Castor Oil Report Preview Ebook

Preview of Comprehensive Castor Oil Report
A report on castor oil & castor oil derivatives
(Updated – May 2010)
CastorOil.in
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Web: www.castoroil.in
CastorOil.in Comprehensive Castor Oil Report Preview 2
An Invaluable Guide to the Castor Oil and Castor Oil Derivatives Industry
Castor oil is possibly the plant oil industry’s most underappreciated asset. It is one of the most
versatile of plant oils, being used in over ten diverse industries. Owing to its unique chemical
structure, castor oil can be used as the starting material for producing a wide range of end- end
products. The plant itself requires relatively less fertilizers, pesticides, water and maintenance
than most other cultivated crops, and it can grow in marginal land. With so many unique u
advantages, one would expect the castor crop to be widely grown world over. Strangely, it is
not so.
This is all set to change, as many companies, entrepreneurs and governments are waking up to
the potential of the castor crop, castor oil and castor oil derivatives. In the past few years alone,
a number of countries which have little or no land under castor cultivation have started making
serious exploratory efforts at growing castor. A number of companies are doing cutting edge
research on the use off castor to produce bioplastics and biopolymers such as polyurethane,
nylon and more. With the increasing use of biolubricants and bio bio-greases,
greases, castor oil is emerging
as the preferred feedstock choice, owing to the already prevalent applications of castor oil
derivatives for these purposes.
These accelerated research and commercial efforts in castor oil require a comprehensive
information support resource that will ensure that all the relevant and critical information on
the product, industry and market arare
e available to the relevant entities. The Comprehensive
Castor Oil Report was developed in order to satisfy this clear need.
The Comprehensive Castor Oil Report is the most detailed report dealing with all aspects of the
castor oil industry. The report fo
focuses
cuses on providing detailed insights on the following aspects:
• detailed inputs on the technology and processes for producing all

Production major castor oil derivatives
Market • inputs on the key end

end-user market segments
segments
Cultivation • extensive details on the critical aspects of castor crop cultivation
Companies • profiles and details on the leading companies in this industry
The objective of the Comprehensive Castor Oil Report is to facilitate tangible steps for a castor
oil venture. The emphasis hence is on providing practical data, updates and insights.
www.castoroil.in - Home of Castor Oil

The report has been developed with over three years of in-depth research, and has been
developed with inputs from castor oil industry experts, chemical engineering researchers, and
professionals who have been constantly interacting with the castor oil industry for over a
decade.
The Comprehensive Castor Oil Report will be an invaluable guide to those keen on venturing
into an industry with exciting future potential.

Chapter 1 Castor Oil Manufacturing

The production process for the basic grades of castor oil are well known and well established.
There are however a number of innovative processes and emerging technologies for the
production of value added castor oil chemicals and derivatives. This chapter provides detailed
inputs on the production processes of castor oil, its basic grades and for a diverse range of
castor oil based derivatives and chemicals.
Key Sections
1.1 Key Manufacturing Processes for Castor Oil & Derivatives

1.1.1 Castor Oil Manufacturing Processes – Summary
• Castor Oil Extraction – Summary
• Castor Oil Filtration & Purification - Summary
• Castor Oil Refining - Summary
• Production of Castor Oil Grades & Derivative Chemicals - Summary
1.1.2 Castor Oil & Derivatives Manufacturing Processes – Details
1.1.2.1 Castor Oil Extraction – Details
• Pre-extraction – Seed Cleaning & Preparation
o Seed Cleaning
o Drying, Heating & Conditioning
o Shelling / Dehulling & Winnowing
o Milling & Grinding
• Oil Extraction
o Oil Yield from Different Oil Seeds
• Pressing / Expelling
o Expellers - Old Method
o Expellers - New Methods
o Manual Presses
o Motor Driven Expellers
• Large Scale Oil Expellers
o Single Chamber & Double Chamber Oil Expellers
o Double Chamber Design Oil Expeller
o Typical Features of Presses / Oil Expellers
o Special Facilities in New Expellers
• Solvent Extraction
1.1.2.2 Castor Oil Filtration – Details
• Filtration
o Filter Press
o Plate Filter Presses
o Features of Filter Presses
• Clarification

• Sedimentation
• Centrifugation
1.1.2.3 Castor Oil Refining – Details
• The Refining Process
o Degumming
o Neutralization
o De-waxing
o Bleaching & Deodourizing
1.1.2.4 Typical Sections & Sub-sections of Castor Oil Refinery Plants
1.1.2.5 Castor Oil Grades & Derivatives Production
• Details of Manufacture for Specific Castor Oil Grades & Derivatives
1.2 Indicative Costs for Setting up Small and Medium Scale Castor Oil & Derivatives
Manufacturing Plants
Production Process for Dehydrated Castor Oil

