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OBJECTIVES

General Objectives
At the end of the unit you should be able to know where to locate and how to invoke the Modify
commands.

Specific Objectives
At the end of the unit you will be able to :

trim away parts of objects at cutting edges ;

create a fillet or chamfer between two objects ;
create parallel copies of objects with offset ;
extend objects to selected boundary edges ;
copy objects ;
know how to use rotate objects about a base point ;
move objects from a base point to a second point of displacement ;
enlarge or reduce objects with scale ;
change the length of lines and arcs with lengthen ;
know how to use the four break options ;
make rectangular and polar Arrays of existing objects ;
stretch selected objects ;
divide an entity into several parts ;
measure an entity, placing markers along it at intervals of the specified distance ;
edit polylines with pedit ;
change the color, layer, linetype, and thickness of an object with chprop.
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INPUT

5.0 MODIFY OBJECTS

Methods of Selecting Editing Commands

The heart of any CAD system is its ability to modify or edit

existing geometry. This is the function of the numerous editing
commands available in AutoCAD. As with all commands, the
main body of the editing commands may be selected from the
pull-down menu area shown in Figure 5.0.1. Another
convenient way of selecting the edit commands is through the
Modify toolbox shown in Figure 5.0.2. All editing commands
may also be entered indirectly from the keyboard either using
their entire name or through command aliasing as in the
following examples :

Enter "E" for the ERASE command

Enter "M" for the MOVE command

The edit commands below will be discussed in greater details

later:

TRIM SCALE
FILLET LENGTHEN
CHAMFER BREAK
OFFSET ARRAY
EXTEND STRETCH
COPY DIVIDE
MOVE MEASURE
ROTATE PEDIT
MIRROR CHPROP Figure 5.0.1

Figure 5.0.2
5.1 USING THE TRIM COMMAND
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The TRIM command allows the user to trim objects in a drawing so that they are precisely at
a cutting edge defined by one or more other objects.

Figure 5.1.1

Select cutting edge(s)

Lines, arcs, circles and 2D polylines may serve as cutting
edges. When a 2D polyline serves as a cutting edge, its
width is ignored so that it cuts along its center line. Any
entity selection method can be used. The extrusion
direction of extruded entities must be parallel to the Z axis
of the current UCS.
Figure 5.1.2

Select object to trim

Objects to be trimmed must be selected one by one by
pointing to the part of the object to be deleted.

Figure 5.1.3
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Use TRIM command to partially delete an object or group of objects based on a cutting edge. In
Figure 5.1.4, the four dashed lines are selected as cutting edges. Next, segment of the circles are
selected that trim out between the line segment cutting edges.

Example ;

Command : TRIM
Select cutting edges : ( Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend )
Select objects : ( Select the 4 dashed lines shown in figure 5.1.4 )
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
<Select object to trim >/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the circle at A )
<Select object to trim >/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the circle at B )
<Select object to trim >/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the circle at C )
<Select object to trim >/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the circle at D )
<Select object to trim >/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Press Enter to exit this command )

Figure 5.1.4

An alternative method of selecting cutting edges is to press the ENTER key in response to the
prompt Select objects : . This automatically creates cutting edges out of all objects in the
drawing. When using this method, the cutting edges are not highlighted.
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In Figure 5.1.5, even though the four dashed lines are selected as cutting edges, the middle of the
cutting edge may be trimmed out at all locations identified by A through D.

Example :

Command : TRIM
Select cutting edges : ( Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend )
Select objects : (Press ENTER to select all four dashed lines as cutting edges)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the segment at A )
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the segment at B )
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the segment at C )
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the segment at D )
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Press Enter to exit this command )

Figure 5.1.5
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Another application of the Trim command uses the Fence option of Select objects. First, invoke the
TRIM command and select the small circle as the cutting edge. Begin the prompt of select object to
trim with Fence. See Figure 5.1.6.

Example ;

Command : TRIM
Select cutting edges : ( Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No
extend )
Select objects : ( Select the small circle )
Select objects : ( Press Enter to continue )
<Select object to trim >/Project/Edge/Undo : F ( For Fence )

Figure 5.1.6

Continue with the TRIM command by identifying a Fence. This consists of a series of line segments that take on
a dashed appearance. This means the fence will select any object it crosses. When completed with the
construction of the desired fence shown in Figure 5.1.7, press the ENTER key.

Example ;

First fence point : (Mark a point at A beginning the Fence)

Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Mark a point at B )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Mark a point at C )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Mark a point at D )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Mark a point at E )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Mark a point at F )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Mark a point at G )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Mark a point at H )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Press Enter to end the Fence and
execute the TRIM command )
<Select object to trim>>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Press Enter to
exit this command )

Figure 5.1.7
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The power of the Fence option of select objects is shown in Figure 5.1.8. Rather than select each
individual line segment inside the small circle to trim, the Fence trims all objects it touches in relation
to the cutting edge.

Figure 5.1.8

The TRIM command also allows you to trim to an extended cutting edge. In the extended cutting edge
mode, an imaginary cutting edge is formed ; all objects sliced along this cutting edge will be trimmed
if selected individually by the Fence mode. Study Example 5.4 and the following prompts on this
feature of the TRIM command.

Example ;

Command : TRIM
Select cutting edges : ( Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend )
Select objects : ( Pick line segment A )
Select objects : ( Press Enter to continue )
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : E ( For Edge )
Extend/No Extend<No extend> : E ( For Extend )
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Pick line B along with the
other segments )
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Press Enter to exit this
command )

Figure 5.1.9
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5.2 USING THE FILLET COMMAND

FILLETS are corners that are rounded off at a specified radius value and automatically trimmed. If
the radius value is too large for the specified objects, an error message will state this. By default, the
fillet radius is set to 0.50 units.

