American Chemical Society

ChemTechStandards
Chemical Process
Technician

Table of
Contents
Process Technician Employability (PE) Skill Standards2
1. Working in the chemical process industries..............................................................2
2. Workplace skills for success.....................................................................................3
3. Quality in the chemical process industries................................................................4
4. Communications for the process technician.............................................................5
5. Maintaining a safe and clean plant adhering to environmental/health and safety
regulations.................................................................................................................... 6
Process Technician Technical (PT) Skill Standards....10
1. Handling, storing, and transporting chemical materials...........................................10
2. Operating, monitoring, and controlling continuous and batch processes................13
3. Providing routine and preventative maintenance and service to processes,
equipment, and instrumentation.................................................................................19
4. Analyzing plant materials........................................................................................21
Process Technician Employability (PE) Skill Standards

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 Process Technician Employability (PE) Skill Standards

Process Technician Employability (PE) Skill Standards

1. Working in the chemical process industries

1.1. Facts about CPI

1.1.1. Describe the chemical process industries (CPI) in relation to overall industry in the United
States with regard to capital investment, percentage gross national product (GNP), and number
of employees.
1.1.2. Identify the major components of a chemical company and describe how they are interrelated
(include research, development, processing, manufacturing, marketing, sales, and distribution).
1.1.3. List the major industries that are part of CPI and the major products associated with each.
1.1.4. Identify major raw materials used in the manufacture of chemicals.
1.1.5. Describe how CPI end use products effect the average citizen.
1.1.6. Describe how CPI contribute to the improvement of the standard of living.
1.1.7. Describe current issues associated with CPI such as global competition, the increase in
regulations (Federal and State) pertinent to safety and the environment, advancements in
technology, and ways in which the industry is responding.

1.2. Careers in CPI

1.2.1. Identify careers and career paths within the chemical process industries (CPI); note how the
process technician fits into the overall scheme.
1.2.2. Discuss the education and training required for a variety of related jobs, including process
technician, laboratory technician, engineer, chemist, and instrument technician.
1.2.3. Discuss current trends in the way process technicians are employed in the local industry by
comparing members who work directly in the industry (hired by company) vs. those who work
indirectly (contractors).
1.2.4. Describe actions process technicians can take to continually upgrade their skills in an ever-
changing environment.
1.2.5. Identify operations in the local area in which process technicians are represented by a union
and those which are not; discuss the differences.
1.2.6. Meet with process technicians working in local industry and discuss the kind of work done and
ways they have contributed to the business.

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2. Workplace skills for success

2.1. Working as a member of a team

2.1.1. Describe advantages of teamwork in planning, performing, analyzing, problem solving, and
reporting.
2.1.2. Describe techniques for demonstrating that the opinion of each member of the team is valued.
2.1.3. Explain how our actions impact our own health and safety and the health and safety of others.
2.1.4. Explain how our actions impact our own health and safety and the health and safety of others.

2.2. Problem solving

2.2.1. Discuss various problem solving techniques and a potential application for each.
2.2.2. Demonstrate skills in problem solving.
2.2.3. Demonstrate critical thinking.
2.2.4. Pay close attention to details and observe trends.
2.2.5. Successfully coordinate several tasks simultaneously.

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 Process Technician Employability (PE) Skill Standards

3. Quality in the chemical process industries

3.1. Concepts of total quality management

3.1.1. Describe principles of total quality management (TQM).
3.1.2. Describe the role of the process technician in implementing TQM.
3.1.3. Describe elements of TQM as they relate to suppliers, producers, and customers.
3.1.4. Draw a process diagram for a chemical operation; identify inputs, process, and outputs.
3.1.5. Describe the concept of "continuous improvement."
3.1.6. Working with a team, construct a process flow diagram to describe an industrial process or a
project or an experiment that is being conducted in the school laboratory.
3.1.7. Working as part of a team, for a chemical operation, identify those TQM procedures, elements,
and principles that contribute to defect prevention.
3.1.8. Determine conformance specifications by comparison of inspection done with product
specification.
3.1.9. Use statistical tools such as fishbone (cause and effect) diagrams, Pareto charts, histograms,
and scatter diagrams; demonstrate the use of each and describe the values of each in planning
and designing experiments.

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4. Communications for the process technician

4.1. Communicating results

4.1.1. Write accurate, legible and concise shift reports.
4.1.2. Draft detailed equipment problem reports demonstrating the use of problem solving
techniques.
4.1.3. Demonstrate the ability to create clear, concise written requests as well as the ability to
accurately complete forms.
4.1.4. Describe the components of a technical report.
4.1.5. Demonstrate the ability to write a technical report.
4.1.6. Identify the components of a good oral report.
4.1.7. Demonstrate the ability to give concise oral reports.
4.1.8. Demonstrate the ability to use presentation software to give oral reports.
4.1.9. Compose and revise documents using a word processing program.
4.1.10. Draft clear and concise letters and memos.
4.1.11. Demonstrate the ability to construct graphs, tables and diagrams to clearly and accurately
present data.
4.1.12. Lead a group in conducting an incident investigation and in preparing a written report.
4.1.13. Demonstrate the ability to keep an accurate notebook.
4.1.14. Draft, review and upgrade operating and maintenance procedures.
4.1.15. Conduct a process hazards analysis and draft the report.

4.2. Gathering information

4.2.1. Maintain accurate records in a log.
4.2.2. Read, understand and interpret technical manuals.
4.2.3. Read, understand and be able to use a vendors equipment description.
4.2.4. Demonstrate the ability to conduct informational searches using the internet.
4.2.5. Demonstrate the ability to conduct electronic media searches.
4.2.6. Demonstrate the ability to search information contained in a database.
4.2.7. Demonstrate the ability to read and interpret procedures and instructions.
4.2.8. Read, understand and interpret graphs and diagrams.
4.2.9. Identify pertinent technical journals and describe the content of the information contained with
in them.
4.2.10. Conduct interviews, frame and interpret information from a number of sources.

