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    Wave Packets and Phase and Group Velocity: Prof. B.N. Jagatap Department of Physics IIT Bombay

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    Nishant Kumar Gupta
    1) A wave packet is formed by the superposition of multiple waves with slightly different wavelengths and phases. This results in a localized wave that can represent a particle. 2) The phase velocity (vp) is the velocity at which the phase of each individual wave propagates. The group velocity (vg) is the velocity at which the envelope of the wave packet propagates. 3) For non-dispersive media, vp = vg since the phase velocity does not depend on wavelength. But for dispersive media, vp ≠ vg since the phase velocity is wavelength-dependent.

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    Wave Packets and Phase and Group Velocity: Prof. B.N. Jagatap Department of Physics IIT Bombay

    Uploaded by

    Nishant Kumar Gupta
    39 views21 pages
    1) A wave packet is formed by the superposition of multiple waves with slightly different wavelengths and phases. This results in a localized wave that can represent a particle. 2) The phase velocity (vp) is the velocity at which the phase of each individual wave propagates. The group velocity (vg) is the velocity at which the envelope of the wave packet propagates. 3) For non-dispersive media, vp = vg since the phase velocity does not depend on wavelength. But for dispersive media, vp ≠ vg since the phase velocity is wavelength-dependent.

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    physics

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    lecture 6

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    1) A wave packet is formed by the superposition of multiple waves with slightly different wavelengths and phases. This results in a localized wave that can represent a particle. 2) The phase velocity (vp) is the velocity at which the phase of each individual wave propagates. The group velocity (vg) is the velocity at which the envelope of the wave packet propagates. 3) For non-dispersive media, vp = vg since the phase velocity does not depend on wavelength. But for dispersive media, vp ≠ vg since the phase velocity is wavelength-dependent.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views21 pages

    Wave Packets and Phase and Group Velocity: Prof. B.N. Jagatap Department of Physics IIT Bombay

    Uploaded by

    Nishant Kumar Gupta
    1) A wave packet is formed by the superposition of multiple waves with slightly different wavelengths and phases. This results in a localized wave that can represent a particle. 2) The phase velocity (vp) is the velocity at which the phase of each individual wave propagates. The group velocity (vg) is the velocity at which the envelope of the wave packet propagates. 3) For non-dispersive media, vp = vg since the phase velocity does not depend on wavelength. But for dispersive media, vp ≠ vg since the phase velocity is wavelength-dependent.

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    of 21

    Wave Packets and

    Phase and Group Velocity

    Prof. B.N. Jagatap


    Department of Physics
    IIT Bombay
    Recapitulate
    Everything (matter and radiation) has both wave
    and particle properties.

    de Broglie Wavelength

    For a photon, momentum p h / c h /

    So for a particle of momentum p, the wavelength is

    dB h / p h / mv h / m0 v
    dB = de Broglie wavelength
    Interference is a result of wave property

    When the object reaches the screen, it is detected


    as a particle.

    Wave Particle Duality


    Wave Particle Duality

    Particle: Localized, Definite position,


    momentum, confined in space

    Wave: Delocalized, spread out in space


    and time

    How to find a description of a particle which


    Fits the wave description Wave
    And localized in space Packet
    Wave Packet
    If several waves of different wavelengths and phases are
    superimposed together, what we get is a localized wave packet.

    Example: Beat formation in superposition of two sinusoidal waves


    Spatial beats by superposition of sinusoidal waves of
    nearby wavelengths
    2
    A sin x A sin kx

    [sin(5x) + sin(6x)]/2 [sin(5x) + sin(5.5x) + sin(6x)]/3

    [sin(5x) + sin (5.25x) + sin(5.5x) + sin (5.75x) + sin(6x)]/5


    [sin(5x) + sin (5.125x) + sin (5.25x) + sin(5.375x) + sin(5.5x) + sin (5.625x)
    + sin (5.75x) + sin(5.875x) + sin(6x)]/9

    [sin(5x) + sin(5.0625x) + sin (5.125x) + sin(5.1875x) + sin (5.25x) +


    sin(5.3125x) + sin(5.375x) + sin(5.4375x) + sin(5.5x) + sin(5.5625x) + sin
    (5.625x) + sin(5.6875x) + sin (5.75x) + sin(5.8125x) + sin(5.875x) +
    sin(5.9375x) + sin(6x)]/17
    Particle

    Wave packet

    A wave packet is a group of waves with slightly


    different wavelengths interfering with one another in
    a way that the amplitude of the group (envelope) is
    non-zero in the neighbourhood of the particle.

