International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management

Mobile shopping among young consumers: an empirical study in an emerging

market
Sabita Mahapatra,
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IJRDM
45,9 Mobile shopping among young
consumers: an empirical study in
an emerging market
930 Sabita Mahapatra
Department of Marketing Management,
Received 9 August 2016
Revised 11 August 2016 Indian Institute of Management, Indore, India
30 November 2016
17 January 2017
16 March 2017 Abstract
3 May 2017
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Accepted 8 May 2017 Purpose Superior functionality of smartphones makes them a potential retailing channel, despite their slow
adoption. The purpose of this paper is to identify convenience factors that influence consumption experience
and intention to continue shopping on a mobile phone.
Design/methodology/approach This study was carried out on students using a survey method.
This study was conducted in the National Capital Region of India due to its large and diverse population.
A purposive sampling technique was used to contact 380 respondents.
Findings The data were analysed using a structural equation model. The results indicate search and
possession convenience to be positively related to consumption experience while search, evaluation and
post-purchase convenience are positively related to continuance usage intention. The findings of this study
provide evidence that mobile phone is an effective channel for shopping due to search, evaluation, possession
and post-purchase convenience.
Research limitations/implications This study used student population between the age group of
20 and 30 years, thereby limiting the generality of the results.
Practical implications This study provides insights to retailers and brand managers for crafting their
mobile marketing strategies.
Originality/value This study explores and uncovers, for the first time, convenience dimensions of a
mobile shopping channel across various stages of consumers purchase cycle.
Keywords Mobile shopping, Convenience dimensions, Stage of purchase, Consumption experience,
Continuance usage intention, Youth, India
Paper type Research paper