S
A Dehydrated Castor Oil
M
P Castor oil has only one double bond in each fatty acid chain and so is classified as non-
L drying oil. However, it can be dehydrated to give semi-drying or drying oil which is used
extensively in paints and varnishes. Being a polyhydroxy compound, its hydroxyl
E
functionality can be reduced through dehydration or increased by inter-esterification
with a polyhydric alcohol.
T
O It must be noted that coatings that incorporate castor oil alone will never achieve
P complete cure through oxidative cross-linking as do coatings that contain oil with
I multiple double bonds in their fatty acid components. For this reason, dehydrated
C castor oil assumes special significance.
The dehydration process is carried out at about 250oC in the presence of catalysts (e.g.,
concentrated sulphuric acid, activated earth) and under an inert atmosphere or
vacuum. Under this condition of dehydration, the hydroxyl group and adjacent
hydrogen atom from the C-11 or C-13 position of the ricinoleic acid portion of the
molecule is removed as water. This yields a mixture of two acids, each containing two
double bonds but in one case, they are conjugated. The presence of an acid containing
conjugated double bonds results in an oil resembling tung oil in some of its properties.
Thus, castor oil, which is non-drying, can be treated and converted into a semi-drying or
drying oil known as dehydrated castor oil.

Details of manufacturing the following castor oil grades & derivatives are also
explained in this chapter
• Industrial / Commercial Castor Oil

• First Special Grade Castor Oil
• Cold Pressed Castor Oil
• Pale Pressed Castor Oil
• Pharma Grade Castor Oil
• Hydrogenated Castor Oil
• Sulfonated Castor Oil
• Blown Castor Oil
• Ricinoleic Acid
• 12-HSA
• Methyl 12-HSA
• Sebacic Acid
• Undecylenic Acid
• Methyl Ricinoleate
• Methyl Undecylenate
• 2-Octanol
• Heptaldehyde, Heptanoic Acid & Heptyl Alcohol

Chapter 2 Castor Oil Market

The end user market for castor oil and castor oil derivatives is already quite diverse. With new
applications of castor oil being explored, especially in areas such as pharmaceuticals and
biopolymers / bioplastics, these end user markets for castor oil and its derivatives are
expected to expand significantly over the next few years. This chapter provides insights into
the characteristics and dynamics of the castor oil, chemicals and derivatives markets,
supported by rich data and analysis. A detailed demand-supply analysis of the key castor oil
chemicals and derivatives is also provided.
Key Sections
2.1 The Castor Oil Market

• Characteristics of Castor Seed and Oil Market
• Market Influencing Factors in Castor Trade
2.2 Supply & Demand of Castor Oil
2.2.1 Castor Oil Supply Data
• Castor Seed and Castor Oil Data – 2005-06
• How much castor oil do the minor suppliers produce?
• Castor Supply Data for 2006-2007 – Facts & Points
• The US Supply Scenario
2.2.2 Demand & Consumption of Castor Oil
2.3 Indian Castor Oil Industry
2.3.1 Castor Oil Exports - Historical Scenario
2.3.2 Castor Oil Exports - Current Scenario
2.3.3 Castor Seed Production & Acreage in India
• Castor Growing Areas in India & its Production
• Major Trading Centers of Castor in India
• Indian Castor Seed Production Statistics for 2006-07
2.3.4 India-wide Data from Castor Crop Survey 2007-08
2.3.5 Cropping Season in India
2.3.6 Castor Cultivation & Yields in India – Points
2.3.7 India’s Status in the Global Castor Oil Industry
2.4 Demand-Supply Estimates for Castor Oil Derivatives
2.4.1 Current Demand-supply Estimates for the Various Grades of Castor Oil and
Derivatives
2.4.2 Future Demand-supply Estimates for the Various Grades of Castor Oil and
Derivatives
• Growth of Key End-User Segments
• Growth Prospects for Bio-based Products
• Demand-Supply Estimates

Demand & Consumption of Castor Oil

S
A The major consumer countries of castor oil with their annual consumption figures
M (in Metric Tons) – 2006-07
P
Oct-
L Sep Oct- Oct- Oct- Oct- Oct- Jan- Jan-
E 09/10 Sep Sept Sept Sept Sept Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Jan-Dec Dec Dec
F 08/09 07/08 06/07 05/06 04/05 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
T France 2.0* 3.4* 24.0* 3.0* 4.0 * 15.0* 0.7* 22.0* 2.0* 2.5* 9.0*
O Germa
ny 1.5* 2.0* 2.0* 1.5* 1.5* 1.0* 2.0* 1.6* 0.8* 1.5* 1.0*
P
U.K 0.1* 0.1* 0.1* 0.1* 0.1* 0.1* 0.1* 0.1* 0.1* 0.1* 0.1*
I
EU-27 3.6* 5.5 * 26.1* 4.6* 5.6* 16.1* 2.8* 23.7* 2.9* 4.1* 10.1*
C
Russia 0.4* 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3* 0.4* 0.5* 0.4* 0.5* 0.1*
U.S.A 9.0* 13.1 11.8* 8 16.3 17 10 17.7 16.7 20.5 13
Brazil 3.0* 3.0* 8.0* 2.0* 8.3* 8.0* 1.0* 4.0* 1.0* 6.2* 10.9*
China,P
R 13.0* 11.0* 15.0* 8.0* 11.0* 9.0* 16.0* 6.0* 9.0* 14.0* 9.0*
India 20.0* 27.0* 8.0* 9.0* 24.0* 9.0* 15.7* 15.0* 3.0* 3.0* 8.0*
Japan(c
) 4.0* 2.8 5.7 2 2.7 4.3 2.5 2.8 1 2.3 5
Other
Countri
es 1.7* 1.8* 1.5* 1.7* 1.5* 1.3* 5.4* 5.5* 5.4* 5.5* 5.6*
Total 54.3 64.2 76.1 35.3 69.4 64.7 53.4 74.7 38.9 55.6 61.5
Source: Oilworld
Note:* oilworld estimates
The leading countries in the list of imports of castor oil with their importing figures (2006-2007)
(All figures in 1000 Tons)
China 125
European Union (27) 114.7
USA 38
Japan 15
Thailand 14
Others 9.5