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5. Maintaining a safe and clean plant adhering to

environmental/health and safety regulations

5.1. Overview of the impact of federal, state, local and company regulations
5.1.1. Describe the safety and health impact on the worker as compliance with S/H/E regulations is
achieved and maintained.
5.1.2. Describe the impact on the environment as compliance with S/H/E regulations is achieved and
maintained.
5.1.3. Identify and describe the agencies (federal, state, and local) that develop and enforce
regulations pertaining to the chemical and related industries and their area of responsibility.
5.1.4. Describe the specific worker and employer responsibilities required by the major safety/health
and environmental (S/H/E) regulations, including but not limited to: * Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Clean Air and Water Acts of 1990 * Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) 1910.120, Process Safety Management * OSHA 1910.120, Hazardous Waste
Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) * OSHA 1910.132, Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) * OSHA 1910.1200, Hazardous Communications (HAZCOM) * Department of
Transportation (DOT) 49.173.1, Hazardous Materials-General Requirements for * Shipments and
Packaging * EPA 40.264.16 - Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR 260-299) * Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)* Risk Management Regulation
5.1.5. Explain the role of the EPA and describe the EPA's Clean Air Act and Risk Management
Program Rule (RMP).
5.1.6. Categorize regulations according to their impact on: * air, water, solid waste, and/or noise *
worker health and/or safety * consumer protection
5.1.7. List and describe the available methods, and the laws that provide them, that allow the citizens
of a community to learn more about the chemicals and materials handled within a local industry;
include "Right to Know."
5.1.8. Describe the regulations that affect local industry and their impact (economic, health, and
environmental) on the consumer.
5.1.9. Discuss the requirements for training of process technicians as outlined in OSHA 1910.119.
5.1.10. Identify major air, water, noise, and ground pollutants associated with various industrial
processes.
5.1.11. Identify processes and equipment that are major sources of air, water, noise, and ground
pollutants.
5.1.12. Describe major environmental control equipment used to minimize pollutants for a variety of
industrial operations; give examples of air, water, noise, and ground pollutants.
5.1.13. Choose a major pollutant and describe the source, control equipment used, and impact of the
equipment on the environment (SOx, NOx, ground-level hydrocarbons would be appropriate).
5.1.14. Identify two or more industry-specific changes in your geographical area prompted by S/H/E
regulations.
5.1.15. Discuss the financial impact on the industry as it strives to achieve and maintain compliance
with existing and pending S/H/E regulations.
5.1.16. Visit a local industry site and describe what actions have been taken by management to
improve worker safety and health and to minimize negative impact on the environment.
5.1.17. Describe to community members who are nonchemical workers how chemical process
industry (CPI) employers and their employees work to be responsible with regard to S/H/E
issues.
5.1.18. Describe the use and operation of equipment used to remove particulates.

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5.2. The process technician's role in maintaining a safe and healthy plant
environment
5.2.1. Using Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 1910.119, Process Safety
Management, as a representative regulation, describe the process technician's responsibility in
implementing safety/health and environmental (S/H/E) regulations.
5.2.2. List the information that a process technician can secure from the manufacturer or distributor
about their chemicals under "Right to Know" legislation.
5.2.3. Identify types of resources designed to provide S/H/E information for the operation of a given
facility (e.g., standard operating procedures [SOPs}, plant safety manuals [PSMs], vendor
manuals) and their typical location within a chemical complex.
5.2.4. Describe various types of process hazard reviews (HAZOP; What If; Fault Tree) and
participate in a review of a process or a proposed change to a process.
5.2.5. Explain how much of a chemical substance a person can tolerate using the terms TLV, PEL,
and LD-50.
5.2.6. Use written operating procedures for equipment; use safe procedures during installation, start-
up, normal operations, and shutdown operations.
5.2.7. Identify and describe intent of the necessary components of an SOP, including purpose, PPE
required, consequences of deviation, condition statements before executing the procedure, and
statements describing conditions following the procedure.
5.2.8. Describe the application and intent of different tags and labels used in the identification and
marketing of hazardous materials used in the industry; use Department of Transportation (DOT)
173.1 as a reference.
5.2.9. Describe required information on chemical labels and tags and hazard symbols used.
5.2.10. Give the type, quantity, and exposure potential of a given hazardous material and the
applicable material safety data sheet (MSDS), identify the appropriate personal protective
equipment (PPE) to be used; be able to access MSDSs electronically.
5.2.11. Demonstrate the ability to critique an SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) thoroughness in
addressing issue related to S/H/E and make recommendations for changes or additions.
5.2.12. Correctly perform basic electricity grounding and bonding procedures and use appropriate
safety precautions for other electrical safety issues.
5.2.13. Describe the intent of "zero energy" and the methods used to achieve it; include liquid
draining, nitrogen purging, steaming, etc.
5.2.14. Describe isolation methods used to maintain "zero energy" conditions once achieved, such
as blinding, disconnecting, double-block bleeding, and locking and tagging procedures.
5.2.15. Demonstrate use of hand-held radios and other communication systems and the proper way
to communicate emergency information.
5.2.16. Demonstrate the ability to isolate an operating pump, using appropriate lockout/tag-out
procedures.
5.2.17. Use several different air and water monitoring systems available such as Drager, Gasteck,
and MSA O2 analyzers to determine the existence and degree of toxic contaminants in a work
environment.
5.2.18. Correctly follow safe operating procedures in startup, operation, and preparation of process
equipment.

5.3. Personal and co-worker safety

5.3.1. Identify typical resources available for response to personal injury such as emergency medical
technician, paramedic, and medical department.
5.3.2. Select and use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for a variety of situations
while working in the plant, including but not limited to, handling toxic/corrosive materials,
biological materials, flammable materials, and materials with high vapor pressure.

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5.3.3. Select and demonstrate correct use of PPE for skin and general body protection such as acid
suits, general slicker suits, chemical aprons, gloves, and boots.
5.3.4. Select and demonstrate the correct use of PPE for hearing protections such as earplugs and
earmuffs.
5.3.5. Select and demonstrate the correct use of PPE for eye protection such as cover goggles,
eyeglasses with side shields, and face shields (full and half).
5.3.6. Select and demonstrate the correct use of PPE for respiratory protection such as air supply
(self-contained breathing apparatus [SCUBA], hose line systems, and emergency escape packs)
and air purification (full and half mask with acid gas, particulate, and hydrocarbon cartridges).
5.3.7. Demonstrate proper use of safety and health response equipment such as eye wash stations,
safety showers, and fire blankets.
5.3.8. Demonstrate proper lifting techniques to prevent injury.
5.3.9. Recognize and follow on-site emergency response procedures and maps provided to safely
guide the actions of employees in an emergency situation.
5.3.10. With a fellow student, demonstrate the responsibilities of a worker and co-worker when
working in confined spaces.
5.3.11. Demonstrate the uses of communication tools when working in confined spaces as well as in
isolated locations within a plant.
5.3.12. Describe aspects of an ergonomically correct work site to protect against injury from
repetitious actions, poor chair sitting, and muscle strain.
5.3.13. Following a visit to a workplace, list tools and resources seen that support a safe working
environment.
5.3.14. Demonstrate techniques used in perform basic first aid including CPR.
5.3.15. Demonstrate the procedures for the safe use of standard-issue hand tools (valve wrench,
channel locks, adjustable wrench, pipe wrench, and others) that may be used when performing
the different types of technician work.