Introduction
The ubiquitous presence of mobile networks has resulted in growth of mobile commerce
(m-commerce) via hand-held devices (Mahatanankoon, 2007). Technological advancement
has offered opportunities for consumers to exercise their choices for shopping channels.
As a shopping channel, m-commerce offers convenience of time and place
(Balasubramanian et al., 2002). Consumers are able to execute transactions on a
smartphone instantaneously, anytime and anywhere as it is personal and handy
(Hsieh, 2014). The new channel of purchase on smartphones refers to retail m-commerce.
Lai et al. (2012, p. 387) note that m-shopping empowers shoppers with the ability to gather
information on the spot from multiple sources, check on product availability, special offers
and alter their selection at any point along the path to purchase.
Boyle (2013) found that shopping via smartphones is increasing as consumers are open
to use smartphones when a shopping idea strikes them. India is emerging as the top five
regions, with more than 1.2 billion people using mobile phones for search, to interact and to
shop (Perry, 2016). India is the second-largest smartphone market globally, with growth
expected to reach to about 650 million by 2019 (PTI, 2015). It is the youngest country in the
International Journal of Retail &
Distribution Management world with every third person being a youth and is one of the fastest developing economies
Vol. 45 No. 9, 2017
pp. 930-949
with third rank in GDP in terms of purchasing power-parity of approximately $7.28 trillion
Emerald Publishing Limited
0959-0552
(Prafull, 2016). This makes India a highly potential and attractive market for many
DOI 10.1108/IJRDM-08-2016-0128 m-commerce players.
 Growth in the mobile transactions is progressing quickly, and Indias one of the leading m-Shopping
online fashion retailers, Myntra, is planning to become a mobile-only marketplace among young
(Sangeetha, 2014). Indian online retail store, Snapdeal, gets 60 per cent of its orders from consumers
mobile phones and is expected to grow even more in the future (PTI, 2014). Digital wallets
have created a new wave in mobile shopping (m-shopping) by providing exclusive discounts
and benefits to attract the customers. Smartphones are used for activities such as searching
and comparing products prices or reading reviews (Holmes et al., 2014) and not restricted 931
for shopping. Nevertheless, consumers are using smartphones more for pre- and
post-purchasing activities than for making mobile purchases (eMarketer, 2016; Holmes et al.,
2014; vor and Hennig-Thurau, 2014). However, most internet users are comfortable with
their personal computers to shop online as m-commerce is still in its infancy (eMarketer,
2013). m-Shopping dissemination is still suffering with regard to different technological
aspects (e.g. missing well-organised mobile shops and inconvenient and limited screen size
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of mobile devices) due to concerns regarding safety and security issues, as well as
consumers low level of confidence in mobile platforms (eMarketer, 2015;
vor and Hennig-Thurau, 2014; Lai et al., 2012).
Literature shows that channel preference is influenced by ability of the channel to satisfy
consumers needs and expectations (Strebel et al., 2004; Verhoef et al., 2007). It is a
well-accepted fact that consumers perceptions of channel attributes are central to channel
choice (Verhoef et al., 2007). Jiang and Rosenbloom (2005) stated that a product/service
selling process in e-commerce generally consists of pre-selling service, (information mode,
product development, and comparison offering) transaction (trade and finance), physical
order fulfilment, and post-selling service. The challenge is in fulfilling the consumers
expectation in every single stage of the shopping process.
Most of the studies on channel choice focus on channel attributes for a particular stage of
a purchase cycle, and hence ignore the importance of channel attributes across different
stages of the consumer purchase cycle (Strebel et al., 2004). However, knowledge of
important channel attributes across each stage of the purchase cycle that influence
consumers channel choice would be insightful both for researchers as well as academicians.
The importance of channel attribute differs depending on consumer goal in each stage of the
purchase cycle (Balasubramanian et al., 2005; Lee and Ariely, 2006). In the pre-purchase
stage, the consumer strives for accurate and relevant information for well-informed decision
making (Carlson et al., 2008). In the purchase stage, the consumer aims for evaluating and
choosing appropriate product at the best price (Balasubramanian et al., 2005; Hamilton and
Chernev, 2010). Finally, in the post-purchase stage, the consumer looks for assistance in
using or consuming the selected product and service (Keeney, 1999).
However, there are limited empirical studies on consumer behaviour taking into
consideration convenience factor across different purchase cycles, i.e. pre-purchase, purchase
and post-purchase, specifically in the context of m-shopping (Persaud and Azhar, 2012).
This study would address research questions as to which convenience factors across different
purchase cycles would significantly influence consumption experience and continuance usage
intention for m-shopping. This study aims to discuss those impediments that impact
consumption experience and continued usage of m-shopping. In the current study, the term
m-shopping will be referred to as an independent shopping channel for purchasing goods and
services through the use of a smartphone. An understanding of convenience dimensions
across different stages of a purchase cycle would help to formulate appropriate marketing
strategies to manage consumers channel expectations (Neslin et al., 2006).
The remaining paper will follow a sequence. First, the review of literature for hypotheses
development is presented. Next, the methodology for the research is highlighted.
Then, result of the study is presented with implications for practitioners. Finally, the
limitations and future research are outlined.
 IJRDM Literature review
45,9 Increased ownership of smartphones has made them a potential platform for shopping
(Tsai and Ho, 2013). Prior research found that perceived ease of use and usefulness of a
system influence purchase intention (Gao and Bai, 2014; Li, 2013; Hussein, 2015; Krishanan
et al., 2015). As per the study by eMarketer (2013), m-commerce undoubtedly has grown
considerably over the last few years and has the potential to transform shopping experience,
932 still desktops or personal computers are the most preferred devices for online purchases.
Though consumers have m-shopping experience, yet they seem unwilling to continue
shopping using a mobile phone and this is the major cause of its relatively slow growth
(Anil et al., 2003). This calls for a need to study and understand the determinants of
consumers continuance of m-shopping (Hung et al., 2007). Most of the existing research
works concentrate on identifying major variables of m-shopping behaviour (Kumar and
Mukherjee, 2013; Holmes et al., 2014; Ting et al., 2011). While few researchers attributed
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consumers attitudes and perception as main determinants of m-shopping (Holmes et al.,

2014; Lu and Su, 2009; Lu et al., 2003); few others researchers focused on motivational factor
for shopping via a smartphone channel (Childers et al., 2001; Park and Yang, 2006).
Significant proportion of research studies has been in the area of acceptance and adoption of
m-shopping, utilitarian and hedonic shopping factors (Bigne et al., 2005; Ko et al., 2009;
Li et al., 2012) and customer satisfaction related to m-shopping (Choi et al., 2008).
The technology acceptance model is the most widely researched area for understanding
users adoption of a smartphone channel for shopping (Kumar and Mukherjee, 2013).
Thakur and Srivastava (2013) in their study investigated factors influencing adoption
intention of users for m-commerce in India using the technology acceptance model and
innovation resistance theory. Results of the study indicated perceived usefulness, perceived
ease of use, security, privacy risks and social influence as the most significant drivers for
adopting m-shopping. Research study by Sita (2014) adopted the theory of planned
behaviour model (Ajzen, 1991) to study acceptance behaviour towards m-commerce.
Jihs (2007) study shows a significant and a positive effect of convenience perception on
shopping intention. Earlier studies largely concentrated on consumers acceptance and
usage of the new systems (Pantano and Viassone, 2015). Nur (2016) established a relation
between transaction convenience and consumers satisfaction. Research findings have
empirically estimated all dimensions of online shopping convenience, e.g. access convenience,
information convenience, and transaction convenience, on customers satisfaction during
online purchasing indicating that consumers look for convenience in conducting transaction
on internet. Laukkanen (2007), in his study, found a difference between internet and mobile
phone users regarding their channel preferences. Hence, it would be inappropriate to assume
that online and mobile phone shoppers belong to same category.

