Vol. 10(41), pp.

3913-3920, 8 October, 2015

DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2015.10335
Article Number: 8BD0E9C55851
ISSN 1991-637X
African Journal of Agricultural
Copyright 2015 Research
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article
http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR

Full Length Research Paper

Sunflower behavior of on soils with water availability

and addition of cattle biofertilizer
Marcelo de Andrade Barbosa1*, Geffson de Figueredo Dantas1, Evandro Franklin de
Mesquita2, Fernanda Ramalho Nascimento3, Anselmo Ferreira da Silva2, Francisco Vanies da
Silva S4 and Rener Luciano de Souza Ferraz1
1
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, CEP: 14884-900 - Jaboticabal,
SP, Brasil.
2
Universidade Estadual da Paraba, Stio Cajueiro s/n, CEP: 84880-000 Catol do Rocha- PB, Brasil.
3
Universidade Federal de Roraima, Av. Capito Ene Garcez, 2413, CEP: 69310-000 Boa Vista, RR, Brasil.
4
Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-rido, Av. Francisco Mota 572, CEP: 59.625-900 Mossor, RN, Brasil.
Received 22 August, 2015; Accepted 18 September, 2015

The Sunflower plant is an oilseed of great importance on the world stage. However, their productivity
may be compromised by lack of rain and availability of nutrients. Thus this study aimed to evaluate the
growth of sunflower plants under different hydric regimes in two soils with the application of cattle
biofertilizer. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse State University of Paraba campus IV in
Catol do Rocha, Paraba, Brazil. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design
using a 2 2 5 factorial for two levels of water availability (100 and 50% WA), two soils Entisol and
Alfisol and five rates of cattle biofertilizer (0.0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% of the substrate volume), totaling 20
treatments with nine replications and 180 experimental plots. At 90 days after sowing the plants were
evaluated for growth and biomass accumulation. The reduction from 100 to 50% WA negatively affected
the vegetative behavior of the plants in both soils. The increased growth and biomass accumulation
occurred with the application of biofertilizer rates of 3.5 and 10% (v/v) in Entisol and Alfisol, and
respectively.

Key words: Helianthus annuus L., organic fertilization, irrigation.

INTRODUCTION

The Sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus L.) is an oilseed cultivation in several Brazilian regions as it presents a
of great importance on the world stage, and it is short cycle (90 to 130 days) and has desirable
considered as the fifth largest producer of grains and the characteristics for biodiesel production, such as
fourth in oil production (Howell et al., 2015). hardiness, content and quality of the oil extracted from
In Brazil, the sunflower cultivation is concentrated in the the grains (Souza et al., 2010). There is the example of
Midwest region, which accounts for 88.8% of the national the Northeast region, which despite contributing with only
production (Conab, 2013), but there is the possibility of 5% of the Brazilian production (Ibge, 2012), it shows a

*Correspondin g author. E-mail: [email protected]

Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 International License
3914 Afr. J. Agric. Res.

Table 1. Values of pH, electrical conductivity and cattle biofertilizer composition 45 days after the start of anaerobic
fermentation.

+2 +2 + + - 2- - 2-
EC Ca Mg Na K Cl CO3 HCO3 SO4
pH -1 -1
dS m cmolcL
6.34 1.08 3.71 2.40 3.27 1.69 5.59 0.43 2.03 3.02
EC = electrical conductivity of biofertilizer.

