RTLS Installation Manual

Version: 2.3
Date Modified: June 4, 2014
Proprietary and Confidential Information
 CenTrak RTLS Hardware Installer Manual
Version: 2.3 Date: 04-June-2014

Chapter 1: CenTrak RTLS Overview

CenTrak RTLS
The CenTrak Hybrid RTLS Technology outperforms legacy technologies using a combination of
a patented new generation infrared Gen2IR and active-RFID. Battery powered Monitors transmit a
unique room number using Gen2IR, which is received by any tag in that room. The tag communicates
the room number and its own unique ID via RF to the Location Server using existing wired or Wi-Fi
network.
Once the system has its own unique ID, it can be accessed in real-time by hospital personnel.
Monitors can be positioned wherever location data is needed including rooms, hallways, even bays.
Similar to light, Gen2IR will not pass through walls and it does not suffer from traditional infrared line-
of-sight limitations. Therefore, when a tag reads a room number, there are no errors. This is certainty-
based RTLS. Please note that CenTrak devices are not medical devices.
Benefits of an RTLS System
Asset Tracking Help customers reduce overspending on moveable medical equipment, reduce
rentals, improve utilization rates and reduce contamination opportunities.
Staff Locating - Room to room communication, automatic nurse presence and call cancellation.
Patient Tracking Improve patient and work flow initiatives
Environmental Monitoring Providing continuous monitoring, alerting and reporting on
refrigeration unit temperatures. (Please note, if your RTLS system has an environmental
monitoring component, please see the Environmental monitoring manual for complete
instructions on how to install and configure the system.)
How RTLS Works
The RTLS System features four major elements: Monitors, Tags, Stars, and PC Server. Mounted
in every room, Monitors periodically transmit encoded infrared signals that carry their individual ID
numbers. Because infrared does not penetrate walls just like visible light, this ID number becomes the
location ID for that specific Monitor. The Tags, which are worn by staff, patients, and equipment, are
designed to receive the Monitors transmissions. Thus, when a Tag enters the space of a Monitor, it
receives the ID number of its current location.
The Tag then transmits the Monitors ID and its own ID via radio frequency, a signal that can
travel through walls. The Stars, transceivers that are distributed across the facility, receive this RF signal.
(The Monitors also communicate with the Stars via RF to provide updates on their battery status.) The
Stars then communicate with the RTLS PC Server, reporting all of the Tags location information and
battery status of system devices.

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The CenTrak RTLS Multi-Mode Environment

CenTrak Real-time locating systems (RTLS) technologies are used to automatically identify and track the
location of objects and/or people in real time within a building, hospital, or contained area. The CenTrak
Multi-Mode RTLS Technology outperforms legacy technologies using a combination of four patented
next generation technologies including, Gen2IR, WiFi, Low Frequency, and Radio Frequency. Utilizing
multiple technologies allows CenTrak to meet complex use case requirements that are common in
todays highly advanced healthcare industry. Each technology offered by CenTrak can be used as a
standalone technology or in conjunction with any other of the technologies offered as part of CenTrak
Multi-Mode. CenTrak Multi- Mode technology supports Clinical Grade locating when and where
necessary and zone level locating where Clinical Grade is not needed. This level of flexibility allows
CenTrak to utilize existing WiFi infrastructure where appropriate and at the same time delivering
Clinical Grade when required. Clinical Grade technology is defined as having the ability to support the
following key objectives including:
Reliable location accuracy;
Fast location update speed (long battery life);
Clinical systems integration;
Reliable system up times; and
Easy installation and maintenance.
Standard RTLS Locating
This level of accuracy and performance is typically used for asset visibility for the purposes of inventory
management, asset utilization and shrinkage prevention. Standard RTLS locating is not appropriate for
staff or patient locating or when there is a need for rapid update speeds.
About CenTrak Gen2IR Technology
The CenTrak proprietary IR protocol achieves a marked improvement over conventional IR protocols
that were designed for remote control applications. It provides resilience to fluorescent and other
common indoor interference sources. Coverage zones are limited by solid physical structures such as
walls; however, it does not require line of sight for effective communication. IR signals bounce
effectively from structures and walls flood the entire room including locations that are not in direct line
of sight to the monitor. The battery operation and the simple mounting mechanism allows for quick and
inexpensive installation.

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Choosing the Right Technology

Determining which CenTrak Multi-Mode technology is most appropriate is largely dependent upon the
use case itself and the objectives specifically defined within it. The table below provides a high level
overview of the various technologies and in general the most appropriate use case for that technology.
Required Infrastructure Required Design
WiFi WiFi 900 Mhz w/ 900 w/ VWs Zone Room Advanced
Monitors Monitors
Applications
Temp Monitoring x x x x x
Asset Tracking- Entry Level x x x x x
Staff Tracking w/ Nurse x x x x
Call
Asset Management x x x
Patient Tracking x x x x
Hand Hygiene Compliance x x
Technology
Infrared Optional Yes Yes Yes

Low Frequency Optional Optional Optional Optional

Performance
Location Accuracy Floor/Zone Room Only Room + Hall Room + Hall
Asset Tag Battery* 36 Months 36 Months 36 Months 36 Months
Staff Tag Battery 12 Months 12 Months 18 Months 18 Months
Typical Location Update 5 Minutes 5 Minutes ## 6 Seconds ## 6 Seconds
Speed**

* At 10% usage, 5 minute update rate

** Dependent on transmission rates

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Multi-Mode Installation Options

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Definitions
Term Definition
IR (Infrared) The act of verifying the planned coverage area for the individual Monitors.
Survey
RF (Radio The act of verifying the planned coverage area for the individual Stars.
Frequency) Survey
WiFi Survey The act of verifying the planned triangulation coverage area for the access points.
Performed by Cisco or a representative of Cisco to ensure coverage according to the
requirements necessary for CenTrak locating.
RTLS Real Time Locating System.
Multi-Mode A combination of 900MHz, WiFi, and Low Frequency communication capabilities to
enable devices to communicate with the technology that is being supported.
900MHz A range of RF (radio frequency) that CenTrak devices use to communicate on a
reliable and efficient basis
Star A wireless access point for the CenTrak equipment. The Stars communicate the data
received by the Monitors and Badges back to the RTLS software.
Edge Star The Star is installed at the edge of the facility or floor.
Timing Stars Timing stars synchronize CenTrak Stars within the RTLS network to be on the same
system clock. They can be powered over Ethernet or they can have an external power
supply,
Beacon Generator A Star that defines the time of origin for small installations that do not use a Timing
Star Star.
Monitor IR Signaling unit which enables room-level asset, staff and patient tags, Each monitor
transmits an infrared pulse pattern containing a unique location code.
Virtual Wall Gen2IR (infrared signaling unit used with IR enabled tags to provide a method of
Monitor locating tagged assets on people for facilities that require sub-room level accuracy.
Virtual walls do not need physical walls to limit the area of coverage.
Profiles Monitor and Virtual Wall software configurations designed to prevent IR collisions.
For a detailed description of profiles please see the Software Configuration chapter.
Badge Badges are affixed to staff members or patients. The badges receive the IR signal from
the Monitors and report the monitor ID to either the Stars or WiFi infrastructure.
RFID MOD 4096 A numbering scheme that translates any number to the range between 0 and 4095.
For example, the number 4096 is translated to 0, 4097 to 1, etc.
Tag Tags are affixed to equipment. The tags receive the IR signal from the Monitors and
report the monitor ID to either the Stars or WiFi infrastructure.
Blinker Tag A Tag used for testing - It blinks its LED anytime it decodes valid IR ID.

