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    Why 0.6W PDF

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    Hyunkyoun Jin
    This document discusses changes to wind load combinations and wind maps in ASCE 7-10 that have confused the building industry. Specifically, it explains that the new wind maps represent ultimate design wind speeds rather than allowable stress design wind speeds. To determine allowable stress design wind loads from the ultimate wind speeds, the calculated wind load must be multiplied by a load factor of 0.6. This factor allows the allowable stress design wind loads to be comparable to what would have been calculated using the older wind maps. The document provides examples to demonstrate this conversion from ultimate to allowable stress design wind loads.

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    Why 0.6W PDF

    Uploaded by

    Hyunkyoun Jin
    100 views3 pages
    This document discusses changes to wind load combinations and wind maps in ASCE 7-10 that have confused the building industry. Specifically, it explains that the new wind maps represent ultimate design wind speeds rather than allowable stress design wind speeds. To determine allowable stress design wind loads from the ultimate wind speeds, the calculated wind load must be multiplied by a load factor of 0.6. This factor allows the allowable stress design wind loads to be comparable to what would have been calculated using the older wind maps. The document provides examples to demonstrate this conversion from ultimate to allowable stress design wind loads.

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    This document discusses changes to wind load combinations and wind maps in ASCE 7-10 that have confused the building industry. Specifically, it explains that the new wind maps represent ultimate design wind speeds rather than allowable stress design wind speeds. To determine allowable stress design wind loads from the ultimate wind speeds, the calculated wind load must be multiplied by a load factor of 0.6. This factor allows the allowable stress design wind loads to be comparable to what would have been calculated using the older wind maps. The document provides examples to demonstrate this conversion from ultimate to allowable stress design wind loads.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    100 views3 pages

    Why 0.6W PDF

    Uploaded by

    Hyunkyoun Jin
    This document discusses changes to wind load combinations and wind maps in ASCE 7-10 that have confused the building industry. Specifically, it explains that the new wind maps represent ultimate design wind speeds rather than allowable stress design wind speeds. To determine allowable stress design wind loads from the ultimate wind speeds, the calculated wind load must be multiplied by a load factor of 0.6. This factor allows the allowable stress design wind loads to be comparable to what would have been calculated using the older wind maps. The document provides examples to demonstrate this conversion from ultimate to allowable stress design wind loads.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    Why 0.6W?

    Changes to ASCE 7-10 Wind Load Combinations and Wind Map Baffles
    the Building Industry Where did the allowable stress wind load go? This article is intended to
    help you find it again.

    By
    Jay H. Crandell, P.E.
    ARES Consulting
    www.aresconsulting.biz

    For
    Single-Ply Roofing Industry
    Waltham, MA
    www.spri.org

    April 12, 2016

    Introduction

    The ASCE 7-10 Standard for Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures has again
    changed its wind maps. Unlike past wind map changes (e.g., the change from a fastest-mile average
    wind speeds to a 3-second gust wind speed basis in the 1995 edition of ASCE 7), this more recent wind
    map change now also impacts the way allowable stress design (ASD) wind loads are determined. ASD
    wind loads are used when calculating wind loads on roof coverings. The wind maps in the most recent
    edition of ASCE 7 represent Ultimate Design Wind speeds (Vult). Due to this change the calculated wind
    load, W, must be multiplied by a load factor, 0.6, to obtain an ASD wind load. Conversely, the strength
    design or load and resistance factor (LRFD) design approach now uses a wind load factor of 1.0 instead
    of 1.6 as in the past. In many ways, this change in format has caused the ASD format for wind design to
    look more like the LRFD format and vice versa. Needless to say, this format change has caused much
    confusion.

