17 Oct 2017

Differential Equation
Differential Equation is one in which
involves one or more independent
variables, a dependent variable and one
or more of their differential coefficients.

dy x2 y2 4
dx
2ydx 3xydy 0
ENGR. REYNILAN L. DIMAL

Types of Differential Equation Order and Degree of the D.E.

Ordinary Differential Equation The order of D.E. is the highest ordered
the unknown function depends on only one derivative appearing in a differential equation.
independent variable.
2 The degree of the differential equation is the
dy dy dy
x2 y2 4 3 2y ex degree or exponent of the highest
dx
dx dx
ordered derivative.
Partial Differential Equation
the unknown function depends on one or Example:
2
more independent variables. d2 y dy
3 2 4 2nd Order
u u 2z 2z dx2 dx 1st Degree
x y 0 xy
x y x 2 y 2

PROBLEM Solutions to Differential Equations

Identify the order and degree of the following General Solution is the set of all possible
differential equations. solutions, which includes the particular and
singular solutions. It contains number of
arbitrary constant equal to the order of the
3
dy dy equations.
i. 4 y 3e x 1st order, 3rd degree
dx dx Particular Solution is the solution obtained
3
d2 y
4
dy from the general solution by assigning
ii. 2 7 3sin x 2nd order, 3rd degree
dx dx particular values to the arbitrary constants.

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D.E. of Family of Curves PROBLEM

A family of curves on a plane is usually Find the differential equation of the
defined by an equation containing one or given family of curves y = 4 + Ce3x.
more parameters together with the
coordinates of a point on the plane. The A. y-2y = 12
differential equation of the family is B. y+4y = 12
obtained by eliminating the parameters.
C. y-3y = -12
y mx family of straight lines
D. y- 2y = -12
x 2 y 2 a2 family of concentric circles
y mx c family of straight lines

PROBLEM PROBLEM
Find the differential equation of the Form the differential equation of the
given family of curves y = 4 + Ce3x. family of curves y A cos5x Bsin5x
A. y-2y = 12 where A and B are parameters.
B. y+4y = 12
C. y-3y = -12
D. y- 2y = -12 d2 y
Answer:
2
25y 0
dx

1st Order Differential Equation

Variable Separable
Homogeneous
Exact
Linear
Bernoullis Equation

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Variable Separable D.E. PROBLEM

If it is possible to re arrange the terms dy 3x y
of the differential equation in two groups, Solve e
each containing only one variable, the dx
variables are said to be separable.
f(x)g(y)dx + F(x)G(y)dy = 0
Solution: f(x) G(y) e3x
Convert to: dx dy 0 Answer: e y C
F(x) g(y) 3
Then integrate.

PROBLEM PROBLEM
Given dy = x2 dx, determine the Given dy = x2 dx, determine the
equation of y in terms of x as the equation of y in terms of x as the
curve passes through (1, 1). curve passes through (1, 1).
A. x^3 + y^2 - 3 = 0 A. x^3 + y^2 - 3 = 0
B. y^3 + 2x + 3 = 0 B. y^3 + 2x + 3 = 0
C. x^3 - 3y + 2 = 0 C. x^3 - 3y + 2 = 0
D. x^2 + 2y + 3 = 0 D. x^2 + 2y + 3 = 0

PROBLEM PROBLEM
Determine the solution to xy(2y-1) = Determine the solution to xy(2y-1) =
y(1-x). y(1-x).
A. ln(xy) = x+2y+c A. ln(xy) = x+2y+c
B. ln(xy) = 2x+y+c B. ln(xy) = 2x+y+c
C. ln(xy) = 2x+3y+c C. ln(xy) = 2x+3y+c
D. ln(xy) = 3x-y+c D. ln(xy) = 3x-y+c

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Homogeneous Differential Equation PROBLEM

A differential equation where, if one
ignores y, all of the terms have the same Solve the differential equation
degree.
Example: x3 y' 8x 2 yy' 4xy 2 y3 0

x2 y2 dx 2xydy
To solve, let y vx then dy vdx xdv and y2
Answer: 1 x c
x2
the differential equation reduces to
variable separable.