Temperature Tag A Tag affixed to a refrigerator or freezer that employs a probe wire to monitor the
internal temperature.
LF Exciter A battery operated or externally powered device that creates a field of low frequency
in a sphere around it, which excites any Tags passing through the field to report their
location to the system. Typically used for egress.
MSE (Mobility A Cisco server which compiles data retrieved from the network for uses such as
Services Engine) triangulation of a device and monitoring authorized equipment access. Multi-Mode
RTLS utilizes only the location information from the Cisco MSE
AP (Access Point) A device that provides WiFi communication to the hospital's backbone.
Triangulation The act of calculating the approximate location of a particular item based on its
relative location to three or more known points.

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CenTrak Multi-Mode Technologies

There are four combinations of technologies included as part of the CenTrak Multi-Mode solution. It is
important to understand the benefits and features that are consistent with each technology. The table
below provides an overview of the Multi-Mode technologies and the expectations regarding each of
them.
Technology Design Considerations Comments
WiFi Zone level coverage only. Can use LF Exciters for Choke
Points
WiFi with IR Zone or Room Level. One sided hallway only. Bleeding not a Exciters Okay for choke points
concern.
WiFi w/ Hybrid installation. Some areas covered by WiFi others
900MHz 900MHz.

900 MHz Use when certainty of coverage in each room is necessary.

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WIFI Only Technology

The WiFi technology utilizes triangulation algorithms, which can locate a Tag based on its
proximity to the existing WiFi infrastructure. The Tags transmit their information including tag ID and
battery life to any and every access point within range. The WiFi system then uses the signal strength to
triangulate the Tags location.
Locations from WiFi Triangulation are approximate as the WiFi technology cannot be certainty
based. Because external factors can affect signal strength, we cannot be certain that a Tag is exactly
where triangulated. It could be on the other side of a wall or hallway, so we only use WiFi triangulation
for less precise, zone-level locating.
Triangulation can provide location values because each AP functions on a different frequency,
thereby allowing their easy identification by the MSE. Our Multi-Mode devices communicate on all
frequencies simultaneously. This provides sufficient information for the MSE to triangulate a position for
the Tag.

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The following illustration displays the device relationships in a RTLS Multi-Mode deployment Multi-
Mode using WiFi access points:

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WiFi with IR
To add more certainty-based locating into the WiFi infrastructure MM Monitors and Virtual Walls can be
installed in areas where there is a need for room level locating. Low Frequency Exciters can be installed
at choke points to gain even more definitive location data.
The following displays the device relationship within a WiFi with IR installation.

Using this level of coverage specific rooms

can be identified with certainty based
locating. This is appropriate for Asset
Tracking or Asset Management with par
level monitoring in clean and soiled utility
rooms.

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WiFi and 900MHz: CenTrak RTLS 900MHz Base System Overview

The WiFi and 900 MHz installation is typically deployed where there is need for certainty-based room
level locating on several floors or nursing units, while zone level locating may be appropriate for other
floors or areas. The 900MHz system is deployed according to the specifications and guidelines set forth
for any standard 900MHz installation.
The following graphic displays the device topology for WiFi with 900MHz installation

The WiFi system should be deployed meeting the WiFi

specifications outlined in this manual. These two
technologies can co-exist well in most any
environment. There are considerations that will need
to be made when designing the system and include
the placement of Monitors on the periphery of each
zone.

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CenTrak RTLS 900MHz only System Overview

The CenTrak RTLS Base System features four major components: Monitors, Tags, Stars, and PC Server.
Mounted in every room, Monitors periodically transmit encoded infrared signals that carry their
individual unique ID numbers. Because infrared does not penetrate walls, this ID number becomes the
location ID for that specific Monitor. The Tags, which are worn by staff, patients, and equipment, are
designed to receive the Monitors transmissions. Thus, when a Tag enters the space of a Monitor, it
receives the Monitor ID number and corresponding location. The Tag then transmits the Monitors ID, its
own tag ID, and battery status via radio frequency (RF, a signal that can travel through walls) to a Star.
The Stars, transceivers that are distributed across the facility, receive this RF signal. The Stars then
communicate with PC Server, reporting all of the Tags location information and battery status of system
devices.

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Network Design
Installation in a TCP/IP/Ethernet Network
The RTLS Locating System is capable of connecting directly to an existing LAN backbone.
Specified (by CenTrak) ports need to be opened.
The RTLS System is designed to work with both a DHCP server as well as with fixed IP.
The RTLS System is designed to work across networks (subnets).

LAN Architecture

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Services
Implementing the network properly is a crucial part of the overall design phase. The CenTrak RTLS PC
Server requires seven types of services, including
Location Server
Paging Server
Streaming Server
Activity monitor
Logging Service
WiFi Connector Service
GMS Service
Location Data Servers/Services: The primary function of this service is to receive Tag location data
collected by the Stars. The Location Data Server then communicates this information to the Streaming
Server. Depending on the system size, there can be more than one Location/Data Service collecting data
for the system.
Paging Server/Service: Tags that join the network are always associated with one Star. The Paging
Server is the arbitrator that determines those Star-Tag associations. There is only one Paging Server in
the system, and it must reside on the same PC as the Streaming Server (see below). The Paging Server is
also the central communication hub between clients and the system.
Streaming Server/Service: The Streaming Server performs the following tasks:
Analyzes the data provided by the Stars and sends a unified stream of information to the clients.
Processes the information from all Location Data Servers to compute the closest Star for each
Tag.
Communicates with the Location Data Server to provide commands targeted to end nodes (Tags
and Monitors). These commands are sent through the Stars.
Processes commands or requests by clients to modify profiles or other parameters. These
include
Logging Service: Identifies abnormalities in the Log files on the server for future reference.
WiFi Connector Service: Works with the Cisco MSE to map triangulated locations to Monitors.
GMS Service: Sends Battery information to the GMS website for monitoring

Interaction between the user and the system is performed through the Local Streaming Client, which
displays the same stream sent from the Streaming Service to End-User programs.

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PC Server
The PC Server is the operations center of the RTLS system. It allows you to program Monitor, Tag, and
Star operations. The function of the PC Server is to collect and calculate (when necessary) the locations
of tags, to control and monitor the system components stream the location and data to end user
applications. In addition, PC server channels information regarding tag removal, button presses, and
temperature. PC server can be configured to issue alerts regarding the overall health of the system.

