MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS

Third Edition
ANDREW S. TANENBAUM

Chapter 10
Case Study 1: LINUX

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 History of UNIX and Linux

UNICS
PDP-11 UNIX
Portable UNIX
Berkeley UNIX
Standard UNIX
MINIX
Linux

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 UNIX/Linux Goals

Designed by programmers, for programmers

Designed to be:

Simple
Elegant
Consistent
Powerful
Flexible

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 Interfaces to Linux

Figure 10-1. The layers in a Linux system.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Linux Utility Programs (1)

Categories of utility programs:

File and directory manipulation commands.

Filters.
Program development tools, such as editors and
compilers.
Text processing.
System administration.
Miscellaneous.

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 Linux Utility Programs (2)

Figure 10-2. A few of the common Linux

utility programs required by POSIX.
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 Kernel Structure

Figure 10-3. Structure of the Linux kernel

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 Processes in Linux

Figure 10-4. Process creation in Linux.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Signals in Linux (1)

Figure 10-5. The signals required by POSIX.

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 Process Management
System Calls in Linux

Figure 10-6. Some system calls relating to processes.

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 A Simple Linux Shell

Figure 10-7. A highly simplified shell.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Implementation of Processes and Threads
Categories of information in the process descriptor:
Scheduling parameters
Memory image
Signals
Machine registers
System call state
File descriptor table
Accounting
Kernel stack
Miscellaneous

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 Implementation of Exec

Figure 10-8. The steps in executing the command

ls typed to the shell.
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 The Clone System Call

Figure 10-9. Bits in the sharing_flags bitmap.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Scheduling in Linux (1)

Three classes of threads for scheduling purposes:

Real-time FIFO.
Real-time round robin.
Timesharing.

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 Scheduling in Linux (2)

Figure 10-10. Illustration of Linux runqueue and priority arrays.

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 Booting Linux

Figure 10-11. The sequence of processes used to

boot some Linux systems.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Memory Management in Linux (1)

Figure 10-12. (a) Process As virtual address space. (b) Physical

memory. (c) Process Bs virtual address space.
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 Memory Management in Linux (2)

Figure 10-13. Two processes can share a mapped file.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Memory Management
System Calls in Linux

Figure 10-14. Some system calls relating to memory

management.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Physical Memory Management (1)

Linux distinguishes between three memory zones:

ZONE_DMA - pages that can be used for DMA

operations.
ZONE_NORMAL - normal, regularly mapped pages.
ZONE_HIGHMEM - pages with high-memory
addresses, which are not permanently mapped.

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Physical Memory Management (2)

Figure 10-15. Linux main memory representation.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Physical Memory Management (3)

Figure 10-16. Linux uses four-level page tables.

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 Memory Allocation Mechanisms

Figure 10-17. Operation of the buddy algorithm.

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The Page Replacement Algorithm

Figure 10-18. Page states considered in the page

frame replacement algorithm.
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 Networking (1)

Figure 10-19. The uses of sockets for networking.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Networking (2)

Types of networking:

Reliable connection-oriented byte stream.

Reliable connection-oriented packet stream.
Unreliable packet transmission.

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 Input/Output System Calls in Linux

Figure 10-20. The main POSIX calls for managing the terminal.

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 The Major Device Table

Figure 10-21. Some of the file operations supported

for typical character devices.
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 Implementation of
Input/Output in Linux (2)

Figure 10-22. The Linux I/O system showing one file system
in detail.
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 The Linux File System (1)

Figure 10-23. Some important directories

found in most Linux systems.
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 The Linux File System (2)

Figure 10-24. (a) Before linking. (b) After linking.

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 The Linux File System (3)

Figure 10-25. (a) Separate file systems. (b) After mounting.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux File System (4)

Figure 10-26. (a) A file with one lock.

(b) Addition of a second lock. (c) A third lock.
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 File System Calls in Linux (1)

Figure 10-27. System calls relating to files.

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 File System Calls in Linux (2)

Figure 10-28. The fields returned by the stat system call.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 File System Calls in Linux (3)

Figure 10-29. System calls relating to directories.

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 The Linux Virtual File System

Figure 10-30. File system abstractions supported by the VFS.

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 The Linux Ext2 File System (1)

Figure 10-31. Disk layout of the Linux ext2 file system.

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 The Linux Ext2 File System (2)

Figure 10-32. (a) A Linux directory with three files. (b) The same
directory after the file voluminous has been removed.
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 The Linux Ext2 File System (3)

Figure 10-33. Some fields in the i-node structure in Linux

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 The Linux Ext2 File System (4)

Figure 10-34. The relation between the file descriptor table, the
open file description table, and the i-node table.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 NFS Protocols

Figure 10-35. Examples of remote mounted file systems.

Directories shown as squares, files shown as circles.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 NFS Implementation

Figure 10-36. The NFS layer structure

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Security In Linux

Figure 10-37. Some example file protection modes.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
 Security System Calls in Linux

Figure 10-38. system calls relating to security.

Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639