1

IMPORTANT FORMULAS/
TERMS for JEE MAIN
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS b2 + c 2 - a 2
11. Cosine Rule : cos A =
1. A function f : X Y is one-one (or injective) if 2bc
f (x1) = f (x2) x1 = x2 " x1, x2 X. B-C b-c A
12. tan = cot
2. A function f : X Y is onto (or surjective) if given any 2 b + c 2
y Y, $ x X such that f (x) = y.
3. A function f : X Y is one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is A (s - b)(s - c)
both one-one and onto. 13. sin =
2 bc
4. The composition of functions f : A B and g : B C is the
function gof : A C given by gof (x) = g (f (x)) " x A. A (s - b)(s - c)
5. A function f : X Y is invertible if $ g : Y X such that 14. tan = s (s - a)
2
gof = IX and fog = IY.
6. A function f : X Y is invertible if and only if f is one-one 1 1 1 abc
and onto.
15. D= ab sin C = bc sin A = ac sin B = = rs
2 2 2 4R
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 16. D = s(s - a) (s - b) (s - c)
1. sin (a m b) = sin a cos b m cos a sin b
A B C
2. cos (a b) = cos a cos b m sin a sin b 17. r = 4R sin . sin . sin
2 2 2
tan a m tan b 18. a = c cos B + b cos C
3. tan (a m b) =
1 tan a tan b
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
A+B A-B 1. Domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions :
4. sin A + sin B = 2sin cos
2 2 Function Domain Range
A+B A-B p p
5. sin A - sin B = 2cos sin
2 2 y = sin1x [1, 1] - 2 , 2

A+B A-B y = cos1x [1, 1] [0, p]
6. cos A + cos B = 2cos cos
2 2 p p
A+B A-B
y = tan1 x (, ) - 2 , 2
7. cos A - cos B = -2sin sin
2 2 y = cot1x (, ) (0, p)
8. sina + sin (a + b) + sin (a +2b) +........ to n terms
p p
n - 1 nb
y = sec1x (, 1] [1, ) 0, 2 2 , p