Types of Installations:
Base Single Server System
Single Unified System
o Multiple Location servers
Enterprise Supports up to four (4) independent systems transmitting to the Enterprise
Connector server. The Enterprise Connector Server combines data from each independent
system and streams the data to the application.
RTLS Platform that supports up to 550 stars.

Note: The single unified server and Enterprise Server are slowly being phased out. Going forward, most
servers installed will be the RTLS Platform 5.14.

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Servers and Clients: High-Level Architecture

The RTLS system is based on a server we call the PC Server. This server hosts our services and software
and requires a fixed IP address. Depending on the load of the system, different server architectures
may be utilized
RTLS Platform 5.14
RTLS Platform 5.14 is designed to run a Multi-Mode CenTrak system on one server. This allows for
increased star capacity, it will support up to 10 streams and LF Exciters with alerts. The below chart
depicts how the High Capacity server will work within a hospital setting and details all hardware
requirements.

High Capacity Server PC Server supports: PC/Location Server Hardware Requirements

750 Stars Dual Xeon 3.5 GHz
20,000 Tags (under normal operation) 12GB RAM (4GB if less than 200 Stars)
4095 Monitors extendable to 8190 320 GB 15K RMP SAS Drives
More than two Timing Stars (each Timing Star 1 Gb Network Card (2 for better performance)
supports 90 Stars)

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Servers and Clients High Level Overview

Cisco WiFi Client/Server Architecture
The basic Cisco system is comprised of access points throughout the hospital, a wireless LAN controller
to run the system, and a Wireless Control System or Network Control System (WCS/NCS/Prime) to
interface with the system and to configure the WLC.

The existing Cisco infrastructure includes many access points throughout the hospital. Any device with a
MAC address will communicate with the APs and deliver information about itself. A Tag will report its
data to a particular AP, as well as its battery condition and other information (potentially Monitor
information if it sees IR). The data is then streamed to the Controller and is visible through the
WCS/NCS.

The data is concurrently sent to both the WCS and the Mobility Services Engine (MSE). The MSE
crunches all the numbers to compare the signal strength from one Tag to all the APs it reported to, and
triangulates it to identify a current location. The MSE should be a piece of equipment that the hospital is
already utilizing, as it performs other functions like intrusion protection and detecting rogue devices on
the network.

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900 MHz Client/Server Architecture

The following illustrations reflect the general architecture of the servers and how they interact with
each other and the Stars. The first diagram illustrates the interplay between the hardware and the
CenTrak infrastructure; the second diagram provides a functional profile of each system component
and at which point communication takes place.

Types of Clients
The Local Client is the visual user interface to the RTLS. Both the Local and Remote Client use APIs to
communicate with the system, issuing commands, modifying profiles, etc.

Installation Overview
The six step process for the installation of the CenTrak RTLS base system includes:
1. Pre-design
2. Survey
3. Design
4. Installation
5. Configuration
6. System Validation/Certification

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Hardware Overview
Badges/Tags
Badges are worn by staff, patients, and attached to devices to be tracked by the CenTrak RTLS
System. The Tags receive IR signals from the Monitors and transmit location information via RF to the
Stars or WiFi to the APs depending upon the technology being deployed. In addition to tracking
location, Tags can also provide anti-theft alerts and other warnings.
RTLSs basic tags are equipped with programmable buttons, an LED light on the top and reset
buttons on the bottom. There are, however, several other devices that belong to the Tag family.
Operation
The Tags periodically transmit RF signals to the Stars or WiFi signals to APs with their location
information, button state and theft alert information. The LED can be activated from the PC Server and
will also blink upon any button press. RTLS Tags include a variety of attachment accessories for assets,
patients, and staff.
Tags are the CenTrak systems primary RTLS end device in most cases, they are attached to
people or equipment (referred to here as assets) for tracking purposes. CenTrak also supports
Temperature Sensors as end devices. These devices are typically put in refrigerators or on walls to track
the temperature of a unit or space. Please see the Environmental Monitoring User Manual for further
information.
MM Tag Communication using the WiFi Network The CCX Protocol
When using the WiFi infrastructure, the MM Tags (and MM Monitors) communicate using the
CCX protocol. This is a Cisco proprietary protocol that allows Tags to transmit information packets in a
way that the MSE will acknowledge. (It is a one-way transmission, so there is no acknowledgement from
the system back to the Tag.) The MSE will then pass on the information we request using the Connector
software.
CenTrak MM Tags and Monitors utilize all three of the most common channels simultaneously
(1, 6, and 11). In order to save batteries, we default to 5- minute transmission intervals. The timings can
be changed anywhere in a range from 9 seconds to one hour. (Transmission levels faster than 30
seconds are not recommended as this will result in a sharp decline in battery life.)
There are portions of the data packet that are utilized by the MSE and user defined portions so the MSE
can pass on battery life, IRID, profile information etc. without it requiring to interpret the parameters.
To summarize, MM Tag communications are characterized by
Unidirectional transmissions from Tags to AP;
CCX packets are routed to the MSE with RSSI information;
MSE calculates the position values based on the RSSI values of the APs that receive the same
signal;
Tags can be programmed to transmit on any single channel, or multiple channels;
Cisco networks are typically configured to utilize channels 1, 6, and 11;
Transmission intervals are defined by the user;
Packets from a Tag can supply other information supported by the CCX protocol, including IR
location, LF location, battery status, temperature, and other generic information.

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Understanding Tag Operations & Functions

When a Tag enters the space of a Monitor, it receives the Monitors ID number via IR signals.
The Tag then transmits this ID number along with its own ID to its associated Star via RF or AP via WiFi.
If more than one monitor is detected in a single location, the badge will report its location as a zero.
Think of this in terms of two people speaking to you from two directions and trying to pay attention to
both.

If the two are speaking at the same time, at the same volume, and from the same distance, then
it can be nearly impossible to truly comprehend both speakers. Also, as with the audio example
illustrated above, getting closer to one of the speakers, or having one of the speakers talk louder, will
make that one easier to hear. This isnt an exactly accurate metaphor. The light intensities carry further
than sound. Even standing directly beneath one of the Monitors, if another is too close, the badges still
may not be capable of discerning the individual signals. To combat this issue, we can use profiles which
alternate cycles. This allows us to place monitors closer together to avoid collisions. Profiles are
explained in depth later in the manual.
The tags have power saving features that limit the communication frequency based on the
badge being in motion. If the tag is at rest, then the tag will report every 5 minutes. Tags can be
configured to remain awake. This is typically used for testing purposes and not recommended for
production. If the badge is in motion, it reports every twelve seconds (by default or as configured) or
immediately whenever it detects a different IR (non-zero value); whichever comes first. The reporting
rate of a tag under IR coverage can also be configured by the user.
Tags that are set to 1.5 second IR rates will work with a Monitor reporting at a 3 second rate.
Conversely, a tag set at a 3 second IR rate will NOT work with a Monitor that is has a 1.5 second IR rate.
This occurs because the tag will not be able to see monitors with certain profiles (Software
Configuration chapter) as the Monitor transmits its IR in the 1.5 second part of the cycle that the tag will
not open for IR.