good expansion potential, given its favorable kg-1; K = 0.18 cmolc kg-1; H = 0.06 cmolc kg-1; Al = 0.00 cmolc kg-1;
characteristics to the sunflower cultivation, such as the OM = 4.5 g kg-1; P = 14.3 mg kg-1.
The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized
great diversity of fertile soils in this region. design with 2 2 5 factorial, referring to two levels of available
Sunflower cultivation in the Northeast of Brazil is mainly water (100 and 50% WA), two soils (Entisol and Alfisol) and five
situated in regions of semiarid climate, which has rates of cattle biofertilizer (0.0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 % of the substrate
limitations to express the potential crop productivity due volume), totaling 20 treatments with nine replications and 180
to the low rainfall (< 700 mm per year) and poor experimental plots. Each experimental unit consisted of a plastic
distribution of rainfall, since the lack of water in the soil is vessel with capacity for 30 liters and a sunflower (Helianthus
annuus L.) plant of the hybrid cultivar Helium 253.
a limiting factor to the growth and development of plants The sowing was performed at a depth of 5 cm, using seven
(Lechinoski et al., 2007). Thus, it becomes necessary to seeds per pot, distributed equidistantly. The seedling emergence
resort to the practice of irrigation, in order to reduce and / began on the fourth day after sowing (DAS), at the ninth DAS the
or eliminate the problems of inappropriate water supply in first thinning was made, leaving three plants per pot and the second
the agriculture of the semiarid region. pruning at 15 DAS, leaving only one plant, the most vigorous one.
The biofertilizer rates were applied three times in 20 days, starting
In agricultural systems where chemical fertilizers are
after the second pruning.
not used, organic matter is the main source of nutrients, The cattle biofertilizer was obtained through anaerobic
like in the case of subsistence agriculture of the semiarid fermentation by mixing equal parts of fresh cattle manure and
region of the Northeast of Brazil (Tiessen et al., 2001; slightly saline water - EC = 0.8 dS m-1, adding 2 kg of leaves and
Jiang et al., 2014). In this context, the adoption of organic branches of the leguminous plant beans-macassar (Vigna
fertilization with cattle biofertilizers becomes a viable unguiculata L.), in the plastic biodigester with capacity for 200 liters,
kept tightly closed for 45 days. During the fermentation the methane
alternative because of the ease of obtainment and gas produced was released through a duct connected to the upper
relatively low cost. However, there are few studies that base and its end submerged in water (Santos, 1992). As a result of
address the organic fertilization in sunflower cultivation in being applied in liquid form, composition analysis was performed
semiarid, especially when related to the use of following common procedures for water sample for irrigation,
biofertilizers. according to the data in Table 1, congenerous suggestion of
Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the growth of Cavalcante et al. (2010).
Soil water content was monitored daily by TDR probe model
sunflower plants under different hydric availability. in two PR2/6 (Time Domain Reflectometry) in the treatments of 100 and
soils with the application of cattle biofertilizer. 50% of the WA in four depth intervals: 0-10; 10-20; 20-30 and 30-
40 cm; from the readings made with the probe model PR 2 for each
depth, the values were put in a spreadsheet that accounted for the
MATERIALS AND METHODS water content of each layer (four layers of 10 cm each), making a
balance of water content along the existing soil profile as
The experiment was conducted from September 2011 to March determined in accordance with the following equation:
2012, in a greenhouse, on the premises of the Centre for Human
and Agricultural Sciences, of the State University of Paraba, WA = (CCCA)/100) x V (1)
Campus IV, Catol do Rocha, Paraba, Brazil, altitude of 275 m.
The soil used in the experiment were classified as Entisol and Where: WA = water available in cm; CC = Moisture at field capacity
Alfisol (Usda, 2014), from Catol do Rocha and Brejo dos Santos (dry weight basis); CA = Current capacity of soil and V = Soil
municipalities in Paraba state. Samples of these soils were volume.
collected at a depth of 0 the 20 cm of depth, air-dried, sieved Based on the probe readings a water balance was performed,
through a 2.0 mm mesh sieve and characterized chemically and which recorded the consumption of water by such treatments.
physically using the methods adopted by Embrapa (1997), Irrigation of the vessels was done daily by hand with the aid of a
presenting the following results: Entisol: sand = 820 g kg-1; silt = graduated cylinder.
125 g kg-1; clay = 55 g kg-1; field capacity = 22.82% of the volume; At 90 DAS the irrigation was suspended, based on the criterion of
permanent wilting point = 6.54% in volume; available water = the physiological maturity of the grains (Silva et al., 2007a.); on this
16.28% in volume; pH (H2O) = 7.44; Ca = 4.44 cmolc kg-1; Mg = same period, all the plants were in the phenological stage R9
2.81 cmolc kg-1; Na = 0.26 cmolc kg-1; K = 0.57 cmolc kg-1; H = 0.00 (chapter inclined down, with back and bracts with a color between
cmolc kg-1; Al = 0.00 cmolc kg-1; OM = 6.9 g kg-1; P = 53.3 mg kg-1; yellow and brown). At this time, we determined the plant height
Alfisol: sand = 655 g kg-1; silt = 228 g kg-1; Clay = 117; Field (HP), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves per plant (NLP), the
capacity = 19.60% of the volume; permanent wilting point = 5.70% dry mass of the shoot (DMS), of the root (DMR) and total (DMT)
in volume; available water = 13.06% in volume g kg-1; pH (H2O) = where the HP was obtained using a millimeter ruler measuring the
7.81; Ca = 3.97 cmolc kg-1; Mg = 2.45 cmolc kg-1; Na = 0.15 cmolc distance between the neck of the plant and the insertion of the
 Morell et al. 3915