5.4. Fire safety

5.4.1. Describe the characteristics of fires that occur in chemical plant environments, including
electrical, hydrocarbon, wood/paper, and chemical fires.
5.4.2. Describe the environmental condition (fire triangle) required to support combustion.
5.4.3. Describe fire potential information in a material safety data sheet (MSDS).
5.4.4. Define the term "flash point" and explain the importance of knowing the flash point of a specific
hydrocarbon.
5.4.5. Describe the difference between flash point and auto ignition.
5.4.6. Define the terms "upper and lower explosive limits" and explain the importance of knowing the
actual values in a potentially hazardous situation.
5.4.7. Explain the importance of reporting even small fires that can be extinguished quickly.
5.4.8. Identify and describe the purpose of ChemTrec and the service it provides.
5.4.9. Identify fire alarms in a specific industry plant and describe the action you would take in
response.
5.4.10. Describe the importance of containment walls, deluge systems, explosive vapor monitoring
systems, and pressurized work areas and the concept behind Safe Haven.
5.4.11. Demonstrate proper selection and use of firefighting and suppressant equipment such as fire
extinguishers type A, B, C, and D (mounted, cart, and hand-held halon, carbon dioxide, and
powder), deluge systems, fire turrets, and nozzle operations.
5.4.12. Describe how Mutual Aid agreements with other local entities, both industrial and municipal,
work.
5.4.13. Describe when control is a better option than extinguishing a fire

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5.4.14. Describe the operating procedures for each type of equipment from selection and use to
recharge or discard.
5.4.15. Select the correct firefighting equipment to use based on the type, size, and conditions of a
fire.

5.5. Developing and executing an emergency safety plan

5.5.1. Identify and describe components of an safety plan for emergencies, including fire, spills/gas
release, bomb threats, and inclement weather.
5.5.2. Develop a safety awareness session for fellow students.
5.5.3. Participate in a simulated emergency, both as a leader and as a victim.
5.5.4. Identify and describe components of an Emergency Response Plan and per Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 1910.120, Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response (HAZWOPER); 1910.38, Employee Emergency Action Plans; and Fire
Prevention.
5.5.5. Audit a local Emergency Response Plan and check for the necessary components of the
proper plan.
5.5.6. Effectively audit an existing facility for compliance to S/H/E requirements and write a plan for
correcting deficiencies noted.

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 Process Technician Technical (PT) Skill Standards

Process Technician Technical (PT) Skill Standards

1. Handling, storing, and transporting chemical materials

1.1. Regulatory aspects of handling, storing and transporting chemical

materials
1.1.1. Identify the regulating agencies at the federal, state, and local levels that are responsible for
overseeing handling, storage, and transportation of chemical materials.
1.1.2. Read, interpret, and apply regulations and appropriate chemical hazard information, including
explanations provided by common labeling systems.
1.1.3. Apply appropriate safety and handling procedures as required by standard operating
procedures (SOPs) and material safety data sheets (MSDSs) when handling, storing, and/or
transporting materials.
1.1.4. Demonstrate the ability to read and interpret data and guidance found in MSDS's.
1.1.5. Outline proper material handling and vessel decontamination procedures.
1.1.6. Apply Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations to common shipping and receiving
procedures and to the equipment used for handling chemical materials, including materials with
high vapor pressure.
1.1.7. Apply Coast Guard and international maritime regulations to common receiving and shipping
procedures and to the equipment used for handling chemical materials at marine terminals.
1.1.8. Select shipping/transportation forms from each regulating agency as appropriate for materials
handled by the local chemical process industry (CPI) and, for a case study, complete each form.
1.1.9. Choose at least three products produced by local companies and describe handling and
transporting requirements for each.

1.2. Handling chemical materials

1.2.1. Identify the major classes of industrial chemicals, including petrochemicals, plastics, paper and
pulp, and pharmaceuticals.
1.2.2. Categorize common commercial chemicals as elements, inorganic/organic compounds, and
mixtures.
1.2.3. Match formulas, symbols, chemical names, and common names for common commercial
chemicals.
1.2.4. Use a chemical reference book to determine the formula, name, and basic properties of a
variety of chemical materials of importance to the industry in the local area.
1.2.5. List major types of chemical hazards.
1.2.6. Identify the class of chemical and associated hazards from the label of common commercial
chemicals.
1.2.7. Identify common commercial chemicals that are considered to be corrosive, flammable, or
combustible and give examples of proper handling/storage procedures for such materials.
1.2.8. Identify the personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriate for handling several classes of
chemical materials that are found commonly in the local/regional area.
1.2.9. Identify and compare the National Fire Protection Agency (NAPA), Hazardous Materials
Identification Symbols (HMIS), and Department of Transportation (DOT) labeling systems.
1.2.10. Identify the problems related to handling/storing hydroscopic materials and give examples of
proper handling for such materials.
1.2.11. Describe containment and cleanup and reporting procedures for containing and cleaning up
spilled chemicals, including flammable, toxic, reactive, and corrosive materials.

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1.3. Storing chemical materials

1.3.1. Identify at least five purposes for using storage tanks in chemical or petroleum processing and
handling.
1.3.2. Identify the purpose of tank diking and spill diversion.
1.3.3. Describe hazards involved in storing volatile chemicals and proper response to emergencies
such as fire, spill, and contamination.
1.3.4. Identify industrial uses for the following storage/shipping containers and give examples of the
use of each: * 5-gallon cans * 55-gallon drums * carboys * bottles (plastic, glass) * Sample bombs
* 440-gallon chemtotes * gas cylinders * fiber packs * ammonia tanks
1.3.5. Correlate characteristics of boiling point, vapor pressure, and viscosity with choice of storage
containers.
1.3.6. Describe the requirements of vessels and techniques used to store and handle gases.
1.3.7. Describe types of materials used to construct storage containers/vessels and handling
equipment for hazardous chemicals.
1.3.8. Identify common indicators of deterioration of tanks and other storage containers.
1.3.9. Select storage facilities appropriate for each of the main classes of chemicals.
1.3.10. Identify procedures for determining the suitability of a tank or vessel for storage of specified
materials.
1.3.11. Given a set of conditions and materials, identify tanks or other containers most appropriately
used for storage.
1.3.12. Describe functions of level, pressure, flow, and temperature instruments for storing
chemicals.
1.3.13. Identify the class of chemical and associated hazards from the label of common commercial
chemicals.
1.3.14. List steps and safety precautions appropriate for cleaning and purging tanks for hot work,
entry, and disposal.
1.3.15. Using a computer information database, develop a simulated inventory system for stored
materials; compare the inventory system with comparable ones used in the local industry and
report any differences.
1.3.16. Given a variety of materials used locally with different vapor pressures, boiling points,
corrosivity, and hygroscopicity, as well as other chemical and physical characteristics, describe
techniques appropriate for sampling and storage.
1.3.17. Identify the uses of, the methods of sampling from, the pressure ratings, and the venting
requirements appropriate for the following tanks: * Floating roof tanks * High volatility spheres *
Cryogenic tanks/bottles
1.3.18. Using a computer information system, develop a simulated inventory of storage containers,
including all tanks, barrels, and drums; designate usage and availability of each; and compare
with local industry applications and discuss any differences.