Theoretical background and hypotheses development

Continued usage intention
Bhattacherjee (2001) proposed an expectation-confirmation model of information systems to
explain users continuance or repurchase decision. This model suggests that perceived
usefulness is a post-consumption expectation and that perceived benefit affects continuance
intention. This model has been frequently used to investigate the continued use of
information technology. Consumers continuance intention refers to re-engaging in
m-shopping activities. The current study attempts to empirically investigate convenience
factors that influence continuance usage. Bhattacherjee (2001) defined continuance usage
intention as users subjective likelihood of continuation. Individuals are more likely to
perform behaviours that they believe have beneficial results. Previous research on
m-shopping acceptance (Gao et al., 2015; Dmour et al., 2014; Schramm-Klein and
Wagner, 2014; Hung et al., 2012) defines continuance intention as consumers post-purchase
 re-engagement in m-shopping activities. Confirmation of expectations regarding m-Shopping
convenience influences intention for continued use. Perceived convenience is an among young
important mechanism through which users develop their continuance intentions. consumers
Consumption experience
According to Holbrook and Hirschman (1982), consumption experience consists of three
aspects: intention to use, activities involved in consumption, and mental events surrounding 933
the act of consumption. Using a mobile device costs users mental and physical energy in
terms of operating keypad and surfing a mobile website. Consumption experiences are
created in the minds of consumers, who in turn evaluate, engage in actions and form future
intentions about the consumption activity. The current study focuses on the consumption
experience operationalized as a measure of behaviour outcome such as future patronage
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intention (Mathwick et al., 2001), intention to revisit (Demangeot and Broderick, 2007),
and amount of time and money spent (Donovan and Rossiter, 1982).

m-Shopping convenience
Websters Dictionary defines convenience as anything that adds to ones comfort or saves
work; useful, handy or helpful device, article, service, etc. (Ling et al., 2013). Convenience
can be defined as consumers perceptions of time and effort involved in using a mobile
device (Berry et al., 2002). Convenience can be defined as an effortless and efficient shopping
experience (Wolfinbarger and Gilly, 2001). Literature on retail convenience emphasised time
and effort convenience as most crucial elements (Seiders et al., 2007). Convenience (Vandana
and Deepak, 2016) is defined as ease of usage of tool, which enhances and allows easy
payments, completion of shopping task, getting the products delivered, saves time and
energy which is required for the shopping process. These benefits particularly in terms of
costs are of a significant value when consumer is under pressure (Beatty and Smith 1987).
Berry et al. (2002) defined shopping convenience in terms of cognitive, physical, and
psychological efforts. Seiders et al. (2007) defined shopping convenience as fast and easy to
access, select and process transactions. Time saving relates to waiting time (Gehrt and
Yale, 1993) while effort saving refers to cognitive, physical, and psychological inputs
associated with purchase (Berry et al., 2002). Literature on service quality identified ease of
use, depth and quality of information, interactivity and security as convenience factors in
virtual shopping (Parasuraman et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2005). Jih (2007) argued that
transaction and operational convenience impact consumers online shopping intentions.
Colwell et al. (2008) developed a multi-dimension service convenience scale in the context of
smartphones. Koo et al. (2008) and Yang et al. (2005) found visual design, information
quality, and service delivery convenience resulting in customer satisfaction. Beauchamp
and Ponder (2010) differentiated offline and online customers based on access, search,
transaction, and possession convenience and found access and search convenience to be
more important compared to transaction convenience for online shoppers. In virtual
environments, some research contends that convenience is the most crucial benefit.
Although shopping convenience is of strategic importance, research scholars have
carried relatively less empirical study to examine the dimensions of convenience of
m-shopping. The importance of shopping convenience necessitates an urgent need for
managers to understand and focus on those convenience attributes that are considered most
important for shopping on a mobile phone. Based on the literature review, the current study
proposes a framework (Figure 1) that incorporates search, evaluation, transaction,
possession, and post-purchase convenience for different phases of a purchase cycle as
antecedents influencing consumption experience and continuation usage intention of
shopping on a mobile phone.
 IJRDM Search
45,9 convenience H1a*
H1b*

Evaluation H2a
Consumption
convenience
H2b* experience

934
H3a
Transaction
convenience
H3b

H4a* Continuance
Possession
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usage
convenience intention
H4b
H5a