Exact Differential Equation PROBLEM

A differential equation is called exact
Use the test for exactness to show that
when it is written in the specific form
the D.E. is exact, then solve it.
M x,y dx N x,y dy 0
M N
x 2
1
xy y2 dx x2 2xy dy 0
2
If , then the D.E. is exact.
y x
1 3 1 2
The solutions are given by F x,y C 0 Answer: x x y xy2 C 0
3 2
where F
Mdx and F Ndy

PROBLEM 1st Order Linear Differential Equation

Solve the differential equation To be linear, the dependent variable

should be linear. There can be any sort
(3x 2 y 6x)dx (x3 2y)dy 0
of complicated function of x in the
equation. Thus a linear equation can be
written as
dy
f x g x y h x 0
Answer: x y 3x y c
3 2 2 dx
dy
Px y Qx
dx

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1st Order Linear Differential Equation 1st Order Linear Differential Equation

dy
Integrating Factor 1. Px y Qx Linear in y
A given D.E. may not be integrable. But
dx
Solution:
it may become integrable when it is ye Qe
Pdx Pdx
dx C
multiplied by a function. Such function is
dx
Py x Qy
called the integrating factor.
2. Linear in x

I.F. e
Pdx dy
Solution:
xe Qe
Pdy Pdy
dy C

PROBLEM PROBLEM

dy
Solve 2(y 4x2 )dx xdy 0 Solve cos x y sin x 1
dx

Answer: x2 y 2x 4 c Answer: y sec x tan x C

Bernoullis Differential Equation PROBLEM

Some equations not in the linear form
may be reduced to the linear form by a
suitable substitution.
Solve xdy x2y2 y dx 0
dy
P x y Q x yn
dx
Solution:
x x3
1 n Pdx 1n Pdx Answer: C
y 1 n Qe
1 n
e dx C y 3

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Differential Operator Linear Differential Equation

An ordinary differential equation of
When placed before a
d order n is called linear if it may be
D function of x, it means that
written in the form
dx the function is to be
differentiated. dn y dn1y dy
b0 x n
b1 x n 1 bn1 x bn x y R x
Generally, the operator dx dx dx

dk A differential equation is linear if y and its

Dk , k 1,2,... derivatives are at first degree, not
dxk
multiplied together, and do not occur as the
means differentiating k times. arguments of functions.

Homogeneous Linear D.E. of Higher Order Solution to Homogenous Linear D.E.

dn y dn 1y dy Case 1: Roots are real and distinct m1 and m2

a0 a1 an 1 an y 0
dx n
dxn 1 dx y C1em1x C2em2x
where: a0 ,a1,...an are constants
Using Differential Operator Case 2: Some real repeated roots: m, m

a D 0
n
a1Dn 1 an 1D an y 0 y C1 C2 x emx

The solution depends on the roots of the auxiliary equation: Case 3: Complex roots a bi
a0m a1m
n n 1
an 1m an 0 y eax C1 cos bx C2 sin bx

PROBLEM PROBLEM

Obtain the general solution of the

equation y'' 8y' 16y 0 Solve y''' 5y'' 11y' 15y 0

Answer:
Answer: y C1 C2 x e
4x
y C1e3x ex C2 cos2x C3 sin2x

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PROBLEM Non - Homogeneous Linear D.E.

Given the differential equation:
For Non-homogeneous Linear D.E. R x 0
(D2 2D 3)y 0 ; when x = 0, y
= 4, and y = 0. Find the value b0 x
dn y dn1y
b1 x n 1 bn1 x
dy
bn x y R x
dxn dx dx
of y when x = 1.
Answer: The general solution is
21.2 y x yp x y c x

Non - Homogeneous Linear D.E. PROBLEM

Method of Undetermined Coefficients Find the general equation of (D^2 + 3D +2)y

= 12x^2.
If f(x) is yp(t) = A. y = C1e^-x + C2e^-2x + x^2 x + 1
B. y = C1e^-x + C2e^-2x + 6x^2 18x + 21
Cekt Aekt C. y = C1e^-x + C2e^-2x + x^2 8x + 2
D. y = C1e^-x + C2e^-2x + 6x^2 21x + 18
Cntn Cn1tn1 ... Co Antn An1tn1 ... Ao

