UDC 62-218 .2 :62-13 :001 .

4 DEUTSCHE NORM April 198 8

Machine foundations ~- DI IV
Flexible structures that support
machines with rotating elements 402 4
Part 1

Maschinenfundamente ; elastische Sttzkonstruktionen fr Maschinen mit rotierenden Massen Supersedes DIN 4024 ,
January 1955 edition .

In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), a comm a
has been used throughout as the decimal marker.

The DIN 4024 series of standards currently comprises the following Parts :
DIN 4024 Part 1 Machine foundations ; flexible structures that support machines with rotating element s
DIN 4024 Part 2 (at present at the stage of draft) Machine foundations ; rigid structures that support machines wit h
periodic excitatio n

c In this standard, the term'load' is used for forces acting on a system from the outside ; this applies equally to compoun d
terms that include the component 'load' (cf . DIN 10r,0 Part 1) .

Contents
Pag e Pag e

1 Scope and field of application 2 5 .2 .3 Simplified representation 5

5.3 Natural vibration 6
2 Concepts 2
5 .3 .1 Natural frequencies and modes of vibration 6
2 .1 Vibration 2
2 5 .3 .2 Assessment of vibration behaviour on the basis o f
2 .2 Types of vibration
natural vibration 6
2 .3 Damping 2
5 .4 Analysis of vibration due to unbalance 7
2 .4 Action-effects 3
5 .4 .1 General 7
2 .5 Model 3
5 .4 .2 Foiced vibration 7
2 .6 Machinery 3
5 .4 .3 Natural modes of vibration 7
2 .7 Types of foundation 3
5 .4 .4 Equivalent-load method 7
3 Materials and ground 5.5 Analysis of transient vibration 7
3 .1 Reinforced concrete 5.5 .1 General 7
3 .2 Steel 5 .5 .2 Short-circuit 8
3 .3 Ground 5.6 Loads on the foundation and ground 8
4 Loads 6 Further design criteria 8
4 .1 Machinery 6.1 Design action-effects 8
4 .1 .1 General 6.2 Reinforced concrete foundations 8
4 .1 .2 Static loads 6.3 Steel foundations 8
4 .1 .3 Dynamic loads 6.4 Ground 8
4 .2 Foundation
4 .2.1 Permanent loads 7 Detailing 9
4 .2.2 Imposed loads 7 .1 Reinforced concrete foundations 9
4.2.3 Creep and shrinkage of reinforced concrete 7 .1 .1 Table foundations 9
4 .2 .4 Effects of temperature, wind and earthquakes 7 .1 .2 Spring foundations 9
7 .1 .3 Slab foundations 9
5 Design 7 .1 .4 Platform foundations 9
5 .1 General 7.2 Steel foundations 9
5 .1 .1 Objectives 7 .2 .1 Table foundations 9
5.1 .2 Static analysis 7 .2 .2 Spring foundations 10
5 .1 .3 Dynamic analysis 7 .2 .3 Platform foundations 10
5 .2 Model study 7 .2 .4 Corrosion protection 10
5 .2 .1 Principles
5 .2.2 Requirements Standards and other documents referred to 10

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Page 2 DIN 4024 Part 1

1 Scope and field of applicatio n

This standard specifies requirements for steel or reinforce d
concrete structures that support mechanical system s
('machine foundations', for short) . Such mechanical sys-
tems are understood to be machinery with mainly rotatin g
elements, the foundations of which are capable of generat -
ing flexural vibration in at least one plane . For the purpose s
of this standard, a distinction is made among the followin g
types of machine foundation :
a) table foundations ;
b) spring foundations ; Figure 2 . Periodic vibratio n
c) slab foundations ;
2 .2 .2 Harmonic vibratio n
d) platform foundations .
Harmonic vibration is a periodic vibration process in whic h
The requirements specified here are intended to preven t a quantity, q, is a sinusoidal function of time (see figure 3) ,
the static and dynamic loads from transmitting unaccept- this being expressed by the following formula :
able vibration to the environment or causing damage to th e
machinery and its foundation . This standard establishes t
q( ) = 4 sin (wt + (po) (2 )
criteria for determining vibration behaviour, deals wit h ,where
design action-effects, and covers principles of constructio n r1 is the amplitude ;
based on experience to date with machine foundations .
w is the angular frequency based on the equatio n

2 Concept s w=-
,
2n
= 2nf ;
2 .1 Vibratio n
ro o is the zero phase angle .
For the purposes of this standard, vibration is a process i n
which a mechanical quantity,q,varies as a function of tim e
(see figure 1), alternating at least once between a minimu m
negative and a maximum positive (peak) value .

Figure 3 . Harmonic vibratio n

Figure 1 . Vibratio n 2 .2 .3 Transient vibratio n

Transient vibration is a temporary state during which th e
peak values or the duration of vibration are not stead y
(e .g .when the machine is turned on or off,when a vibratio n
The mechanical vibration quantities of concern are : process starts or ends, or during short-circuit) .

a) displacement (e .g . deflection, deformation) ; 2 .2 .4 Free vibratio n

b) vibration velocity ; Free vibration is that which results when a linear system i s
C) vibration acceleration ; excited once, i .e . any loads varying with time cease to act on
the system . This process involves system-related natura l
d) restoring forces and moments (associated with dis - modes of vibration and the associated natural frequencies ,
placement) ;
the lowest of which being referred to as the fundamenta l
e) damping forces and moments (usually associated wit h natural frequency.
vibration velocity) ;
f) inertia forces and moments (in proportion to the vibra- 2 .2 .5 Forced vibratio n
tion acceleration) ; Forced vibration is a state of vibration caused by externa l
g) external forces and moments ('excitation') . forces that vary with time .

