with his seven key lieutenants.

The Maniago
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 The Maniago/Pampanga
Revolt (1660 1661)
The Maniago Revolt was an uprising in
Pampanga during the 1660s named after its
leader, Francisco Maniago. During that
time, Pampanga drew most of the attention
from the Spanish religious orders because
of its relative wealth. They also bore the
burden of more tribute, forced labor, and
rice exploitation. They were made to work
for eight months under unfair conditions
and were not paid for their labor and for
the rice purchased from them.

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Their patience was put to the limit and
they signified their intention to revolt by
setting their campsite on fire. The fight
soon began and because the Spaniards were
busy fighting against the Dutch, they were
badly depleted by the Kapampangans. The
Maniago revolt was the start of a much
bigger and even bloodier revolt in
Pangasinan. This battle was led by a man
named Andres Malong who had heeded the
call of Maniago to revolt against the
Spaniards.
The Malong
Back 17th Century
Revolt
The Malong Revolt (1660
1661)
Andres Malong was the maestro de
campo of Binalatongan, now San Carlos
City, Pangasinan in the 1660s. He
assisted many Spaniards in governing
different towns in Pangasinan, and as
such, had learned and was trained to
use force and cruelty. He hoped of being
the King of the province, however, set
this plan aside when a war, led by
Francisco Maniago, broke out in
Pampanga.
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Malong started his campaign in a small
barangay called Malunguey, but failed.
Having the same condition as in Pampanga,
he led the people in Pangasinan to take up
arms against the Spaniards. It spread like
wild fire in Pangasinan. Because of his
success, he proclaimed himself King of
Pangasinan.

The Almazan
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 The Almazan Revolt
(January 1661)
A part of the chain to the Malong Revolt
was the Ilocos Revolt led by Don Pedro
Almazan, illustrious and wealthy leader
from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The
letters sent by Don Andres Malong ("King of
Pangasinan") narrating the defeat of the
Spaniards in his area and urging other
provinces to rise in arms failed to obtain
any support among the natives.

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During the revolt, Don Pedro Almazan
proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was
later captured and executed. He also had a
son which the Ilocanos proclaimed their
prince.

The Chinese
Back 17th Century More
Revolt
 Plans
Pedro Almazn was angered by the severe
injustice of the Spaniards. In protest
against Spanish despotism and to expel the
colonizers from his domain, Almazn
planned of staging armed revolution. In
preparation to his unstoppable scheme, he
transformed a certain part under his house
into a secret dungeon with a repository of
shackles. He intended to chain all the
Spanish soldiers and friars in the dungeon
and would not release them forever. He was
joined in his plot by Juan Magsanop, a
leader from Bacarra, Bangui. To strengthen
their scheme, Almazan suggested the
marriage between his son and Magsanop's
daughter.
The Chinese
Back 17th Century More
Revolt
 Coronation
Almazn was more convinced with his plans
with news from Lieutenant Andres Malong's
successful uprising in Pangasinan, which
was now self-proclaimed king of the area
by December 1660. When a mutiny ensued
in La Union, a huge contingent of Spaniards
from Ilocos went to support their besieged
comrades. The Augustinian Friar Jos Arias,
who was renowned for his viciousness,
joined the party.

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The absence of Arias was seen by Almazn
and Magsanop as the best opportunity for
their brood's wedding, which was only a
cover for their rebellion. And so, they set it
for the end of the month. They sent to
fellowmen in Laoag led by Gaspar Cristobal
and the latter agreed to Almazn's plans for
rebellion. Chieftains and warriors of Kalinga
and the Isnegs of Cagayan also joined
Almazn's party. They pledged their
allegiance and full support to their newly
installed king. The entire community
jubilantly waved banners as they
extensively celebrated the coronation of
Almazn as King of Ilocos.

The Chinese
Back 17th Century More
Revolt
 Revolt

In January 31, 1661, the Dominican friar of

Clavera, Jos Santa Mara, was distracted
by a commotion outside the church. A
frightened Spanish soldier rushed in and
reported to the priest that a furious mob
was causing the commotion. Ignoring the
soldier, he went out of the church, only
seeing himself caught up by the mob. He
was beheaded after being attacked with
knives.