sin a + b sin
2 2
= ; b2np p p
sin (b / 2) y = cosec1x (, 1] [1, ) - 2 , 0 0, 2
9. cosa + cos (a + b) + cos (a +2b) +........ to n terms 2. Some properties of inverse trigonometric functions :
n - 1 nb p
cos a + b sin sin1 x + cos1x = ; x [1,1]
2 2 2
= ; b 2np
b p
sin tan1x + cot1x = ; xR
2 2
a b c
10. Sine rule : = = = 2R p
sin A sin B sin C sec1x + cosec1x = ; x ( , 1] [1, ]
2
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2
3. For any integer k, i4k = 1, i4k + 1 = i, i4k + 2 = 1, i4k + 3 = i
-1 2 1 1
sin (2x 1 - x ) , if - x 4. | z - z1 | + | z - z 2 | = l , represents an ellipse if
2 2
-1 2 1 | z1 z2 | < l, having the points z1 and z2 as its foci. And if
2 sin x = p - sin (2x 1 - x ) , if
1 x 1
2 | z1 - z 2 | = l , then z lies on a line segment connecting z1
-p - sin -1 (2x 1 - x 2 ) , if - 1 x - 1 and z2.
2 5. Cube roots of unity
The three cube roots of unity are
-1 2x 1 1
tan , if - 1 < x < 1 1, (-1 + -3), (-1 - -3) which are the same as
1 - x2 2 2
2x
2 tan1 x = p + tan -1 , if x > 1 2p 2p 4p 4p
1 - x 2 1, cos + i sin and cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
-1 2x
-p + tan , if x < -1 6. De Moivres theorem : For all real values of n,
1 - x 2
(cos q + i sin q) n = cos nq + i sin nq
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES If z = cosq + i sinq, using De-Moivre's theorem
1. For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 1 1
2 zn + n = 2 cos nq ; zn = 2 i sin nq
- b b - 4ac z zn
x=
2a
(i) If b = 0 roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
sign 1. The number of permutations of n different things taken r at
(ii) If c = 0 one root is zero other is b/a a time, where repetition is not allowed, is denoted by nPr and
(iii) If b = c = 0 both roots are zero.
(iv) If a = c roots are reciprocal to each other n!
is given by nPr = , where 0 r n .
a > 0, c < 0 (n - r)!
(v) Roots are of opposite signs. 2. The number of permutations of n different things, taken r at
a < 0, c > 0
a time, where repetition is allowed, is nr.
a > 0, b > 0 , c > 0 3. The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time,
(vi) If both roots are negative where p1 objects are of first kind, p2 objects are of the
a < 0, b < 0, c < 0
second kind, ..., pk objects are of the kth kind and rest, if any,
a > 0, b < 0, c > 0
n!
(vii) If both roots are positive are all different is .
a < 0, b > 0,c < 0 p1 !p 2 !......p k !
(viii)If sign of a = sign of b sign of c Greater root in 4. The number of combinations of n different things taken r at
magnitude is negative a time, denoted by nCr, is given by
2. If p + iq (p and q being real) is a root of the quadratic equation,
n n!
where i = - 1 , then p iq is also a root of the quadratic Cr = ,0 r n
r! (n - r)!
equation.
3. Every equation of n th degree (n 1) has exactly n roots and 5. Number of circular permutations of n things when p alike
if the equation has more than n roots, it is an identity. and the rest different taken all at a time distinguish clockwise
4. An inequality of the form loga f (x) > b is equivalent to the
(n - 1)!
following systems of inequalities : and anticlockwise arrangement is .
(a) f (x) > 0, f (x) > ab for a > 1 (b) f (x) > 0, f (x) < ab for a < 1. p!
COMPLEX NUMBERS BINOMIAL THEOREM
1. Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id. Then 1.
The expansion of a binomial for any positive integral n is
(a) z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i (b + d) (b) z1 z2 = (ac bd) + i (ad + bc)
given by Binomial Theorem, which is
2. For any non-zero complex number z = a + ib (a 0, b 0),
(a + b)n = nC0an + nC1an 1 b + nC2 an 2b2 + ...+ nCn 1a.bn 1
a -b + nCnbn.
there exists the complex number 2 2
+i 2 2 ,
a +b a +b The coefficients of the expansions are arranged in an array.
1 This array is called Pascals triangle.
denoted by or z1 called the multiplicative inverse of z When the index is other than a positive integer such as
z
negative integer or fraction, the number of terms in the
a -b expansion of (1 + x)n is infinite and the symbol nCr cannot be
such that (a + ib) 2 + i 2
= 1 + i0 = 1
a +b 2 2
a +b used to denote the coefficient of the general term.
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2. The general term of an expansion (a + b) n is CONIC SECTIONS
Tr + 1 = nCran r. br.
The total number of terms in the expansion of (a + b)n is 1. The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and the radius r is
n + 1. (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2.
3. In the expansion (a + b)n, if n is even, then the middle term is 2. Equation of tangent : xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c =0
3. The equation of the parabola with focus at (a, 0) a > 0 and
th
n directrix x = a is y2 = 4ax.
the + 1 term. If n is odd, then the middle terms are 4. Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular
2
to the axis of the parabola, through the focus and whose
th th end points lie on the parabola.
n + 1 n +1
and + 1 terms. 5. Length of the latus rectum of the parabola y2 = 4ax is 4a.
2 2
6. The parametric equation of the parabola is x = at2, y = 2at.
7. An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose
SEQUENCE AND SERIES distances from two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
1. The general term or the n th term of the A.P. is given by a n = 8. The equations of an ellipse with foci on the x-axis is
a + (n 1) d. x2 y2
The sum Sn of the first n terms of an A.P. is given by + = 1 ; its parametric equation is x = a cosq; y = b sinq
a2 b2
n n x2 y2
Sn = [2a + (n - 1) d] = (a + l) 2b2
2 2 9. Latus rectum of the ellipse 2
+ 2
= 1 is
a b a
2. The sum Sn of the first n terms of G.P. is given by 10. The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio between the
n n distances from the centre of the ellipse to one of the foci and
a (r - 1) a (1 - r )
Sn = or , if r 1 to one of the vertices of the ellipse.
r -1 1- r 11. A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference
3. A series whose each term is formed, by multiplying of whose distances from two fixed points in the plane is a
corresponding terms of an A.P. and a G.P., is called an constant.
Arithmetic-geometric series. Summation of n terms : 12. The equation of a hyperbola with foci on the x-axis is
a dr(1 - r n -1 ) [a + (n - 1)d] n x2 y2 x2 y2
Sn = + - .r - = 1 ; Two asymptotes : - =0
1- r (1 - r)2 1- r a2 b2 a2 b2
4. Harmonical progression is defined as a series in which x2 y2 2b2
13. Latus rectum of the hyperbola : - = 1 is
reciprocal of its terms are in A.P. a 2
b 2
a
1 1 1
The standard from of a H.P. is + + + ......
a a + d a + 2d THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
STRAIGHT LINES 1. The coordinates of the point R which divides the line segment
joining two points P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) internally
1. An acute angle (say q) between lines L1 and L2 with slopes and externally in the ratio m : n are given by
m2 - m2 mx 2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mz 2 + nz1
m1 and m2 is given by tan q = , 1 + m1m 2 0
1 + m1m 2 m + n , m + n , m + n
2. Equation of the line passing through the points (x1, y1) and
mx 2 - nx1 my2 - ny1 mz 2 - nz1
and , ,
m - n
y -y m-n
, respectively..
(x2, y2) is given by y - y1 = 2 1 (x - x1 ) . m-n
x 2 - x1 2. The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle, whose
3. Equation of a line making intercepts a and b on the x-and y- vertices are (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2) and (x3, y3, z3), are
x y x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z 2 + z3
axis, respectively, is + =1. , , .
a b 3 3 3
4. The perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax + By + C = 0 from 3. If l, m, n are the direction cosines and a, b, c are the direction
| Ax1 + By1 + C | ratios of a line then
a point (x1, y1) is given by d = .
a b c
A 2 + B2 l= ,m= ,n=
2 2 2 2 2 2
5. Distance between the parallel lines Ax + By + C1 = 0 and a +b +c a +b +c a + b2 + c 2 2