2 .3 Dampin g
2 .2 Types of vibratio n
Damping is a system characteristic by which kinetic energ y
2 .2 .1 Periodic vibratio n is dissipated and either irreversibly converted to othe r
Periodic vibration is a process in which the magnitude o f forms of energy, particularly heat, or conducted away to th e
a quantity, q, periodically varies with time (see figure 2) , environment .
this being expressed by the following formula : The forms of damping of concern are :
q(t) = q(t+nT) (i ) a) material damping,where the damping force is given by :

~~x
where n is a whole number and T is an increment of tim e
Po = (3)
The reciprocal of T, in s, is the frequency, f, in Hz .


DIN 4024 Part 1 Page 3

or, when allowing for stiffness : 2 .6 .4 Balanced quality

The balanced quality of a system is a measure, Q, of the roto r
FD = kB c x (4) unbalance, expressed as Q = e Q,where a is the eccentric -
ity of the rotor (cf.VDI 2060) .
b) viscous damping,where the damping force is given by :
2 .6 .5 Driving momen t
FD =dvz (5 ) The driving moment is the torque at the input of a drive n
or, when allowing for stiffness : machine (e .g . a turbine) .

j'u = kvc,z (6 ) 2 .6 .6 Output momen t

The output moment is the torque at the output of a drivin g
The quantities used to characterize the damping are :
machine (e .g . a generator) .
a) damping factor (Lehr damping factor), D 1 )
dB 2 .6 .7 Vacuum forc e
D= (7 ) Vacuum forces are static loads that result when vacuum i n
2Sl c m
the condensor of a steam turbine is produced .
k13
D C (8 ) 2 .6 .8 Terminal short circuit and loss of synchronisatio n
2 ~ m
Terminal short circuit and loss of synchronisation ar e
transient malfunctions that occur as a result of a rapi d
D= dv (9 )
2 c m change in the magnetic forces in the air gap of an electri c
machine .
D=
2 m (10)
2.7 Types of foundation
2 .7.1 Machine support
b) logarithmic decremen t
A machine support is a flexible structure in the form o f
2rL D a slab or a configuration of beams on which the machin e
A= (11 )
1-D 2 systems rests and is anchored .

where, in equations (3) to (11) , 2 .7.2 Table foundatio n

S2 is the excitation frequency, A table foundation consists of a slab placed on props tha t
are usually arranged in pairs. The props usually rest on a
d, dv'), kn t) and kv are damping characteristics (quan-
tities with different units) , reinforced concrete base, the latter resting on the ground .
c is the elastic (spring) constant (of a 2 .7.3 Spring foundatio n
single-degree-of-freedom system) ,
A spring foundation is made up of spring elements, usuall y
in is the mass (of a single-degree-of - consisting of several prefabricated springs having defined
freedom system) , spring constants, and the supporting structure, which i s
z is the vibration velocity. defined as the structure beneath the spring elements ,
including the ground .
2.4 Action-effect s
Forthe purposes of this standard, action-effects are forces , 2 .7.4 Slab foundatio n
moments and quantities of displacement that occur as a A slab foundation is made from reinforced concrete an d
result of static or dynamic loading . rests directly on the ground .

2.5 Mode l 2 .7.5 Platform foundation

For the purposes of this standard, a model is a represen- A platform foundation is a construction that is made o f
tation of the actual mechanical system, used for the calcu - slabs or beams,on which the machine system directly rests ,
lation of essential system characteristics . Each possibl e and that is integral with a multi-storey structure .
independent displacement of a material point or a model
element, within a spatial configuration, is defined as a
degree of freedom . Where vibration in any one coordinat e 3 Materials and .groun d
influences vibration in other coordinates, the system may 3 .1 Reinforced concrete
be represented by several, mutually independent model s Concrete of at least strength class B25 as specified i n
('decoupling') . DIN 1045 shall be used .
For the dynamic analysis, the static moduli of elasticity a s
2 .6 Machinery given in DIN 1045 maybe assumed . Where precise informa-
2 .6 .1 Service frequency (rotational speed ) tion about the damping characteristics is not known, th e
The service frequency is the rotational speed under servic e damping factor, D, of the entire system (machine plu s
conditions, expressed in s -1 (or in min-1 ) . foundation) may be assumed to be 0,02. Where stiffness -
related viscous damping is a factor, kv should be selecte d
2.6.2 Service frequency rang e so that D is less than or equal to 0,02 at the highest calcu-
The service frequency range is the range of rotational lated natural frequency, f . (see subclause 5 .3) . For loa d
speeds under service conditions . cases that involve significantly higher loading than tha t
during normal service, a higher damping factor may b e
2 .6 .3 Excitation frequency assumed .
Excitation frequency is the frequency at which dynami c
loads act on the system . It is often the same as the servic e t ) in the relevant literature, the symbol0 is used forD,k or b
frequency. for dv, and V for kB .
 Page 4 DIN 4024 Part 1