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The next day, as nine friars, including Arias,
were celebrating in Narvacan, for the
suppression of a big group of Zambal
fighters, another aggression erupted in
northern Ilocos. Despite the looming
danger, no amount of dissuasion by his
peers prevented Arias from hurrying back to
Bacarra. At his arrival, he met people
shouting Almazn as their King and rushed
to get the friar but to no avail. Juan Boaya,
one of the mutineers, agreed to help in the
silent departure of Arias.

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He told the servants to take the friar to
Laoag right away. The rebels, however,
caught up with the friar. The warriors
beheaded Arias and brought his severed
head to Magsanop. Magsanop
immediately delivered the head to
Almazn and gave the King an account
of the incident. Cristobal and all who
participated in the insurrection were
fetched for the celebration.

The Chinese
Back 17th Century More
Revolt
 Death
The Spanish authorities sent Lorenzo
Arqueros of Ilocos to wipe out Almazn and
his men. Arqueros' troop consisted of a few
Spaniards and more than a thousand native
men, mostly collaborators. As Almazn and
a few of his men were waiting for the
arrival of a large number of supporters
from Southern Ilocos, Arqueros and his
troops staged a sudden attack and snatched
from Almazn the opportunity to fortify his
kingdom.

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Almazn and his men engaged in a running
battle and had to gradually retreat to the
forest. With the guidance of some native
collaborators, the Spaniards trailed
Almazn. Magsanop, who was caught up by
Arqueros, decided to kill himself. Although
greatly outnumbered by the enemy,
Almazn's remaining troops continued
fighting. In desperation, Almazn rode on
his horse and courageously fought the
Spaniards. Almazn was hanged at the town
plaza. With the two leaders dead, the
remaining warriors fled.

The Chinese
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 Chinese Revolt of 1662
Fearing an invasion of Chinese led by the
famous pirate Koxinga, the garrisons
around Manila were reinforced. An
increasing anti-Chinese sentiment grew
within much of the population. In the
end, the invasion did not materialize,
but many locals massacred hundreds of
Chinese in the Manila.

The Panay
Back 17th Century More
Revolt
 The threat of Koxingas
invasion of the Philippines
in 1662
In 1644, China was conquered by the
Manchus (Qing dynasty). Peking capitulated
at once and the Ming dynasty was
overthrown, but it was only by many years
of fighting that the Manchus overcame the
Chinese of the central and southern
provinces. These were years of turbulance,
revolt, and piracy.

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One Chinese adventurer who rose to a
romantic position during this disturbed time
was Zheng Zhilong, a native of Nan'an,
Fujian, China, a Chinese merchant and
pirate, who once lived in Macao with his
uncle where he had been converted to
Christianity and baptised as Nicholas Iquan
Gaspard. He afterwards went to Japan and
engaged in trade where he gained great
wealth, a maritime empire which stretched
from Fujian to Japan.

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His son was Koxinga (or Kue-Sing) known by
his Chinese name, Zheng Chenggong, was
born as Zheng Sen in 1624 in Hirado, Japan
to a Japanese mother (said to be a
daughter of a Japanese lord), raised there
until the age of seven and then moved to
Nan'an county in Quanzhou in Fujian
province of China.

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Koxinga was a Ming dynasty loyalist and the
chief commander of the Ming troops on the
maritime front for the later emperors of
the withering dynasty. The name Koxinga
actually comes from a southern Chinese
pronunciation of a title, "Lord of the
Imperial Surname", given to him by a
grateful Ming prince.

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For years he resisted the armies of the
Manchus, and maintained an independent
power over the coasts of Fukien and
Chekiang. The forces of the Manchus
became too formidable for him to longer
resist them upon the mainland, and Koxinga
determined upon the capture of Formosa
and the transference of his kingdom to that
island.