1.4. Transporting chemical materials

1.4.1. Identify the proper shipping modes for a variety of chemical materials based on quantity,
volatility, toxicity, corrosivity, hazards for handlers, and environmental hazards.
1.4.2. Describe appropriate techniques and suitable containers commonly used for shipping chemical
materials.
1.4.3. Describe the appropriate use of ground, rail, air, and water transportation for a variety of
different kinds of materials; identify regulations associated with each.
1.4.4. Describe application and safety considerations when using the following to transfer; chemical
materials: hoses; pumps; instruments; compressors; piping; connections.
1.4.5. Describe the procedure to move gas cylinders safely from one location to another.
1.4.6. Identify basic steps used in the transfer of bulk chemicals from one vessel to another.

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1.4.7. Write a standard operating procedure (SOP) for the transfer of specified chemical materials via
a specified transfer mode.
1.4.8. Explain the purpose of a bill of lading.
1.4.9. Collect appropriate samples for identification and quality verification of the materials being
received by applying appropriate SOP's.
1.4.10. Prepare materials for shipping, including selection of containers, preparation of labels, and
completion of required paperwork.
1.4.11. Visit a local chemical plant and identify the procedures used to receive and ship materials.
1.4.12. Read and interpret the special manuals applicable for marine terminals and describe special
chemical materials handling requirements for loading and unloading at marine terminals.
1.4.13. Demonstrate the proper receipt of chemical materials, using the appropriate SOP loading and
unloading procedures for each mode of transportation.

1.5. Operating equipment associated with handling chemical materials

1.5.1. Identify and describe the proper use of hand tools and hand-operated equipment used in
handling chemical materials, including: * hand truck /drum dolly * valve wrenches * mobile A-
frame with chain-operated or hydraulic lifts, slings, cables, and boomers
1.5.2. Identify and describe the proper use of light/heavy motorized equipment used in handling
chemical materials, including: * forklifts * cherry pickers * rail track cranes * fixed and mobile
power lifts * overhead cranes
1.5.3. Move drums safely from one location to another using hand trucks.
1.5.4. Operate a power lift gate on a truck.
1.5.5. Use forklifts and cherry pickers.
1.5.6. Operate chain falls and hoists (including those on overhead rails).

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2. Operating, monitoring, and controlling continuous and

batch processes

2.1. Introduction to process

2.1.1. Define characteristics of a batch process; give examples from CPI.
2.1.2. Define characteristics of a continuous process; give examples from CPI.
2.1.3. State similarities and differences between continuous and batch processes.
2.1.4. Define the following terms used to depict the gases, liquids and/or solids flow in a process:
feed, recycle, intermediate product, product byproduct and waste
2.1.5. Describe how a process is depicted in block flow and process flow diagrams
2.1.6. Starting with a simplified flow chart of a complex batch process, identify the unit operations
that constitute the process.
2.1.7. Describe how in a batch process the interaction of different components in a plant affects each
other.
2.1.8. Starting with a simplified flow chart of a complex continuous process, identify the unit
operations that constitute the process.
2.1.9. Describe how, in a continuous process, there is continuous flow of gases, liquids, and/or
solids; how different parts of the plant interrelate with one another; and how a problem in one
area/unit of the plant may affect others.

2.2. Process chemistry

2.2.1. Define "chemistry."
2.2.2. Define chemical reaction
2.2.3. Define and provide examples of atoms, elements, molecules, compounds, and mixtures.
2.2.4. Given the periodic chart of elements, identify the symbol, atomic number, atomic weight, and
classification as to metals, non-metals, and gases.
2.2.5. Given a particular element, draw a model of its atomic structure, including the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
2.2.6. Describe gases, liquids, and solids in terms of their properties.
2.2.7. list the physical states of matter and describe each in terms of their properties
2.2.8. Write and balance simple chemical equations and relate to chemical reactions.
2.2.9. Define the following physical properties: boiling point, freezing point, vapor pressure,
density/specific gravity, and viscosity.
2.2.10. Define terms used to describe solutions: solubility and temperature effect, solvent, solute,
miscible, immiscible
2.2.11. Calculate molecular weight of compounds.
2.2.12. Define energy and list its various forms
2.2.13. Differentiate between organic and inorganic materials; give examples of each.
2.2.14. Differentiate between organic and inorganic chemistry and give examples of each
2.2.15. Define hydrocarbons and list the different families
2.2.16. Describe mass and energy balances and the fundamental laws that apply.
2.2.17. State the law of conservation of energy and give an example
2.2.18. Define and give examples of "exothermic" and "endothermic" reactions as they relate to
process operation.
2.2.19. Describe the law of the conservation of mass and how it relates to balancing chemical
equations
2.2.20. Define "steady state" as applied to continuous processes.
2.2.21. Distinguish among cracking, polymerization, neutralization, substitution, decomposition, and
reduction/oxidation chemical reactions and describe the chemical and physical characteristics
that are important to controlling them and handling these raw materials and products.

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2.2.22. Explain why the relate of a chemical reaction depends on types of chemicals, concentration,
temperature and presence of catalysts/poisons
2.2.23. Define chemical equilibrium and the constant used to predict the extent of reaction
2.2.24. Determine cycle time for a batch process.
2.2.25. Identify three major processes of interest to local industries; write the chemical equations that
relate to the chemistry of the processes; describe the chemical and physical properties of
materials used in the processes; and write the temperature/pressure relationships for the
processes.
2.2.26. Calculate the expected yield of material, given a chemical reaction.

