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G.R. No. 207246, April 18, 2017,

Decision, Caguioa, [J]
Dissenting Opinion, Carpio, [J], Leonen, [J],
Concurring Opinion, Velasco, Jr., [J],

EN BANC

April 18, 2017

G.R. No. 207246

JOSE M. ROY III, Petitioner

vs.
CHAIRPERSON TERESITA HERBOSA, THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, and PHILIPPINE
LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE COMP ANY,, Respondents

x-----------------------x

WILSON C. GAMBOA, JR., DANIEL V. CARTAGENA, JOHN WARREN P. GABINETE, ANTONIO V. PESINA,
JR., MODESTO MARTINY. MAMON III, and GERARDO C. EREBAREN, Petitioners-in-Intervention,

x-----------------------x

PHILIPPINE STOCK EXCHANGE, INC. Respondent-in-Intervention,

x-----------------------x

SHAREHOLDERS' ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC., Respondent-in-Intervention.

RESOLUTION

CAGUIOA, J.:

Before the Court is the Motion for Reconsideration dated January 19, 20171 (the Motion) filed by petitioner Jose M.
Roy III (movant) seeking the reversal and setting aside of the Decision dated November 22, 20162 (the Decision)
which denied the movant's petition, and declared that the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) did not
commit grave abuse of discretion in issuing Memorandum Circular No. 8, Series of 2013 (SEC-MC No. 8) as the
same was in compliance with, and in fealty to, the decision of the Court in Gamboa v. Finance Secretary Teves,3
(Gamboa Decision) and the resolution4 denying the Motion for Reconsideration therein (Gamboa Resolution).

The Motion presents no compelling and new arguments to justify the reconsideration of the Decision.

The grounds raised by movant are: (1) He has the requisite standing because this case is one of transcendental
importance; (2) The Court has the constitutional duty to exercise judicial review over any grave abuse of discretion
by any instrumentality of government; (3) He did not rely on an obiter dictum; and (4) The Court should have treated
the petition as the appropriate device to explain the Gamboa Decision.

The Decision has already exhaustively discussed and directly passed upon these grounds. Movant's petition was
dismissed based on both procedural and substantive grounds.
Regarding the procedural grounds, the Court ruled that petitioners (movant and petitioners-in-intervention) failed to
sufficiently allege and establish the existence of a case or controversy and locus standi on their part to warrant the
Court's exercise of judicial review; the rule on the hierarchy of courts was violated; and petitioners failed to implead
indispensable parties such as the Philippine Stock Exchange, Inc. and Shareholders' Association of the Philippines,
Inc. 5

In connection with the failure to implead indispensable parties, the Court's Decision held:

Under Section 3, Rule 7 of the Rules of Court, an indispensable party is a party-in-interest without whom there can
be no final determination of an action. Indispensable parties are those with such a material and direct interest in the
controversy that a final decree would necessarily affect their rights, so that the court cannot proceed without their
presence. The interests of such indispensable parties in the subject matter of the suit and the relief are so bound
with those of the other parties that their legal presence as parties to the proceeding is an absolute necessity and a
complete and efficient determination of the equities and rights of the parties is not possible if they are not joined.

Other than PLDT, the petitions failed to join or implead other public utility corporations subject to the same restriction
imposed by Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution. These corporations are in danger of losing their franchise and
property if they are found not compliant with the restrictive interpretation of the constitutional provision under review
which is being espoused by petitioners. They should be afforded due notice and opportunity to be heard, lest they
be deprived of their property without due process.

Not only are public utility corporations other than PLDT directly and materially affected by the outcome of the
petitions, their shareholders also stand to suffer in case they will be forced to divest their shareholdings to ensure
compliance with the said restrictive interpretation of the term "capital". As explained by SHAREPHIL, in five
corporations alone, more than Php158 Billion worth of shares must be divested by foreign shareholders and
absorbed by Filipino investors if petitioners' position is upheld.