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For 38 years Formosa (present day Taiwan)
had been dominated by the Dutch, whose
fortresses commanded the channel of the
Pescadores. The colony was regarded as an
important one by the Dutch colonial
government at Batavia. The city of Taiwan,
on the west coast, was a considerable
center of trade. It was strongly protected
by the fortress of Zealand, and had a
garrison of 2,200 Dutch soldiers. After
months of fighting, Koxinga, with an
overpowering force of Chinese, compelled
the surrender of the Hollanders and the
beautiful island passed into his power.

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Exalted by his success against European
arms, Koxinga resolved upon the conquest
of the Philippines. He summoned to his
service the Italian Dominican missionary,
Vittorio Riccio, who had been living in the
province of Fukien, and in the spring of
1662 dispatched him as an ambassador to
the governor of the Philippines to demand
the submission of the archipelago.

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Manila was thrown into a terrible panic by
this demand, and indeed no such danger
had threatened the Spanish in the
Philippines since the invasion of Li-ma-
hong. The Chinese conqueror had an
innumerable army, and his armament,
stores, and navy had been greatly
augmented by the surrender of the Dutch.
The Spaniards, however, were united on
resistance. The governor, Don Sabiano
Manrique de Lara, returned a defiant
answer to Koxinga, and the most radical
measures were adopted to place the colony
in a state of defense.

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The colony was weak and unprepared for
defense, and consequently terrified. There
were 25,000 Chinese living in Parian, north
of the Pasig River, in Manila. Fearful lest
these Chinese cooperate in the designs of
Koxinga, they were all ordered to leave the
Islands. Unable to do so at once, and
fearful of massacre, they arose in rebellion
and assaulted the city of Manila. The result
was a terrible massacre, which cost the
lives of thousands of the Chinese. Other
bands wandered off into the mountains,
where they perished at the hands of the
natives. Others, escaping by frail boats,
joined the Chinese colonists on Formosa.

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On May of 1662, Governor and Captain
General de Lara having put Manila in a
state of defense, called in the Spanish
forces and the missionaries from the
outposts of Mindanao and Ternate in the
Moluccas. The threat of Chinese invasion
forced the Spanish to withdraw their forces
to Manila, leaving some troops in Jolo and
by Lake Lanao to engage the Moro in
protracted conflict, while Zamboanga was
immediately evacuated.

But the blow never fell. Before Riccio

arrived at Taiwan, Koxinga was dead, and
the peril of Chinese invasion had passed.

The Panay
Back 17th Century More
Revolt
 The Aftermath
The Jesuits, on retiring with the Spanish
forces from the Moluccas, brought with
them their warlike neophite converts
together with their miracle working patron
saint, the Holy Child of Ternate. The
warriors were encamped in Manila until the
death of Koxinga. Clashes between these
foreign and warlike Malays, and the native
Tagalogs caused the government to give the
Malays a reservation near the mouth of
Manila Bay.

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A few fishermen among them settled on
the neighboring island of Corregidor. On
the reservation on the mainland, they
established a settlement and called it
Ternate (which was for a long time a
barrio of Maragondon, Cavite), after
their homeland in the Mollucas.

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The Philippines had suffered
irretrievable loss. Spanish prestige was
gone. Manila was no longer, as she had
been at the commencement of the
century. Once again the Spanish
sovereignty was confined to Luzon and
the Visayas. The Moluccas were
forsaken, never again to be recovered
by Spaniards.

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The Chinese trade, on which rested the
economic prosperity of Manila, had once
again been ruined. For a hundred years
the history of the Philippines is a dull
monotony, quite unrelieved by any
heroic activity or the presence of noble
character.

The Panay
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 The Panay Revolt
The Panay Revolt was a religious uprising in
1663 that involved Tapar, a native of the
island of Panay, who wanted to establish a
religious cult in the town of Oton. He
attracted some followers with his stories
about his frequent conversations with a
demon. Tapar and his men were killed in a
bloody skirmish against Spanish and colonial
foot soldier troops and their corpses were
impaled on stakes.