H5b*
Post
purchase
convenience
Figure 1.
Proposed model tested
Note: *Denotes supported hypothesis

Search convenience
Search convenience refers to the benefit in terms of availability of information with least
effort and time (Yu-Min et al., 2016). Channel that provides useful and precise information is
perceived as convenient (Avery, 1996). Consumers generally are more comfortable when a
channel provides information with least expending of effort and time for search of product
or service information (Hardy, 1982; Moorthy et al., 1997; Verhoef et al., 2007). Consumers
would avoid a channel if search cost in terms of time and effort is perceived to be high
(Verhoef et al., 2007). A channel that is perceived to be more comprehensive to process
information influences consumers preference ( Jepsen, 2007; Noble et al., 2005). A digital
platform presents information in the form of text, tables, graphs, photos, audios, and videos
which makes it more comprehensive, thereby enriching the search experience. Loiacono
et al. (2007) showed a strong link between information convenience and revisit intention.
Thus, the following hypotheses are proposed:
H1a. A positive relationship exists between search convenience and consumption
experience.
H1b. A positive relationship exists between search convenience and intention to continue
shopping on a mobile phone.

Evaluation convenience
Evaluation or decision convenience referred to as choice convenience relates to consumers
perceptions of the time and effort associated with making a decision for choices about a
product among competing alternatives (Alicia et al., 2014). Litan and Rivlin (2001) suggest
that benefits pertain mostly to improved consumer convenience and expanded choices.
Smartphones with advanced technologies such as mobile phone apps allow consumers to
easily access, identify, compare and order products, and create shopping lists through
user-friendly interface and quick response codes. Thus, mobile retail scenario allows
consumers to create a virtual shopping list, access a virtual shopping assistant, search,
query, compare, and purchase products/services, and share information on the purchase
 experience through social networks. These mobile phone apps are convenient and have a m-Shopping
perceived value in terms of consumption experience (Kang et al., 2015). Digital technology among young
allows for display of products in a comprehensive manner for consumers to evaluate consumers
options, thereby influencing channel choice (Morales et al., 2005). Consumers have the option
to customise their requirement (Liao et al., 2005) which results in perceived evaluation
convenience. Display of products features and customised services influences purchase
intention (Tong et al., 2012). Customised option provides convenience (Ko et al., 2009; 935
Park, 2014) leading to positive consumption experience and intention to continue shopping
on a mobile phone. Thus, this study proposes the following hypotheses:
H2a. A positive relationship exists between evaluation convenience and consumption
experience.
H2b. A positive relationship exists between evaluation convenience and intention to
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continue shopping on a mobile phone.

Transaction convenience
Transaction convenience entails consumers perceived expenditure of time and effort to
make a transaction, which typically involves payment (Alicia et al., 2014). Transaction
security and lack of privacy leads to financial risk associated with transactions of money
(Bendapudi and Leonard, 1997) which significantly influence channel choice. Wu and
Wang (2006) found privacy and security to be critical factors for m-shopping. Risk, involved
in mobile monetary transactions, is the major barrier in adoption of mobile marketing
(Ng, 2016; Gao et al., 2015; Gro, 2015). Security concern is important in deterring customer
from using m-commerce. Clearly, customers have a tendency to use m-commerce if the
system is fully protected. People are concerned about unwanted disclosure or misuse of
private information. Considering the whole path to purchase, the transaction-processing risk
seems to be most critical in situations when the payment transaction is interrupted due to
unstable or limited internet access. This may induce consumer to transaction-processing
risk having a negative influence on consumers intention to continue m-shopping.
The privacy and security of mobile transactions performed by using smartphones for
marking purchases will consequently prevent consumer from m-shopping on a regular basis
(Gao et al., 2015; Lai et al., 2012). The study proposes the following hypotheses:
H3a. A positive relationship exists between transaction convenience and consumption
experience.
H3b. A positive relationship exists between transaction convenience and intention to
continue shopping on a mobile phone.

Possession convenience
Possession convenience refers to effort required for making a purchase to obtain desired
products or amend a transaction (Ling et al., 2013). Purchase effort involves consumers costs
in terms of time and difficulty associated with purchase of product on a specific channel
(Bhatnagar and Ratchford, 2004). Consumers choose that channel which facilitates buying
and possession convenience. Consumers may not prefer a channel if they perceive this process
to be too complex, particularly if they lack the necessary resources to perform the task (Park
and Kim, 2003). Furthermore, a consumer can physically inspect a product in retail store and
then place the order on a mobile phone. Easy and fast settlement of transaction and
possession assistance is associated with purchase/possession convenience (Forsythe et al.,
2006; Schrder and Zaharia, 2008). Possession convenience and assistance influences channel
choice ( Johnson et al., 2006; Laukkanen, 2007). While finalising a purchase decision consumer
 IJRDM often want affirmation in form of feedback. Smartphone offers the opportunity to share
45,9 information efficiently (Carlson and Zmud, 1999) to get assurance about the choice.
Ease with which assurance and endorsement on purchase decision can be acquired influence
channel prefers (Forsythe and Shi, 2003). Thus, the following hypotheses are proposed:
H4a. A positive relationship exists between possession convenience and consumption
experience.
936 H4b. A positive relationship exists between possession convenience and intention to
continue shopping on a mobile phone.