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There are six types of tags that are currently used in the CenTrak Multi Mode RTLS system including:

Staff Tag can be used with locating, hand hygiene, rounding application.

Asset Tag should only be used for Asset Tracking

Autoclave Tag- Designed to withstand standard clinical sterilization procedures

G1 Environmental Monitoring- used for temperature monitoring. See

Environmental Monitoring Manual for further information.

G2 Environmental Monitoringused for temperature monitoring. See

Environmental Monitoring Manual for further information.

Patient Tag Functionally, these are identical to an Asset Tag and should also only
be used for Patient Tracking. But they have a unique form factor that helps them
be attached to a wrist using wrist band. The tags are water resistant and can be
cleaned using a wet disinfectant wipe.

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In a 900MHz only environment, tags are slightly smaller (less battery power is needed for a
900MHz transmission than WiFi). The following tags only work in 900MHz zones and do not have Wi-Fi
reception capabilities:
Staff Tag can be used with locating, hand hygiene, rounding application.

Asset Tag should only be used for Asset Tracking

Environmental Tag- used for temperature monitoring

Patient Tag Functionally, these are identical to an Asset Tag and should also only
be used for Patient Tracking. But they have a unique form factor that helps them
be attached to a wrist using wrist band. The tags are water resistant and can be
cleaned using a wet disinfectant wipe.

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The Multi-Mode tags have power saving features that limit the communication frequency based
on the badge being in motion. If the Tag is at rest, then the Tag will report every 5 minutes. Tags can be
configured to remain awake. This is typically used for testing purposes and not recommended for
production. If the badge is in motion, it reports every twelve seconds (by default or as configured) or
whenever it detects a different IR (non-zero value); whichever comes first. The reporting rate of a Tag
under IR coverage can also be configured by the user.
Multi-Mode tag reporting ranges from 9 seconds to 1 hour. The recommended reporting rate is
30 seconds (assets.) In a WiFi zone, Tags report every five minutes by default, whether at a resting state
or not. This is a configurable setting. The battery consumption of the WiFi transmission is such that it is
not recommended to increase the speed of the transmission to more than 30 seconds between reports
when awake and 5 minutes when at rest.
In the 900MHz environment tags that are set to 1.5 second IR rates will work with a Monitor
reporting at a 3 second rate. Conversely, a Tag set at a 3 second IR rate will NOT work with a Monitor
that is has a 1.5 second IR rate. This occurs because the Tag will not be able to see Monitors with certain
profiles (Software Configuration chapter) as the Monitor transmits its IR in the 1.5 second part of the
cycle when the Tag will not open for IR.
Tag Hardware
Besides the IR receiver and RF transceiver, the Tag is also equipped with up to three buttons, an
LED, and a tamper-proof button that sends an alert if an Asset Tag is removed from its asset. The alerts
from the tamper-proof button and other buttons are transmitted immediately from the Tag in the same
type of data packet that the location data is sent in. The LED, however, is activated by the system.
Motion Sensors & Battery Life
In order to preserve battery life, the Tags are equipped with motion sensors. During normal
operation, Tags will go to sleep when they are not moving. They can, however, also be set to operate in
no-sleep mode, where they transmit their location regularly whether theyre moving or not. Two
important notes about Tag motion sensors:
If the Tag is in motion and does not receive an IR signal, the Tag will continue to transmit its ID
during predefined periods, which range between 6 and 48 seconds. If an IR signal is received during this
period, the Tag will immediately transmit its new IR location data.
If the Tag continuously receives the same IR ID, it does not transmit it every cycle (for more
information on cycles, see Tag Communication), but in predefined periods that range from 12 to 96
seconds. In the case that a new IR signal is received, the new location data is transmitted immediately.
The default rate for both of these cases is 12 seconds.
Tags have four levels of motion sensor sensitivity. These are configured as Scan Logic in the INI
Editor (Software Configuration chapter). The default (Interrupt) goes into an in motion state if there is
the slightest motion. The other three are based on comparison between the states of the motion sensor
in equal time intervals. The second level is more sensitive than the third and the third more than the
fourth. In other words, the motion sensor needs to be active longer for the less sensitive level to
activate the Tag
In a WiFi zone, the tags will report every 5 minutes by default, whether at a resting state or not.
This is a configurable setting. The battery consumption of the WiFi transmission is such that it is not
recommended to increase the speed of the transmission to more than 30 seconds between reports
when awake and 5 minutes when at rest.

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900 MHz Tag Communication

Tag communication with the Stars in the system is bi-directional. When the Star acknowledges a
receipt of a RF Tag transmission, the Star can also send a command to the Tag to activate or deactivate
the Tags LED.
When a Tag first enters a RTLS network, it pages the Stars with a request to join the network. All
Stars that hear the Tag send the paging request to the Server. The Server then chooses the Star that
received the strongest signal to be associated with the Tag. As long as the Star can communicate with
the Tag, that associated Star will be that Tags point of communication, providing both communication
with the Server, and timing information. If a Tag loses communication with its associated Star (typically
this happens if a Tag is moved to another area), the Tag pages again, requesting to be associated with a
new Star. This transition is smooth: During the time the Tag is unassociated with a Star; the Tag uses its
existing clock to open its IR receiver for IR and continues to transmit location data. In the RTLS, all Stars
that receive signals from a Tag report the transmission to the Server, so even if a Tag does not have an
associated Star, it is still able to get its location information to the Server.
As previously mentioned, the Tag also receives periodic timing synchronization signals from its
associated Star. These signals are transmitted on a different frequency than the location data. Some
Tags receive timing synchronization through the ACK frequency and others that receive it through a
second frequency. This is done to avoid the asynchronous paging transmissions from interfering with the
synchronous signals of the timing transmissions.
Quality of Service & Premium-Class Tags
An important feature of the CenTrak RTLS is the Quality of Service option. There are two classes
for Tags in the system: A premium class and a general class. The premium class designation allocates a
special Time-slot that only Tags in the premium class use. This time slot is small relative to that of the
general class. The premium class is designed for Tags used by fast-moving staff that need the quickest
response time. In a crowded space, the ratio of Asset Tags to staff Tags can easily be 20:1 or greater, so
utilizing the premium class ensures that the staff Tags will never have any problems getting into the
system on the first try.

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Monitors
There are two types of monitors: Standard Room Monitors (generally referred to simply as
Monitors) and Virtual Wall Monitors (generally referred to as Virtual Walls). In order to understand
how to properly design their placement and operation, it is helpful to first understand what Monitors do
and how they operate.