The Zambal
Back 17th Century
Revolt
 Zambal Revolt (1681
1683)
A group of chieftains from Zambales had
refused to accept the authority of the
Crown over their realm and staged a
revolt. The Spanish were very swift to
respond and sent a colonial force of
6,000 foot soldiers to suppress the
uprising. After 2 years of conflict, the
Spanish had pacified the entire area of
Zambales and all of the chieftains who
participated in the revolt were
executed.
Back 17th Century 18th Century
 18th Century
Agrarian Revolt of 1745
Dagohoy Rebellion (17441829)
Silang Revolt (17621763)
Palaris Revolt (17621764)

Back
 The Agrarian Revolt
(1745)
The Agrarian Revolt was a revolt
undertaken between the years 1745 and
1746 in much of the present-day
CALABARZON (specifically in Batangas,
Laguna and Cavite) and in Bulacan, with its
first sparks in the towns of Lian and
Nasugbu in Batangas. Indigenous
landowners rose in arms over the land-
grabbing of Spanish friars or Catholic
religious orders, with native landowners
demanding that Spanish priests return their
lands on the basis of ancestral domain.
The Dagohoy
Back 18th Century
Rebellion
 The Dagohoy Rebellion
(1744 1829)
In 1744 in what is now the province of
Bohol, what is known today as the Dagohoy
Revolt was undertaken by Francisco
Dagohoy (also known as Francisco
Sendrijas) and his followers. This revolt is
unique since it is the only revolt completely
related to matters of religious customs,
although unlike the Tamblot Uprising before
it, which was not a complete religious
rebellion.

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After a duel in which Dagohoy's brother
died, the local parish priest refused to
give his brother a proper Catholic burial,
since dueling is a mortal sin. The refusal
of the priest eventually led to the
longest revolt ever held in Philippine
history: 85 years.

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It also led to the establishment of a free
Boholano government. Twenty
governorsgeneral, from Juan Arrechederra
to Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Abarca, failed
to stop the revolt. Ricafort himself sent a
force of 2,200 foot soldiers to Bohol, which
was defeated by Dagohoy's followers.
Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in
1828 and 1829, failed as well.

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Dagohoy died two years before the revolt
ended, though, which led to the end of the
revolt in 1829. Some 19,000 survivors were
granted pardon and were eventually
allowed to live in new Boholano villages:
namely, the present-day towns of Balilihan,
Batuan, Bilar (Vilar), Catigbian and Sevilla
(Cabulao).

The Silang
Back 18th Century
Revolt
 The Silang Revolt (1762
1763)
Arguably one of the most famous revolts
in Philippine history is the Silang Revolt
from 1762 to 1763, led by the couple
Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang. Unlike
the other revolts, this revolt took place
during the British invasion of Manila. On
December 14, 1762, Diego Silang declared
the independence of Ilocandia, naming
the state "Free Ilocos" and proclaimed
Vigan the capital of this newly
independent state. The British heard
about this revolt in Manila and even asked
the help of Silang in fighting the Spanish.
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However, Silang was killed on May 28, 1763
by Miguel Vicos, a friend of Silang. The
Spanish authorities paid for his murder,
leading to his death in the arms of his wife,
Gabriela. She continued her husband's
struggle, earning the title "Joan of Arc of
the Ilocos" because of her many victories in
battle. The battles of the Silang revolt are
a prime example of the use of divide et
impera, since Spanish troops largely used
Kapampangan soldiers to fight the Ilocanos.

Eventually, the revolt ended with the

defeat of the Ilocanos. Gabriela Silang was
executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on
September 10, 1763.
The Palaris
Back 18th Century
Revolt
The Palaris Revolt (1762
1764)
During the British Invasion of the
Philippines during the Seven Years' War, the
Spanish colonial government, including
Villacorta, had relocated to Bacolor in the
province of Pampanga, which was then
adjacent to Pangasinan. It was at this time
that the principalia of Binalatongan
protested the abuses committed by the
provincial governor.