Reinforcing steel, suitable for loads that are not predomi- f) loads due to the mass of the ancillary equipment an d
nantly static, shall be used formembers subject to dynami c the effective forces and moments (that act both verti-
loads ; the reinforcement of such members shall not b e cally and horizontally), e .g . thermal expansion, flo w
made from smooth reinforcing steel . forces and vapour pressure ;
g) thermal effects from the machine and its ancillary
3 .2 Stee l equipment.
Steel of at least grade St 37-2 as specified in DIN 17 100 shal l In the case of turbines, a difference in temperature o f
be used . 20K across the foundation cross section may b e
assumed, unless otherwise specified by the machin e
For the dynamic analysis, the static moduli of elasticity a s
manufacturer.
given in DIN 18800 Part 1 may be assumed . Where precise
information about the damping characteristics is not avail - Erection loads are generally transient mass loads that d o
able, stiffness-related material damping may be assumed , not occur during normal servive, and include the load s
as well as a damping characteristic, h, equal to 0,02 . resulting from erection equipment and lifting gear .
For load cases that involve loading significantly higher tha n 4.1 .3 Dynamic load s
that during normal service, a higher damping factor may b e
assumed . The following are dynamic loads during normal service :
a) bearing forces (both vertical and horizontal), resultin g
from rotor unbalance, depending on the rotationa l
3.3 Groun d speed ;
For the dynamic analysis, the resiliency of the ground nee d b) periodic operating loads, resulting from the particula r
only be considered in special cases (cf . subclause 5 .2) , machine performance, that act on the foundation vi a
except for slab foundations, where the resiliency must b e the casing orthe bearings, e .g. forces at twice orsevera l
considered . It may, however, be advantageous to conside r times the rotational frequency of single-phase a .c .
the damping of the ground . machines or biowers,forces from the casing at twice th e
The dynamic characteristics of the ground (e .g . shea r mains frequency of a three-phase machine, or slip -
modulus and Poisson's ratio) can only be determined b y frequency magnetic forces from an induction machine ;
field or laboratory measurements . Since measured value s C) forces and moments that result from turning th e
tend to be widely dispersed, calculation of the dynami c machine on or off, or other transient situations (e .g .
loading should be based on limit values forthese quantities , those associated with the operation of shock convert-
which can be found in the relevant literature, [1] to [3] , ers or occurring during synchronization) .
The major dynamic loads that result from malfunction are :
4 Loads a) an increase in the periodic bearing loads in the case o f
exceptionally high rotor unbalance caused, for example ,
4 .1 Machinery
by blade breakage or rotor distortion ;
4 .1 .1 Genera l b) terminal short circuit or loss of synchronization in th e
The machine manufacturer shall provide the following infor - generator or motor ;
mation : C) shock to pipes or fittings upon emergency shut-down .
a) erection loads ;
b) loads during normal service ; 4 .2 Foundatio n
C) loads during malfunction ; 4 .2.1 Permanent load s
d) service frequency and service frequency range ; The design values of the self-weight of the structure shall b e
e) any thermal effects of the machine or the ancillar y determined in accordance with DIN 1055 Part 1 .
equipment on the foundation .
4.2 .2 Imposed load s
The static and dynamic loads in each of the above case s
shall be given separately . Imposed loads need not be considered for the structure a s
a whole, but the individual members shall be designed t o
If the machine manufacturer requires the foundation to b e
carry particular imposed loads, these being the subjec t
of a particular stiffness, the above load information shall b e
of agreement among the machine manufacturer, the foun-
stated in the form of displacement values which are not t o dation designer and the client . Unless otherwise specified ,
be exceeded .
an imposed load of 5 kN/m 2 shall be assumed .
If vibration is to be restricted (to prevent damage to th e
machine .and its ancillary equipment), even in the case o f 4 .2 .3 Creep and shrinkage of reinforced concret e
malfunction, the manufacturer shall provide relevant limi t
Shrinkage of reinforced concrete shall be considered, a s
values .
set out in DIN 1045, and no allowance shall be made fo r
creep (cf . subclause 7.1) .
4 .1 .2 Static load s
The following are static loads during normal service : 4 .2 .4 Effects of temperature, wind and earthquake s
a) the mass of the rotors and the machine casing ; Where the effects of temperature, wind and earthquake s
need to be considered, refer to the relevant standards (e .g .
b) the mass ofthe condensers, depending on howtheyar e
DIN 1045, DIN 1055 Part 4 and DIN 4149 Part 1) .
erected and the amount of water they contain ;
C) the vacuum force in a turbine whose condensors ar e
connected to the turbine casing via compensator s 5 Desig n
(both vertical and horizontal) ; 5 .1 Genera l
d) the machine's driving and output moments that act o n 5 .1 .1 Objective s
the foundation via the casing (vertical pairs of forces) ; Machine foundations are intended to accommodate th e
e) friction loads on the bearing faces (predominantly hori- static and dynamic loads from the machine .They should b e
zontal), caused by the thermal expansion of the casing : designed on the basis of machine movement during normal
 DIN 4024 Part 1 Pag

service (i .e . the minimum performance requirements to b e 5 .2 Model stud y

satisfied), and to prevent unacceptable vibration fro m 5 .2 .1 Principle s
being transmitted to the environment.This can be assesse d
A model is intended to facilitate analysis of the vibrat i
on the basis of the vibration amplitudes of rotors, especiall y
at the bearings, and the associated vibration and forces . behaviour of the entire system (machine plus foundati c
The system is represented by a linear-elastic model hav i
Any effect that malfunction has on the foundation shall no t distributed or concentrated masses on spring supports .T
impair subsequent machine performance under servic e excitation source,as well as system characteristics suc h
conditions . mass, stiffness and damping, are to be included so as
To verify compliance with these general requirements, a permit a sufficiently accurate assessment .
static and dynamic analysis shall be made, instead of calcu -
lations . 5 .2 .2 Requirement s
The model usually consists of beam elements in whi p
5 .1 .2 Static analysi s shear and torsion deformation have been accounted f
Rotation inertia maybe neglected . In the case of reinforce
The static analysis of machine foundations, i .e . analysis o f
concrete, the 2nd moments of area of the cross-sectio n
the action-effects of the system under static loading, shal l areas may be determined for the cross section exhibiti r
be based on specified load cases (cf .subclause 6 .1) for th e no cracks (state 1) . The distribution of mass may eit h
machinery (cf. subclause 4 .2.1) and for the foundatio n be represented realistically, or the mass assumed to t
(cf. subclause 4 .2) . Since such an analysis is the same a s distributed at different points . It should be noted, howeV E
that made for similar structures, it is not dealt with here .
that if calculation is based on distributed masses, t h
Compliance with any limit displacement values specified by required accuracy can be achieved with substantially few (
the machine manufacturer under defined load condition s degrees of freedom than with concentrated masses . I
(cf. subclause 4 .1 .1) shall be verified . the case of reinforced concrete foundations, the machi n
In the case of machine foundations made from reinforce d shaft and casing may usually be seen as static ; for ste (
concrete, deformation due to creep may be limited b y and steel/concrete composite foundations, a more preci s
means of a suitable structural design (cf . subclause 7.1) . analysis should be made .