The technology for both types of Monitors is nearly identical with one primary function: To periodically
transmit, using Infrared (IR), its unique IR ID (between 1 and 4096).
When a Monitor is turned on for the first time, it pages the Stars, sending a request to join the
network. Once the Monitor gets its working parameters from the network, it enters a passive mode in
which it receives signals from Stars in order to remain in sync with the system clock. This ensures that
when Monitors transmit their IR signals, they are all perfectly synchronized and transmitting at the same
IR rate. The Monitors and VWs communicate with the system once an hour to report their battery level
and announce that they are online. More frequent communication between the system server and
Monitors is also possible. For example, if the user needs to update a Monitors working parameters
quickly (i.e., not wait an hour for communication with Monitors and VW), the user can wake up the
Monitors by sending a wakeup command through the beacon channel. Once a Monitor is awakened, it
immediately communicates with its associated Star to receive new parameters and report its battery
status.
At every interval, or cycle, the monitor will flash an IRID, or noise (more on this later when
talking about profiles). This unique ID number is then captured by RTLS Tags, allowing the Tags to
transmit their location to the system server through RTLS Stars. In other words the IRID is detected by
the Tags and thats how the Tag knows where it is I am near the monitor flashing IRID #245. The
CenTrak Server software (locating engine) then converts the IRID to the monitor ID and the target
system converts the monitor ID to the physical location.

CenTrak Server Target System

IRID #245 Monitor ID #23493 Room 2102

Because Monitors and VWs broadcast using infrared (IR) light, which cannot pass through walls,
it is possible for the system to know when the Tag is in a specific room. This does not, however, mean
that a tag needs to have direct line of sight to the Monitor in order to receive an IR signal. Like normal
light, IR bounces off of walls, ceilings, and floors, and thus Monitors IR signals are able to reach
everywhere in a room.
Each monitor has a unique IR ID (defined in an INI File). If a badge sees more than one IRID,
the IRID becomes indecipherable and the tag returns a 0. This does make covering a large area fairly
difficult. Virtual walls and Monitors can be chained together to create one larger area, or profiled to
minimize collisions. These techniques are explained in detail later in the manual.

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In terms of the actual hardware, all of RTLSs Monitors and VWs are equipped with four IR banks
and can provide four IR power levels. In the Standard Room Monitor these banks are distributed evenly
across the field of view so that the IR emission pattern does not change with an IR power change. In the
Virtual Wall Monitor 32 LEDs point down and 32 LEDs point forward. The downward pointing banks are
activated on power levels 1 and 2 (Low and Med), the forward pointing banks are activated on power
levels 3 and 4 (Med-High and High). All Monitors also possess RF transceivers to allow communication
with the system server via the Stars.
All Monitors and VWs come with two Lithium D-cell batteries. RTLSs Monitors and VWs are also
equipped with an on/off switch, and a reset button. The reset button should be pressed and held during
the powering-on process. After the on/off switch is turned on, the reset button should be released.
Virtual Walls (VWs) are designed to provide a threshold where no physical barrier exists
(between beds in a bay or ward area like a PACU) or where the physical barrier is glass (as in ICU rooms).
Because glass is transparent, a glass barrier acts much like having no barrier at all with respect to the
infrared light used by the CenTrak Locating System. As such, Virtual Walls are also used with glass
barriers.

The Virtual Walls include a set of communications ports next to the On/Off switch:

These ports allow backwards compatibility with our legacy VWs which required cabling to create a string
of Virtual Walls which could be placed around a larger area (or in front of a long glass wall). The chained
devices simply parrot the same ID as the initial VW in the chain, allowing a large area to be treated as a
single monitor. This chaining process is now wireless and possible with both Standard Room
Monitors and Virtual Wall Monitors. When Monitors are chained together, they can be used to cover a
larger area without risking collisions.
The powered port can also be used to connect extra battery packs. Details about the extra
battery packs are included in the Hardware Installation Chapter.

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Coverage areas of Monitors and Virtual Walls

Standard Room Monitors cover a radius of up to 25 in a 360 degree sweep around the Monitors
location.

Virtual Walls cover a much smaller total area than the standard Room Monitors because they are
directional. VWs cover a semicircle 6 to each side and up to 20 forward.

The Virtual Walls come with Blockers that can be attached to the device itself to further control the light
area.

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Because the VWs are designed to produce a wall where none exists, they are also designed to be used
back-to-back in pairs: one to define the boundary for Virtual Room 1 and the other to define the
boundary of Virtual Room 2. This configuration supports bed level locating.

MultiMode Monitors: Standard Room Monitor and Virtual Wall Monitor

The MultiMode Monitor differs from CenTraks standard Gen2IR Monitor, as it functions in bothGen2IR
and/or WiFi environments with no additional wiring. Its characteristics include
WiFi and Gen2IR enabled.
Battery Operated (Standard 5+ years typical; Extended Life Option 10+ years typical).
Can be configured and monitored through the CenTrak PC server or the Mobile Controller.
Installed using a ceiling tile mounting bracket, no inroom wiring required.

Note: Monitors are passive most of the time. They just listen to the beacon so they do not load the
system. They transmit only once an hour.

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Low Frequency Exciter ITK340

The Low Frequency (LF) Exciter is a signaling unit used with LF-enabled Tags to segment zones or to
designate egress points. The LF Exciters create a detection sphere. When a Tag enters the LF Exciter
sphere, the Tags LF sensor is triggered and the Tag immediately reports this event to the CenTrak
Location Engine.

The LF Exciters are typically used to segment zones/areas and for egress detection. They may be
strategically placed on the floor to define zonal areas. When a Tag passes the LF Exciter, the system
knows it passed from one zone to another zone. In the same manner, the LF Exciters may be placed in
elevator banks and stairwells to determine if a Tag passed from one floor to another.
An additional use for the LF Exciters involves attaching the devices under beds and/or chairs to enable
precise location accuracy. Characteristics include:
900 MHz and WiFi enabled.
Can be configured and monitored by central server for precise control.
Batteryoperated for plugandplay installation (no wiring required).
Optional power adapter for extended range (up to 15 feet).
Two-plus years of battery life in egress detection mode (less than one second update speed).
Ten-plus years battery life in location presence mode (one minute updates).

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Stars & Timing Servers

Understanding Star and Timing Star Operation and Functions
There are two types of Stars in the RTLS system, Stars and Timing Stars.
Stars serve as communication hubs between the RTLS Server and the Monitors and Tags. They connect
directly to the Server either wirelessly or through a LAN, and then use Radio Frequency (RF) to relay
messages to and receive messages from the Monitors and Tags.

The Stars are the access points to the system. They coordinate the flow of information and distribute
synchronization signals to the end nodes and other Stars. Types of communication Stars can have with
Tags and Monitors:
Receives paging information from the Tags and Monitors and communicates it to the Paging
Server.
Receives location data and alerts from the Tags and reports them to the Location Data Server.
Receives battery-status information from the Tags and Monitors and reports them to the
Location Data Server.
Receives profile changes and commands from the Location Data Server and sends them to the
Monitors or Tags.
Stars communicate back the paging response to the Tags. The paging response includes: timing
information and profiles.
ACKing (acknowledging) the Tags location packets with commands and timing information.

Stars are typically installed on the ceiling in corridors. Star spacing depends on local conditions such as
wall/floor construction, metal obstructions, and system reliability requirements. Typical Star spacing
varies between 50 -80. For maximum coverage, Stars should not exceed a spacing distance of 90.