Figure 1. Sunflower plant height cv. Helium 253 under two hydric treatments 100% ( ____) and 50% (----) of available soil
water, rates of cattle biofertilizer in two soil types.

chapter, the SD was determined using a digital caliper series 799 the biofertilizers nutrients and their availability in the soil
measuring the plants cervical region at a height of 5 cm of soil, solution (Figure 1A).
DMS, DMR and DMT were evaluated with a precision balance after
drying in an oven with forced air ventilation at 65C until a constant
In Alfisol, the increase in the level of biofertilizer
weight was obtained. It was also measured the total leaf area (TLA) resulted in a boost in plant height until the biofertilizer
obtained through Equation 2: levels of 7.68 and 7.59% v/v, reaching maximum heights
of 96.55 and 67.45 cm with 100 and 50% WA in the soil,
TLA = 1.7582 L1.7067 (2) respectively (Figure 1B). Regardless of the soil used,
plants cultivated with 100% WA surpassed those grown
Where the L is the width of the leaf blade (Maldaner et al., 2009).
The results were submitted to variance analysis, F test and
with 50% WA, evidencing the effect of hydric stress on
regression using the statistical program Sisvar (Ferreira, 2011). the plants. The increments found in this study were also
similar to Silva et al. (2007b), who studied sunflower
plants submitted to irrigation according to crop
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION evapotranspiration and plants without hydric
supplementation, finding an increase in plant height of
A quadratic behavior of growth in height was observed on about 20.8%. Paiva Sobrinho et al. (2011) also found that
sunflower in function of the rates of biofertilizer in Entisol sunflower plants have a boost in height when there is an
with 100% WA, where the maximum growth (135.07 cm) increase on the amount of available water in the soil,
was estimated at the level of 3.3% v/v biofertilizer (Figure these responses having also being confirmed by Silva et
1A). From the maximum point there is a tendency to al. (2007b) Nobre et al. (2010) and Freitas et al. (2012).
reduction in plant height, a fact possibly related to the For the stem diameter variable, plants cultivated in
toxic effect of the gradual increase in biofertilizer rate, Entisol maintained at 100% WA conformed to the
given that the soil is at field capacity and the cattle polynomial model, with maximum diameter estimated at
biofertilizer is made with nutrients readily available for the 23.07 mm, achieved with the estimated rate of 3.97% v/v
plants, thereby promoting an excessive increase in of biofertilizer (Figure 2A). The stem diameter of the
nutrients in the soil solution. Similar results were sunflower cultivated in Entisol submitted to 50% of WA
observed by Rivera-Cruz et al. (2008), who found an positively conformed to the linear model, so that the unit
increased growth of the banana tree with a rate of up to increase of level of the soil biofertilizer provided a direct
3% of biofertilizer applied in the crown projection, tending increment in diameter of 0.16 mm, with a maximum value
to decline since then. of 17.97 mm regarding the highest rate of input.
However, plants grown in Entisol with 50% WA in the In regard to Alfisol, it was observed that the stem
soil, the data did not fit any mathematical model, and an diameter of sunflower plants increased linearly with
average of 86.8 cm per plant was found. It is believed higher rates of biofertilizer applied to the soil, reaching
that in this condition the solubility of biofertilizer in the soil maximum diameter of 16.02 and 11.08 mm when
did not occur, so that the nutrients were not available for fertilized with biofertilizer 10% in volume and kept at 100
the plants, such a fact being contrary to that observed in and 50% WA, respectively (Figure 2B). The larger stem
the condition of 100% WA, which favors the solubility of diameter in plants cultivated with 10% of biofertilizer is
3916 Afr. J. Agric. Res.