Where thermal effects are to be considered in the analysis Each model point (node) has up to six degrees of freedo n
of reinforced concrete foundations, the 2nd moment o f i .e. three translational and three rotational . The number o
effective cross-sectional area may be assumed to be equa l degrees of freedom that need to be considered in a parti c
to 0,3 1 . ular case cannot be specified here .
The static analysis of steel machine foundations ma y The numberof nodes required and the numberof degrees o
generally be limited to a determination of the suppor t freedom 'to be assigned to them depends on sever a
reaction, as the vibration load on such foundations is low. factors, including :
a) the geometry of the entire system ;
5 .1 .3 Dynamic analysis b) the type of vibration to be investigated (vertical, hor i
zontal or torsional) ;
Dynamic analysis of machine foundations serves to asses s
vibration behaviour and to determine the action-effect s c) the relevant frequency range ;
of the system under dynamic loading. It is to be based o n d) the calculation method selected .
a model of the entire system that has largely linear charac - If the system is symmetrical with respect to the vertical
teristics and several degrees of freedom . The metho d centre plane in the longitudinal direction, it will have sym
of assessment of the vibration behaviour (displacement) metric and antimetric natural modes of vibration that ca n
and of determining dynamic forces will depend on whethe r be calculated using models that represent each half o f
dynamic excitation forces are to be considered or not . the system . The relevant frequency range, .i .e. the range of
Where excitation forces are not considered, predicting th e natural frequencies that approaches the service frequency ,
vibration behaviour may be based on a comparison o f will affect the minimum number of translational degrees o f
the calculated natural frequencies of the machine with it s freedom that need not be considered .This number should
excitation frequencies, and then assessing the excitatio n be greater than twice the order of the highest natural fre-
potential of these natural modes . The action-effects ca n quency in the relevant frequency range .
then be determined by assuming analogous maximum dis - Damping maybe neglected when calculating natural vibra-
placement values based on the natural modes established . tion, but should be considered when calculating force d
Where excitation forces declared by the machine manufac - vibration .
turer are used in the calculation, or where such ar e Where it is necessary to consider the resiliency of th e
assumed, predicting the vibration behaviour and determin - ground (cf. subclause 3.3), the continuous resiliency ma y
ing the action-effects may be based on an analysis o f be represented by a number of springs .
forced vibration, in which case natural vibration is also to b e
determined .
5 .2 .3 Simplified representatio n
Dynamic analysis and consideration of the dynamic com- The foundation usualiydoes not need to be represented in a
ponent in subsequent calculations may generally b e spatial configuration . Rather, it may be represented b y
dispensed with if the mass of the rotating elements .is les s models of the individual components, one each for trans-
than one one-hundredth of the mass of the entire syste m lation and rotation in the two vertical planes and in the hori -
(machine plus foundation) . (Note that for platform founda- zontal plane, The rotational component may often b e
tions, the foundation is understood to comprise only thos e dispensed with .
members which are directly loaded .) Otherwise, in the cas e
of systems whose elements run at different rotational For consideration of horizontal vibration, the foundatio n
speeds,theirexcitation unbalance at any one speed mayb e may generally be assumed to be decoupled from the sup -
neglected if the sum of the masses of the individual ele- port and to be laterally retained by springs .
ments is less than one one-hundredth of the mass of th e For table foundations, the natural flexural vibration of th e
entire system . props maybe calculated separately from the entire system .


Page 6 DIN 4024 Part 1

The following simplifications are permitted for the calcula-

mo
tion of vertical vibration .
a) Where the flexural strength of the spring-supporte d Co
system is high relative to the stiffness of the spring sup - Model
ports, i .e . where m
13 . 1
i
ct
CB

(12 )
E -1
is less than or equal to 50 (see figure 4), the n t -~
Ct ) f t = V I. f fm
- it maybe assumed that the flexural system is rigid fo r 2~n

calculation of the natural frequencies generated b y f

the spring supports, o r >02fm
- the spring supports maybe neglected forcalculatio n
of higher natural frequencies . t CB
b) In the case ofspring foundations,where the stiffness, cu , C2) fj= 2-n fm
m,m ft
of the supporting slabs, beams or other supports is a t ~ f
least ten times the stiffness, cF, of the spring elements ,
Z02fm
i .e. where CUICF is not less than 10, then the foundatio n
may be assumed to be separate from the support and t o
consist of a configuration of beams resting on sprin g ~, 1
elements .
C3) fj = 2-I-~
m,
fB= 2; n
Ce