2.3. Process diagrams

2.3.1. Interpret symbols, icons, and abbreviations for all major components of processes and for all
major pieces of equipment on process diagrams.
2.3.2. Explain the different formation contained on the following types of process diagrams: block
flow diagrams, process flow diagrams, logic diagrams, piping and instrument diagrams, and
electrical one line diagrams.
2.3.3. Use process diagrams to locate equipment trace piping and identify instruments on an
operating lab model or pilot plant
2.3.4. Given an operating lab model of pilot plant, draw a simplified flow diagram containing
equipment, piping and controls
2.3.5. Draw schematic diagrams for locally important processes, including flow sheets, material and
energy diagrams, logic diagrams, block flow diagrams, and P & IDs, placing proper symbols and
icons as required; use directional arrows to indicate flow.

2.4. Distillation as an operation (single-phase separation)

2.4.1. Describe the basic principles of distillation.
2.4.2. Identify and list purpose of equipment in distillation systems: tower, vessel, feed preheater,
condenser, reflux drum, reboiler, distillation trays, and packing.
2.4.3. Identify the following streams in distillation systems: feed, overhead, overhead product,
sidestream, bottoms, bottom product, and reflux.
2.4.4. Identify several major industrial distillation processes; describe materials involved and the
process used for each in terms of distillation equipment.
2.4.5. Relate vapor pressure, and boiling point of components to distillation column operating
conditions.
2.4.6. Locate on a process diagram the mass flow balance streams.
2.4.7. Using vapor pressure curves, determine atmospheric temperature/pressure relationships that
set the operating conditions for distillation columns.
2.4.8. Locate on a process diagram the heat input and output sources in order to energy balance the
system at steady state conditions
2.4.9. Explain what sets the diameter and height of distillation columns
2.4.10. Explain what sets the operating conditions for distillation columns and locate the lowest
temperature/pressure and highest temperature/pressure in the column
2.4.11. Conduct a laboratory distillation to separate multiple components of a mixture and plot a
boiling point/fraction curve.
2.4.12. In a pilot plant and/or using simulations, set up the conditions for a distillation. Start up,
operate, and shut-down the distillation while collecting all measurements required to perform
mass and energy balances.
2.4.13. For both continuous processes, describe purposes of and differences between distillation
separations involving:* packed columns* trayed columns* vacuum* atmospheric* azeotropic*
non-azeotropic * steam stripping * binary fractionation * high temperature * cryogenic.

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2.4.14. Describe how product purity and process efficiency relate to temperature profile, differential
pressure, and reflux ratios of a distillation column.
2.4.15. Calculate mass and energy balances for distillation processes.
2.4.16. Solve mass and energy balance problems under steady-state conditions.
2.4.17. Visit a plant to observe the operation of a commercial distillation tower; review the data
collected, make notes of observations, record analytical results, and prepare a report that fully
characterizes the operation.
2.4.18. Explain the purpose and differences for the following distillation separations: vacuum,
pressure, binary, multicomponent, extractive, azeotropic, stripping

2.5. Absorption, adsorption, filtration, ion exchange, and evaporation (dual-

phase separation)
2.5.1. Identify and list the purpose of equipment and materials: packings, distributors, screens, mesh,
filter elements, strainers, desiccants, resins, and coagulants used in separations systems (such
as "absorption", "adsorption", "filtration", "ion exchange", "crystallization", "drying", "evaporation",
"extraction", "precipitation", "screening", "stripping", "decanting")
2.5.2. Describe the purpose and procedure for regeneration of adsorbers and dryers. Define the
cycle time
2.5.3. Define absorption, adsorption, filtration, ion exchange, evaporation, extraction, precipitation,
screening, stripping and decanting as components of the unit operations.
2.5.4. Identify the following streams: solvent, extract, raffinate, filtrate, precipitate, in separation
systems (such as "absorption", "adsorption", "filtration", "ion exchange", "crystallization", "drying",
"evaporation", "extraction", "precipitation", "screening", "stripping", "decanting")
2.5.5. Describe several ways in which absorption, adsorption, filtration, ion exchange, and
evaporation units are used in continuous and batch processes.
2.5.6. Calculate capacity limitations for absorption, adsorption, filtration, ion exchange, and
evaporation units.
2.5.7. Describe the operation of and the equipment used for settling, thickening, clarifying, and
decanting; give examples of the use of each and determine results for each using typical process
data.
2.5.8. Describe steps in preparing raw water for use as makeup to cooling towers and boilers (i.e.,
clarification, filtration, ion exchange, deaeration, chemical addition, etc.).
2.5.9. Describe the chemical substitution that occurs on cation and anion exchange resins
2.5.10. Identify several industrial processes that use evaporation in one or more operations.
2.5.11. Write basic chemical reactions that describe ion exchange and give several examples of how
ion exchange is used in industrial processes (particularly for water treatment).

2.6. Extraction as an operation

2.6.1. Identify the feed, product, and intermediate streams associated with extraction in a continuous
and batch processes.
2.6.2. Differentiate between types of extraction processes, including liquid/liquid, liquid/vapor, and
liquid/solid.
2.6.3. Define the roles of the carrier solvent, solute, extract, and raffinate in extraction processes.
2.6.4. Define partition coefficient.
2.6.5. Identify and describe operational characteristics of major equipment used in extraction,
including columns, mixer/settlers, etc.
2.6.6. Identify several common major industrial extraction processes; describe the materials involved
and the extraction process used for each in terms of type, solvent, and equipment.

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2.6.7. In a pilot plant and/or using simulations, set up the conditions for an extraction, start-up,
operation, and shutdown, while collecting all measurements required to perform mass and
energy balances.
2.6.8. Observe a commercial extraction unit at a local company; review the data collected, note
observations, record analytical results, describe how the extraction relates to the rest of the
process, and prepare a report.

2.7. Reactions/reactors as an operation

2.7.1. Given a chemical equation, describe the reaction.
2.7.2. Define exothermic and endothermic reactions and give examples of each
2.7.3. Define catalyst, and give examples used in industry
2.7.4. Identify reactor types: fixed bed, fluid bed, tubular/furnaces, batch, autoclaves
2.7.5. Identify common types of reactors and describe typical applications of each one (including
stirred kettles, autoclaves, and furnaces).
2.7.6. Characterize several types of mixing environments and describe the equipment used in each.
2.7.7. Balance simple chemical equations relevant to major industrial processes.
2.7.8. Describe major steps in starting up and shutting down both batch and continuous reactors
safely.
2.7.9. List and describe the types of reactions: combination, decomposition, single replacement,
double replacement
2.7.10. Identify the impact of changes in temperature, pressure, catalyst activity, and concentration
on chemical reactions in processes common in the local area.
2.7.11. Explain a "runaway" reaction.
2.7.12. Write several chemical reactions used in major batch and continuous industrial processes;
use classical reactions in several categories as well as those of specific interest to local
industries.
2.7.13. In a laboratory or pilot plant, set up the necessary equipment and conduct reactions
representing major industrial processes of interest to the local industry.
2.7.14. Relate the rate of reaction to chemicals involved, concentration, temperature, pressure,
presence of a catalyst, poison, and contact/mixing.
2.7.15. Calculate percent yield for industrial reactions from feed and product data typically available
for process.

