1.

0 ABSTRACT

Integration is usually introduced as the reverse process to differentiation, and has

wide applications, for example in finding areas under curves and volumes of solids.
A solid of revolution was obtained by rotating a curve about the x-axis. There is a
straightforward technique, using integration,which enables us to calculate the volume
of such a solid. My group will present the calculation of volume of a ping pong ball by
theoretical method and also integration method.

2.0 INTRODUCTION

We have learnt that integration can be used to calculate the volume of revolution of a
graph. Theorectically, it is possible to approximate the volume of an object in real life
by using this method. The object chosen in this project is a ping pong ball due to it
has a relatively uniform body shape, which will improve the accuracy of the
calculation by integration.

Figure 1: Ping pong balls

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Table tennis, also known as ping pong, is played with a sphere ball having a mass of
2.7 grams (0.095 oz) and a diameter of 40 millimetres (1.57 in). The rules say that
the ball shall bounce up 2426 cm (9.410.2 in) when dropped from a height of
30.5 cm (12.0 in) onto a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of
restitution of 0.89 to 0.92. The ball is made of celluloid plastic as of 2015, colored
white or orange, with a matte finish. The choice of ball color is made according to the
table color and its surroundings. For example, a white ball is easier to see on a
green or blue table than it is on a grey table. Manufacturers often indicate the quality
of the ball with a star rating system, usually from one to three, three being the
highest grade. As this system is not standard across manufacturers, the only way a
ball may be used in official competition is upon ITTF approval (the ITTF approval can
be seen printed on the ball).

The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Summer Olympics. However, this
created some controversy at the time as the Chinese National Team argued that this
was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new
type of ball has a slower speed (a 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less
than the original 38 mm one, and at that time, most Chinese players were playing
with fast attack and smashes). China won all four Olympic gold medals and three
silvers in 2000, and have continued to dominate.

By comparing the results of both methods,the reliability of integration method on

approximating the volume of object can be concluded.

3.0 RELATED THEORIES

3.1 DERIVATION OF FORMULA FOR VOLUME OF SPHERE BY

INTEGRATION

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We had known that the general formula for volume of a sphere is 3 3 , the question

now is how does the formula was derived?

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First of all, like said if we have a sphere object, imagine that the sphere is put
centrally on a 3D Cartesian Plane like this :

Figure 2 :

The radius of the sphere is equal to the distance from the centre of the sphere to
any end of the surface.

Second step is make a vertical slice on the sphere at any point as below.

Figure 3:

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If we look from the direction at the end of the y-axis to the origin, we will see the slice
like below where the z represent the value of radius of the slice and the area of the
circle is 2 .

VIEW FROM
HERE

Figure 4:

But, if we look from the direction of the end of the x-axis, it look like this,

Figure 5: Figure 6:

The formula for the volume of the sphere is given by;

Where, r = radius of the sphere

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3.2 Derivation for Volume of the Sphere

The differential element shown in the figure

is cylindrical with radius x and altitude dy.
The volume of cylindrical element is...

dV= dy

The sum of the cylindrical elements from 0

to r is a hemisphere, twice the hemisphere
will give the volume of the sphere. Thus;

V=2 dy

From the equation of the circle x2 + y2 = r2; x2 = r2 - y2.

V=2 dy

V=2 [ ]


V=2 [( ) ( )]

V=2[ ]

V=

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4.0 CALCULATIONS

Figure 7:
Diameter of a ping pong ball, d = 40 mm
Radius of a ping pong ball, r = 20 mm

4.1 THEORETICAL METHOD

4 3
=
3
when r = 20 mm

4
= (20)3
3
= 33510.32 3

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4.2 INTEGRATION METHOD

= 2

= 2

= ( 2 x 2 )

= ( 2 x 2 )

r
= [ 2 x 2 ]
r

where r = 20 mm

2
3 2
3
= [ . ] [ . ]
3 3

(20)3 (20)3
= [(20)2 . (20) ] [(20)2 . (20) ]
3 3

= 33510.32 3

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5.0 DISCUSSION

It is important to understand the methods to calculate the volume of sphere. There

are several methods to calculate it: theoretical method, integration method and
Archimedes principle.

By using the integration method and theoretical method, we may get the same
answer. Also, we also discovered that there are some other methods to find the
volume of sphere which is using the Archimedes principle.

First, we measured the weight of a cup. Then, we pour some water into the cup until
it reaches its maximum height. Then, we measured the weight of cupful of water.
Next, we dropped a ping pong ball into the bottle and we observe some of the water
displaced out of the cup. Lastly, we measured the amount water left in the cup.
Archimedes principle states that the weight of displaced fluid is directly proportional
to the volume of the displaced water. To prove it, we measured the amount of water
left in the cup. Then, by subtracting the value we get from the displaced cup with the
original value of cupful of water, we determined the amount of water displaced is
33.5 grams. We know that 1 cm3 is equal to 1 gram. From the value we get from
both integration method and general formula, we have calculated the volume of ping
pong which is 33510.32mm3. 1cm=0.1mm, thus 1cm3=0.001mm3. By converting the
unit from mm3 to cm3 where we multiply 33510.32mm3 with 0.001mm3 , we
calculated the volume of ping pong is also same as 33.51cm3.

6.0 CONCLUSIONS

By going through this assignment, we realised it is important to how to calculate the

volume of sphere. We also have a much deeper understanding on the various
methods to calculate volume of sphere and their perspective formula. By knowing
the various methods in calculating sphere, we would have wider choice on
calculating volume depending on different situation we may face in future.

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7.0 REFERENCES

i. Unknown writer. Definition Integration

http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/integration/ [Accessed: November
30, 2016]

ii. Unknown writer. Derivation of Formula for Volume of the Sphere by

Integration http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/derivation-formulas/derivation-
formula-volume-sphere-integration [Accessed: December 2, 2016]

iii. Wikipedia. Archimedes' principle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes'_principle/ [Accessed: December 2,
2016]

iv. Unknown writer. Definition Centimeter Cubed Per Gram

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/centimeter-cubed-per-gram/ [Accessed:
December 3, 2016]