Post-purchase convenience
Hausman and Siekpe (2009) study reported responsive customer service as a crucial
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antecedent for intention to revisit or avoidance a channel. Responsive service like prompt
and accurate after sales service and guidance influences shopping experience (Chen and
Dibb, 2010). Smartphone is the most interactive platform (Ko et al., 2005) in terms of human
message interaction and human-human interaction. The real-time tracking system
provides the advantage of service delivery as promised (Srinivasan et al., 2002). Consumers
can easily mail or call helpline to notify service failure on the spot. Customers get immediate
service assistance through helpline number or personal assistance on a mobile phone
(Chiang and Liao, 2012). Thus, the following hypotheses are proposed:
H5a. A positive relationship exists between post-purchase convenience and
consumption experience.
H5b. A positive relationship exists between post-purchase convenience and intention to
continue shopping on a mobile phone.

Methodology
Frame of respondents
The current study aims to identify convenience factors that influence consumption experience
and intention to continue shopping on a mobile phone. The average m-shopper is typically a
young, well-educated, price-conscious consumer who values convenience of m-shopping
( Jih, 2007; Jih and Lee, 2003). Their experience of online shopping is due to their high affinity for
mobile phones (Bigne et al., 2005). Old consumer seems to be reluctant in using m-shopping as it
demands cognitive ability to learn new technology (Venkatesh et al., 2012). Therefore, the
current study concentrates on young consumers who exhibit high usage of mobile internet.
The study was carried out on students between 20 and 30 years of age using a survey method
for two months (November and December 2015). The study was conducted in the National
Capital Region of India due to its large and diverse population. A purposive sampling technique
was used to contact 400 respondents. Respondents were asked a screening question to
determine if they had prior experience of m-shopping. Respondents were requested to indicate
their response on a Likert scale with 5 as strongly agree to 1 as strongly disagree. The final
response used for analysis was 380 resulting in 95 per cent response rate. In total, 62.4 per cent
of the respondents were male while 37.6 per cent were female. In all, 46.1 per cent of respondents
used mobile phones for services, 34.9 per cent used for purchase of electronic items and books
while remaining 19 per cent used for purchase of fashion items and accessories.

Measurement instrument
A structured questionnaire was developed that comprised primarily closed questions to
collect data. The questionnaire had two parts. First part addressed the demographic
 questions while the second part addressed the main questions pertaining to research m-Shopping
objective. Holbrook and Hirschmans (1982) consumption experience scale was adopted. among young
Bhattacherjees (2001) scale was adopted for continued usage intention. Jiang et al.s (2013) consumers
convenience scale was used. Respondents were asked to indicate the products/services they
purchase on mobile channel. In this study, all constructs were measured using reflective
indicators. The indicators to measure each of the constructs were adopted from the previous
studies after verifying the suitability in the contextual setting and wherever required few 937
items in the questionnaire were modified based on a pre-test. Measurement scale can be seen
in the Appendix.

Results
Measurement model
The partial least squares (PLS) approach is a latent structural equation modelling technique
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(Lohmoller, 1989) used to analyse the data that might not have a multivariate normal
distribution. It is used for a small sample size (Chin, 1998) and for the analysis of
measurement and structural model simultaneously. PLS structural equation model seems
most appropriate when the research context is in the early stage and has not been examined
extensively (Gefen et al., 2011; Hair et al., 2011, 2013). This approach was preferred as
m-shopping research is still in its infancy stage. As suggested by MacKenzie and
Podsakoff (2012), the study considered common method bias by sequencing the order of
questions appropriately.

Measurement model validation

The measurement model was evaluated by a reliability and validity test. Cronbachs value
for all variables exceeded the minimum cut-off level of 0.70 (Hair et al., 2010). Composite
reliability for each latent variable was greater than 0.80, while AVE was greater than 0.50.
This indicates strong reliability and convergent validity as shown in Table I. The diagonal
values in parentheses were greater than the entries in corresponding rows and columns,
indicating discriminate validity as shown in Table II.