2.8. Fluid flow and fluid mixing

2.8.1. Identify major equipment associated with fluid flow, including valves, fans, blowers, pumps,
compressors, and vessels; describe the operation, use, and function of each.
2.8.2. Distinguish among the following valve types: globe, needle, gate, butterfly, diaphragm, check,
ball, plug, and automatic pneumatic; identify the components, characteristics.
2.8.3. Describe the function and operation of protective devices (i.e., rupture discs and relief valves).
2.8.4. Distinguish between gauge pressure and absolute pressure and convert pressure readings
between two types of pressure.
2.8.5. Describe operational characteristics of centrifugal and positive displacement pumps; state the
common use and limitations of each.
2.8.6. Identify equipment used for efficient fluid mixing.
2.8.7. Describe components and principles of operation of fans, blowers, positive displacement, and
centrifugal compressors.
2.8.8. Locate various pieces of equipment associated with fluid flow on a process diagram from a
local industry.
2.8.9. Demonstrate ability to isolate pipes/pipe joints and break flanges using basic hand tools, such
as wrenches, sockets, pipe and valve wrenches.

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2.8.10. In a pilot plant or laboratory, demonstrate ability to take common equipment, associated with
fluid flows and mixing out of service and return to service.
2.8.11. Identify typical problems that may occur in a process system that would result in changes in
system pressure and the resulting actions taken to correct each problem.
2.8.12. Recognize causes of problems associated with pumps, fans, blowers, and compressors.
2.8.13. State causes of head/pressure loss in a piping system; state ways to minimize losses.

2.9. Heating and refrigeration

2.9.1. Outline principles of heat transfer in terms of conduction, convection, and radiation.
2.9.2. Identify the basic types of heat exchangers used in the chemical process industries (CPI).
2.9.3. Describe a simple refrigeration cycle.
2.9.4. Identify major types of evaporators and crystallizers and explain the purpose of each.
2.9.5. Describe major types of industrial heaters and their major individual characteristics.
2.9.6. Describe the operation of natural draft and forced draft cooling towers.
2.9.7. Describe natural, forced, and induced draft furnaces; and compare the operation, efficiency,
and typical applications of each.
2.9.8. Describe the types of burners used in process furnaces; also, describe the control of
combustion contaminants such as unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen
oxides.
2.9.9. Locate equipment associated with heating and refrigeration on a process diagram obtained
from a local industry.
2.9.10. In a pilot plant, or using a simulator, remove heating and cooling equipment from service and
place back into service.

2.10. Process control

2.10.1. Identify the primary components of control loops, including sensors, transmitters, controllers,
and final control devices; describe the function of each.
2.10.2. Identify several common types of instruments used to measure temperature, flow, pressure,
level, and analytical parameters for each.
2.10.3. Identify and describe the uses of common types of control loops, including cascade,
master/slave, summation, etc.
2.10.4. Identify control loops in a piping & instrument diagram (P & ID) and describe their function as
part of a process.
2.10.5. Visit a control room at a local industry; observe how each of the instruments are linked
through control loops and sensed in the control room with computer interfaces.
2.10.6. Identify the variables used in process control and relate how changes in these variables
affect the overall process.
2.10.7. Using a control loop in a pilot plant (or simulation), collect and record flow, temperature,
pressure, and level data on a control chart; calculate upper and lower control limits.

2.11. Operating a process

2.11.1. Demonstrate ability to use personal protective equipment (PPE) required for a variety of
processes.
2.11.2. Demonstrate ability to apply the information provided by material safety data sheets (MSDSs)
to a broad variety of common industrial chemical processes (include both batch and continuous
processes).
2.11.3. Describe operator safety responsibilities associated with abnormal plant conditions.
2.11.4. Monitor a process in a pilot plant or on a simulation; determine that the needs indicated by
MSDSs and operating specifications are satisfied; record the appropriate data; and adjust the
process as required.

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2.11.5. Collect samples, perform analyses to monitor the pilot plant process, and make adjustments
as required to comply with the safety needs identified by the applicable MSDSs and operating
procedures.
2.11.6. Shut down the pilot plant (simulation) process and prepare for next use.
2.11.7. Describe the start up, operation and safe shut down processes used in the local chemical
industry.

2.12. Process optimization

2.12.1. For a given process, calculate the effects of adjustments in flow rate, pressure, and
temperature on the output quality and quantity.
2.12.2. Describe the concept of process optimization
2.12.3. Correlate purity of output with process conditions and materials used in the process.
2.12.4. For a specified process, identify the steps required to optimize the process.
2.12.5. Determine cycle time for a batch process and residence time for a continuous process and
identify ways of reducing time.
2.12.6. For a specified process, develop a waste minimization program as part of optimization.
2.12.7. Collect, chart, and analyze data and supply statistical quality control principles.
2.12.8. Determine theoretical and actual production rates and calculate production efficiency for a
process.
2.12.9. Determine theoretical and actual energy requirements for a given process.
2.12.10. For a specified process, identify the following types of optimization and conditions when
each is most appropriate: * increase yields * decrease raw materials cost * decrease energy
costs * increase product output * improve product purity * improve process throughput * minimize
waste

2.13. Waste water treatment

2.13.1. Trace water usage in a plant using a process diagram.
2.13.2. Determine sources and uses of water in plants.
2.13.3. Describe primary, secondary, and tertiary waste water treatment types; give examples of
each.
2.13.4. Test for pH, solids, color, flow rate, total organic carbon (TOC), and settling rate describe
purpose and procedure for tests as specified by regulations.
2.13.5. Differentiate between storm water, waste water, and sewage; describe disposal techniques
for each.
2.13.6. Describe the operation of a waste water treating plant. Explain the system impact of varying
the water flow.
2.13.7. Identify the various types of flow measurement in effluent water systems.
2.13.8. Describe sampling techniques used in waste water treating.
2.13.9. Make adjustments to a waste water treating plant to keep the effluent water within
specification.