4. If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two
| C1 - C2 |
Ax + By + C2 = 0, is given by d = . lines; and q is the acute angle between the two lines; then
A 2 + B2 cos q = | l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 |.
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4
5. Equation of a line through a point (x1, y1, z1) and having 2. Limit in case of Composite Function :
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
direction cosines l, m, n is = = Lim f [g(x) ] = f Lim g(x) ; provided f is continuous at x.
l m n xa xa
r r r r r r
6. Shortest distance between r = a1 + lb1 and r = a 2 + mb2
r r sin x x sin -1 x x
r r 3. L im = L im = L im = L im -1 = 1
(b1 b 2 ).(a 2 - a1 ) x0 x x 0 sin x x0 x x 0 sin x
is r r
| b1 b 2 | (where x is measured in radian)
7. The equation of a plane through a point whose position x
r 1
vector is ar and perpendicular to the vector N is 4. L im 1 + = L im (1 + x)1/ x = e ,
x x
r r r
x 0
(r - a).N = 0 x ax
a 1
8. Vector equation of a plane that passes through the line of lim 1 + = lim (1 + x ) = lim 1 +
a/x
= ea
rr rr x x x 0 x x
intersection of planes r.n1 = d1 and r.n 2 = d 2 is
r r r
r.(n1 + ln 2 ) = d1 + ld 2 , where l is any nonzero constant. CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS
9. The distance of a point whose position vector is ar from the 1. All Polynomials, Trigonometrical, exponential and
r
plane rr.n = d is | d - a.n | .
Logarithmic functions are continuous in their domain.
2. If f (x) is continuous and g (x) is discontinuous at x = a then
10. Skew line : Two straight lines are said to be skew lines if they the product function f (x) = f (x) g (x) is not necessarily be
are neither parallel nor intersecting.
p
S (x 2 - x1 )(m1n 2 - m 2 n1 ) discontinuous at x = a. e.g. f (x) & g(x) = sin x , x 0
Shortest distance : 0 , x = 0
S (m1n 2 - m 2 n1 ) 2
3. For any positive integer n and any continuous function f, [f
11. Equation of a sphere :
(x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = R2 where centre is (a, b, c) and (x)]n and n f (x) are continuous. When n is even, the inputs
radius is R
of f in n f (x) are restricted to inputs x for which f (x) 0.
General form : a(x2+ y2 + z2) + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
4. If f (x) and g (x) are continuous, then so are f (x) + g (x),
u v w u2 v2 w2 d f (x) g (x), and f (x) . g (x).
centre - , - , - and + + - 5. If f (x) and g (x) are continuous, so is g (x) / f (x), so long as
a a a a2 a2 a2 a
the inputs x do not yield outputs f (x) = 0.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
DIFFERENTIATIONAND APPLICATION
LIMIT 1. Interpretation of the Derivative : If y = f (x) then,
1. A function f has the limit L as x approaches a if the limit from (a) m = f (a) is the slope of the tangent line to y = f (x) at
the left exists and the limit from the right exists and both limit x = a and the equation of the tangent line at x = a is
given by y = f (a) + f (a) (x a) .
are L that is, xlima + f (x) = xlima - f (x) = xlim
a
f (x)
(b) f (a) is the instantaneous rate of change of f (x) at x = a.