Figure 2. Sunflower plants stem diameter cv. Helium 253 under two hydric treatments 100% ( ____) and 50% (----) of
available soil water, rates of cattle biofertilizer in two soil types.

Figure 3. Number of sunflower plants leaves cv. Helium 253 under two hydric treatments 100% ( ____) and 50% (----)
of available soil water), rates of cattle biofertilizer in two soil types.

associated with increased fertility of Alfisol, given the low under hydric stress. These results characterize sunflower
levels of organic matter, phosphorus and potassium as a plant highly sensitive to hydric stress.
verified in this soil in comparison to the studied Entisol. As for the rates of biofertilizer, we verified a quadratic
The reduction in the level of available water in the soil behaviour on Entisol maintained at 100% WA, noting that
-1
from 100 to 50% WA, independently of the soil studied, the largest number of leaves (20.76 plant ) was obtained
caused reductions in stem diameter of sunflower cultivar in plants cultivated at a rate of 3.44% v/v. However,
Helium 253, indicating that this plant does not support plants subjected to water deficit (50% WA in the soil) did
hydric deficit, since it provokes stem growth reduction in not fit to the specific mathematical models, obtaining an
-1
both height and diameter, possibly due to the fact hydric average of 19.87 leaves plant (Figure 3A). Reductions
stress slows cell growth and elongation (Taiz and Zaiger, were observed in the number of leaves of sunflower
2013). This information was also verified by Silva et al. plants when subjected to biofertilizer levels above 3.44%
(2007b) and Gomes et al. (2010), both studied sunflower v/v on the treatments kept without hydric stress. This fact
plants submitted and not to hydric stress throughout the may be related to excess nutrients applied to the soil via
crop cycle. The authors ascertained increments in stem biofertilizer, as verified by Oliveira et al. (2009), where
diameter of the plants, in the order of 26.48 and 22.22% high levels of organic matter in the form of manure can
for treatments without hydric stress in relation to plants cause nutritional imbalance in the soil and, consequently,
 Morell et al. 3917

Figure 4. Leaf area of sunflower plants cv. Helium 253 under two hydric treatments (100% ( ____) and 50% (---) of available
soil water), rates of cattle biofertilizer in two soil types.