Ccos bt or Csin bt A cos bt Bsin bt

PROBLEM PROBLEM
Find the general equation of (D^2 + 3D +2)y Find the general equation of (D^2 + D)y = -
= 12x^2. cosx.
A. y = C1e^-x + C2e^-2x + x^2 x + 1 A. y = C1 + C2e^-x cosx + sinx
B. y = C1e^-x + C2e^-2x + 6x^2 18x + 21 B. y = C1 + C2e^-x + cosx sinx
C. y = C1e^-x + C2e^-2x + x^2 8x + 2 C. y = C1 + C2e^-x + cosx sinx
D. y = C1e^-x + C2e^-2x + 6x^2 21x + 18 D. y = C1 + C2e^-x cosx + sinx

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PROBLEM
Find the general equation of (D^2 + D)y = -
cosx.
A. y = C1 + C2e^-x cosx + sinx
B. y = C1 + C2e^-x + cosx sinx
C. y = C1 + C2e^-x + cosx sinx
D. y = C1 + C2e^-x cosx + sinx

Law of Natural Growth PROBLEM

One hour after a bacteria colony starts
The rate of change of y is proportional growing, a scientist determines that there
to the value of y present. are 9000 bacteria present. After another
hour, there are 12,000 bacteria. How many
dy bacteria were present initially?
ky y y oekt A. 6570
dt B. 6750
C. 5760
k = relative growth rate D. 7650

PROBLEM PROBLEM
One hour after a bacteria colony starts A radioactive substance has a mass of 100
growing, a scientist determines that there mg. After 10 years it has decayed to a mass
are 9000 bacteria present. After another of 75 mg. What will the mass of the
hour, there are 12,000 bacteria. How many substance be after another 10 years?
bacteria were present initially?
A. 6570 A. 56.25 mg
B. 6750
C. 5760 B. 34.36 mg
D. 7650 C. 49.34 mg
D. 63.12 mg

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PROBLEM PROBLEM
A radioactive substance has a mass of 100 A certain radioactive substance has a half-
mg. After 10 years it has decayed to a mass life of 38 hr. Find how long it takes for 90%
of 75 mg. What will the mass of the of the radioactivity to be dissipated?
substance be after another 10 years? A. 127 hr.
B. 45 hr.
A. 56.25 mg C. 102 hr.
D. 145 hr.
B. 34.36 mg
C. 49.34 mg
D. 63.12 mg

PROBLEM Shifted Natural Growth/Decay

A certain radioactive substance has a half- Newtons Law of Cooling
life of 38 hr. Find how long it takes for 90% The rate of change of temperature
of the radioactivity to be dissipated?
of an object is proportional to the
A. 127 hr.
B. 45 hr. difference between the object and
C. 102 hr. surrounding temperature.
D. 145 hr.
dT
k T TS T TS TO TS e kt
dt

PROBLEM PROBLEM
According to Newtons law of cooling, the According to Newtons law of cooling, the
temperature of an object changes at a rate temperature of an object changes at a rate
proportional to the difference in temperature proportional to the difference in temperature
between the object and the outside medium. between the object and the outside medium.
If an object whose temperature is 70O If an object whose temperature is 70O
Fahrenheit is placed in a medium whose Fahrenheit is placed in a medium whose
temperature is 20O and is found to be 40O temperature is 20O and is found to be 40O
after 3 minutes, what will its temperature be after 3 minutes, what will its temperature be
after 6 minutes? after 6 minutes?
A. 25 OF A. 25 OF
B. 27 OF B. 27 OF
C. 28 OF C. 28 OF
D. 26 OF D. 26 OF

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PROBLEM PROBLEM
On a day when the temperature is 30O On a day when the temperature is 30O
Celsius, a cool drink is taken from a Celsius, a cool drink is taken from a
refrigerator whose temperature is 5O. If the refrigerator whose temperature is 5O. If the
temperature of the drink is 20O after 10 temperature of the drink is 20O after 10
minutes, what will its temperature be after minutes, what will its temperature be after
20 minutes? 20 minutes?
A. 24 degrees A. 24 degrees
B. 26 degrees B. 26 degrees
C. 25 degrees C. 25 degrees
D. 27 degrees D. 27 degrees