(c) If f (x) is the position of an object at time x then f (a) is
Remember Limit x a the velocity of the object at x = a.
x a
2. Basic Properties and Formulas : If f(x) and g(x) are
Let Limf (x) = l and Limg(x) = m . If l and m are finite then : differentiable functions (the derivative exists), c and n are
xa xa
any real numbers
(i) Lim ( f (x) g(x)) = l m . 1. (cf) = cf (x) 2. (f g ) =f (x) g (x)
x a 3. (fg) =f g + f g
(ii) Lim f (x).g(x) = l.m . f f g - fg d n
x a 4. = 6. (x ) = nx n -1
g g 2 dx
f (x) l
(iii) Lim = , provided m 0 . d
x a g(x) m 7. (f (g(x))) = f (g(x))g (x)
dx
(iv) Lim k f (x) = k Lim f (x) = kl ; where k is a constant . 3. Increasing/Decreasing :
x a x a (i) If f (x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is increasing
Lim [f(x) + k] = Lim f(x) + k, where k is a constant. on the interval I.
(v) x a x a (ii) If f (x) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is decreasing
on the interval I.
(vi) If f(x) g(x) , then Lim
x a
f(x) Lim
x a
g(x). (iii) If f (x) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is constant
on the interval I.
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 5
4. Concave Up/Concave Down : Part II : f (x) is continuous on [a, b], F (x) is an anti-derivative
(i) If f (x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is concave b
up on the interval I.
(ii) If f (x) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f (x) is concave of f (x) i.e. F(x) = f (x) dx then f (x) dx = F(b) - F(a)
a
down on the interval I.
5. 1st Derivative Test : If x = c is a critical point of f (x) then 2. Integration by Substitution : The substitution u = g (x) will
x = c is b g(b)
1. a rel. max. of f (x) if f (x) > 0 to the left of x = c and convert f (g(x)) g (x) dx =
f (x) < 0 to the right of x = c.
f (u) du
a g(a)
2. a rel. min. of f (x) if f (x) < 0 to the left of x = c and
f (x) > 0 to the right of x = c. using du = g ' (x) dx.
3. not a relative extrema of f (x) if f (x) is the same sign on 3. Integration by parts :
both sides of x = c. b b
b
u dv = uv - v du and u dv = uv a - v du . Choose u
2nd Derivative Test : If x = c is a critical point of f (x)
such that f (c) = 0 then x = c a a
1. is a relative maximum of f (x) if f (c) < 0 .
2. is a relative minimum of f (x) if f (c) > 0 . and dv from integral and compute du by differentiating u
3. f(x) may have a relative maximum, relative minimum, or and compute v using v = dv
neither if f (c) = 0 .
6. Mean value theorem : If f (x) is continuous on the closed P(x)
interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b) 4. Integration by Partial fraction : If integrating Q(x) dx
f (b) - f (a) where the degree of P (x) is smaller than the degree of Q (x).
then there is a number a < c < b such that f (c) =
b-a Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the
7. Rolles theorem : If a function f (x) is continuous on the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression.
closed interval [a, b] and differentiable in an interval (a, b) Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P.F.D.).
and also f (a) = f (b), then there exist at least one value c of 5. Some properties of definite integral :
x in the interval (a, b) such that f '(c) = 0. (a) If an interval [a, b] (a < b), the function f (x) and f (x)
f (x) f (a) f (a) satisfy the condition f (x) f(x) , then
8. L Hospitals rule : lim = =
x af(x) f (a) f (a)
a b
if f (a) = 0 or , f (a) = 0 or , f ' (a) = 0 or , f ' (a) = 0 or
f (x) dx f(x) dx
b a
dx
9. Length of Subtangent = y1 ; Subnormal (b) If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of a
dy ( x1 , y1 )
function f (x) on an interval [a, b] and a b, then
a
dy
= y1 m(b - a) f (x) dx M(b - a)
dx ( x1 , y1 ) b