Structural model
The structural model was tested by examining path coefficients, t-statistics, and R2 value.
Table III and Figure 1 summarise results of the structural model test. Each hypothesis was
tested by checking the statistical significance of the path coefficients ( ) between each latent
variable and the dependent variable (Hyun and Luis, 2015). Out of ten paths examined,
five paths were found to be significant. Search, evaluation, transaction, possession and post-
purchase convenience explained 37 per cent of the variance in consumption experience and
33 per cent of the variance in continuance usage intention of m-shopping. Search convenience is
significantly and positively related to consumption experience ( 0.31, t 5.26, pW0.001)
and continuance intention ( 0.15, t 2.23, pW0.05) thus supporting H1a and H1b. These

Constructs Average variance extracted Composite reliability Cronbachs

Search convenience 0.6171 0.9059 0.8767

Evaluation convenience 0.5496 0.907 0.883
Transaction convenience 0.5505 0.8303 0.7293
Possession convenience 0.5942 0.8541 0.7734
Post-purchase convenience 0.5885 0.8771 0.8256 Table I.
Consumption experience 0.7169 0.8351 0.6051 Composite
Continuance usage intention 0.7551 0.8604 0.678 reliability and AVE
 Downloaded by UNIVERSITAS TRISAKTI At 03:32 19 September 2017 (PT)

45,9

938

Table II.
IJRDM

discriminant validity
Correlation matrix and
Search Evaluation Transaction Possession Post-purchase Consumption Continuance usage
AVE convenience convenience convenience convenience convenience experience intention

Search convenience 0.6171 1

Evaluation convenience 0.5496 0.09 1
Transaction convenience 0.5505 0.08 0.19 1
Possession convenience 0.5942 0.37 0.34 0.02 1
Post-purchase convenience 0.5885 0.04 0.12 0.55 0.02 1
Consumption experience 0.7169 0.46 0.25 0.03 0.53 0.01 1
Continuance usage intention 0.7551 0.11 0.34 0.30 0.12 0.47 0.03 1
Notes: Diagonal entries (in italics) represent the square root of the AVE values. All other entries represent the correlation coefficients
 Path t Sig Hypotheses supported
m-Shopping
among young
H1a: Search convenience consumption experience 0.311 5.264 ** Supported consumers
H1b: Search convenience continuance usage intention 0.153 2.237 * Supported
H2a: Evaluation convenience consumption experience 0.084 1.287 ns Not
H2b: Evaluation convenience continuance usage intention 0.277 5.033 ** Supported
H3a: Transaction convenience consumption experience 0.056 0.631 ns Not
H3b: Transaction convenience continuance usage intention 0.007 0.096 ns Not 939
H4a: Possession convenience consumption experience 0.384 5.095 ** Supported
H4b: Possession convenience continuance usage intention 0.097 1.671 ns Not
H5a: Post-purchase convenience consumption experience 0.033 0.527 ns Not Table III.
H5b: Post-purchase convenience continuance usage intention 0.441 5.927 ** Supported Path coefficient and
Notes: *p o0.05; **p o 0.001 hypotheses test
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findings are in line with Xu and Paulinss (2005) research finding which found that web page
design, navigation and information searching convenience, boost consumers to buy.
Likewise, evaluation convenience was significant and positively related to continuance
usage intention ( 0.27, t 5.03, p W0.001). Thus, H2b is supported. That is, the higher
the evaluation convenience, the greater the intention to continue usage of m-shopping.
Personalised and localised promotion while on move comes as a special treat to mobile
phone users ( Jones and Issroff, 2007) that facilitates their evaluation decision. Such features
offer a sense of achievement (Babin et al., 1994). Similarly possession convenience is positively
related to consumption experience ( 0.38, t 5.09, pW0.001) thus supporting H4a.
Consumers experience a feeling of joy, and pleasure from m-shopping as they can easily
download websites on their mobile phone (Chinomona, 2013). Again, post-purchase
convenience is significantly and positively related to continuance usage intention ( 0.44,
t 5.92, po0.001). Thus, H5b is supported.
However, there is no significant and positive relation between evaluation, transaction
and post-purchase convenience with consumption experience. Thus H2a, H3a and H5a
are not supported, suggesting that evaluation, transaction and post-purchase convenience
are not related to consumption experience. This may be due to the fact that these
convenience matter more for the high involved product category which requires cognitive
and elaborate consideration. High involved products which are priced high and purchased
less frequently necessitate evaluation, transaction and post-purchase convenience like
physical verification, transaction security and post-purchase physical assistance in form of
installation and maintenance. For the high involved product category like consumer
durables, a channel that offers evaluation, transaction and possession convenience will
encourage customer to continue purchasing from that channel. It is also found that
transaction and possession convenience are not related to continuance usage intention.
Thus H3b and H4b are not supported. Jiang et al. (2013) concluded that customers need all
kinds of convenience while shopping. Today consumers have more options to shop like
retail store, teleshopping, online shopping, etc. Hence, there is likelihood that a consumer
will like to exercise his right to purchase from multiple channels. Therefore, channel
managers cannot expect consumers to continue shopping from a single channel. Hence,
channel managers need to be cognizant of a good fit between convenience factors across
different purchase cycles for different product categories.