Future demand-supply estimates for the various grades of castor oil and
derivatives
Growth of Key End-User Segments
The major end-use industries for castor oil derivatives castor oil are:
• Lubricants & Greases

• Coatings
• Personal Care & Detergent
• Surfactants
• Oleochemicals
Growth of Key End-user Industry Segments for Castor Oil Derivatives
Industry % Growth (CAGR), based Potential

on 2005 data
Lubricants & Greases 2 44 million T by 2012
Coatings 4.9% -
(about 11% in Asia!)
Personal Care & 6% $375 billion by 2012
Detergent
Surfactants 4% $16.65 billion by 2012
Oleochemicals 4% 8.5 million T by 2012
Detailed information on castor oil market, castor oil production worldwide

and current and future demand- supply estimates of castor oil and its
derivatives are provided in this chapter. The chapter also talks in detail about
the castor industry in India.

Chapter 3 Castor Oil Chemicals & Derivatives

Castor oil derives its unique properties from its distinct chemical structure. Many of the
valuable derivatives of castor oil also owe their advantages to this unique structure. Data on
the chemical structure and composition of the derivative are crucial to determine its
suitability for specific applications and end uses. This chapter provides detailed inputs on the
chemical structures, compositions and properties of castor oil, its various grades, and the
diverse chemicals and derivatives.
Key Sections
3.1 Introduction
• Castor Plant Chemistry
• Summary List of Key Derivatives of Castor Oil
3.2 Properties & Chemical Composition of Castor Oil
• Castor Oil Chemistry and Composition
• Castor Oil Composition vs. Composition of Other Vegetable Oils
• Properties
3.3 Chemical, Physical Properties & Specifications of Castor Oil Grades & Derivatives
Chemical, Physical Properties & Specifications of Castor Oil Grades &

S Derivatives
A
M Commercial Grade Castor Oil
P
L Appearance Pale Dark Yellow
E Colour in 1” Cell, Y+5R Lovibond 30 units max.
Iodine Value 82 – 90
T
Saponification Value 177 – 187
O
P Hydroxyl Value 160 min.
I Acid Value 2.0 max.
C Moisture & Volatiles 0.50% max.
o
Specific Gravity @ 20 C 0.954 – 0.967

BP Grade Castor Oil
CAS No 8001-79-4
EINECS 292-293-8
Colour Nearly Colourless or Faintly Yellow
Relative Density at 20ºC 0.952-0.965
Moisture 0.3% max.
Iodine Value 82-90
Saponification Value 176-187
Acid Value 2.0 max.
Unsaponfiables w/w 0.8% max.
Optical Rotation between +3.5º and 6.0º
Hydroxyl Value 150 min.
Peroxide Value 5.0 max
Light Absorption 1.0 max
Detailed insights on unique properties of castor oil and its derivatives are
provided in this chapter.

Chapter 4 Castor Oil Prices

Castor oil and castor seeds are known for the volatility in their prices. Castor crop cultivators,
castor oil derivatives producers, and consumers have a critical need to factor in this price
volatility in their business modeling and planning. This chapter provides detailed inputs on
the historical prices and price variations of castor seeds and castor oil, and also an analysis of
factors that are responsible for this volatility.
Key Sections
4.1 Historical & Current Price Data for Castor Oil, Castor Seeds
• Castor Seed Prices
• Castor Oil Prices
• A Snapshot of Castor Seed, Castor Oil & Castor Cake Prices in Jul/Aug 2008 and Jan
2009
4.2 Castor Oil and Castor Seed Price Volatility
4.3 Factors that Affect Prices
• Characteristics of Castor Seed and Oil Market
• Market Influencing Factors in Castor Trade
4.4 Castor Oil Futures Market
S Historical & Current Price Data for Various Grades of Castor Oil, Castor
A Seeds
M
P Castor Oil Prices (average price for commercial grade) – US$/T, FOB Mumbai
L
E Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010
(Feb) (Jun) (Jan) (Jun) (Jan)
T Price 675 925 850 925 775 1025 1160 1350 1050 1104 1330
O
P
I
C

A Snapshot of Castor Seed, Castor Oil & Castor Cake Prices in Jul/Aug 2008
and Jan 2009
All castor products hit a record high in Jul/Aug 2008. A look at the average prices
below will tell the story.
All prices in US $ / Metric Ton, FOB India

Product Price
Castor seed 700
Castor oil 1500
Castor cake 110
Historical and current price details are provided for castor seed and oil.
This chapter also talks about price volatility in castor seed & oil and the
factors that affect prices and influence castor trade.