b c b
dx 2
Length of tangent = y1

1 +

(c) f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) , where a < c < b
dy
( x1 , y1 )
a a c

b b
dy 2
Length of normal = y1 1 +
(d) f (x) dx = f (a + b - x) dx
a a
dx
( x1 , y1 )
na a
10. Orthogonal trajectory : Any curve which cuts every member
of a given family of curves at right angle, is called an (e) f (x) dx = n f (x) dx , where a is the period of the
0 0
orthogonal trajectory of the family.
function and n I.
INTEGRAL CALCULUS a
a

f (x) dx = 0
2 f (x) dx, If f (x) is even function, i.e. f ( - x) = f (x)
1. Fundamental theorem of calculus : (f)
-a 0, If f (x) is odd function, i.e. f (x) = -f (x)
x
Part I : If f (x) is continuous on [a, b] then g (x) = f (t) dt is
a 2a a
f (x) dx =
2 f (x) dx, If f (2a - x) = f (x)
d
x (g)
also continuous on [a, b] and g (x) = dx f (t) dt = f (x) . 0 00,
If f (2a - x) = -f (x)
a
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6

g(x) 7. Bayes' theorem : If E1, E2, ..., En are events which constitute
d a partition of sample space S, i.e. E1, E2, ..., En are pairwise
6. Leibnitz rule : dx F(t) dt = g (x)F(g(x)) - f (x)F(f (x)) disjoint and E1 E2 ... En = S and A be any event with
f (x)
nonzero probability, then
7. If a series can be put in the form
P(E i ) P (A | E i )
1 r = n -1 r 1 r =n r P (E i | A) =
f or f , then its limit as
n r =0 n n r =1 n
n
P(E j ) P(A | E j )
j=1
1
8. Let X be a random variable whose possible values x1, x2,
n is f (x) dx x3, ..., xn occur with probabilities p1, p2, p3, ... pn respectively.
0
n
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS The mean of X, denoted by , is the number x i pi
i =1
b
8. Net area : f (x) dx represents the area between the curve The mean of a random variable X is also called the expectation
of X, denoted by E (X).
a
9. Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if
y = f (x), x-axis and two ordinates at x = a and x = b (b > a) with
they satisfy the following conditions :
area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.
(a) There should be a finite number of trials. (b) The trials
9. Area between curves :
should be independent. (c) Each trial has exactly two
b outcomes : success or failure. (d) The probability of success
y = f (x) A = [upper function] - [lower function] dx remains the same in each trial.
a For Binomial distribution
d
B (n, p), P (X = x) = nCx qnx px, x = 0, 1,..., n (q = 1 p)
and x = f (y) A = [right function] - [left function] dy
c MATRICES
If the curves intersect then the area of each portion must be 1. Order of a matrix : A matrix which has m rows and n columns
found individually. is called a matrix of order m x n.
10. The volumes of the solid generated by the revolution about
i = 1, 2,....m
the x-axis of the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x- A = [aij]m n where
b
j = 1, 2,....n
Here aij denotes the element of ith row and jth column.
axis and the ordinates x = a, x = b is p y dx .
2

a 2. Properties of Scalar Multiplication : If A, B are Matrices of

the same order and p, q are any two scalars then
PROBABILITY (i) p (A + B) = pA + pB
1. Probability of an event: For a finite sample space with equally (ii) (p + q ) A = pA + qA
likely outcomes Probability of an event (iii) p (qA) = (pqA) = q(pA)
(iv) ( pA) = (pA) = p(A)
n(A) (v) tr (kA) = k tr (A)
P(A) = , where n (A) = number of elements in
n(S) 3. Multiplication of matrices : If A and B be any two matrices,
the set A, n (S) = number of elements in the set S. then their product AB will be defined only when number
2. f A and B are any two events, then of column in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If
P (A or B) = P (A) + P(B) P(A and B) A = [aij]mxn and B = [bij]nxp then their product AB = C = [cij],
equivalently, P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) n
3. If A and B are mutually exclusive, then will be matrix of order m x p, where, (AB) ij = cij = air brj
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B). r =1