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Star-Server Communication
When a Star is first powered up, it broadcasts a message with its MAC address, looking for the Server. If
the Server is on the same subnet, the Star can communicate with it immediately, right out of the box. In
this case, the Server replies to the Star with its assigned parameters based on the Stars MAC address.
These parameters are assigned according to what is in the server.ini file.

In typical installations, however, the Stars and Servers will not be on the same subnet. In this case, in
order for a Star to communicate with the Server, the Star must be configured with the Servers IP
address in the server.ini file before the Star is plugged into its designated port. This configuration
setting is done offline utilizing the Star Training Tool. Please note that even when the Star is
configured to communicate with a Server on a different subnet, it still will broadcast a message
attempting to connect first to a Server on the local subnet and only after such communication fails (a
few seconds) will the Star attempt to communicate with the saved (configured) server IP address. This
is nothing to be concerned about; it is done to allow Star reconfiguration if necessary at a later date.
Centrak Star IT-103

A smarter approach to RTLS. CenTraks ITK-103 Star is a 900 MHz antenna that interprets and reports
the radio frequency messages emitted by CenTraks tags.
Enables Clinical-Grade Locating
Bi-directional communication to CenTrak components
Small footprint and flexible mounting options
Power Over Ethernet or dedicated power supply available
High throughput performance supports large tag populations
Supports up to 6 parallel systems in the same facility
Ethernet interface
Wi-Fi capable option

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Timing Stars (900 MHz Only)

Also connect to the Server through a LAN, but their sole purpose is to send out a timing signal to Stars
upon request. These timing signals keep everything in the system in sync. Timing Server Stars require
fixed IP addresses.

A Timing Star supports up to 90 Stars. When the number of Stars exceeds 90, Slave Timing Stars can be
used. The Slave Timing Stars are synchronized to the Timing Star, and like regular Stars, they request
synchronization information from the primary Timing Star. It is highly recommended that the primary
Timing Star and the Slave Timing Stars exist on the same subnet as the Data Location Servers and Paging
Server.

Centrak Timing Star IT-123

The IT123 Timing Star synchronizes CenTrak Stars within the RTLS network to be on the same system
clock A Timing Star is recommended for larger systems. The unit synchronizes with multiple
departments and supports up to 200 Stars. The Timing Star comes is colored black to distinguish it from
other Stars in the system. It is available with either Power over Ethernet (POE) or with an external power
supply. Its other characteristics:
Provide a system clock to CenTrak RTLS Stars.
Ethernet interface.
Small footprint and flexible mounting options.
Power over Ethernet (external power supply optional).
Supports as many as 200 Stars.

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System Configuration
The INI Editor is an easy-to-use interface that sets up the server.ini file for each device you are
programming. However, it is still important to understand the syntax of the server.ini file, as it gives you
an overall view of the system parameters setup.

PC Server
The PC Server is the operations center of the RTLS system. It allows you to program Monitor, Tag, and
Star operations. The function of the PC Server is to collect and calculate (when necessary) the locations
of Tags, to control and monitor the system components stream the location and data to end user
applications. In addition, PC server channels information regarding Tag removal, button presses, and
temperature. PC Server can be configured to issue alerts regarding the overall health of the system.

Synchronization
Synchronization is a key to the low power consumption of the RTLS Tags and Monitors. The Stars
provide synchronization to these end nodes through beacons signals. These beacon signals are
transmitted every 12 seconds on a dedicated frequency and in dedicated time slots. There are 36
separate time slots for beacons, and they are allocated to Stars based on a Stars ID. When the number
of Stars in the system exceeds 36, the designer must reuse the time slots. In this case, the designer must
take special care to avoid that Stars with similar MOD 36 will not have areas of coverage overlap. If such
overlap exists, there is a possibility that a Star (or an end device) will not be able to receive a timing
beacon in the overlap area.

For the Stars to provide accurate synchronization information to the Tags and Monitors, the Stars
themselves must be synchronized to the same clock. The RTLS keeps the network aligned by utilizing a
Timing Star to generate the timing signal. The Stars periodically request timing information from the
Timing Star in order to remain synchronized. The network needs to pass certain standards to maintain
accuracy as this timing method is subject to Ethernet round-trip delays.

Stars communicate every three seconds (even for 1.5 seconds system). The server will stream data as it
is received. There will be bursts of data every 3 seconds. Communication between a Star and a Server is
always initiated by the Star.

Ethernet synchronization or a hybrid approach is recommended for large networks, but in order to use it
the network must support roundtrip delays that are not larger than 10 milliseconds. Note that an offsite
server typically will not satisfy this requirement if the communication to the remote server includes a
path through public Internet.

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MSE
The Cisco Mobility Services Engine provides increased visibility of your wireless network. It captures and
consolidates crucial information about RF spectrum, interferers, rogue devices, WiFi devices, and smart
phones. MSE with Location Services provides presence detection and real-time location tracking,
including track and trace of rogue devices, interferers, WiFi clients, smart phones, and RFID tags. Real-
time location analytics alongside historical trends offers greater visibility into device movements and
patterns through trending data. The technology documents Multi-Mode Tag movements throughout
facilities and allows use of this comprehensive, context-aware data.

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Chapter 2
Pre-Design

Chapter 2 Pre-Design Objectives:

Needs
Assessment
Floor Plans

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Installation Overview
The six step process for the installation of the CenTrak RTLS base system includes:
Pre-design
Survey
Design
Installation
Configuration
System Validation/Certification
Pre-Design
The Pre-Design phase is conducted to establish the basic system specification (asset tracking, staff or
patient locating, etc.) for the system being installed. Initial drawings are created to determine the
approximate number and position of the devices. Once the IR/RF survey has been conducted the
drawings are updated with the exact number and device locations. Pre-design items include:
Structure CAD Drawings;
Server positions;
Initial device layout;
Existing LAN backbone layout;
Accuracy desired (zone level, room level, bleeding control, egress detection, etc);
Speed of system response times;
IT constraints WiFi/900MHz;
Additions Hygiene, Temperature etc.

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Initial Drawing Guidelines

System Design Options
The table below outlines MM technology options and requirements.
WiFi only WiFi w/ IR WiFi & 900 900 MHz only
Temperature Y Y Y Y
Low Frequency Y Y Y Y
IR Y Y Y
Certainty-based Y Y Y
Bleeding Control/ Y Y
Virtual Walls
Fast Update Y Y
Long Battery Life Y Y
Variable Report Speed Y Y

High Level System Design

Determine the location of the Stars using provided drawings
Create an estimated Monitor layout to establish count

Considerations:
RF problem areas: Radiology, Elevators, Stairwells, Heavy Walls.
Monitors placement: Virtual Wall layout versus Low Coverage
Ethernet vs. wireless sync

Initial Drawings
Place Stars using a 45 foot radius of coverage over the floor plan. Stars should not be more than
90 apart for this preliminary layout.
Place Monitors in all rooms that require room coverage.
Place hallway and large-zone Monitors using a 20 foot radius. Monitors should not be more than
35 apart for this preliminary layout.