Petitioners' disregard of the rights of these other corporations and numerous shareholders constitutes another fatal
procedural flaw, justifying the dismissal of their petitions. Without giving all of them their day in court, they will
definitely be deprived of their property without due process of law. 6

This is highlighted to clear any misimpression that the Gamboa Decision and Gamboa Resolution made a
categorical ruling on the meaning of the word "capital" under Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution only in
respect of, or only confined to, respondent Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT). Nothing is further
from the truth. Indeed, a fair reading of the Gamboa Decision and Gamboa Resolution shows that the Court's
pronouncements therein would affect all public utilities, and not just respondent PLDT.

On the substantive grounds, the Court disposed of the issue on whether the SEC gravely abused its discretion in
ruling that respondent PLDT is compliant with the limitation on foreign ownership under the Constitution and other
relevant laws as without merit. The Court reasoned that "in the absence of a definitive ruling by the SEC on PLDT's
compliance with the capital requirement pursuant to the Gamboa Decision and Resolution, any question relative to
the inexistent ruling is premature."7

In resolving the other substantive issue raised by petitioners, the Court held that:

[E]ven if the resolution of the procedural issues were conceded in favor of petitioners, the petitions, being anchored
on Rule 65, must nonetheless fail because the SEC did not commit grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or
excess of jurisdiction when it issued SEC-MC No. 8. To the contrary, the Court finds SEC-MC No. 8 to have been
issued in fealty to the Gamboa Decision and Resolution.8

To belabor the point, movant's petition is not a continuation of the Gamboa case as the Gamboa Decision attained
finality on October 18, 2012, and thereafter Entry of Judgment was issued on December 11, 2012.9

As regards movant's repeated invocation of the transcendental importance of the Gamboa case, this does not ipso
facto accord locus standi to movant. Being a new petition, movant had the burden to justify his locus standi in his
own petition. The Court, however, was not persuaded by his justification.

Pursuant to the Court's constitutional duty to exercise judicial review, the Court has conclusively found no grave
abuse of discretion on the part of SEC in issuing SEC-MC No. 8.

The Decision has painstakingly explained why it considered as obiter dictum that pronouncement in the Gamboa
Resolution that the constitutional requirement on Filipino ownership should "apply uniformly and across the board to
all classes of shares, regardless of nomenclature and category, comprising the capital of a corporation."[[9-a]] The
Court stated that:

[T]he fallo or decretal/dispositive portions of both the Gamboa Decision and Resolution are definite, clear and
unequivocal. While there is a passage in the body of the Gamboa Resolution that might have appeared contrary to
the fallo of the Gamboa Decision x x x the definiteness and clarity of the fallo of the Gamboa Decision must control
over the obiter dictum in the Gamboa Resolution regarding the application of the 60-40 Filipino-foreign ownership
requirement to "each class of shares, regardless of differences in voting rights, privileges and restrictions." 10

To the Court's mind and, as exhaustively demonstrated in the Decision, the dispositive portion of the Gamboa
Decision was in no way modified by the Gamboa Resolution.

The heart of the controversy is the interpretation of Section 11, Article XII of the Constitution, which provides: "No
franchise, certificate, or any other form of authorization for the operation of a public utility shall be granted except to
citizens of the Philippines or to corporations or associations organized under the laws of the Philippines at least sixty
per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens x x x."

The Gamboa Decision already held, in no uncertain terms, that what the Constitution requires is "[fJull [and legal]
beneficial ownership of 60 percent of the outstanding capital stock, coupled with 60 percent of the voting rights x x x
must rest in the hands of Filipino nationals x x x." 11 And, precisely that is what SEC-MC No. 8 provides, viz.: "x x
x For purposes of determining compliance [with the constitutional or statutory ownership], the required percentage of
Filipino ownership shall be applied to BOTH (a) the total number of outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote in
the election of directors; AND (b) the total number of outstanding shares of stock, whether or not entitled to vote x x
x." 12

In construing "full beneficial ownership," the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Foreign Investments Act of
1991 (FIA-IRR) provides:

For stocks to be deemed owned and held by Philippine citizens or Philippine nationals, mere legal title is not enough
to meet the required Filipino equity. Full beneficial ownership of the stocks, coupled with appropriate voting rights is
essential. Thus, stocks, the voting rights of which have been assigned or transferred to aliens cannot be considered
held by Philippine citizens or Philippine nationals. 13

In turn, "beneficial owner" or "beneficial ownership" is defined in the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the
Securities Regulation Code (SRC-IRR) as:

[A]ny person who, directly or indirectly, through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise,
has or shares voting power (which includes the power to vote or direct the voting of such security) and/or investment
returns or power (which includes the power to dispose of, or direct the disposition of such security) x x x. 14

Thus, the definition of "beneficial owner or beneficial ownership" in the SRC-IRR, which is in consonance with the
concept of "full beneficial ownership" in the FIA-IRR, is, as stressed in the Decision, relevant in resolving only the
question of who is the beneficial owner or has beneficial ownership of each "specific stock" of the public utility
company whose stocks are under review. If the Filipino has the voting power of the "specific stock", i.e., he can
vote the stock or direct another to vote for him, or the Filipino has the investment power over the "specific stock",
i.e., he can dispose of the stock or direct another to dispose of it for him, or both, i.e., he can vote and dispose of
that "specific stock" or direct another to vote or dispose it for him, then such Filipino is the "beneficial owner" of that
"specific stock." Being considered Filipino, that "specific stock" is then to be counted as part of the 60% Filipino
ownership requirement under the Constitution. The right to the dividends, jus fruendi - a right emanating from
ownership of that "specific stock" necessarily accrues to its Filipino "beneficial owner."

Once more, this is emphasized anew to disabuse any notion that the dividends accruing to any particular stock are
determinative of that stock's "beneficial ownership." Dividend declaration is dictated by the corporation's unrestricted
retained earnings. On the other hand, the corporation's need of capital for expansion programs and special reserve
for probable contingencies may limit retained earnings available for dividend declaration. 15 It bears repeating here
that the Court in the Gamboa Decision adopted the foregoing definition of the term "capital" in Section 11, Article XII
of the 1987 Constitution in express recognition of the sensitive and vital position of public utilities both in the national
economy and for national security, so that the evident purpose of the citizenship requirement is to prevent aliens
from assuming control of public utilities, which may be inimical to the national interest. 16 This purpose prescinds
from the "benefits"/dividends that are derived from or accorded to the particular stocks held by Filipinos vis-a-vis the
stocks held by aliens. So long as Filipinos have controlling interest of a public utility corporation, their decision to
declare more dividends for a particular stock over other kinds of stock is their sole prerogative - an act of ownership
that would presumably be for the benefit of the public utility corporation itself. Thus, as explained in the Decision:

In this regard, it would be apropos to state that since Filipinos own at least 60% of the outstanding shares of stock
entitled to vote directors, which is what the Constitution precisely requires, then the Filipino stockholders control the
corporation, i.e., they dictate corporate actions and decisions, and they have all the rights of ownership including,
but not limited to, offering certain preferred shares that may have greater economic interest to foreign investors - as
the need for capital for corporate pursuits (such as expansion), may be good for the corporation that they own.
Surely, these "true owners" will not allow any dilution of their ownership and control if such move will not be
beneficial to them. 17
Finally, as to how the SEC will classify or treat certain stocks with voting rights held by a trust fund that is created by
the public entity whose compliance with the limitation on foreign ownership under the Constitution is under scrutiny,
and how the SEC will determine if such public utility does, in fact, control how the said stocks will be voted, and
whether, resultantly, the trust fund would be considered as Philippine national or not - lengthily discussed in the
dissenting opinion of Justice Carpio - is speculative at this juncture. The Court cannot engage in guesswork. Thus,
there is need of an actual case or controversy before the Court may exercise its power of judicial review. The
movant's petition is not that actual case or controversy.