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The town leaders demanded that the
governor be removed and that the colonial
government stop collecting taxes since the
islands were already under the British at
that time. But Governor-General Simon de
Anda dismissed the demands and the revolt
broke out in November 1762. The name of
de la Cruz, who began to be known as
Palaris , emerged as one of the leaders of
the revolt, along with his brother Colet,
Andrs Lpez, and Juan de Vera Oncantin.

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By December, all Spanish officials, except
the Dominican friars who were in charge of
the Catholic mission, had left Pangasinan.
The Spanish colonial government had to
deal with the British invaders and the
simultaneous Silang Revolt, led by Diego
Silang, in the neighboring province of Ilocos
in the north. (The present-day province of
La Union was still part of Pangasinan and
Ilocos).

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At the battle of Agno, he faced on March 1,
1763 the Spanish forces under the
command of Alfonso de Arayat, who led a
composite troop of Spanish soldiers and
Indios loyal to Spain. Arayat withdrew after
losing much of his Indio loyalists.
Pangasinenses took over all official
functions and controlled the province up to
the Agno River, the natural boundary
between Pangasinan and neighboring
Pampanga in the south. (The present-day
province of Tarlac was still part of
Pampanga.)

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At the height of the uprising, Palaris
commanded 10,000 men. He was also in
communication with Silang, with whom he
was coordinating a bigger offensive against
the Spanish.

However, the Seven Years' War ended on

February 10, 1763 with the signing of the
Treaty of Paris (1763) in Paris, France. Also,
Silang was assassinated on May 28, 1763 by
an Indio under the employ of the friars.

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The Spanish were then able to focus on the
uprising and mustered forces to surround
Palaris.The Spanish friars, who were
allowed to stay in the province, also
started a campaign to persuade Pangasinan
residents of the futility of the Palaris
Revolt.

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By March 1764, most of the province had
already fallen, leaving Palaris no escape
route except through Lingayen Gulf and the
South China Sea in the west. He chose to
stay in Pangasinan and hid among his
supporters.But his presence terrified his
protectors and his own sister Simeona, who
was apparently threatened by the Spanish
clergy, betrayed him to Agustn Matias, the
gobernadorcillo (mayor) of the razed
Binalatongan.Palaris was arrested on
January 16, 1765 and brought to the
provincial capital of Lingayen for trial.
While in detention, he confessed being the
principal leader of the revolt. He was
convicted and hanged on February 26,
1765.
Back 18th Century 19th Century
 19th Century
Basi Revolt (1807)
Novales Revolt (1823)
Palmero Conspiracy (1828)
Pule Revolt (18401841)
Cavite Mutiny (1872)

Back
 The Basi Revolt (1807)
The Basi Revolt, also known as the
Ambaristo Revolt, was a revolt
undertaken from September 16 to 28,
1807. It was led by Pedro Mateo and
Salarogo Ambaristo (though some
sources refer to a single person named
Pedro Ambaristo), with its events
occurring in the present-day town of
Piddig in Ilocos Norte. This revolt is
unique as it revolves around the
Ilocanos' love for basi, or sugarcane
wine.
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In 1786, the Spanish colonial
government
expropriated the manufacture and sale
of basi, effectively banning private
manufacture of the wine, which was
done before expropriation. Ilocanos
were forced to buy from government
stores. However, wine-loving Ilocanos in
Piddig rose in revolt on September 16,
1807, with the revolt spreading to
nearby towns and with fighting lasting
for weeks.
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Spanish led troops eventually quelled the
revolt on September 28, 1807, albeit with
much force and loss of life on the losing
side. A series of 14 paintings on the Basi
Revolt by Esteban Pichay Villanueva
currently hangs at the Ilocos Sur National
Museum in Vigan City. The event is
immortalized and commemorated in the
Basi Revolt Monument located along the
highway of Piddig.

The Novales
Back 19th Century
Revolt
 Novales Revolt (1823)
Andrs Novales later grew discontented
with the way Spanish authorities treated
the Criollo people. His discontent climaxed
when peninsulares were shipped to the
Philippines to replace Creole officers. He
found sympathy of many Creoles, including
Luis Rodriguez Varela, the Conde Indio.