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3. Providing routine and preventative maintenance and

service to processes, equipment, and instrumentation

3.1. General concepts in maintenance

3.1.1. Give examples of the different kinds of maintenance (scheduled, unscheduled, and
preventative) and identify the role of the process technician in each.
3.1.2. Describe duties and tasks of a maintenance technician and the relationship of the process
technician to the maintenance technician.
3.1.3. Describe consequences of not having a preventative maintenance program.
3.1.4. Prepare a maintenance log for all instruments and equipment.
3.1.5. Visit a plant during turn around; observe the activities of technicians; discuss the observations
with plant personnel; and prepare a report about the responsibilities of process technicians during
turnarounds.
3.1.6. Prepare a properly descriptive work request for maintenance.
3.1.7. Estimate the added cost of malfunctioning equipment and poor maintenance to the total costs
of product in a chemical plant.
3.1.8. Develop criteria for specific maintenance needs and recognize when these needs have been
effectively addressed.
3.1.9. Develop and monitor a preventative maintenance schedule for process equipment.

3.2. Maintaining process equipment

3.2.1. Demonstrate an ability to recognize major types of plant equipment, including piping valves,
pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, tanks, distillation columns/towers, cooling towers, and
reactors.
3.2.2. Using graphics and actual equipment parts, explain the purposes of common internal
configurations for major pieces of plant equipment.
3.2.3. List the common conditions that determine when equipment needs to be removed from
service.
3.2.4. Demonstrate good practices for breaking flanges and installing and removing figure-eight and
slip blinds, etc.
3.2.5. Apply lockout/tag-out procedures for removing motors from service and for preventing the
release of potential, stored, or hazardous energy.
3.2.6. Compare the operations of a variety of valves (including globe, gate, diaphragm, ball, plug,
and butterfly) and identify the service for which each type of valve is best suited.
3.2.7. Choose proper packing material and correctly repack a variety of valves.
3.2.8. Describe symptoms of common pumping problems and cite appropriate corrective actions.
3.2.9. Describe common causes of problems in fans, blowers, and compressors; cite appropriate
corrective actions.
3.2.10. Describe isolation, blinding, and decontamination procedures for a variety of tanks and
vessels.
3.2.11. Identify the effects on one or more process systems of the following: * fouled heat exchanger
* damaged trays in a distillation tower * short or break in a thermocouple * plugged or restricted
flow
3.2.12. Start up lubrication and seal oil systems; maintain proper oil levels during operation.
3.2.13. Follow standard operating procedures (SOPs) to prepare equipment for maintenance.
3.2.14. Conduct inspections to evaluate equipment condition (e.g., inspection of internals of vessels
during shutdowns).
3.2.15. Identify specific problems with a piece of equipment (e.g., gradual change in outlet
temperature of a cooler), monitor to establish the trend, and determine when maintenance is
required.

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3.3. Operating and maintaining instruments

3.3.1. Identify instruments and other devices that are used in plants to monitor flow, level, pressure,
temperature, and analytical targets and describe how they work; include analog, digital, and
pneumatic instruments.
3.3.2. Relate changes in equipment performance to instrument measurements.
3.3.3. Identify reasons for instrument failure such as clogged orifices and shorted thermocouples.
3.3.4. Use on-line and laboratory instruments that measure pH, conductivity, composition, level,
temperatures, and pressure.
3.3.5. Remove instruments from automatic service; converting the process variable to manual
control.
3.3.6. Start the auto calibrate sequence for an on-line GC.
3.3.7. Develop a list of service requirements for the instruments associated with the institution's
process technician program.
3.3.8. Relate the control requirements of processes to the precision and accuracy of the instruments.
3.3.9. Determine when sensing elements are behaving abnormally and determine how to take
corrective action.
3.3.10. Identify control loops using cascade, split range and bias controller on the PID's.
3.3.11. Collect data from on-line instruments and recognize process trends.

3.4. Troubleshooting techniques

3.4.1. Use several fact-gathering processes, including interviews with personnel, data logs, and other
information retrieval techniques.
3.4.2. Use process-of-elimination techniques to isolate problems.
3.4.3. Given a set of upset operating conditions, isolate variables with sufficient specificity to identify
causes of problems and recommend ways to return the unit to normal operations.
3.4.4. Use several troubleshooting schemes (e.g., root cause analysis) to identify and to diagnosis
problems.

3.5. Vibration as a maintenance tool

3.5.1. Interpret data from vibration meters and analyzers.
3.5.2. Describe the importance of vibration as a maintenance tool.
3.5.3. Use hand-held vibration meters.
3.5.4. Use axial and radial vibration measurements and associated techniques to determine
equipment performance and to identify maintenance needs.
3.5.5. Relate the vibration frequency and amplitude to safe, rough, danger, and shutdown levels.
3.5.6. Use instruments to detect the location of distress (inboard bearings, outboard bearings) in
rotating and reciprocating equipment.

3.6. Use of human senses in plant control

3.6.1. Correlate human fatigue and performance in process plants.
3.6.2. Apply human senses to detect small differences in sound, smell, vibration, temperature, etc.,
and describe how those differences may be used to analyze process behavior.
3.6.3. Distinguish, though human senses, the difference between normal and abnormal conditions;
compare the sensed characteristics with field instruments and actual on-line instrument readings.

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4. Analyzing plant materials

4.1. Basic concepts of measurement

4.1.1. Describe the importance of measurement in chemistry.
4.1.2. Describe "precision" and "accuracy"; give examples of each.
4.1.3. Calculate mean, median, mode, and standard deviation for several data sets.
4.1.4. Describe what is meant by an "out-of-control" measurement.
4.1.5. Describe what is meant by "significant figures"; give examples.
4.1.6. Compare systematic and random errors.
4.1.7. Identify, select, and demonstrate proper use of volumetric glassware (burets, graduated
cylinders, flasks, and pipets).
4.1.8. Select and use analytical balances for weighing quantities ranging from 0.001 grams to 100
grams to a specified accuracy and precision.
4.1.9. Convert units of measure from English to metric and vice versa.
4.1.10. Develop a frequency distribution chart for a data set.
4.1.11. Describe a control chart and construct such a chart using a data set.
4.1.12. Apply standard rules for determining the number of significant figures in measurements and
in the answers to corresponding calculations.
4.1.13. Calculate the errors in various measurements based on data acquired using common
laboratory equipment.
4.1.14. Given one or more examples, evaluate propagation of error in a calculation involving one or
more steps.
4.1.15. Define "confidence limit" in terms of standard deviation.