m
For calculation purposes, this means that the resiliency , +--- f
cu, of the foundation, as well as the effect of its mass , ? 0,25 fB
can be neglected .
ft fB
C) The effect of the ground and that of the mass of th e Figure 5. Simplification c)
foundation may usually be neglected, provided one o f
the three following conditions is met (see figure 5) .
c t : The lowest natural frequency, f t , of the foundatio n 5.3 Natural vibratio n
plus machine (mass rrrn) on the spring support , 5 .3 .1 Natural frequencies and modes of vibratio n
where the foundation (mass nij is assumed to b e The natural frequencies ft to & and the modes associate d
rigid, is at least 20% lower than the lowest servic e with them shall be calculated in ascending order.
frequency, fn, .
The number of natural frequencies and modes to b e
C2: The lowest natural frequency, f,, of the entire sys- established shall be selected so that the highest natura l
tem,assumed to be a rigid bodyvibrating on flexibl e frequency calculated is at least 10%higherthan the servic e
ground,is at least 20%lowerthan the lowestservic e frequency. This requirement may be dispensed with in th e
frequency, f,,, . , case of foundations for machines with high service frequen -
C3: The lowest natural frequency, f t , of the foundation a s cies (i.e . where fn, > 75Hz) ; however, depending on th e
such,assumed to be rigid, is at least 25%lowertha n analysis model, the number of natural frequencies to b e
the lowest natural frequency, fB , of the foundatio n calculated, n, shall comply with the following :
as such, assumed to be rigid and on flexible ground . a) n =10 for two-dimensional models in which onlyvertica l
displacements are considered and in which symmetri c
l and antimetric vibration are not decoupled ;
b) n = 6 for two-dimensional, symmetrical models in whic h
Mode l onlyvertical displacements are considered and in whic h
E I symmetric and antimetric vibration are decoupled.
Ct C2 C3
r. i . 5 .3 .2 Assessment of vibration behaviour
on the basis of natural vibratio n
An assessment of the vibration behaviour of a machin e
ft
foundation, in respect of the objectives given in sub -
---------- --- - - - clause 5 .1 .1, may, as a simplification, be based on the rela -
When calculating ft and
tionship of the natural frequencies, fn, to the servic e
f2, E I shall be assume d
frequencies, fm .
to approach infinity.
If both conditions land 2below are met for each decouple d
model, subsequent analysis may be dispensed with ,
1. First order natural frequency

ft z 1,25fm (13 )
.~ ~.
or
\ r~' f3
`'~ - - -~ When calculating fn,with ft s 0 8 fn,
1 (14 )
larger than 2, c ; shall be 2. Higher order natural frequencies
assumed to be zero . a) Higher order natural frequencies that approach th e
service frequency :
f4
A S 0 . 9 -/m
and (15 )
Figure 4 . Simplification a) fn + 1 Z 1,1 f m


DIN 4024 Part 1 Page 7

b) if condition 2a is not met,it shall suffice that fn is less the two adjacent natural frequencies, provided that they li e
than f,,, where n is equal to 10 or 6 (cf. sub - within the specified range and that the magnitude of th e
clause 5.3 .1) . excitation force is kept constant .
Where conditions 1 and 2 are not met, a more precis e 5.4 .3 Natural modes of vibratio n
assessment of vibration behaviour can nonetheless b e if calculating the displacement can be dispensed with, th e
attained by analyzing the excitation potential of the natura l forces may be determined on the basis of the natura l
modes of vibration . For this purpose, the highest natura l modes of vibration adjacent to the service frequency, thi s
modes, assuming they lie within the frequency rang e being intended to simplify the analysis that would be re-
defined by conditions 1 and 2 above, may be analyzed fo r quired for forced vibration . On the basis of the natura l
the magnitude of the relative displacement, xi , ,, at th e modes and the associated action-effects, for each membe r
bearings, i, of the machine shaft . Each natural mode ofvibra - that incorporates a bearing, maximum amplitudes an d
tion shall be checked separately for each bearing, i, for ful- forces for the operative and malfunctioning states shall b e
filment of the following condition : assumed, and the forces obtained by conversion . Fo r

xin
I 2
2
fn
<3 (16)
members that do not incorporate bearings, the action -
effects shall be determined by superimposing load dis -
2
1 fn - f m placement curves .
If this condition is not met, then forced vibration shall b e The following amplitudes, effective at the bearings, may b e
analyzed in accordance with subclause 5.4 . assumed for the particular machine. group in accordanc e
Note that analysis as specified in subclause 5 .4 is recom- with VDI 2056 .
mended for steel/concrete composite foundations fo r a) Operative stat e
machines whose service frequency, f m, is less than 75 Hz o r The value associated with the operating frequency fo r
where fm is greater than f,, (where n is equal to 10 or 6 a s the assessment criterion given in VDI 2056which is on e
given in subclause 5 .3 .1) . grade higher than that guaranteed by the manufacture r
shall be taken as the amplitude under service condi-
tions at the particular bearing .
5 .4 Analysis of vibration due to unbalanc e
b) Malfunctioning stat e
5.4.1 Genera l The amplitude in the case of malfunctioning shall b e
If the vibration behaviour cannot be adequately assesse d assumed to be six times that values used for the opera -
using the methods given in subclause 5 .3, an analysi s tive state .
of forced displacement as set out in subclause 5 .4.2 i s
required on the basis of the excitation forces declared by 5.4.4 Equivalent-load metho d
the machine manufacturer . In the absence of such informa- in the case of slab- or beam-type foundations of simpl e
tion, the forces as determined in accordance with sub - geometry, the dynamic analysis may be simplified b y
clause 5.4 .2 may be introduced in the calculation .The dis - assuming equivalent static loads, based on the unbalanc e
placement values thus obtained may then be compare d during the malfunctioning state, so that results err on th e
with the data given by the manufacturer, if any, or with th e safe side for the operative state .
values obtained in accordance with subclause 5 .4 .3, takin g Starting with a balanced quality, e Q, equal to 2,5 mm/s fo r
the operative state and, If necessary, the malfunctionin g the relevant machine group (see VDI 2060) in the operative
state, into account. state, a balanced quality equal to 38 mm/s is assumed ,
The forces due to unbalance, in both the operative and mal - which is six times that of the next highest grade . The un-
functioning states, may be determined in accordance wit h balance force, K, is then a function of the rotor weight force ,
subclause 5.4 .2, 5 .4.3 or 5 .4 .4 . L, and the operating frequency, fm, so that