    The changes to the ASD format for wind loads may be confusing, but the purpose for doing so does
    provide a better representation of variation of wind hazard (and thus design safety or probability) across
    the US.
    Why all the confusion? Because

    Wind pressure on a building surface is determined with the following basic relationship:

    W = Wind Pressure(load) = f(V2)* = 0.00256KzKztKdG(V2) x (net surface pressure coefficient, Cp) [Eq. 1]

    * That pressure is a function of the square of the velocity of wind is a fundamental physical principle called the Bernoulli
    Principle, named after Daniel Bernoulli who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738. This principle is important to
    understanding how and why the 0.6 factor now applied to allowable stress wind loads became necessary with recent wind map
    changes from an ASD wind speed basis to a so-called Ultimate wind speed basis.

    If the mapped wind speed is an allowable stress wind speed (i.e., as maps that were published prior to
    ASCE 7-10)), then one simply calculates the wind load, W, and it is implicitly an allowable stress design
    wind load, Wasd, which requires no further adjustment or factoring.

    For example:

    ASD wind speed from old, pre-2010 ASCE 7, Vasd = 90 mph


    Calculated ASD wind load = 0.00256(1)(1)(1)(1)(90 mph)2 x (1) = 20.7 psf
    (all coefficients are set at a value of 1 for sake of example only)

    However, the new wind maps in ASCE 7-10 are now determined for a much lower probability of
    exceedance or a greater mean recurrence interval. This was done so that the newer Strength Design or
    LRFD design format could have a factor of 1.0 applied to W rather than 1.6. Thus, a typical building sites
    mapped wind speed (Category II type building) is based on a 700-year return period (1/700 = 0.0014 =
    0.14% probability of annual exceedance). It is known as an ultimate wind speed, Vult. In essence, the
    mapped wind speeds were increased by the square root of the LRFD wind load factor of 1.6 so that the
    load factor in the LRFD format could be changed to 1.0 (e.g., mapped wind speeds were increased by
    sqrt(1.6) = 1.26), setting aside other wind map changes due to improved analysis of historic wind data
    and modeling of hurricane wind hazards. These adjustments are based on the relationship W = f(V2);
    see explanation in the note below Eq. 1.

    This change to the wind speed probability basis in the wind map makes things more complicated for ASD
    since the result is Ultimate and not ASD. To compensate, one must either (1) adjust the ASD safety
    factors (which would require an enormous re-calibration effort for all material standards) or (2) adjust
    the calculated wind load (based on a 700-year ultimate wind speed map) back down to an allowable
    stress basis. The latter approach was chosen for ASCE 7-10. This was done by applying a factor to the
    calculated ultimate wind load, Wult. This factor is determined by the square of the ratio of Vasd/Vult which
    is nothing more than the inverse of the difference between the pre-ASCE 7-10 load factors for ASD and
    LRFD. For example, 1/1.6 = 0.625.
    Essentially the same ASD wind load is achieved with use of the 0.6 ASD wind load factor in combination
    with the newer 700-year (Category II type building) ultimate wind speed map is demonstrated as follows
    for the same hypothetical building location as used in the example above:

    Ultimate wind speed from ASCE 7-10: 115 mph (rounded up from 90mph x 1.26 = 113 mph)
    Calculated Ultimate Wind Load (Eq.1): 33.9 psf
    Factored ASD Wind Load: 0.6(33.9 psf) = 20.3 psf

    The above two examples, using the older (pre-ASCE 7-10) and newer (ASCE 7-10) wind design provisions
    result in essentially the same ASD wind load when the 0.6 factor is applied as explained above.

    Qualifiers are always important

    As with anything that is not an exact science and with moving targets (or shells), there are qualifications
    that need to be made to the simple explanation provided above. First, the 700-year wind speed
    mentioned above is just one of the mapped wind speed return periods in ASCE 7-10; there are others for
    more or less important buildings because the wind load importance factor is now represented in
    separate wind speed maps. Second, the above example was for an ideal condition where the wind map
    did not include additional changes for other reasons (e.g., improvements in wind data analysis and
    modeling). Third, in the 2012 International Residential Code the application of the ASCE 7 wind map was
    modified back to an ASD wind speed basis. Thus, if wind speeds are used from that map to determine a
    wind load, the 0.6 factor should not be additionally applied to the calculated wind load.

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