4.2. Chemical and physical properties of solids, gases and liquids

4.2.1. Characterize gases, liquids, and solids according their physical states.
4.2.2. Use the ideal gas law to calculate pressure, temperature, and volume relationships for gases.
4.2.3. Calculate pressure, temperature, and volume relationships for gases and liquids.
4.2.4. Characterize common chemical materials based on the following physical and chemical
properties; identify the units applicable to each; identify the apparatus used to measure each; and
cite the importance of the property to characterize the product: * boiling point * dew point *
density/specific gravity * freezing point * cloud point * flash point * hardness * pH * viscosity *
heat of combustion * color * pour point * fire point * specific heat * solubility * vapor
pressure/temperature.
4.2.5. Conduct several physical measurements of interest to local industry, including setting up the
apparatus, performing the calibration, running test materials, calculating results, and returning the
apparatus to working condition for the next test.

4.3. Analytical methods

4.3.1. Identify the specific sections of a standard method, including scope, equipment, safety
considerations, calibration, method, precision, accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility.
4.3.2. Conduct a company reference method and determine the accuracy and precision expected.

4.4. Obtaining samples for measurement

4.4.1. State reasons why collecting representative samples is required.
4.4.2. Label samples according to safety/health and environmental (S/H/E) guidelines.
4.4.3. State reasons why samples must be homogeneous for analysis and use a variety of
equipment to assure homogeneity.
4.4.4. Locate continuous and periodic sampling points on process diagrams.

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4.4.5. Identify a variety of sampling devices used in either continuous or batch processes and identify
the specific use of each one.
4.4.6. Recognize and use a variety of sample containers appropriate for a variety of samples.
4.4.7. Safely obtain representative samples from bulk solid and liquid materials.
4.4.8. Safely obtain representative samples from process streams taking into account concepts of
process lag time, proper mixing, and contamination prevention.
4.4.9. Handle volatile materials safely.
4.4.10. Apply various techniques to the preparation of solid, liquid, and gas samples for analysis:
Grind solid materials using a mortar and pestle, a ball mill and a mill grinder; dissolve liquid
samples in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents; digest samples if necessary to get them into a
measurable form.

4.5. Carrying out standard procedures

4.5.1. Perform each step in common analytical laboratory procedures.
4.5.2. For a variety of analyses, identify the appropriate standard; demonstrate the ability to perform
the procedure and evaluate the method or process in terms of accuracy, precision, repeatability,
and reproducibility.
4.5.3. Write a report describing the work done, the results, and the information regarding the
accuracy of the measurement.
4.5.4. Given a variety of analytical procedures published by different organizations, identify key
information required to perform the procedure correctly and safely.
4.5.5. Identify the sources of standard methods and apply, in measurements, the terminology
commonly used in each of the methods, including those that are commonly specified (U.S.
Pharmacopeias [USP], American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM], Association of Official
Analytical Chemists [AOAC], Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], etc.).
4.5.6. Conduct several analytical procedures of interest to the local industry, including obtaining a
sample, setting up the required apparatus, performing the calibration and running test materials,
performing tests, calculating results, and returning apparatus to working condition for the next
test.
4.5.7. MEASURING pH
4.5.8. Describe pH as it relates to acid and base strength of materials.
4.5.9. Demonstrate proper care and maintenance for a pH meter electrode.
4.5.10. Characterize, using a pH meter or other indicator, several materials as to acid or base
strength.
4.5.11. Make pH measurements at a process unit as well as in the laboratory and compare the data.

4.6. Volumetric analysis using titrations

4.6.1. Identify and appropriately use and care for the glassware used in volumetric analyses,
including pipets and burets.
4.6.2. Relate formula weight to number of moles and equivalent weight to number of equivalents.
4.6.3. Define "normality," "molarity," and "molality" and describe the experimental conditions when
each is appropriate.
4.6.4. Demonstrate the relationship between volume and normality.
4.6.5. Calculate the amount of material required to prepare solutions of specified normality given the
equivalent weight and/or the reaction for which the solution will be used (acid-base and redox
titrations).
4.6.6. Prepare solutions of required normality, molarity, and molality for a variety of measurements.
4.6.7. Standardize solutions of known concentrations (normal, molar, and molal) using appropriate
primary standards.

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4.6.8. Follow a lab method to perform various titrations (acid-base, complexometric, precipitation,
redox, etc.).
4.6.9. Perform various titrations using autotitrators.

4.7. Analytical instrumentation

4.7.1. Describe the application of the following instruments in a plant laboratory:* infrared (IR)
spectrometers* ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrometers * atomic absorption (AA) spectrometers
4.7.2. For the analytical instruments listed below, describe the principle of, operation, and use in a
plant laboratory: * gas chromatograph * high-performance liquid chromatograph * total organic
carbon (TOC) analyzer
4.7.3. Perform analysis using: * gas chromatograph* high-performance liquid chromatograph* TOC
analyzer* IR spectrometer * UV-vis spectrometer* AA spectrometer
4.7.4. STATISTICS FOR THE LABORATORY
4.7.5. Define "precision," "accuracy," "reproducibility," and "repeatability" as these measures apply to
the control of processes; give appropriate examples of each.
4.7.6. Present data graphically using linear and log scales.
4.7.7. Calculate mean and standard deviation for a variety of data sets from chemical processes;
apply these statistical measures to the analysis of the data sets.
4.7.8. Define "confidence limits."
4.7.9. Given a data set, construct control charts identifying the upper and lower control limits.

4.8. Handling laboratory equipment safely

4.8.1. Explain how the maintenance program of equipment and laboratory contributes to safe and
efficient laboratory operations.
4.8.2. Use, store, and transport compressed gas cylinders correctly and safely.
4.8.3. Maintain glassware safely, including making connections, cleaning, and storing.
4.8.4. Demonstrate safe handling of processes for a variety of types of laboratory equipment.
4.8.5. Apply the basic laws of electricity; identify common components of electrical and electronic
circuits and demonstrate how to create a safe working environment involving electrical devices.
4.8.6. Choose proper regulators for gases and other materials under pressure and under vacuum.
4.8.7. Assess safe handling procedures for a variety of volatile chemicals.

The ChemTechStandards are provided by ChemTechLinks, the ACS project to support technician education.
Funding for the development and updating of the ChemTechStandards has been provided by the U.S.
Department of Education, V244B30007, CFDA #84.244, and the National Science Foundation, DUE
0053250.

The findings and opinions expressed in this document do not represent the position or policies of either the
U.S. Department of Education or the National Science Foundation.

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