5 .4 .2 Forced vibratio n K-1,2 L 50 (17)

If information on forces due to unbalance (in the operativ e
and malfunctioning states) has been provided by th e The static equivalent load, F, is a function of the frequenc y
machine manufacturer, they may be used to establis h ratio,
displacements and forces using the model formed to deter -
n (18 )
mine natural frequencies, following the principles set out
fn
below.
where f n is the nearest natural frequency in the plane bein g
In the absence of such information, the forces may be cal -
considered, so tha t
culated in accordance with VDI 2060, on the basis o f
balanced quality, as follows . 1
F= I K, (19 )
a) Operative stat e I1__
The balanced quality shall be assumed to be one grad e
with F a maximum of 15 K .
lower than that for the relevant machine group as speci -
fied in VDI 2060 . F shall then be assumed to act at the bearings according t o
the rotary mass component.To determine the action-effects ,
b) Malfunctioning stat e an equivalent system should be used that has fixed bearing s
The forces due to unbalance shall be assumed to be si x at the nodes of the natural modes of vibration being Investi -
times the value established for the operative state .
gated .The signs (+or-) of the equivalent-load componen t
The excitation forces shall be analyzed for each bearing , of the bearings should be selected to produce the maxi -
taking into account the balanced quality selected, th e mum possible amount of deformation within the system .
service frequency as the excitation frequency, and th e
rotary mass component .As a simplif!cation,since the phase 5 .5 Analysis of transient vibration
pattern of the excitation forces is unknown, the forces at
the bearings may first be assumed to be unidirectional , 5.5.1 General
and then to act in opposite directions . If the natura l Transient vibration that can affect the balanced quality o f
frequencies lie within the range of 0,95 to 1,05 f m ,the exci- the system may occurwhen the machine is turned on or off,
tation frequency may be assumed to be shifted to either of or during certain other transient operative states . It may be


Page 8 DIN 4024 Part 1

assumed that the action-effects determined for the mal - 1: Static loads during erection .
functioning state in accordance with subclause 5 .4 als o 2: Static loads during normal operation .
account for the loads that occur during transient vibration , 3: Dynamic loads during normal operation .
i .e. these need not be analyzed separately .
4: Loads resulting from malfunction or short-circuit .
In the case of electric machines, however, there are certai n
rare malfunction states (e .g. terminal short-circuit, main s Load cases M, B and S below shall be established, fro m
short-circuit followed by shut-down, or loss of synchronisa- which the loads relevant to design can be derived ;
tion) that can result in very large antimetric loads on th e M : load condition 1 ;
system which are transmitted to the foundation via th e B : load conditions 2 and 3 ;
machine casing . A two-pole terminal short-circuit in a n
S: load conditions 2 and 4 .
electric machine running at a high speed of rotation is to b e
considered representative for such loads . Analysis of th e Note that the action-effects from dynamic loads in vertica l
resulting action-effects is described In subclause 5,5 .2. and horizontal directions need not be taken as actin g
simultaneously ,
5 .5 .2 Short-circui t The resonance of those members for which, in the analysis ,
The short-circuit moment affects the foundation via th e no dynamic loads could be established because of an in -
generator or motor casing in the form of opposite pairs o f adequate model, shall be accounted for by assuming a n
vertical forces, the moment vector being parallel to th e equivalent vertical load equal to 100% of the permanen t
shaft axis . The resulting displacements and loads can b e load for load case S .
calculated as a function of the excitation/time relationshi p
or by using the equivalent-load method .
Where the machine manufacturer has not specified th e
6.2 Reinforced concrete foundations
short-circuit moment, Mk, as a function of time, analysi s The design of reinforced concrete foundations shall be i n
may be based on the following equation for three-phas e accordance with DIN 1045 .
machines : Load cases M and S
1
Mk (t) 10 MO (e-vo,4 sin O N t etro,4 -sin 2Q N t Loads shall be assumed to be predominantly static, a yiel d
-etuo,15) 2 (20) strength of up to 420MN/m 2 of the reinforced concret e
- Mo (f
being used in the calculation .
wher e
Load case B
M O is the resulting nominal torque from the actual powe r
generated ; The specifications relating to loads that are not pre -
dominantly static shall be taken into account. It shall b e
O N is the mains frequency (not always the same as th e
verified that the amplitude of concrete compressiv e
operating mains frequency) ;
stresses due to coexistent flexure and longitudinal force s
t is time, in s . does not exceed 0,33 R and that the shear stresses do no t
For determining forced vibration, the natural frequencies lie in shear range 3 .
shall be taken to be at least 1,2 times the mains frequency . If, however, the dynamic loads during normal operatio n
Where the natural frequencies of antimetric natural mode s (loading condition 3) are multiplied by a coefficient allow-
of vibration lie within the range of 0,95 to 1,05 O N , the exci - ing forfatigue of 3 or more,analysis may be based on load s
tation frequency (i .e . mains frequency) shall be shifted t o which are predominantly static, in which case the restric -
these natural frequencies for calculation purposes . tions stated above foramplitude and shearstresses may b e
Loads from short-circuit may also be determined in a simpli - ignored .
fied manner by the equivalent-load method, for which a valu e Load case S
that is 1,7 times the maximum short-circuit moment i s
Where the loads due to unbalance as a result of malfunc-
assumed . If the machine manufacturer has not specified th e
tion are multiplied by a factor of at least six times thos e
latter,the maximum value of Mk may be assumed to be 12 Mo.
during normal operation, analysis of load case B may be
5 .6 Loads on the foundation and groun d dispensed with .
The effects of dynamic loads during normal operation an d
due to malfunction shall be considered when designing th e 6.3 Steel foundations
foundation and for the analysis of earth pressure . Verifying the strength of steel foundations may usually b e
If the equivalent-load method is used for analyzing the sup - dispensed with .
port reaction, it may be assumed that counteracting mas s In exceptional cases, a general stress analysis as specifie d
forces contribute to maintaining equilibrium . in DIN 18 800 Part 1 as well as a stability analysis as speci -
If the foundation has been assumed to be decoupled from fied in DIN 4114 Parts 1 and 2 shall be made for load cases M ,
the ground in one ormore planes forthe purpose ofdynam- B and S .Such is required in any case forprops .ln this regard,
ic analysis (cf. subclause 5 .2), then the maximum desig n the permissible loads specified for load case H shall b e
values of the dynamic support reaction in the relevant plan e taken for cases M and B, and those specified for load cas e
may be taken as the equivalent loads . For analysis of eart h HZ, for case . S. Furthermore, analysis of load case B shal l
pressure, the loads due to malfunction may be neglected . include a service strength analysis using load group 86 a s
specified in subclause 4 .4 of DIN 4132, February 198 1
In the case of spring foundations, the isolating function o f
the spring elements is usually so great that the dynami c edition .
loads on the foundation during both normal operation an d Where .the loads due to unbalance as a result of malfunc -
malfunction can be neglected . tion are multiplied by a factor of at least six times thos e
during normal operation, analysis of load case 8 may b e
6 Further design criteri a dispensed with .
6 .1 Design action-effect s
By superimposing the peak values obtained from static an d 6 .4 Ground
dynamic analysis, the following loading conditions shall b e Determination of the permissible loading of the groun d
considered . shall be in accordance with DIN 1054 .
 DIN 4024 Part 1 Page t