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WiFi-Only Design
It is possible that a hospital wants to use WiFi because they believe their existing infrastructure will
support locating. There are three levels of WiFi density: Data, Voice, and RTLS. Data is fairly sparse,
Voice ensures constant coverage across a space, but RTLS depends on triangulation, therefore every
point in the hospital must be within range of at least three Access Points. This requires a much higher
density and may lead to adding APs at the periphery of the hospital, typically up to 50% more devices.
Also the layout of the APs between floors needs be altered to stack the devices rather than staggering
them.

A WiFi only design needs to blanket the floor with access points to accommodate triangulation.

WiFi Only Considerations:

LF Exciters covering a large radius (16) need external power run to that location.
Constant update rate the WiFi RTLS system update rate is configured at the global level. This
means that every tag will report according to the same configured update rate. Options are 9
seconds to 5 minutes. CenTrak recommends update rates no faster than 30 seconds.
Estimate the AP density for accurate locating -WiFi produces zonal coverage only. Certainty
based locating is not possible.
Low Frequency considerations: Determine if choke points or egress detection are needed.

Pre-Design Objectives:
Create an estimated AP layout to support triangulation.
Create an estimated LF Exciter layout to establish count.

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A WiFi-only design will cover the floor with access points to enable triangulation.
Considerations:
LF Exciters covering a large radius (16) need external power run to that location
Recommended response times between 30 seconds and 5 minutes. The entire system will be set
to that constant update rate.
WiFi produces zonal coverage only. Certainty-based locating is not possible.

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WiFi with IR
WiFi triangulation is convenient if the infrastructure is already installed in the hospital, however it often
has gaps in coverage where a Monitor can be placed. This is often more cost effective than installing
new Access Point infrastructure. Additionally, the certainty achieved when a Monitor is located in a
room allows for more effective management of equipment (PAR levels, etc) which cannot be achieved
with triangulation alone. Placing Monitors in specific locations such as clean or soiled utility rooms (or
even patient rooms in some configurations) gives definitive locating in sensitive locations and zonal
locating from the WiFi triangulation in more general areas.
Estimate the AP density for accurate locating.
Determine if choke points or egress detection are needed.
Create an estimated LF Exciter layout to establish count.
Determine which rooms need certainty- based locating.
Create an estimated Room Monitor and Virtual Wall Monitor layout to establish count.

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Considerations:
Zone or Room coverageindividual rooms or one-sided hallways with no corridor Monitors
only.
Recommended response times are between 30 seconds and 5 minutes.

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WiFi and 900MHz

When large areas require certainty-based locating with bleeding control for asset management
purposes, or any time staff or patient locating are needed, a hybrid of WiFi and 900MHz is required. This
system has areas of 900MHz with zones of WiFi coverage in between.
900MHz zones areas should be configured as detailed in the RTLS Installation Manual.
WiFi zones can consist of any of the WiFi setups described here.
Tags will transition automatically to WiFi when they cant communicate across 900MHz.
Determine the location of the Stars using provided drawings.
Create an estimated Monitor layout to establish count

Considerations:
Best use of devices.
Fast response time (3-15 seconds depending on settings).
Balanced IR coverage with WiFi triangulation.
Boundaries between 900MHz and WiFi zones must be addressed carefully.
Place Stars using a 45 foot radius of coverage over the floor plan. Stars should not be more than
90 apart for this preliminary layout.
Place Monitors in all rooms that require room coverage.
Place hallway and large-zone Monitors using a 20 foot radius. Monitors should not be more than
35 apart for this preliminary layout.
RF problem areas: radiology, elevators, stairwells, heavy walls.
Monitors placement: virtual wall layout versus low coverage.

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900MHz Only
When a hospital requires certainty-based locating with bleeding control for asset management, staff or
patient locating 900MHz is required. This system has areas of 900MHz with possible zones of no
coverage in between.
900MHz zone areas are identified with clinical grade locating.
Determine the location of the Stars using provided drawings.
Create an estimated Monitor layout to establish count

Considerations:
Fast response time (3-15 seconds depending on settings).
Balanced IR coverage
Place Stars using a 45 foot radius of coverage over the floor plan. Stars should not be more than
90 apart for this preliminary layout.
Tags will disappear or stay in their last known location (depending on the end user software)
when they cant communicate across 900MHz.
Boundaries between 900MHz and uncovered zones must be identified for last known location
identification.
Place Monitors or Virtual Walls in all rooms that require room coverage.
Place Virtual Walls in hallways outside covered rooms
RF problem areas: radiology, elevators, stairwells, heavy walls.

Note: These design guidelines can be combined in any number of ways to create the appropriate level of
coverage in various regions of the hospital.

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System Design Considerations

The CenTrak System provides real-time locating functionality. The system operates with a combination
of IR and RF (~900 MHz) or WiFi technologies. The following diagram provides a simplified overview of
the communications pathways.

The IR communications are sent from the Monitors in short bursts at regular intervals. Between flashes
the Monitors go to sleep to minimize battery usage. The IR is detected by the badges. The badges then
communicate back to the Stars or WiFi access points with the IR ID that was detected. If more than one
monitors IR is detected, then the badge reports a zero as its location. Monitors also communicate back
to the Stars or WiFi Access Points to provide a battery status and request any updates to the monitors
configurations. The Stars then communicate the information back to the Server via an Ethernet
connection. The Access Points relay that communication to the Server via the Cisco MSE (Mobility
Services Engine). The Server then communicates that information on to the target systems via UDP
messages.
The CenTrak RTLS system is bi-directional and can therefore transmit and receive Radio Frequency.
Below is a more accurate depiction of the device communication paths. CenTrak RTLS is a synchronized
system. All nodes (Stars, Monitors and Tags) carry the same clock that is periodically synchronized.
Infrared and Low frequency events are allowed at certain times in the cycle in which the nodes wake up
and may transmit (based on their profile) or attempt to receive Infrared /Low frequency events.
CenTrak WiFi RTLS is an asynchronous system. Monitors flash based on an internal clock and Tags scan
for the Infrared flash.
CenTrak RTLS supports two basic cycle periods: 1.5 seconds and 3 seconds. Therefore, the Tag position
update rate can be accelerated by moving from 3 seconds base heart beat rate to 1.5 seconds. However,
it is important to note the following:

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While the basic rate can be 1.5 seconds the Tag update rate depends on the profile the Monitor
is set to. For example, when using normal profile (0) the update rate will indeed be 1.5 seconds.
However, when using VW profiles (or coexistence type profiles 1-9) the update rate would be
every 3 seconds as every other cycle is dedicated to noise transmission. Likewise, the Tag
update rate when using profile 18-20 will be 4.5 seconds.
The Stars heart rate is always 3 seconds. This impacts the system latency. So, regardless if we
use 1.5 second cycle or 3 second cycles the maximum latency will be about 4.5 seconds
(maximum Tag update rate of 3 seconds plus time for Tags to transmit their data to the Star and
some minimal latency on the server).
When a system is setup at a certain basic IR cycle, it is highly recommended to set up all of the
system components at the same rate to both optimize power consumption and avoid
mismatches between Tags and Monitors, which can cause some Tags not to see some Monitors.

