PSY101:Introduction

to Psychology I
Chapter 1
Introduction to Psychology
text book: Feldman (2013), Understanding Psychology 12th edition
Instructor: Ahmet Coymak

Ethical declaration: (C) the most of resources of the presentation are provided by McGraw-Hill Education for authorised
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instructor use. Please see McGraw-Hill web site to accesses original source of the material
 Rene Magrittes The False Mirror, 1928
The hard contrast of the black pupil against the sky iris suggests that the sky is
in fact behind the pupil.
With this realisation, it would seem that by looking at this eye, one is indeed
looking through the eye and into the brain.
The inside of a human, then is the contents of the world. The world is only a
product of humans imagination and creation.
We know what we are but not what
we may be.

Shakespeare, Hamlet (spoken by Ophelia).

 MODULE 1 -
Psychologists at Work

What is the science of psychology?

What are the major specialties in
the field of psychology?
Where do psychologists work?

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 Introduction

Psychology: Scientific study of

behaviour and mental processes

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 Subfields of
Psychology
Behavioural Behavioural Clinical
Genetics Neuroscience Psychology

Clinical
Cognitive Counselling
Neuropsychol
Psychology Psychology
ogy

Cross-
cultural
Psychology
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 Subfields of
Psychology
Development Environment
Educational
al al
Psychology
Psychology Psychology

Evolutionary Experimental Forensic

Psychology Psychology Psychology

Health
Psychology

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 Subfields of
Psychology
Industrial Personality Program
Psychology Psychology Evaluation

Psychology School Social

of Women Psychology Psychology

Sport
Psychology

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 How do People Sense,
Perceive, Learn, and Think
About the World?
Experimental psychology

Studies the processes of sensing,

perceiving, learning, and thinking
about the world

Subspecialty
Cognitive psychology - Focuses on higher
mental processes

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What are the Sources of Change
and Stability in Behaviour
Across the Life Span?
Developmental Psychology

Studies how people grow and change from the moment of

conception through death

Personality Psychology
Focuses on the consistency in peoples behaviour over time and
the traits that differentiate one person from another

Health Psychology
Explores the relationship between psychological factors and
physical ailments or disease

Clinical Psychology

Deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological

disorders

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 How do Psychological
Factors Affect Physical and
Mental Health?

Counselling psychology

Focuses primarily on educational,

social, and career-adjustment
problems

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How do Our Social Networks
Affect Behaviour?

Social psychology

Study of how peoples thoughts, feelings,

and actions are affected by others
Cross-cultural psychology

Investigates the similarities and

differences in psychological functioning
in and across various cultures and ethnic
groups

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 Expanding
Psychologys Frontiers
Evolutionary psychology

Considers how behaviour is influenced by our

genetic inheritance from our ancestors
Behavioural genetics

Seeks to understand:
How we might inherit certain behavioural
traits
How the environment influences whether we
actually display such traits

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 Expanding
Psychologys Frontiers
Clinical neuropsychology

Unites the areas of neuroscience

and clinical psychology

Focuses on the origin of

psychological disorders in
biological factors

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 where do Psychologists
Work?
lets look at where U.S. Psychologist work

what about in Turkey? ongoing studies on where

Turkey Psychologist work by Sumer et. al.
expectation of study is pretty much similar pattern
with U.S. 15
 The Education and
Careers for a Psychologist
Education Careers
Administrator
PhD
Doctor of philosophy Serving as a counsellor
PsyD Providing direct care
Doctor of psychology
MA or MS
Masters degree
BA or BS
Bachelors degree

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 MODULE 2 - A Science
Evolves: The Past, the
Present, and the Future
1. Do you agree that psychology is a
science? Why or why not?
2. What does it mean to be able to
predict behaviour?
Is it ever possible to know in advance
how another person will behave?
3. What makes psychology unique among
the social sciences?

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 The Roots of
Psychology
Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt

Focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental

components of consciousness, thinking, and
other kinds of mental states and activities

Introspection: Procedure used to study the

structure of the mind in which subjects are asked
to describe in detail what they are experiencing
when they are exposed to a stimulus

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 The Roots of
Psychology
Criticisms of structuralism

Introspection not a scientific

technique

People had difficulty describing

some kinds of inner experiences
These drawbacks led to the
development of newer approaches

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 The Roots of
Psychology
Functionalism

William James

Concentrated on how behaviour

functions and the role of
behaviour in allowing people to
adapt to their environments

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 The Roots of
Psychology
Gestalt psychology

Hermann Ebbinghaus
and Max Wertheimer

Focuses on the
organisation of
perception and
thinking in a whole
sense rather than on
the individual
elements of perception
!
Women in Psychology:
Founding Mothers
Margaret Floy Washburn

First woman to receive a doctorate

in psychology
Leta Stetter Hollingworth

One of the first psychologists to

focus on child development and on
womens issues

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Women in Psychology:
Founding Mothers
Mary Calkins

Studied memory

First female president of the American

Psychological Association
Karen Horney

Focused on the social and cultural

factors behind personality

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Women in Psychology:
Founding Mothers

June Etta Downey

First woman to head a psychology

department at a state university
Anna Freud

Notable contributions to the

treatment of abnormal behavior

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Women in Psychology:
Founding Mothers

Mamie Phipps Clark

Pioneered work on how children

of colour grew to recognise racial
differences

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 Figure 2 - Major
Perspectives of Psychology

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 The Neuroscience
Perspective: Blood, Sweat,
and Fears

Neuroscience perspective: Views

behaviour from the perspective of
the brain, the nervous system, and
other biological functions

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 The Psychodynamic
Perspective: Understanding
the Inner Person

Psychodynamic perspective

Sigmund Freud

Behaviour is motivated by
unconscious inner forces over
which the individual has little
control

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 The Behavioural
Perspective: Observing the
Outer Person
Behavioural perspective

John B. Watson

B. F. Skinner

Suggests that observable,

measurable behaviour should be
the focus of study

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The Cognitive Perspective:
Identifying the Roots of
Understanding

Cognitive perspective: Focuses on

how people think, understand, and
know about the world
Information processing

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The Humanistic Perspective:
The Unique Qualities of the
Human Species

Humanistic perspective

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Suggests that all individuals

naturally strive to grow, develop,
and be in control of their lives
and behaviour

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MODULE 3 - Psychologys
Key Issues and
Controversies

What are psychologys key issues

and controversies?
What is the future of psychology
likely to hold?

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 Key Issues in
Psychology
Issue Neuroscience Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic Psychodynam
ic
Nature Nurture Nurture Nature
Nature vs. nurture Both
(heredity) (environment) (environmen (heredity)
t)
Conscious vs.
Unconscious Both Conscious Conscious Unconscious
unconscious

Observable
behavior vs. Internal Internal Observable Internal Internal
internal emphasis emphasis emphasis emphasis emphasis
mental processes

Free will vs.

Determinism Free will Determinism Free will Determinism
determinism
Individual Universal Individual Individual Universal
dierences vs. Both
emphasis emphasis emphasis emphasis
universal principles
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 What Psychologys
Future would be?
Psychology will become increasingly
specialised and new perspectives will evolve
Neuroscientific approaches will likely
influence other branches of psychology
Influence on issues of public interest will
grow
Issues of diversity will become more
important to psychologists providing
services and doing research