Sci7 Unit B Unit Review
Sci7 Unit B Unit Review
Sci7 Unit B Unit Review
Section 1.0
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1.2 Plant Processes
A Process for Moving Water Up From the Roots
Water moves up a plant from the roots using the following processes:
2. Capillary Action - water travels from the roots to the leaves through small
tiny tubes inside the roots and stem. Water molecules are naturally attracted to
each other and stick to one another. With the attraction of the water particles to
each other and to the sides of the tubes, the water moves up wards inside the
plant.
3. Osmosis - when the concentration of water in the soil is greater than the
concentration of water in the roots of a plant, water moves into the root cells.
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A Process to Use Food
CELLULAR RESPIRATION - plants use the sugar (glucose) produced in
photosynthesis for food and oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide (as
waste) and useful energy.
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A Process to Exchange Gases
many processes require gases in order to produce food or transport substances.
GAS EXCHANGE is the process of these gases entering and leaving the plant.
oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through tiny openings in the leaf
a life cycle is the stages that a living thing passes through to go from one
generation to another.
SEED STAGE - the seed has three main parts: embryo, stored food and a seed
coat. The stored food surrounds the embryo in some species while in others, the
stored food is part of the embryo. This food is used until the plant begins to
photosynthesize and produce its own food.
SEEDLING STAGE - at this stage plants grow very fast and produce new
leaves, roots and stems. Seedlings produce their own food but also require
nutrients from the surrounding soil.
ADULT STAGE - a plant reaches this stage when it produces reproductive
structures. In seed plants this would be a flower or cone.
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Reproduction of Seed Plants
POLLINATION - a process where the male and female parts of a plant join to
make a seed.
POLLEN (MALE) -. Pollen grains are small, sticky cells. One plant produces
millions of pollen grains.
OVARY (FEMALE) -. The ovary contains the OVULE.
Process - a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower, above the ovary
pollen grain produces a pollen tube that grows down from the stigma called the
style. The style leads to the ovary which holds the ovule. Cells transfer from the
grain to the ovule, the ovule grows into a seed.
cone bearing plants usually have separate male and female cones. Once
pollinated, the seed develops on the female ovule.
POLLINATORS - organisms that carry pollen from one flower to another.
examples: birds, insects, bats.
the organisms enter the flower looking for nectar and become coated with pollen
and transports it to the next flower.
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Technology to Reproduce Plants
CUTTINGS - small pieces of a plant that usually have a part of the stem and a
few leaves.
GRAFTING - attaching a part of one plant to another usually a small branch.
Eventually the two sections will grow together.
Examples of adaptations:
Dry Areas - plants must conserve water. Cacti have thick stems because they
store water in them. The tiny spines protect the water from predators.
Grasses - have narrow, thin leaves so that a number can be accommodated in one
area and assist in pollination by the wind. The depth of the roots changes with the
moisture or lack of moisture.
Sunflowers - have large leaves to attract the sun and produce bright, large
flowers to attract insects that are vital in the pollination process.
White Spruce trees - thin, needle-like leaves with a thick resin coating that
protects the plant from drying out.
Fibrous roots - thick mat just below the surface that gathers water at the upper
layers of soil.
Tap roots - long roots that reach water deep down where others can't reach.
Short growing seasons - wild mustard can produce seeds in less than two
months.
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1.5 Plant Needs and Growing Conditions
all plants need the right amount of light, water, nutrients and space to survive.
LIGHT - need light in order to carry out the process of photosynthesis. Not all
plants need the same amount of light; some require shade more than direct
sunlight.
WATER - plants will die if they do not get enough water and if they get too
much water.
NUTRIENTS - substances that provide the energy and materials that plants
require in order to grow. They include nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium,
calcium and magnesium.
SPACE - based on the size and needs of a plant.
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Section 2.0
Plants Play an Essential Role in the Environment and in Meeting
Human Needs
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Soil is an Important Resource that Human
Activity can Protect or Degrade
soil has mineral and organic particles. The mineral particles are made from rock
that has been broken down. Mineral particles makes spaces in the soil that water
can run through quickly.
organic particles are made from plants and animals that were once living. When
partly decomposed the material is called HUMUS.
Humus provides plants with the nutrients they need and also absorbs water.
sandy soil runs through your fingers and has few lumps. when wet and
compressed, the soil will not stay together. light brown in colour.
most particles are minerals and very little humus.
does not contain much food for plants and dries quickly because water runs
through it very fast.
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Characteristics of Clay Soil
clay soil feels slippery when moist and rubbed between your fingers. if wet it will
stick together and form a tight ball.
dry clay is very hard. the colour varies.
most particles are minerals and very little humus. The particles are very small and
give the clay a fine texture.
the pore size is also small therefore the clay can hold water and nutrients but air
cannot penetrate since most of the air spaces can be filled with water.
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3.2 Our Practices Can Improve or Degrade Soil
Fertilizer Use
Irrigation
clearing land allows farmers to plant seeds and decreases the amount of
competition between plants.
involves removing most of the plant cover and plowing under anything that
remains.
can result in the loss of valuable topsoil if not managed properly.
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Plowing Changes Soil
the process of cutting into the soil and turning the top layer over.
breaks up soil creating more air spaces and making it less compacted.
farmers protected the topsoil by leaving stubble on the field to prevent wind
erosion.
The Ways That Plants are Grown and Used are Related to Human Needs,
Technology, and the Environment.
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4.2 New Plant Varieties are Developed by Selective Breeding
SPECIES - a group of organisms with similar traits that can reproduce with each
other.
VARIETY - is a subset of a species. A variety has specific TRAITS that
distinguish it from other varieties.
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4.3 Controlling Weeds and Pests
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Biological Control
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