Discussion
As per the study findings, search convenience is found to significantly impact consumption
experience and also consumers continuation usage of m-shopping. The result supports the
research finding (Lee and Kim, 2008; Sen et al., 2006) that consumers find mobile platform
 IJRDM comparatively easy and quick to find the required information. The study results confirm
45,9 with Kollmann et al. (2012) findings that search convenience attracts consumer to a
particular channel. The study results indicate search convenience as the most influential
factor significantly related to consumption experience and continuation usage
intention. While evaluation convenience was significantly related to continuation usage
intention but not to consumption experience. This may possibly be because consumers are
940 more comfortable to use mobile phone for information search than for purchase.
Interestingly, if there is a high level of convenience in pre-purchase activities like
information search and evaluation of alternatives, it results in continuation usage intention.
Mobile phones facilitate pre-purchase activities such as checking out on product
availability, finding a discount offer, and evaluating alternatives particularly for low
involvement product. This imply that consumers are still reticent to engage in m-purchasing
specifically for high involvement products.
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As per the study findings, transaction convenience had no significant relation to

consumption experience and continuation usage intention. This is similar to Verhoef et al.s
(2007) findings that consumers find it less risky to purchase in real store than on digital
platform. Consumer often discontinue m-shopping due to privacy and security concerns.
This finding is consistent with Wu and Wangs (2006) study that found privacy protection
and perceived risk to influence intention to use m-shopping. Findings also indicate that
purchase and post-purchase convenience are not significantly related to consumption
experience and continuation usage intention, respectively. As per vor and Hennig-Thuraus
(2014) study, m-shopping is still a new approach to many consumers for purchasing goods
and services. Kneevi et al. (2015) found that availability of information, product and
service (search and evaluation convenience) are main values of mobile phone applications.
As per a Google survey, 42 per cent cited convenience as a major motivating factor for
shopping on smartphones (Google Shopper Marketing Council, 2013) which support the
results of this study.

Theoretical implications
This study enhances our understanding of how consumers perceptions of channel convenience
across different purchase stages influence their channel choice. This study extends the
applicability of expectancy confirmation model to explore the relationships among various
convenience factor and consumption experience and continuation usage of m-shopping.
Additionally, this study provides an in-depth understanding of the various convenience factors
underlying consumption experience and continuation usage of m-shopping.

Managerial implications
Superior customer experience is becoming the motto of all channels. This study seems to be
the most appropriate piece of work to provide insights on how to provide convenience
across various purchase cycles for an excellent m-shopping experience. Thus, this study
aims to identify convenience factors contributing to consumption experience and
continuance usage intention. Concentrating on m-shopping continuance usage intention,
contribution of the study to literature is therefore remarkable since m-shopping world over
is still in its infancy (Nielsen, 2013).
The results indicated that search, evaluation, transaction, possession and post-purchase
convenience differently influence consumption experience and continuance usage intention
of m-shopping. As per the study result, evaluation convenience influenced continuance
usage intention for m-shopping. Customised and easy-to-understand product descriptions
on smartphone results in evaluation convenience. Mobile phone as a channel should focus
on improving consumption experience, for example, display of products in 3-D presenting
or animations. Due to 3G and 4G technology, selection of product based on detailed
 information is now becoming possible at just one touch on a smartphone. Text, graphics, m-Shopping
and video presentation of features enhances the evaluation of a product on a mobile among young
platform. A mobile platform should offer dynamic drop-down menus with multiple layers of consumers
information and walk-through tours featuring avatar to guide and assist consumer while
navigation on mobile channel. The design of the website should be simple with a visualised
map featuring a quick and automatic sorting and classification based on user command to
enhance sorting with minimise efforts. A user-friendly website makes navigation easy with 941
less cognitive effort and time. Instantaneous customer feedback and peer reviews provide
the advantage of effortless evaluation within no time before finalising and placing order.
The mobile recommender systems can assist consumers based on shopping preferences,
location, shopping list, shopping history and browsing behaviour.
According to Cheng et al. (2006), consumers perception on risk is a useful predictor of m-
commerce adoption intention. Features like certified encryption, multi-tier authentication,
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real-time PIN generation, assurance of secure transactions by sending confirmation code