reduced plant growth. Entisol, which has 82% of sand in its granulometric
When studying the number of plant leaves cultivated in fraction, which confers it a greater number of
Alfisol, there was a linear increase with increments of macropores, resulting in a greater water loss and hence
0.74 and 0.65 leaves per plant for each unit increase of in insufficient solubility of biofertilizer for the plants. This
biofertilizer rate for levels of 100 and 50% of WA in the is confirmed by the positive effect of biofertilizer in Alfisol
soil, respectively (Figure 3B). The superiority of the with water availability at 50% WA in the soil where your
number of leaves in conditions of 100% WA and the greatest clay content promoted greater water retention in
reduction in the number of leaves on plants under the soil (Figure 4B).
condition of hydric stress is explained by Taiz and Zeiger For the leaf area of sunflower plants grown in Alfisol, a
(2013), so that the lack of water in the plant tissues due linear and growing behavior was observed, with an
2
to drought limits cell division and CO2 assimilation rate, increase of 11.3 and 3.9 cm in leaf area for each unit
thus reducing plant growth. increase of biofertilizer rate, on the blades 100 and 50%
However, the significant increase in the number of WA, respectively (Figure 4B), achieving leaf area of
2
leaves as a result of the increase of irrigation depth is in 146.07 and 43.04 cm when submitted to 10% of
accordance with Paiva Sobrinho et al. (2011), that biofertilizer. Probably the biggest leaf area in the soil
evaluating sunflower under different levels of irrigation maintained at 100% of WA may be related to the higher
(60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% in relation to field capacity), solubility and thus availability of organic matter applied to
observed a significant effect of increase in water the soil through the biofertilizer, thus improving the
availability on the number of leaves, being 87.34% the relationship between macro and micronutrients. In
one that provided the highest number of leaves per plant addition to the fact that the addition of biofertilizer
(10.25). increases the content of organic matter in the soil and
An increase in leaf area of plants cultivated in Entisol at consequently increases the water retention level in the
the level of 100% WA was observed when fertilized with soil. According to Silva Jnior and Siqueira (1997) the
cattle biofertilizer until the estimated rate of 3.13% v/v, mineralization of organic fertilizers improves soil
2
with a value of 423.78 cm , decreasing with an increase structure, aeration and capacity to hold water, for
of the rate (Figure 4A). This happens probably for assisting in the formation of aggregates, and exercising
nutritional imbalance, caused by an excess of nutrients, with this direct effect on soil microporosity.
due to the natural fertility of the soil present elevated With respect to the water content in the soil, similar
levels even before the application of biofertilizer, and also results were obtained by Silva et al. (2007b) and Paiva
favor a possible increase of salt content in the soil Sobrinho et al. (2011), who verified that 93.43% of field
solution (Epstein and Bloom, 2006). capacity promoted greater leaf area of sunflower cultivars
On the plants led to 50% WA in Entisol, the data of leaf Charrua and Olisun 3 evidencing that the sunflower crop
area did not adjust to the mathematical models studied, requires high availability of water in the soil.
2 -1
obtaining a mean of 242.79 cm plant (Figure 4A), A quadratic behavior of cumulative shoot dry mass of
possibly under this condition of hydric availability the cultivar Helium 253 sunflowers was observed depending
biofertilizer dilution did not occur, unlike it was verified in on the biofertilizer rates applied to Entisol kept at 100% of
Alfisol which has higher content of silt and clay giving the WA, verifying the maximum accumulation of biomass of
-1
this soil higher amount of micropores when compared to 159.25 g plant , in the estimated amount of 3.40% v/v.
3918 Afr. J. Agric. Res.

Figure 5. Shoot dry mass of sunflower plants cv. Helium 253 under two hydric treatments (100% ( ___) and 50% (----) of
available soil water), rates of cattle biofertilizer in two soil types.