4. If A is any event, then P (not A) = 1 P(A) 4. Positive Integral Powers of a Matrix :

5. The conditional probability of an event E, given the For any positive integers m, n
occurrence of the event F is given by (i) Am An = Am+n
(ii) (Am)n = Amn = (An)m
P (E F) (iii) In = I, Im = I
P(E | F) = , P(F) 0
P(F) (iv) A = Inwhere A is a square matrices of order n.
6. Theorem of total probability : Let {E1, E2, ...,En) be a partition 5. Transpose of a matrix : The matrix obtained from a given
of a sample space and suppose that each of E1, E2, ..., En has matrix A by changing its rows into columns or columns into
nonzero probability. Let A be any event associated with S, rows is called transpose of matrix A and is denoted by AT or
then P(A) = P(E1) P (A | E1) + P (E2) P (A | E2) + ... + P (En) A'. From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is m n,
P(A | En) then order of AT is n m.
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 7
Properties of Transpose VECTORS
(i) (AT)T = A (ii) (A B)T = AT BT
1. Triangle law of vector addition of two vector
(iii) (AB)T = BT AT (iv) (kA)T = k(A)T K is scalar
T r
(v) I = I (vi) tr (A) = tr (A)T Magnitude of R : R = A 2 + B2 + 2AB cos q
(vii) (A1A2A3.....An1 An)T = AnT An1T.....A3TA2TA1 T r
2. Components of vector : Consider a vector A that lies in xy
6. Inverse of a matrix : If A and B are two matrices such that r r r
AB = I = BA then B is called the inverse of A and it is denoted plane, A = A1 + A 2 as shown.
by A1, thus A1 = B AB = I = BA
To find inverse matrix of a given matrix A we use following
adj.A A2 Ay
formula A1 = A A
|A|
1
Thus A exists | A | 0 A1 Ax

DETERMINANTS
r r r
1. To find the value of a third order determinant A1 = A x i, A 2 = A y j A = A x i + A y j
The quantities Ax and Ay are called x- and y-components of
a11 a12 a13 r
the vector A . A x is itself not a vector but A x i is a vector
a 21 a 22 a 23
Let D =
a 31 a 32 a 33 and so is A y j . A x = A cos q and A y = A sin q
r r
Be a third order determinant. To find its value we expand it 3. Scalar Product : A.B = ABcos q (here q is the angle
by any row or column as the sum of three determinants of between the vectors)
order 2. If we expand it by first row then r r r
4. Vector product : C = A B = ABsin qn
a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22 r r r r r r
D = a11 a a 5. Given vectors x1 a + y1 b + z1 c , x 2 a + y2 b + z 2 c ,
a 33 a12 a 31 a 33 + 13 a 31 a 32 r r r
32
r r r
2. Minor : The Determinant that is left by cancelling the row x 3 a + y3 b + z3 c , where a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors,
and column intersecting at a particular element is called the x1 y1 z1
minor of that element.
3. Cofactor : The cofactor of an element aij is denoted by Fij will be coplanar if and only if x 2 y2 z2
=0
and is equal to (1)i + j Mij where M is a minor of element a ij x3 y3 z3
4. Multiplication of two determinants : Multiplication of two 6. Scalar triple product :
third order determinants is defined as follows : r r
(a) If a = a1i + a 2 j + a 3k , b = b1i + b 2 j + b3 k and
a1 b1 c1 l1 m1 n1 r
c = c1i + c 2 j + c3 k then
a 2 b2 c2 l 2 m 2 n 2 =
a 3 b3 c 3 l 3 m3 n 3 r r r rrr
a1 a 2 a3
(a b).c = [a b c] = b1 b2 b3
a1 l1 + b1 l 2 + c1 l 3 a1 m1 + b1m 2 + c1m 3 a1 n1 + b1n 2 + c1n 3 c1 c2 c3
a 2 l1 + b 2 l 2 + c2 l 3 a 2 m1 + b 2 m 2 + c2 m 3 a 2 n1 + b 2 n 2 + c 2 n 3 (b) [a b c] = volume of the parallelopiped whose
a 3 l1 + b3 l 2 + c3 l 3 a 3 m1 + b3m 2 + c3 m3 a 3 n1 + b3n 2 + c3n 3 r r r
coterminous edges are formed by a, b, c
5. System of linear equation in three unknowns : r r r rrr
(c) a, b, c are coplanar if and only if [a b c] = 0
Using Crammer's rule of determinant we get
r r r r
x y z 1 (d) Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d
= = = i. e. x = D1 , y = D 2 , z = D 3 uuur uuur uuur
D1 D 2 D 3 D D D D respectively are coplanar if and only if [AB AC AD]
Case-I : If D 0 r r r r r r
= 0 i.e. if and only if [b - a c - a d - a] = 0
D1 D2 D3 (e) Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges
Then x = , y= ,z=
D D D r r r 1 r r r
\ The system is consistent and has unique solutions. a , b, c = [ a b c]
Case-II if D = 0 and 6
(i) If at least one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the system (f) Volume of prism on a triangular base with three
of equations is inconsistent i.e. has no solution. r r r 1 r r r
(ii) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 or D1, D2, D3 are all zero then the coterminous edges a , b, c = [ a b c]
2
system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
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8
7. Lagrange's identity : 3. Variance and standard deviation for ungrouped data
rr urr
r r r r rr rr rr rr 1 1
a.c
(a b).( c d) = r r
a.d
r r = (a.c)(b.d) - (a.d)(b.c) s2 =
n
(xi - x)2 , s =
n
(xi - x)2
b.c b.d
4. Variance and standard deviation of a discrete frequency
8. Reciprocal system of vectors : distribution
r r r
If a, b, c be any three non coplanar vectors so that 1 1
rrr r r r s2 =
N
fi (x i - x)2 , s =
N
fi (x i - x) 2
[a b c] 0 then the three vectors a ' b 'c ' defined by the
5. Variance and standard deviation of a continuous frequency
r r r r r r
r bc r ca r ab
distribution
equations a ' = r r r , b ' = r r r , c ' = r r r are called 2
[a b c] [a b c] [a b c]
r r r 1 1 `
f i x i
the reciprocal system of vectors to the given vectors a, b, c . s2 = fi (x i - x)2 , s =
N N
i i N
f x 2
-
9. Application of vector in geometry :
(a) Vector equation of a straight line passing through two