Note: When the WiFi functionality is in use, the Monitors are not synchronized, so their flashes have an
extremely small likelihood of colliding. This limits control of the system, however. It is impossible with an
asynchronous system to create a virtual wall. If virtual walls are needed, 900MHz is necessary.

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General Rules for placing Devices

Scale
When looking at a floor plan, there is rarely a scale included. This can be problematic since the rules for
placing the monitors are highly dependent on the distances between the equipment. A standard
patient room size is approximately 14 feet by 20 feet. Some are a bit smaller and some are a bit larger,
but this simple rule of thumb can be used as a general guideline.

Stars/Timing Stars
Stars are the wireless access points for the system as a whole. The devices collectively operate as a
two-way wireless system. The badges and monitors communicate back to the CenTrak Server by way of
the Stars. The Stars are connected with an Ethernet cable to a POE. Stars will provide information for
both Monitors and Badges (providing configuration settings for both). Additionally Monitors and Badges
will provide battery status data (and the locating data itself) back to the Stars.

The Stars also control the timing described above. Each Star receives its timing from a single Timing
Star (A star that does not communicate with Monitors and Badges at all). The Stars then pass that
timing data on to the other equipment. It is possible for different Stars to have greater lag than other
stars. When this occurs the different equipment under those stars can wake up at different times and
badges can start missing the signal of monitors and Virtual Walls in a string can wake up at different
times and miss their signal to transmit the IR. The timing can lag by as much as 10,000 nanoseconds
without causing a problem; though more typical lag times are near 1,000 time units.

The stars communicate every three seconds (even for 1.5 seconds system). The server will stream data
as it is received. There will be bursts of data every 3 seconds.

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Star Placement
Stars should be placed at 80 foot intervals (or less). It is possible to have too many stars in a given
location. What can cause even greater confusion is that the stars from one floor may be seen on the
next floor. In order to account for this possible over-saturation, the designer should stagger the stars
slightly.

In a single floor implementation, the Stars may look like this (the pink circles representing the locations
of the Stars):

Whereas with more than one floor, the following staggered configuration would work better:

RF propagates almost as well through ceilings and floors as it does thru walls. If stars are stacked, it is
possible for the system to get bogged down with all the attempted duplicate transmissions from stars
that are within range.

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Monitors
Monitor Placement
Monitors (and Virtual Wall Monitors) are battery operated light emitting devices installed in the ceiling
(when possible) or high on a wall. Proper placement and installation of Monitors is an essential step in a
successful RTLS installation. In general, room Monitors should be placed so that the black lens is not
visible from anywhere outside the room. Hall Monitors should be placed so that the black lens is not
visible from anywhere inside the room. If you can see the monitor from a certain location: a tag at that
location can and will receive the IRID.

Guidelines for Room Coverage

In-room Monitors should not be visible from hall
Hall Monitor should not be visible from room
Monitors have a range of up to 25 feet in all directions.
Virtual Walls have a range of up to 6 feet on each side and 6-20 forward depending on power
level and blinders.
Proper Monitor layout design is crucial in open areas where multiple Monitors are within visual distance
of one another. Because all Monitors transmit IR signals at a set rate and in a synchronized fashion, if
two Monitors utilize the same profile, they transmit their IDs at the same time. If they do so within close
distance of each other, they can cause the IR receiver in a Tag to get confused and not detect the IR
code, and thus the Tag would not have a location to broadcast to the system.

Against the Wall

Monitors need to be close to the wall to use the physical attributes of the wall to reflect the IR away
from the door or window opening

Guidelines to follow
There are only a few basic guidelines to follow in designing an RTLS system.
Place a Virtual Wall outside every room which will be covered with IR
If doors are paired in a hallway, one VW can cover a pair of doors as long as the distance from
outside edge to outside edge of the doors is less than 10.
Place the in-room Monitor or Virtual Wall as close as possible to back-to-back when compared
with the hallway Virtual Wall
Choose between using a Monitor or a Virtual Wall inside the room depending on the height of
the header above the door. If there is 18 or more of solid wall above the opening of the
doorframe, use a Monitor. If there is less that 18 of solid wall above the opening of the
doorframe, use a Virtual Wall.
If an actual test finds that a Virtual Wall inside the door cannot shine sufficiently around a large
restroom at the front of the room then a second Virtual Wall can be added inside the room.
A Virtual Wall covers cleanly and well 5 to each side (the last foot or so of coverage is not as
reliable, so 5 is used as a functional limitation instead of 6). If an opening (door and window
combination for example) is wider than 10, two VWs should be used as well as a matching pair
inside the room to clearly divide the space.

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Bay-type deployments
Bay type deployments can be done in two different ways. The first option is to cover them as a single
room, so that no matter which bed the Staff Member is near, they will simply be shown as somewhere
in the room. The second type of deployment involves separating each bay in to its own room.

Note: When doing this type of deployment, the system will require the use of the Wolver Hampton (WH)
profiles. These profiles will take a third again longer to locate than the Virtual Wall profiles..

Bay type areas such as PACU are usually designed with no physical walls at all, only curtains separating
spaces

Often areas such as the ED have bay areas also, but the bays are defined with solid walls between them
and curtains defining the front of the space.

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Room Level
Typically bays collectively will all be treated as a single room; unless otherwise specified.

The three Monitors will all be mapped to the single location (i.e. PACU)

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Bed Level

Whenever separating bays in this type of space with curtains, we will have to place Virtual Wall
Monitors on either side of the curtain rail to create virtual walls around the bay.

When there are physical walls between the bays Virtual Wall Monitors are only needed around the
single curtain to create a virtual wall at the front of the bay

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Design Considerations
Prior to dropping icons onto floor plans, consider the following questions.
How high is the header over the patient room doors?
What is the distance between doors?
Are there windows facing the hallway
Are there any physical walls at all?
Is room level or bed level locating desired?
How deep is the room?
Is the restroom in the front or the back of the room? (Consider two VWs in long rooms with the
restroom in the front, one at the doorway, and one on the parallel wall of the restroom to fill in
the patient space.)
What is the purpose of the installation?
o Nurse Call consider covering staff work areas
o Nurse Call ensure anywhere with an audio station is covered by IR
o Asset Tracking ensure coverage of all Soiled and Clean Storage rooms
o Asset Tracking ensure IR coverage wherever devices are stored (corners, hallways,
offices)
Is the threshold between room/hallway of extreme importance?
Is hallway coverage and flow from unit to unit important?
Are auxiliary areas of the hospital important to cover? (BioMed, SPS, etc)

Note: With the new Virtual Walls, there is no need for a physical link between the devices. However, on
diagrams, it is typical to see the devices connected via lines to show that those devices will be grouped to
broadcast the same IRID.

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