7 Detailin g 7.1 .2 Spring foundations

7.1 Reinforced concrete foundation s 7.1 .2 .1 Machine suppor t
7.1 .1 Table foundation s Subclause 7.1 .1 .1 shall apply for the machine support o
spring foundations .
7.1 .1 .1 Machine support (slab )
Steel plates should be fitted to the underside of the su p
The machine support shall not be joined to the rest of th e
port, above the spring elements .
building in which the foundation is to be erected .
In orderto achieve the most uniform creep behaviourat th e 7.1 .2 .2 Spring elements
bearings, cross sections shall be selected so that nearl y Spring elements usually consist of a number of individua l
identical displacements occur at the bearings directly sub - springs which have defined stiffness in both the vertical an d
jected to concentrated loads under the self-weight of th e horizontal directions .
machine and slab .This same principle shall also be applie d The spring travel shall be higher than that calculated an d
to ensure equal displacements at the rotor bearings rela- should be half as large as the deflection due to the self
tive to the machine casing . weight of the system .
All structural members shall be reinforced throughout,eve n The spring element shall be prestressabie to permit its
if this is not required by the design . Links shall preferably b e removal during operation without the machine suppor t
used as shear reinforcement . being lifted .
Anchorages and recesses shall be arranged so that th e Dampers,which are capable of acting in all directions and o f
reinforcement, in its main loading direction, is not adversely accommodating thermal expansion, may be connected i n
affected . parallel to the spring elements in order to prevent move-
The slab shall be cast in concrete without constructio n ment of the machin e ,support under accidental loading con -
joints, the concreting operation being carefully prepared , ditions .
for example , 7.1 .2 .3 Supporting structure
a) by using retarding agents for placing the concrete i n Regardless of the material used for the machine support ,
layers ; the supporting structure may be made from either rein -
b) by providing foradequate quantities of concrete mixin g forced concrete or steel . It maybe a part of the building i n
components and transport capacity ; which the machine foundation is to be erected .
C) by using well-supported formwork when the concrete i s The spring elements may be concentrated (e .g . on props )
not placed centrally ; ordistributed (e .g . on beams) .The zone in which they are t o
d) by keeping the joints between props and slab thor- be erected, particularly in the case of props, should be
oughly clean . designed so that further elements can be added later .
If the base or other supporting structures are to be con- 7.1 .3 Slab foundation s
creted later, the connecting joints shall be cleaned an d Subclause 7.1 .1 .1 shall apply for the machine support of sla b
prepared to ensure an adequate bond, this also applyin g foundations.
for the concrete topping . Concrete toppings about 20 cm i n
thickness shall be reinforced and be joined with the founda - 7.1 .4 Platform foundation s
tion by means of projecting reinforcements . It is rarely possible to predict the dynamic behaviour of a
platform foundation, owing to the interaction between i t
7.1 .1 .2 Props and the building in which it is installed,this interaction bein g
Props shall not be joined to the rest of the building in whic h very difficult to measure . Therefore, platform foundation s
the foundation is to be erected, except for lightweight ele - are generally used only for small machine systems . In cas e
ments, which may be fastened directly to the props b y of doubt, it should be possible to separate the foundatio n
means of flexible intermediate layers to prevent vibrator y from the surrounding structure, should it prove inappropri -
effects . Reinforced concrete intermediate platforms shal l ate.
be erected on the base with their own props .
The cross section of the props shall be selected so that , 7.2 Steel foundation s
under permanent load, roughly the same compressiv e 7.2 .1 Table foundation s
stresses are induced in all props . For longitudinal reinforce- 7.2 .1 .1 Machine support (slab)
ment of props, the percentage of reinforcement shall be a t The machine support shall not be joined to the rest of th e
least equal to 0,8.The reinforcing bars shall have a diamete r building in which the foundation is to be erected .
of at least 10 mm .
Steel foundations shall only be made from fully welde d
The props shall be concreted without joints . members or those having slip-resistant joints with high -
71 .1 .3 Bas e strength bolts, such as GV or GVP joints as specified i n
The base should be separated by a joint from other parts o f DIN 18 800 Part 1 .
the building in which the foundation is to be erected . It s Where the machine manufacturer has not specified partic -
thickness should be about one-tenth of its length . ularstiffness requirements for the foundation,the followin g
The self-weight of the base, including the loads from inter - minimum requirements should be maintained .
mediate platforms and concrete toppings, should b e E 1
a) The average relative stiffness of the machine sup -
selected to be about the same as the loads from th e G
machine support with the machine, the loads from con- port in the longitudinal direction should be about twic e
densor and props being disregarded here .To prevent differ- as large as the average relative stiffness of the shaf t
ences in settlement, all permanent loads (excludin g assembly.ln the above formula,G is the permanent loa d
vacuum forces) should act on the centre of gravity of th e on the machine support due to its self-weight, that of
base area . the machine, and that of the shaft, respectively .
The mass of reinforcement by base volume should be a t b) The stiffness of the girders, E 1, which are subject t o
least equal to 30 kg/ m 3 part of the reinforcement shall b e direct loading from the machine, should be as large a s
arranged in a spatial configuration . possible, and be at least one-fifth of the stiffness of th e
When placing the concrete, vertical joints shall be avoided . machine support in the longitudinal direction .