Chapter 5 Castor Cultivation

Compared to many other crops, castor crop requires relatively fewer inputs such as water,
fertilizers and pesticides. The crop can also be grown on marginal land, thus providing an
excellent opportunity for many regions of the world to utilize their land resources more
productively. At the same time, following proper procedures during sowing and maintenance
will result in much high crop yields than otherwise. In addition, use of high-yield hybrid
varieties also can have a positive effect on crop and seed yields. This chapter provides critical
inputs on all aspects of castor crop cultivation, maintenance and harvesting, with an
emphasis on the key success factors that will result in high yields.
Key Sections
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Castor Crop Sowing
• Soil
• Land Preparation
• Sowing
5.3 Castor Crop Growth
• Fertilizers
• Water
o Rainfall
o Irrigation
• Climate
• Crop Protection
o Pests that are Harmful to Castor Plant
o Weed Control
5.4 Castor Crop Harvest
5.5 Castor Cultivation Seasons
5.6 Hybrid Castor Seeds & Genetic Engineering of Castor Plant
• Castor Varities in India
• Castor Varities in Gujarat
• Development of Pistillate Lines
1
• Development of Promising Inbred Lines and Hybrids
International Germplasm Center
5.7 Yields for Castor Seeds and Castor Oil from Seed
• Castor Seed Yield
• FAO Data for castor seed yields (2006)
• Castor Oil Yield
5.8 Castor Cultivation FAQ

Castor Seed Varieties & Hybrids

S
A Some Short Term (annual) Varieties Tested in East Africa
M
Variety Time To Maturity
P
II23 7-10 Months
L
UC53 7-10 Months
E
Baker 44 5-7 Months
Baker 22 5-7 Months
T
Lynn 5-7 Months
O
P Advantages of annual varieties: Higher yield potential, seeds seldom shatter and have
I uniform hull strength and thickness.
C
Disadvantages of annual varieties: Pest susceptibility
Castor Cultivation FAQ
1. Why is castor an annual crop while it is actually a perennial?

2. Is harvesting done manually or is it automated?
3. Intercropping of castor with other plants?
4. What are the safety laws that are followed in the castor industry – especially in
areas where people come in contact with the seeds and/or castor meal?
5. Is spreading castor meal as fertilizer not a problem to those who spread it?
6. How resistant is the crop to salinity?
7. What are the fertilizers commonly used for castor crop cultivation?
8. Provide more details on castor meal as fertilizer
9. Is organic castor oil produced anywhere?
10. How is soil fertility maintained?
11. Is there a danger to the flora and fauna in the region owing to the toxicity of
castor beans?
This chapter explains in detail about castor crop cultivation and also provides
yield data under different soil and climatic conditions

Chapter 6 Castor Oil End-uses

The ever-expanding end uses of castor oil and its derivatives make it imperative for
businesses and companies to have an updated and comprehensive knowledge of the various
applications of each castor oil derivative. This chapter provides extensive details on the
current, emerging and future possible end-use applications of castor oil and its derivatives.
Special emphasis is given to providing real-life and exclusive data for niche applications such
as the use of castor oil to produce polyurethane, nylon 6 and nylon 11. A detailed evaluation
is also provided on the suitability of castor oil as a biodiesel feedstock.
Key Sections
6.1 Current End-uses for Castor Oil and Derivatives

6.1.1 End Uses – by Castor Oil Grade / Derivative
6.1.2 Castor Oil & Castor Oil Derivatives Uses – By Industry
• Agriculture
• Food
• Textile Chemicals
• Paper
• Plastics & Rubber
• Cosmetics & Perfumeries
• Electronics & Telecommunications
• Pharmaceuticals
• Paints, Inks & Additives
• Lubricants
• Bio-fuels
• Other End Products Where Castor Oil & Derivatives are Used
o Medicinal Uses of Castor Oil
Anti-cancer Drugs
Antifungal Drugs
Heart & Blood Pressure Drugs
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Protease Inhibitors
Organ Transplant Drugs
Use of Castor Oil to Encourage Onset of Labour
6.2 Future Possible End-uses and End User Industries for Castor Oil and Derivatives
6.2.1 Biopolymers and Castor oil
• Building Blocks for Polymers-based on Natural Oils
• Biopolymers in Durables
• Castor Oil Polyurethane
• Features of Castor Oil Based Polyurethane
• A Typical Polyurethane Formulation
• Nylon

• Castor Oil Derivatives for Other Plastics

• Research & Trends in Castor Oil Based Biopolymers
6.2.2 Castor Oil as a Feedstock for Biodiesel
• Can castor oil become an efficient bio-fuel and bio-diesel?
• Cost of Castor Oil
• Evaluation Table for Castor Oil as Biodiesel Candidate
• Preliminary Inference for “Can Castor Oil Make a Good Biodiesel?”
• Some useful research info on biodiesel from castor oil
6.2.3 Other Possible Future Uses
Current End Uses for Castor Oil & Derivatives