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As punishment to the rising sense of
discontentment, many military officers and
public officials were exiled. One of them
was Novales, who was exiled to Mindanao
to fight the Moro. However, Novales was
not stopped to secretly return to Manila.

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On the night of June 1, 1823, Novales
along with a certain sub-lieutenant Ruiz
and other subordinates in the King's
Regiment, went out to start a revolt.
Along with 800 Indigenous natives in
which his sergeants recruited, they
seized the royal palace (palacio del
gobernador), the Manila Cathedral, the
city's cabildo (city hall) and other
important government buildings in
Intramuros.
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Failing to find governor general Juan
Antonio Martnez, they killed the lieutenant
governor and former governor general,
Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras. Folgueras
was the one that suggested Spain to replace
Creole officers with peninsulars. The
soldiers shouted, "Long live the Emperor
Novales!" (Viva el Emperador Novales).

The Palmero
Back 19th Century
Conspiracy
 Palmero Conspiracy
(1828)
The Palmero Conspiracy in 1828 was a
failed plot to overthrow the Spanish
colonial government in the Philippines. The
Spanish government suppressed further
information on this conspiracy. In 1823, an
order was from Spain declared that military
officers commissioned in the Peninsula
(Spain) should have precedence of all those
appointed in the Colonies.

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This was the reaction of Madrid to the
series of wars against Spanish rule that was
known as the Spanish American wars of
independence; Many Creole military
officers were outranked by their Peninsular
counterparts.

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In 1828, matters became worse when public
officials, mainly provincial governors, were
also being replaced by Peninsulars. In the
same year, two Palmero brothers, members
of a prominent clan in the Philippines,
along with other people from both the
military and the civil service, planned to
seize the government.

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Such was the prominence of the Palmeros,
one of whose most famous descendants was
Marcelo Azcrraga Palmero, that when the
Spanish government discovered the plan,
they thought it would be wise not to report
it to the public. The plot itself would
embarrass the government since the
conspirators were Spaniards themselves and
it would seem that Spaniards themselves
would want to overthrow the power of
Spain in the country. The main conspirators
were exiled.

The Pule
Back 19th Century
Revolt
 Pule Revolt (18401841)
One of the most famous religious revolts is
the Pule Revolt, more formally known as
the Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule.
Undertaken between June 1840 and
November 1841, this revolt was led by
Apolinario de la Cruz, otherwise known as
"Hermano Pule". De la Cruz started his own
religious order, the Confraternity of Saint
Joseph (Spanish: Confradia de San Jos) in
Lucban, located in the present-day
province of Quezon (then called Tayabas),
in June 1840.

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However, there were two types of priests in
the Philippines then: secular priests, or
parish priests, which were usually Indio,
and religious priests, or convent priests,
which were usually Spanish. Due to the
concentration of Spanish religious power
and authority in the already-established
religious orders (the Augustinians, Jesuits
and Franciscans to name a few) and the
concept that Filipino priests should only
stay in the church and not the convent and
vice versa (although this was not always
followed), the Spanish government banned
the new order, especially due to its
deviation from original Catholic rituals and
teachings, such as prayers and rituals suited
for Filipinos. However, thousands of people
in Tayabas, Batangas, Laguna and even
Manila already joined.
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Because of this, the Spanish government
sent in troops to forcibly break up the
order, forcing De la Cruz and his followers
to rise in armed revolt in self-defense.
Many bloody battles were fought with the
order's last stand in Mount San Cristobal,
near Mount Banahaw, in October 1841. The
Spaniards eventually won, and Apolinario
de la Cruz was executed on November 4,
1841 in the then-provincial capital,
Tayabas.

The Cavite
Back 19th Century
Mutiny
 Cavite Mutiny (1872)
The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an
uprising of military personnel of Fort San
Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite,
Philippines on January 20, 1872. Around
200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the
belief that it would elevate to a national
uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful,
and government soldiers executed many
of the participants and began to crack
down on a burgeoning nationalist
movement.
Back End