Orthogonal Trajectories PROBLEM

Orthogonal trajectories of the family F(x, y, c)
is a family of curves G(x, y, c) which intersects Find the orthogonal trajectories of
at right angles on every curve of the family the family of curves
F(x, y, c).
Differentiate with respect to x and eliminate c of F(x, y, c) x2 y2 c 2
dy
f x,y
dx A. y2 cx C. y cx
Orthogonal trajectories are the solutions of:
dy 1 B. x2 y c D. x c

dx f x,y

PROBLEM PROBLEM
Find the equation of the curve that passes
Find the orthogonal trajectories of
through (4, -2) and cuts at right angles
the family of curves every curve of the family y2 =cx3 .
x2 y2 c 2 A. 2x2+3y2 = 44
B. 3y2 -2x2 = 44
C. 3x2+2y2 = 22
C. y cx D. 2x2-3y2 = 22

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PROBLEM
Find the equation of the curve that passes
through (4, -2) and cuts at right angles
every curve of the family y2 =cx3 .
A. 2x2+3y2 = 44
B. 3y2 -2x2 = 44
C. 3x2+2y2 = 22
D. 2x2-3y2 = 22

PROBLEM PROBLEM
A concrete block falls from rest in a medium A concrete block falls from rest in a medium
offering resistance. The velocity of the block offering resistance. The velocity of the block
before it reaches the ground is given by the before it reaches the ground is given by the
differential equation dV/dt + V/10 = 32 m/s. differential equation dV/dt + V/10 = 32 m/s.
What is the velocity of the object one What is the velocity of the object one
second after it falls? second after it falls?
A. 20.56 A. 20.56
B. 30.45 B. 30.45
C. 50.67 C. 50.67
D. 34.78 D. 34.78

PROBLEM PROBLEM
How long will it take to release 9 tons of How long will it take to release 9 tons of
pollutant if the rate at which pollutant is pollutant if the rate at which pollutant is
being released is te-0.3t tons per week? being released is te-0.3t tons per week?
A. 11.0 weeks A. 11.0 weeks
B. 12.9 weeks B. 12.9 weeks
C. 10.2 weeks C. 10.2 weeks
D. 12.1 weeks D. 12.1 weeks

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PROBLEM
Mixing Problems Suppose a tank contains 200 gallons of brine (salt
mixed with water) in which 100 pounds of salt are
RA dissolved. A mixture consisting of 1/8 pounds of salt
dQ per gallon is pumped into the tank at a rate of 3
R A RR gallons per minute, and the mixture is continuously
dt stirred. Brine also allowed to empty out of the tank at
RR the same rate of 3 gallons per minute. How much salt
is in the tank at any time?
Note: A. = + /
B. = /
dQ
rate of change of the substance in the mixture C. = /
dt
RA , RR mass flow rate concentration x volume flow rate D. = + /
Q is the concentration of the mixture at any time t.

PROBLEM PROBLEM
Suppose a tank contains 200 gallons of brine (salt A tank contains 200 gallons of salt solution in
mixed with water) in which 100 pounds of salt are which 100 lbs of salt are dissolved. A pipe fills the
dissolved. A mixture consisting of 1/8 pounds of salt
tank with salt solution at the rate of 5 gallons per
per gallon is pumped into the tank at a rate of 3
gallons per minute, and the mixture is continuously minute containing 4 lbs of dissolved salt. Assume
stirred. Brine also allowed to empty out of the tank at that the mixture in the tank is kept uniform by
the same rate of 3 gallons per minute. How much salt stirring. A drain pipe removes the mixture from the
is in the tank at any time? tank at the rate of 4 gallon per minute. Determine
A. = + / the amount of salt in the tank after 30 minutes.
B. = / A. 520 lb
C. = / B. 420 lb
D. = + / C. 600 lb
D. 300 lb

PROBLEM
A tank contains 200 gallons of salt solution in
which 100 lbs of salt are dissolved. A pipe fills the
tank with salt solution at the rate of 5 gallons per
minute containing 4 lbs of dissolved salt. Assume
that the mixture in the tank is kept uniform by
stirring. A drain pipe removes the mixture from the
tank at the rate of 4 gallon per minute. Determine
the amount of salt in the tank after 30 minutes.
A. 520 lb
B. 420 lb
C. 600 lb
D. 300 lb ENGR. REYNILAN L. DIMAL

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