S
A 12-HSA
M
P 12 HSA is used in grease manufacture, plastics lubrication and as a raw material for the
L synthesis of more complex chemicals. It is used as a high hydroxyl castor based wax, as
E a wax ingredient.
T When reacted with an ester, 12 HSA provides a hard finish for the automotive and
small appliance industries.
O
P Both HCO and 12 HSA have enjoyed popularity with the growth of lithium complex
I greases, which are growing to be the largest segment of the grease market. These greases
C have excellent heat tolerance like the sodium greases and the water resistance of calcium
greases. The addition of 12 HSA enhances the overall performance with better texture,
improved heat stability and improved dropping points. It simplifies the grease
manufacturing process because it no longer requires milling and homogenization steps
that were normally used with lithium type greases.
12 HSA soaps are used in mineral oil-based multipurpose greases making it possible for
grease to fill the requirements of a variety of needs in the automotive and truck greases.
In cosmetics: 12 HSA may be used for gelling liquid petroleum to produce brilliance. It
may be incorporated into cold creams and vanishing creams to give a jelly-like feeling.
In paints: 12-HSA is reacted with acrylic esters to produce hard, durable thermosetting
polymers used in high-quality automotive, industrial appliance and metal decorative
finishes.
In rubbers: 12-HSA functions as an activator and internal lubricant for natural and
synthetic rubbers.

Nylon 11
The process to make Nylon 11 from castor oil is quite involved and includes several
reaction steps, but briefly, it is as follows:
Castor oil is converted to methyl ricinoleate by treatment with methyl alcohol. Methyl
ricinoleate is pyrolysed at high temperature yielding heptaldehyde, methyl
undecylenate and a small amount of fatty acids. Methyl undecylenate is hydrolysed to
produce undecylenic acid. When undecylenic acid is treated with hydrogen bromide in
a non-polar solvent in the presence of peroxide, reverse Markownikoff addition occurs
and the main product is x-bromoundecanoic acid. This is then treated with ammonia
to give x-aminoundecanoic acid, which is a crystalline solid. Aminoundecanoic acid is
the starting material for nylon-11.
Castor Oil Use in Cosmetics & Perfumeries
End Products Castor Products & Derivatives Used
a. Perfumery Products a. Castor Oil

b. Lipsticks b. Castor Oil Esters
c. Hair Tonics c. Undecylenic Acid
d. Shampoos d. Castor Wax
e. Polishes e. Zinc Ricinoleate
f. Emulsifiers f. Heptaldehyde
g. Deodorants g. Heptanoic Acid
h. Undecylenic Acid
i. Heptyl Alcohol
j. Ethyl Heptoate
k. Heptyl Acetate
The scope of applications and potential markets for castor oil and its
derivatives are explained in this chapter. Profiles of end users of castor oil
derivatives are given. In addition, this chapter also analyzes castor oil’s
suitability as a replacement for biodiesel.

Chapter 7 Castor Seeds

A number of research efforts have been initiated towards development of hybrid and high-
yield castor seeds. These efforts will be crucial in expanding the crop cultivation worldwide.
This chapter provides key inputs related to castor seeds, and has a special emphasis on
providing critical data that will be of special interest to those keen on exploring investing in
this industry – data related to prices, and inputs on castor seed varieties including trends in
hybrid castor seeds.
Key Sections
7.1 Introduction to Castor Seeds

7.2 Castor Seeds Production & Supplies
7.3 Castor Seeds Prices & Trends
7.4 Castor Seeds Packaging & Storing
7.5 Castor Seed Varieties
7.6 Castor Seed Factoids
Castor Seed Prices & Trends

S
A The average spot prices provided for specific months over a 3 year period to
demonstrate the increase and volatility in prices
M
P
Year Average Price ($ / T) Year Average Price ($ / T)
L 2005 May 400 2009 Mar 490
E 2005 Nov 330 2009 Jul 540
2006 Mar 340 2009 Nov 640
T 2006 Jul 340 2010 Mar 640
O 2006 Nov 400
P 2007 Mar 460
I 2007 Jul 480
C 2007 Nov 500
2008 Jan 510
2008 Mar 600
2008 Jul 700
2008 Nov 650
Apart from price details, this chapter also talks about castor seed production
and supplies in major countries for the past ten years.

Chapter 8 Castor Meal

Castor meal makes an excellent bio-fertilizer owing to its optimal composition of nutrients
(especially N-P-K). The toxicity in castor meal makes it unsuitable for use as animal feed, thus
resulting in a lower price for the meal while compared with prices of competing oilseed-meals
such as soymeal or rapeseed meal. This combination of high fertilizer value and a low price
has resulted in an ever increasing demand for castor meal from the organic fertilizer market
worldwide. This chapter provides details on composition, supply/demand, price data and
related commercials for castor meal.
Key Sections
8.1 Castor Meal Uses

8.2 Castor Meal Composition
8.3 Castor Meal Supply & Demand
8.4 Toxicity in Castor Meal
8.5 Energy Content in Castor Meal
8.6 Castor Meal – Other Points
Toxicity in Castor Meal

S
A The castor cake is mainly used as a fertilizer. It is unsuitable as an animal feed because
M of the presence of toxic protein called ricin and toxic allergen often referred to as CBA
P (castor bean allergen). However, it is noteworthy that none of the toxic components is
L carried into the oil.
E
Some methods for the detoxification of the cake have been attempted. These include
T • Treatment with ammonia, caustic soda, lime and heat.
O
P • When the cake is steamed, the ricin is detoxified and the allergen is inactivated.
I
C • Another method of detoxifying castor seed meal involved the wet mixing with sal
seed meal so that the toxic constituents of castor seed were neutralized by tannins.
• Detoxified and deallergenized castor meal (DDCM) is a by-product of an extraction

process of the castor bean in Thailand, introduced in the 1990s. It has been claimed
that DDCM can be safely used as animal feed. It is claimed that the extraction
process is done in such as way that due to the action of heat, together with some
base solubles, the castor meal is rendered non-toxic.