    A wave packet is localized; it is a good representation


    of a particle
    Phase Velocity and Group Velocity
    Consider an ideal wave A sin(kx t )
    k 2 / 2
    A k measured in
    0 wavenumber
    x
    A
    Take a point at t = 0 for which = 0. Let time increase to t. What
    would be x to maintain = 0.
    x Phase
    kx t 0 vp
    t k Velocity

    Phase velocity is the velocity of a point of constant phase on the wave.


    Now consider superposition of two waves
    1 A sin( kx t )
    1 A sin[(k k ) x ( )t ]
    1 2 A sin(kx t ) A sin[(k k ) x ( )t ]
    (2k k ) x (2 )t kx t
    2 A sin cos
    2 2 2 2
    Since k and are infinitesimally small quantities

    2 k k 2 k , 2 2

    kx t
    2 A sin(kx t ) cos
    2 2
    kx t
    2 A sin(kx t ) cos
    2 2
    Slowly varying envelope of frequency
    kx t and propagation constant k
    cos
    2 2
    Group velocity is the velocity with
    which the envelope of the wave
    packet moves.

    d
    vg as k
    k dk
    sin( kx t )

    vg is the velocity with which the wave packet moves.


    Particle v
    v g d / dk
    Wave packet vp / k

    Phase velocity
    Relation between p and k
    2
    vp p h / 2h/2 k
    k 2 /
    Wavelength
    h / p h / mv
    Frequency
    m0 c 2
    p 2 c 2 m02 c 4
    E / h mc 2 / h
    h 1 v2 / c2 h
    Particle v
    vp / k v g d / dk
    Wave packet
    Suppose the velocity of the de Broglie wave associated with the
    moving particle is vp
    2 h / p h / mv
    vp
    k 2 /
    E / h mc / h
    2

    2
    c
    vp vp c since vc
    v
    The de Broglie wave associated with the particle would leave the
    particle behind. This is against the wave concept of the particle.
    v vp
    Is v = vg?
    E h mc 2
    mc 2 / h h / p h / mv
    2 2mc 2 / h k 2 / 2mv / h
    2m0 c 2
    2m0 v
    k
    h 1 v2 / c2 h 1 v2 / c2
    d d / dv
    vg
    dk dk / dv
    2m0 v 2m0
    d / dv dk / dv
    h(1 v 2 / c 2 ) 3 / 2 h(1 v 2 / c 2 ) 3 / 2
    vg v
    de Broglie wave group associated with a moving body
    travels with the same velocity as the body!
    de Broglie wave group
    associated with a moving
    body travels with the same
    velocity as the body!

    In general, many waves having a continuous distribution of


    wavelengths must be added to form a packet that is finite
    over a limited range and really zero everywhere else. In this
    case,

    d d
    vg vg
    dk dk k0

    where the derivative is to be evaluated at the central k0 .


    Relationship between vg and vp


    vp
    k d dv p
    vg (kv p ) v p k
    d dk dk k
    vg
    0

    dk

    Since k 2 /

    dv p dv p dv p
    k vg vp
    dk d d 0
    Dispersion Relations
    Relation between and k is known as dispersion relation.
    Plot of vs k is called the dispersion curve.
    If dv p / dk 0
    dv p dv p
    vg v p k v p
    dk k0 d 0
    vg v p
    Since v p / k , dv p / dk 0 kv g kv
    Non-dispersive medium:

    dv p / dk 0 vg vp
    v p c / nr nr = Refractive index

    All component waves have the same speed!


    Dispersion Relations
    dv p dv p Non-dispersive medium:
    vg v p k
    dk v p
    k0 d
    0 dv p / dk 0 vg v p

    Dispersive medium: dv p / dk 0 vg vp
    Dispersive occurs when phase velocity depends on k (or ): v p c / nr ( )
    Normal dispersion Anomalous dispersion
    dv p / d 0 dv p / d 0
    nr (red ) nr (blue), dnr / d 0,
    vg vp
    vg vp
    Dispersion Relation for de Broglie Wave
    Phase velocity v p Group velocity

    h/ p p k
    vg vp k
    dv p

    dk k0
    p 2 c 2 m02 c 4
    E/h
    h mc 2

    1 / 2
    c2
    2 v g c 1
    p c m c
    2 2 2 4
    m0 c k 0 vp
    vp c 1
    0
    k0
    p k
    Since v p c / v
    2

    dv p / dk 0
    vg v
    v is the particle velocity
    All media are dispersive for de
    Broglie wave [This derivation is identical to the
    derivation on slide no. 15]
    De Broglie Wave: Dispersion relation
    Vs k relation

    p 2 2k 2
    E
    2m 2m
    2
    k 2
    h 2
    k
    2m 2m
    E h

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