Thus, the discussion of Justice Carpio' s dissenting opinion as to the voting preferred shares created by respondent
PLDT, their acquisition by BTF Holdings, Inc., which appears to be a wholly-owned company of the PLDT Beneficial
Trust Fund (BTF), and whether or not it is respondent PLDT's management that controls BTF and BTF Holdings,
Inc. - all these are factual matters that are outside the ambit of this Court's review which, as stated in the beginning,
is confined to determining whether or not the SEC committed grave abuse of discretion in issuing SEC-MC No. 8;
that is, whether or not SEC-MC No. 8 violated the ruling of the Court in Gamboa v. Finance Secretary Teves, 18 and
the resolution in Heirs of Wilson P. Gamboa v. Finance Sec. Teves19denying the Motion for Reconsideration therein
as to the proper understanding of "capital".

To be sure, it would be more prudent and advisable for the Court to await the SEC's prior determination of the
citizenship of specific shares of stock held in trust - based on proven facts - before the Court proceeds to pass
upon the legality of such determination.

As to whether respondent PLDT is currently in compliance with the Constitutional provision regarding public utility
entities, the Court must likewise await the SEC's determination thereof applying SEC-MC No. 8. After all, as stated
in the Decision, it is the SEC which is the government agency with the competent expertise and the mandate of law
to make such determination.

In conclusion, the basic issues raised in the Motion having been duly considered and passed upon by the Court in
the Decision and no substantial argument having been adduced to warrant the reconsideration sought, the Court
resolves to DENY the Motion with FINALITY.

WHEREFORE, the subject Motion for Reconsideration is hereby DENIED WITH FINALITY. No further pleadings or
motions shall be entertained in this case. Let entry of final judgment be issued immediately.

SO ORDERED.

ALFREDO BENJAMIN S. CAGUIOA,

Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:

MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO

Chief Justice

(See Dissenting Opinion) (Pls. see concuring opinion)

ANTONIO T. CARPIO PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, JR.
Associate Justice Associate Justice

I join the dissent opinion of justice carpio:

DIOSDADO M. PERALTA
TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO
Associate Justice
Associate Justice

LUCAS P. BERSAMIN MARIANO C. DEL CASTILLO

Associate Justice Associate Justice

I join the dissent opinion of J. carpio

BIENVENIDO L. REYES
JOSE CATRAL MENDOZA
Associate Justice
Associate Justice

(No Part) I dissent. See separate opinion

ESTELA M. PERLAS-BERNABE MARVIC M.V.F. LEONEN
Associate Justice Associate Justice

(No Part) I join the dissent opinion of J. carpio:

FRANCIS H. JARDELEZA SAMUEL R. MARTIRES
 Associate Justice Associate Justice

NOEL G. TIJAM
Associate Justice

CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to the Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution and the Division Chairpersons Attestation, I certify that
the conclusions in the above Resolution had been reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the
writer of the opinion of the Courts Division.

MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO

Chief Justice

Footnotes
*
No Part.
1
Rollo (Vol. II), pp. 1262-1277.
2
Decision, id. at 1154-1189.
3
668 Phil. 1 (2011).
4
Heirs of Wilson P. Gamboa v. Finance Sec. Teves, 696 Phil. 276 (2012).
5
Decision, rollo (Vol. II), pp. 1160-1166.
6
Decision, id. at 1165; citations omitted.
7
Decision, id. at 1159.
8
Decision, id. at 1166.
9
Id. at 605-609.
9a
Supra note 4, at 339.
10
Id. at 1185.
11
Supra note 3, at 57.
12
SEC-MC No. 8, Sec. 2.
13
Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 7042 (Foreign Investment Act of 1991) as
amended by Republic Act No. 8179, Sec. 1, b.
14
2015 Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Securities Regulation Code, Sec. 3.1.2.
15
SEC Memorandum Circular No. 11, Series of2008.
16
Supra note 3, at 44.
17
Decision, rollo (Vol. II), p. 1168.
18
Supra note 3.
19
Supra note 4.

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