• In addition, some people in parts of South-Eastern Nigeria have long developed

a method for treating and detoxifying the unextracted seed. In this case, the
method used to detoxify castor seed involves fermentation. The seeds are first
dehulled and boiled in water for about 18 hours. The boiled seeds are cooled
and wrapped together with leaves and allowed to ferment in the fire place for
about five days. The fermented seeds are then mashed by pounding using a
mortar and pestle. This is followed by addition of ash from burnt palm kernel
husk which gives it a dark colour. The dark, mashed product is allowed to
mature for a further period of five days after which it is packaged for sale. It is
believed that most of the detoxification takes place during fermentation and it
leads to the elimination of the toxic factors. Microbiological studies have
shown that the bacteria involved are spore-forming bacteria, especially
members of the genus Bacillus
Detailed inputs on castor meal composition, its uses and demand-supply

information are provided in this chapter.

Chapter 9 Castor Oil Distribution & Logistics

Castor oil is transported for long distances – sometimes tens of thousands of kilometers -
from the place of production to the place of consumption. This transportation also takes
different forms, the primary means being by road and by ship transportation. The extensive
logistics required in the castor oil business implies that producers and consumers of castor oil
and derivatives have in-depth knowledge of the key aspects in castor oil storage,
transportation and logistics. This chapter provides these inputs.
Key Sections
9.1 Castor Oil Storing & Packaging

9.1.1 Castor Oil Storage
9.1.2 Castor Oil Packaging
9.1.3 Castor Oil Shelf Life
9.2 Castor Oil Transportation & Logistics
9.2.1 Distribution from Farms to Refinery
9.2.2 Transport
9.2.3 Cargo Handling
9.2.4 Density & Volume Expansion
9.2.5 Cargo Securing
9.2.6 Risk Factors & Loss Prevention
• Temperature
• Humidity/Moisture
• Ventilation
• Biotic Activity
• Self-heating / Spontaneous Combustion
• Odour
• Contamination
• Mechanical Influences
• Toxicity / Hazards to Health
• Shrinkage / Shortage
• Insect Infestation / Diseases
• Castor Oil Storage during Transportation

Risk Factors & Loss Prevention

S
A Contamination
M
P Leaking oil leads to massive contamination and may make
L whole cargoes unusable.
E
Of considerable significance with regard to tank cleaning is the
iodine value, which is a measure of how strong a tendency the
T
oil has to oxidation and thus to drying. Drying is particularly
O
detrimental to tank cleaning, as the oil/fat sticks to the walls
P Active
and can be removed only with difficulty. On the basis of drying
I behavior
capacity, oils are divided into nondrying, semidrying and
C drying oils.
With an iodine value of 81 - 100, castor oil is a non-drying oil,

which means that it does not dry significantly on contact with
atmospheric oxygen and so the tanks are easily cleaned.
Castor oil is sensitive to contamination by ferrous and rust

particles and water (especially seawater).
Passive
behavior
The tanks or barrels must be clean and in a thoroughly
hygienic condition before filling.
More such risk factors and prevention methods are discussed in this chapter

Chapter 10 Prominent Castor Oil Producers

India is by far the largest producer and exporter of castor oil, followed by China and Brazil.
However, many other countries – especially from South East Asia, Africa and South America -
are showing significant interest in being large-scale producers of castor crop, castor oil and
castor chemicals in future. This chapter provides profiles and details of the key companies
involved in the castor oil industry, with a special focus on the leading Indian castor oil and
castor oil derivative producers.
10.1 Producers in India

10.2 Producers in China
10.3 Producers in Brazil
10.4 Other Suppliers
RPK Agrotech
S
Main Line of Business: Castor oil and derivatives producer and trader
A
M Background: RPK Agrotech was established in 2004 and focuses on castor oil exports.
P
L Products: The Company focused on producing the basic castor oil grades. The company
E has also started trading of castor oil derivatives mainly HCO and 12 HSA, which the
company gets made on job work basis. The company has a capacity to crush over 9000 MT
T of castor seed per month. It is currently (Dec 2008) setting up new plant with crushing
O capacity of castor seed with 250 MT per day.
P
For a complete list of products, please see the following URL –
I http://rpkagrotech.com/products.php
C
Financials: Approximately $25 million
Location: The Company operates a manufacturing facility at KSEZ Kandla in the state of
Gujarat. The other unit is at Bhachau, also in Gujarat.
Address:
Plot No 351, 2nd Floor,
Sector 1/A, Gandhidham,
Gujarat - 370201
www.rpkagrotech.com
Detailed profiles are provided for over 10 prominent companies from India, China and
Brazil that have ventured into the castor oil industry.