Page 10 DIN 4024 Part I

The points at which forces are introduced, particularly thos e 7.2 .1 .3 Bas e
at the prop connections and the bearing faces, shall b e Subclause 7.1 .1 .3 shall apply for the base of steel fou l
carefully designed . When prestressed bolts are used fo r tions .
machine attachment, It shall be ensured that they ca n
accommodate the loads resulting from prestressing .
In general,the cross sections used need only be resonance - 7.2.2 Spring foundation s
free at the machine bearings or pipework connections . It is , Subclause 7.2 .1 .1 shall apply for the machine suppo r
however, recommended that the cross section of upperbo x spring foundations, subclauses 7.1 .2 .2 and 7.12 .3 apply
girders be highly tuned, this being a requirement fo r fqr the spring elements and the supporting structure .
machines having an operating frequency of less than 75 Hz ,

7.2 .1 .2 Prop s 7.2 .3 Platform foundations

Props shall not be joined to the rest of the building in whic h Subclause 7.1 .4 shall apply for steel platform foundati c
the foundation is to be erected, except for lightweight ele-
ments, which may be fastened directly to the props b y
means of flexible intermediate layers to prevent vibratory 7.2 .4 Corrosion protection
effects . Heavy intermediate platforms shall be erected o n For steel foundations installed in closed, well-heated b L
the base with their own props. Ings, It is generally not required to provide internal c o
Since the vibration behaviour of props varies according t o slon protection (e .g . for hollow cross sections) .
the type of connection orjoint used,this shall be allowed fo r Where corrosion protection is necessary, thespecificatl (
in the design . given in the DIN 55928 series shall apply .

Standards and other documents referred t o

DIN 1045 Structural use of concrete ; design and constructio n
DIN 1054 Permissible loading of subsoi l
DIN 1055 Part 1 Design loads for structures ; materials to be stocked, construction materials and structural memb e
self-weight and angle of frictio n
DIN 1055 Part 4 Design loads for structures ; imposed loads ; wind loads on structures not susceptible to vibratio n
DIN 4114 Part 1 Structural steelwork ; safety against buckling, overturning and bulging ; design principles
DIN 4114 Part 2 Structural steelwork ; safety against buckling, overturning and bulging ; constructio n
DIN 4132 Structural steelwork ; design and construction of craneway s
DIN 4149 Part I Buildings in German earthquake zones ; design loads ; design and construction of conventional buildi n
DIN 17 100 Steels for general structural purposes ; quality standard
DIN 18800 Part 1 Steel structures ; design and constructio n
DIN 55928 series Corrosion protection of steel structures by organic and metallic coating s
VDI 2056 Evaluating the mechanical vibration of machines 2 )
VDI 2060 Evaluating the balanced condition of rotating rigid bodies 2)
[1] Grundbautaschenbuch (Foundation Engineering Handbook), 3rd ed., Part 1, section 1 .14 : Lorenz/Klei n : Bodendynamik u
Erdbeben (Soil dynamics and earthquakes), Berlin : Ernst & Sohn, 1980.
[2] Haupt, W. Bodendynamik (Soil dynamics), Braunschweig, Wiesbaden : Vleweg, 1986.
(3] Studer, J . ; Ziegler, A . Bodendynamik (Soil dynamics), Berlin : Springer, 1986 .

Previous editio n
DIN 4024 : 01 .55 .

Amendments
In comparison with the January 1955 edition of DIN 4024, the following amendments have been made .
a) Title and DIN number have been changed .
b) The standard has been completely revised to bring it into line with the state of the art .

International Patent Classificatio n

E 02 D 27/44
E 02 D 31/08
F 16 M 1/'0 0
F16M5/00
F16M9/00
F 16 M 13/0 0
F16F15/0O

2) Issued by the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (Society of German Engineers), D-4000 Dsseldorf 1 ;
obtainable from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstra9e 6, D-1000 Berlin 30 .