r r r r r r
points a and b is r = a + t(b - a) s
6. Coefficient of variation (C.V.) = 100, x 0
(b) Vector equation of a plane passing through the points x
r r r r r r r For series with equal means, the series with lesser standard
a, b, c is r = (1 - s - t)a + sb + tc deviation is more consistent or less scattered.
r r r r r r r rrr
or r.(b c + c a + a b) = [a b c] DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(c) Vector equation of a plane passing through the point dy
r r rr rr 1. A differential equation of the form + Py = Q , where P
dx
a and perpendicular to n is r.n = a.n and Q are constants or functions of x only is called a first
(d) Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a line passing order linear differential equation.
r r (a) Differential equation of the form
through a and parallel to b is given by
dy
r r r r r r r r 2 1/ 2
(r - a).b dx
= f (x) : y = f (x) dx + c
| (r - a) b |
= (r - a) - r
2
r
g (y) = f (x) dx + c
PM = dy dy
|b| | b |
(b) = f (x) g(y)
dx
(e) Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a plane

a + b f (v)
r r r dy dv
passing through a and parallel to b and c is given by (c) = f (ax + by + c) : = dx
dx
r r r r
(r - a).(b c) (d) Differential equation of homogeneous type : An
PM = r r equation in x and y is said to be homogeneous if it can
|bc|
dy f (x, y)
(f) Perpendicular distance of a point P(r) from a plane be put in the form dx = g (x, y) where f (x ,y) and
r r r
passing through the points a , b and c is given by g(x, y) are both homogeneous functions of the same
r r r r r r r r degree in x & y .
(r - a).(b c + c a + a b )
r r r r r r

PM = dx dv
|bc+ca+a b| = +c
x f (v) - v
(e) Differential Equation reducible to homogeneous form :
STATISTICS A differential equation of the form
1. Mean deviation for ungrouped data dy a1x + b1x + c1 a b
= , where 1 1 can be reduced
dx a 2 x + b2 x + c2
M.D.(x) =
| xi - x | , M.D.(M) =
| xi - M | a 2 b2
n n
to homogeneous form by using x = X + h , y = Y + k so
2. Mean deviation for grouped data dY dy
that =
dX dx
M.D.(x) =
fi | x i - x | ,
2. Linear differential equations :
N dy
+ Py = Q ; y e p dx = Q e p dx + c
dx
fi | xi - M | , where N =
M.D.(M) =
N
fi e
P dx is called the integrating factor for this equation.

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