List of Companies
India Castor Oil Companies

Chinese Castor Oil Companies
Brazilian Castor Oil Companies
Chinese Castor Oil Companies

• Tongliao TongHua Castor Chemical
Co., Ltd.
• Zouping County Tianxing Chemical
Industry Co., Ltd
Brazilian Castor Oil Companies

• Bom Brasil
• A.Azevedo
• Enovel
India Castor Oil Companies

• Jayant Agro Organics
• Biotor Industries
• Ambuja Global
• Adani Group
• NK Proteins
• RPK Agrotech
• Gokul Overseas
• Adya Oils and Chemicals
Ltd
• Kanak Castor Products
• Royal Castor
• Taj Agro products

List of Tables
Chapter 1 - Castor oil manufacturing
• Typical Oil Yields from 100 Kg of Oil Seeds

• Key Derivatives of Castor Oil, Starting Products & Methods of Production
• Generic Chemical Reactions of Castor Oil for Manufacture of Various Grades & Derivatives
• Indicative Costs for Setting up Small and Medium Scale Castor Oil & Derivatives Manufacturing
Plants
Chapter 2 - Castor Oil Market
• Castor Oil Supply Data

• Global Production, Imports & Consumption of Castor Oil 2005-06 (in Metric Tons)
• Quantum of Supplies from the Minor Castor Oil Suppliers (2005-06)
• Castor Seed - World Area, Production and Productivity (2005-06)
• The Major Consumer Countries of Castor Oil With Their Annual Consumption Figures (in Metric
Tons) – 2006-07
• The Leading Countries in the List of Imports of Castor Oil With Their Importing Figures (2006-
2007)
• India’s Country-wise Exports of Commercial Castor Oil (in Metric Tons)
• Region-wise Export Statistics of Castor Oil (US$ Millions)
• Castor Oil Exports – Current Scenario
• Export Percentages to Various Regions from India (2006-2007)
• State % Share of Production of Castor Oil in India (2006 – 07, estimate)
• Castor Seed Acreage and Production in India
• District–wise Area, Yield and Production of Castor Seeds in Gujarat (2007-08)
• District–wise Area, Yield and Production of Castor seeds in Rajasthan (2007-08)
• District–wise Area, Yield and Production of Castor seeds in Andhra Pradesh (2007-08)
• State–wise Area, Yield and Production of Castor seeds in All India (2007-08)
• Worldwide Production of Fixed Oils
• Current Demand-Supply Estimates for the Various Grades of Castor Oil and Derivatives
• Growth of Key End-user Industry Segments for Castor Oil Derivatives
• Growth Prospects for Bio-based Products
• Demand-Supply Estimates
Chapter 3 - Castor Oil Chemicals & Derivatives
• Summary List of Key Derivatives of Castor Oil

• Castor Oil Composition vs. Composition of Other Vegetable Oils
• Properties of Castor Oil

Chapter 4 - Castor Oil Prices
• Average Prices for Castor Seeds

• Monthwise Castor Seed Price (Average)
• Castor Oil Prices (Average Price for Commercial Grade)
• Monthwise Castor Oil Price (Average)
• Average Price of Castor Product Jul/Aug 2008
• Average Price of Castor Product Jan 2009
• Monthly Price Volatility of Castor Seed and Oil in Mumbai Market
• Castor Oil Futures Contract Specifications on the MCX (Multi Commodity Exchange, India)
• Castor Seed Futures Contract Specifications on the MCX (Multi Commodity Exchange, India)
Chapter 5 - Castor Cultivation
• Nitrogen Recommendations for Castor Beans

• Sowing, Growth & Harvest Stages for the Castor Crop – India
• World Castor Seed Harvest Seasons
• List of castor verities recommended for different states of India
• Major Germplasm Collections of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) as Listed by the Bioversity
International Directory (October 14. 2008)
• Some Short Term (annual) Varieties Tested in East Africa
Chapter 6 - Castor Oil End-uses
• India’s Industry-wise Castor Oil Consumption by End-use Industry

• Oleo Chemicals for Polymers - Selected Examples
• Engine Manufactures Association (EMA) Recommended Guideline on Diesel Fuel
• Biodiesel Requirements (ASTM, 2003a)
• Cetane number of Vegetable Oils
• Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity of Some Common Fluids
• Evaluation Table for Castor Oil as Biodiesel Candidate
Chapter 7 - Castor Seeds
• World Castor Seed Production

• Average Prices for Castor Seeds
Chapter 8 - Castor Meal
• Indian Castor Meal Exports
Chapter 10 Prominent Castor Oil & Derivatives Producers
• Prominent Castor Oil & Derivatives Producers in Brazil

List of Figures
Chapter 1 - Castor oil manufacturing
• Representative Diagram for Castor Oil Extraction & Purification

