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A1b Vectors and Matrices: Example Sheet 2 Michaelmas 2017

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1. In the following, the indices i, j, k, l take the values 1, 2, 3, and the summation convention applies. In
particular, ni ni = 1; i.e., ni are the components of a unit vector n.

(a) Simplify the following expressions:

ij aj , ij jk , ij ji , ij ni nj , ijk jk , ijk ijl , ijk ikj , ijk (a b)k .

(b) Given that Aij = ijk ak (for all i, j), show that 2ak = kij Aij (for all k).
(c) Show that ijk sij = 0 (for all k) if and only if sij = sji (for all i, j).
(d) Given that Nij = ij ijk nk + ni nj and Mij = ij + ijk nk , show that Nij Mjk = 2ik .
Copyright 2017 University of Cambridge. Not to be quoted or reproduced without permission.

2. Let a, b, c and d be fixed vectors in R3 . In each of cases (i) and (ii) find all vectors r such that
(i) r + r d = c , (ii) r + (r a) b = c .
In (ii) consider separately the a b 6= 1 and a b = 1 subcases.
Hint: given r0 solving (ii) for ab = 1, show that r0 +b is another solution for an arbitrary scalar .
3. In R3 show that the straight line through the points a and b has equation
r = (1 )a + b,
and that the plane through the points a, b and c has the equation
r = (1 )a + b + c,
where , and are scalars. Obtain forms of these equations that do not involve , , .
4. (a) Let be a scalar, and let m, u and a be fixed vectors in R3 such that m u = 0 and a u 6= 0.
Show that the straight line r u = m meets the plane r a = in the point
a m + u
r = .
au
Explain in detail the geometrical meaning of the condition a u 6= 0.
(b) In R3 show that if r lies in the planes r a = and r b = , for fixed non-zero vectors a and b,
and scalars and , show that
r (a b) = a b . ()
Conversely, given a b 6= 0, show that () implies both r a = and r b = . Hence show that
the intersection of two non-parallel planes is a line. Comment on the case in which a b = 0.
5. Let n be a unit vector in R3 . Identify the image and kernel (null space) of each of the following linear
maps R3 R3 :
(a) T : x 7 x = x (x n) n , (b) Q : x 7 x = n x .
Show that T 2 = T and interpret the map T geometrically. Interpret the maps Q2 and Q3 + Q, and
show that Q4 = T .
6. Give a geometrical description of the images and kernels of each of the linear maps of R3
(a) (x, y, z) 7 (x + 2y + z, x + 2y + z, 2x + 4y + 2z),
(b) (x, y, z) 7 (x + 2y + 3z, x y + z, x + 5y + 5z).
7. A linear map A : R4 R4 is defined by x 7 Ax where

a a b a
a a b 0
A = a b a
.
b
a b a 0
Find the kernel and image of A for all real values of a and b.

Mathematical Tripos IA: Vectors and Matrices 1 [email protected], Michaelmas 2017

 Copies available at http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/examples/

8. A linear map S : R2 R2 is defined by

x 7 x = x + (b x) a ,
where is a scalar, and a and b are fixed, orthogonal unit vectors. By considering its effect on the
vectors a and b, show that S describes a shear in the direction of a. Let S(, a, b) be the matrix
with entries Sij such that xi = Sij xj . Obtain an expression for Sij in terms of the components of a
and b and hence find the matrix S(, a, b). Evaluate its determinant , and hence show that S is an
area-preserving map.
9. The linear map R3 R3 defined by
x 7 x = cos x + (x n) (1 cos ) n sin (x n) ()
describes a rotation by angle in a positive sense about the unit vector n. Verify this result in the
case n = (0, 0, 1).
Copyright 2017 University of Cambridge. Not to be quoted or reproduced without permission.

Show that () can be written in matrix form as

x 7 x = R(n, ) x
where R(n, ) is a matrix with entries Rij which you should find explicitly in terms of ij , ijk , etc.
Hence show that
Rii = 2 cos + 1 , ijk Rjk = 2ni sin .
Given that R(n, ) is the matrix
2 1 2
1
3
2 2 1 ,
1 2 2
determine and n.
10. Give examples of 2 2 real matrices representing the following transformations in R2 : (a) reflection,
(b) dilatation (enlargement), (c) shear, and (d) rotation. Which of these types of transformation are
always represented by a 2 2 matrix with determinant +1?
If maps A and B are both shears, will AB be the same as BA in general? Justify your answer.
11. Suppose that A and B are both Hermitian matrices. Show that AB + BA is Hermitian. Also show that
AB is Hermitian if and only if A and B commute.
12. Let R(n, ) be the matrix defined by the linear map () of question 9, and let i, j, k be the standard
mutually orthogonal unit vectors in R3 .
(a) Show that the matrix R(i, 2 )R(j, 2 ) is orthogonal, has determinant one, and is not equal to the
matrix R(j, 2 )R(i, 2 ).
(b) Reflection in a plane through the origin in R3 , with unit normal n, is a linear map such that
x 7 x = x 2(x n) n.
In matrix notation x = H(n) x for matrix H(n). Show by geometrical and algebraic means that
the map x 7 x = H(n)x, describes a rotation of angle about n.
(c) A vector x has components (x, y, z) in a (Cartesian) coordinate system S. It has components
(x , y , z ) in a coordinate system S obtained from S by anti-clockwise rotation through angle
about axis k. Show, geometrically, that the components in coordinate system S are related to
those in S by
x x
y = R(k, ) y .
z z
(d) Given that
1 1



n = cos 2 i sin 2 j,
prove that
H (i) H (n ) = H (n+ ) H (i) = R (k, ) ,
and give diagrams to exhibit the geometrical meaning of this result.
You may need to return to this question if determinants have not been covered yet.

Mathematical Tripos IA: Vectors and Matrices 2 [email protected], Michaelmas 2017