and adopting privacy and security policies, and indemnifying consumers in case of fraud
can prove useful.
Mobile handset with up-to-date technologies such as fingerprint recognition, digital
wallets, heartbeat rate, retinal recognition and other sophisticated technologies would
attract and retain more consumers to mobile platforms. M-vendors need to pay attention to
legal and technological assurance, safe transaction and provisions for refunds and return
guarantees (Khalifa and Shen, 2008; Wu and Wang, 2006; Zhou, 2013). Simple and flexible
payment methods can improve transaction convenience.
The findings of the study indicated possession convenience influenced consumption
experience. This is because the online check-out process does not have the hassle of lengthy
queues. Timely, accurate and personalised services assistance through interactive videos
(Pan, 2014) can be provided to customers as a retention strategy. Furthermore, results
suggest that post-purchase convenience influence continuation usage of m-shopping.
The convenience factors like easy tracking of product movement, cancellation, etc., can
make this channel attractive. An innovative method of tracking customers transaction
history and linking to location-based promotions incentives would entice consumer to this
channel. Facility to monitor on-time delivery and service quality can enhance post-purchase
convenience. In an event of incomplete orders or damaged products, a special app should be
designed and made handy for addressing such issues.
Managers should understand and assist consumers by addressing convenience in each
stage of the purchase cycle. For example, managers can provide updated information
regarding product availability, user-friendly price and product comparison tools, and mobile
phone based applications to help consumers check for product availability. Customers
should be educated and made aware of smartphone features like global positioning system
and radio service system that provide location-specific information, services, special offers
and customised discounts (Cherian and Rudrapatna, 2013).
In order to expand the loyal customer base, retailers need to consider how to improve
convenience in each purchase stage. The most frequently purchased products/services on
mobile phones as per the study results were accessories, electronic, other routine items like
tickets and services. This may be due to the fact that customers are already familiar with
these product categories and possibly because such category does not require elaborate
search, planning or cognition consideration. Smartphone and tablets as pocket size devices
are controlled by finger touch. From ergonomic and technological point of reference,
smartphones can provide more personal and interactive shopping experience. As customers
find value in m-shopping their spending and purchase on this platform will increase,
hence retailers should prioritise their investment on supporting and expanding this channel
more specifically for routine or low involvement product. Policy should be made not to
 IJRDM impose surcharge fee for making payment on mobile phones. Based on the study results, it
45,9 can be concluded that managers need to understand and provide superior customer
convenience across different purchase cycles to ensure mobile phones emerge as a
successful shopping platform. Hung et al. (2012, p. 30) suggest understanding consumer
behaviour is critical for successful management and development of m-shopping.
This study therefore will be of great use to the practitioners aiming to revolutionise the
942 shopping experience on smartphones.

Limitation and future research

The study had few limitations, which in turn suggest avenues for further research.
This study used student population aged between 20 and 30 years, thereby limiting
generality of the results. Future research might replicate the study in other countries and on
other age groups. Moderating influence of demographic and psychographic can be tested in
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future study. The extrinsic factor like buying situation can be investigated as a mediator for
future research.

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Appendix. Description of variables

Search convenience
Mobile phone is a user-friendly platform for making purchases.
Navigation on a mobile phone is easy and comfortable.
Mobile phone helps me to find desired products quickly.
The product classification is easy to follow.
Mobile phone provides sufficient information on different goods/services within the same category.

Evaluation convenience
On a mobile phone, I am able to compare goods/services of different brands.
I am able to find information about goods/services on various search sites simultaneously.
Mobile phone helps me to view information on goods/services in both text and graphics for
better understanding.

Transaction convenience
Payment through a mobile phone is simple and convenient.
Mobile phone offers payment flexibility with different payment options.
I am able to review my order before finalising and payment.
I feel safe to do transactions on a mobile phone*.
 Possession convenience m-Shopping
Goods/services delivered are undamaged. among young
I received all the goods/services ordered.
Goods/services delivery is timely.
consumers
The prices of delivered goods/services are identical to those on the ordered.

Post-purchase convenience
It takes little effort to return unwanted goods/services. 949
It takes little effort to cancel unwanted goods/services.
My personal information is not misused.
I am able to provide feedback after consumption of goods/services.

Continued usage intention

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I intend to continue doing m-shopping than other approach.

I intend to continue doing m-shopping rather than discontinue it.

Consumption experience
In future, I will invest more time on m-shopping.
In future, I will invest more money on m-shopping.
In future, I will frequently use m-shopping.

Corresponding author
Sabita Mahapatra can be contacted at: [email protected]

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