• Process Flow for a Typical Oil Refining Plant
• Picture of Seed Cleaner
• Picture of a Typical Oil Expeller with Cooking Kettle
• Picture of Single Chamber Design Oil Expeller
• Picture Double Chamber Design Oil Expeller
• Hexane Solvent Extraction – Schematic Diagram
• Picture of a Filter Press
• Picture of Neutralizer
Chapter 4 - Castor Oil Prices
• Graph Representing Monthwise Castor Seed Price (2006-2008)

• Graph Representing Monthwise Castor Oil Price (2006-2008)
Chapter 6 - Castor Oil End-uses
• Building Blocks for Polymers-based on Natural Oils

List of References
List of Organizations from Which Data have been Sourced
• Government of India and State Government of Gujarat Investment data

• USDA-ARS http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jan01/plant0101.htm
• Pharmexcil India
• FAO
• MCX, India
• Arkema Inc
• Fujitsu Limited http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2006/20061207-01.html
• Icynene Inc www.icynene.com
• SolarPlastics,Inc
http://www.solarplastics.com/solarplastics/client/materials_pdf/Elf_Atofina_Nylon_11-12_pro.PDF
• Jayant Agro-Organics Limited http://www.jayantagro.com/products.htm
• Biotor Industries Limited http://www.biotorindustries.com/castor-oil-products.html
• Gujarat Ambuja Exports Ltd http://www.ambujaglobal.com/castor_meal.php
• Adani Group www.adanigroup.com
• N. K. Proteins Limited http://www.nkproteins.com/index.php?file=caster-product
• Rpk Agrotech http://rpkagrotech.com/products.php
• Tianxing Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. http://www.tianxingchem.com
References from Journals
• Pradeep G. Shende, Abhijit B. Jadhav, Shrikant B. Dabhade; Journal: Pigment & Resin Technology,
Year: 2002
• Gonzaga, D.P.; Murakami, C.R.; Chierice, G.O.; Altafim, R.A.C. Electrical Insulation, 1998. Conference
Record of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Volume 1, Issue , 7-10 Jun 1998 Page(s):181 -
185 vol.
• Wiley Interscience
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112724331/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
References from Books
• Karlheinz Hill, Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 72, No. 7, pp. 1255–1264, 2000
References from Websites
• Internal databases of eSource India comprising past quotations and commercial data
• http://www.ciara.com.ar/estadize.htm, European Union Data / Statistics
• http://www.biochemsoctrans.org/bst/028/0972/0280972.pdf
• http://www.crayvallac.com/inks/download/Castor_Wax_Tec_Bulletin.PDF
• http://www.icrepq.com/full-paper-icrep/222-barajas.pdf
• http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20000501_gen-308.pdf
• http://www.biodiesel.gov.br/docs/JAOCSMeneghetti2006.pdf
• http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18403364

Price of the Comprehensive Castor Oil Report
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Customizability: Castor Oil can provide minor customizations and enhancements to the report
usually at no additional cost
You can purchase the report using a credit card from here -
http://www.castoroil.in/reference/report/pay.html
To know more about the report, visit http://www.castoroil.in/reference/report/report.html
If you are interested in purchasing using bank wire transfer, please send a note to Narsi
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about
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derivatives industry. Started in 2005 with a dedicated focus on the castor industry,
CastorOil.in today serves as a crucial platform and opinion-leader for this industry.
The CastorOil.in team is frequently interviewed by leading world media and
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Preview of Comprehensive Castor Oil Report

A report on castor oil & castor oil derivatives

(Updated – May 2010)

• detailed inputs on the technology and processes for producing all

Market • inputs on the key end

Cultivation • extensive details on the critical aspects of castor crop cultivation

Companies • profiles and details on the leading companies in this industry

www.castoroil.in - Home of Castor Oil

www.castoroil.in - Home of Castor Oil

Chapter 1 Castor Oil Manufacturing

1.1 Key Manufacturing Processes for Castor Oil & Derivatives

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Production Process for Dehydrated Castor Oil

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• Industrial / Commercial Castor Oil

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Chapter 2 Castor Oil Market

2.1 The Castor Oil Market

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Demand & Consumption of Castor Oil

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Growth of Key End-User Segments

• Lubricants & Greases

Growth of Key End-user Industry Segments for Castor Oil Derivatives

Industry % Growth (CAGR), based Potential

Detailed information on castor oil market, castor oil production worldwide

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Chapter 3 Castor Oil Chemicals & Derivatives

Chemical, Physical Properties & Specifications of Castor Oil Grades &

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BP Grade Castor Oil

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Chapter 4 Castor Oil Prices

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All prices in US $ / Metric Ton, FOB India

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Chapter 5 Castor Cultivation

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Castor Seed Varieties & Hybrids

Castor Cultivation FAQ

1. Why is castor an annual crop while it is actually a perennial?

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Chapter 6 Castor Oil End-uses

6.1 Current End-uses for Castor Oil and Derivatives

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• Castor Oil Derivatives for Other Plastics

Current End Uses for Castor Oil & Derivatives

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Castor Oil Use in Cosmetics & Perfumeries

End Products Castor Products & Derivatives Used

a. Perfumery Products a. Castor Oil

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Chapter 7 Castor Seeds

7.1 Introduction to Castor Seeds

Castor Seed Prices & Trends

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Chapter 8 Castor Meal

8.1 Castor Meal Uses

Toxicity in Castor Meal