However, when the soil was maintained at 50% of WA, 100% WA, observing the maximum value of 22.30 and
-1
dry biomass data did not fit the proposed mathematical 5.18 g plant with application of 3.14 and 10% of the
-1
models, averaging 68.83 g plant , these results, 43% volume, respectively. In the unfolding of the triple
lower than those observed in plants grown with 100% WA interaction of biofertilizer rates within the blade of 50% of
(Figure 5A). WA in both soils, root dry mass per plant did not fit any
However, a linear growth of the shoot dry mass in proposed mathematical model, with averages of 6.85 and
-1
Entisol with 100 and 50% WA, with an increase of 3.46 1.2 g plant , respectively (Figure 6A and B). This
-1
and 1.33 g plant for each unitary increase in biofertilizer reduction in root dry weight of the plants submitted to
rate, reaching maximum values of 46.51 and 18.56 g hydric stress in the soil may be a reflection of lower
-1
plant at rate of 10% (v/v), respectively (Figure 5B). absorption of essential elements, according to a research
The superiority of plants kept at 100% WA in the soil is conducted by Paiva Sobrinho et al. (2011), who found
observed on the order of 131.36 and 162.98% in that 60% WA in the soil caused a reduction of
comparison to plants submitted to 50% WA in Entisol and perspiration, leading to lower water absorption and
Alfisol, respectively. This fact shows that the Helium 253 therefore lower nutrient absorption by the plants
sunflower hybrid did not support the water stress, thus promoting limitations to their growth. Vazin et al. (2011)
evidenced the importance of adequate water supply found a reduction of 38% of the shoot dry mass of the
throughout the culture cycle, in order to occur effective sunflower in vegetative phase and only 6% in the
plant growth, resulting in great productions of biomass, in production phase when submitted to hydric stress
agreement with Silva et al. (2011) and Paiva Sobrinho et compared to plants grown without soil water deficit.
al. (2011), who also observed greater biomass weight of Plants cultivated in Entisol overlapped the root dry
sunflower cultivated without hydric deficit in the soil. mass of those cultivated in Alfisol, regardless of the water
Plants cultivated in Entisol were greater than those level in the soil. Possibly, the greater content of
grown in Alfisol, with Entisol superiority of 262.65% in phosphorus and organic matter in Entisol provided a
aerial biomass of sunflower Helium 253. This may be bigger root growth. Phosphorus is a primary
related to increased K, Ca and organic matter of Entisol, macronutrient, and albeit absorbed in smaller quantities
because according to Zobiole et al. (2010), the export than nitrogen and potassium, its presence on the soil is
order of the hybrid BRS 191 was as follows: N > P = K > essential for the growth and production of plants, and
Mg = S > Ca. These authors also mention the importance organic matter can increase its availability.
of adequate supply of N, K and Ca, due to high demand
of the culture for these elements. These findings were
also confirmed by Christin et al. (2009) by verifying the Conclusion
reduction in plant height and number of leaves of the
sunflower grown with potassium and nitrogen deficiency Sunflower cultivar Helium 253 proved to be highly
in the order of (53.33 and 25%) and (77 and 66.7%), sensitive to hydric deficit, showing a significant reduction
respectively, when compared to those grown without in growth when cultured at 50% WA. Thus, it is
nutritional deficiency. recommended that the cultivation of this crop should be
The root biomass per plant was influenced by the done keeping the soil water levels at 100% WA. The
biofertilizer rates applied at Entisol and Alfisol at cattle biofertilizer can be used as an important approach
 Morell et al. 3919

Figure 6. Root dry mass of sunflower plants root cv. Helium 253 under two hydric treatments 100% ( ____) and 50% (----) of
available soil water, rates of cattle biofertilizer in two soil types.

to increase soil fertility. Rates of 3.5 and 10% v/v to Epstein E, Bloom AJ (2006). Nutrio mineral de plantas: Princpios e
perspectivas. P. 403.
Entisol and Alfisol, respectively, were the ones that
Ferreira DF (2011). Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Cin.
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greater aptitude for the cultivation of sunflower Helium Freitas CS, Silva ARA, Bezerra FML, Andrade RR, Mota FSB, Aquino
253. BF (2012). Crescimento da cultura do girassol irrigado com
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Gomes EP, vila MR, Rickli ME, Petri F, Fedri G (2010).
Conflict of Interest Desenvolvimento e produtividade do girassol sob lminas de
irrigao em semeadura direta na regio do arenito caiu, estado do
Paran. Irrigation 15(4):373-385.
The authors have not declared any conflict of interest. Howell TA, Evett SR, Tolk JA, Copeland KS, Marek TH (2015).
Evapotranspiration, water productivity and crop coefficients for
irrigated sunflower in the U.S. Southern High Plains. Agric. Water
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out this experiment and also to the National Council for Jiang X, Chen Z, Dharmasena M (2014). The role of animal manure in
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