The Fillet command allows the user to connect two

lines, arcs or circles by means of a smoothly fitted arc
of a specified radius.

Figure 5.2.1

Radius/Radius = 0
Default setting of the fillet radius is 0 (zero). The radius
option allows the user to change it.
Radius<default>:

Figure 5.2.2

The default prompt is:

Select two objects

Figure 5.2.3
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Figure 5.2.5 shows one method of producing a fillet at a designated corner.

Example ;
Command : FILLET
(TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 0.5000
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object> : ( Select line A )
Select second object : ( Select line B )

Figure 5.2.5

A Fillet radius of 0 produces a corner out of two non-intersecting objects. See Figure 5.2.6

Example ;
Command : FILLET
(TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 0.5000
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object> : R ( For Radius )
Enter fillet radius <0.5000> : 0

Command : FILLET
(TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 0.0000
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object> : ( Select line A )
Select second object : ( Select line B )

Figure 5.2.6
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Use the Fillet command on a polyline object to produce rounded edges at all corners of the polyline in a
single operation. See Figure 5.2.7

Example ;
Command : FILLET
(TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 0.0000
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object> : R ( For Radius )
Enter fillet radius <0.0000> : 0.25

Command : FILLET
(TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 0.2500
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object> : P ( For Polyline )
Select 2D polyline : ( Select a polyline in Figure 5 12 )

Figure 5.2.7

The FILLET command can also be used to control whether or not to trim the excess corners after a
fillet is placed. Figure 5.2.8 is a typical fillet operation where the polyline at "A" is selected. However,
instead of automatically trimming the comers of the polyline, a new "Trim/No trim" option allows the
lines to remain. Use the following prompts that illustrate this operation.

Example ;

Command : FILLET
(TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 0.0000
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object> : Trim
Trim/No trim <Trim> : N ( For no trim )
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object> : R ( For radius )
Enter fillet radius <0.0000> : 1.00

Command: FILLET
(NO TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 1.00
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object> : P ( For Polyline )
Select 2D polyline : (Select polyline "A")

Figure 5.2.8
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Filleting two parallel lines in Figure 5.2.9. automatically constructs a semicircular arc object connecting
both the lines at their endpoints.

Example ;

Command : FILLET
(NO TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 0.0000
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object> : ( Select line "B" )
Select second object : ( Select line "C" )

Figure 5.2.9
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5.3 USING THE CHAMFER COMMAND

The CHAMFER command produces an inclined surface at an edge of two intersecting line segments.
Distances determine how far from the corner the chamfer is made.

The Chamfer command trims two intersecting lines at a

specified distance from the intersection and connects the
trimmed ends with a new line segment.

Figure 5.3.1

Distance/Dist = 0

Default setting of both chamfer distances is 0 (zero). The

distance option allows the user to change them.

Enter first chamfer distance <default>:

Enter second chamfer distance <distance>:
Figure 5.3.2

The new distances remain active as long as they are not

changed.

The two lines must be selected in the same order:

Select first line:

Select second line: Figure 5.3.3
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One method of producing chamfer is shown in Figure 5.3.4.

Example ;

Command : CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 =0.500,Dist2=0.5000
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<first line>: (Select the line at "A")
Select second line : (Select the line at "B")

Figure 5.3.4

If the distances from the corner of the object are different, a beveled is formed in Figure 5.3.5.

Example ;

Command : CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Disti =0.500,Dist2=0.5000
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line> : D ( For Distance )
Enter first chamfer distance <0.5000> : ( Press ENTER to accept the default )
Enter second chamfer distance<0.5000> : 0.25

Command : CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1 =0.5000,Dist2=0.2500
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line> : (Select the line at "A")
Select second line : (Select the line at "B")

Figure 5.3.5
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With nonintersecting corners, you could use the CHAMFER command to connect both lines.
CHAMFER command distances are both set to a value of 0 to accomplish this task. See Figure
5.3.6.
Example ;
Command : CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1=0.500,Dist2=0.2500
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line> : D ( For Distance )
Enter first chamfer distance <0.5000> : 0
Enter second chamfer distance<0.0000> : ( Press ENTER to accept the default )

Command : CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1=0.0000,Dist2=0.0000
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line> : (Select the line at "A")
Select second line : (Select the line at "B")

Figure 5.3.6

Since a polyline consists of numerous segments representing a single object, using the CHAMFER
command with the Polyline option produces corners throughout the entire polyline. See Figure
5.3.7.
Example ;
Command : CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1=0.000,Dist2=0.0000
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line> : D ( For Distance )
Enter first chamfer distance <0.5000> : 0.50
Enter second chamfer distance<0.5000> : ( Press ENTER to accept the default )

Command : CHAMFER
Polyline/Distance /<Select first line> : P ( For Polyline )
Select 2D Polyline : (Select the polyline )
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Figure 5.3.7

The Chamfer command supports a "Trim/No Trim" option enabling a chamfer to be placed with lines
trimmed or not trimmed as in Figure 5.3.8.
Example ;

Command : CHAMFER
(TRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1=0.000,Dist2=0.0000
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line> : T ( For Trim )
Trim/No trim <Trim> : N
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line> : D
Enter first chamfer distance <0.0000> : 1.00
Enter second chamfer distance <1.0000> : ( Press ENTER to accept the default )

Command : CHAMFER
(NOTRIM mode) Current chamfer Dist1=1.00,Dist2=1.00
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line> : P (For polyline)
Select 2D Polyline : ( Select the polyline at "A )

Figure 5.3.8
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5.4 USING THE OFFSET COMMAND

The OFFSET command is commonly used for creating one object parallel to another. One method of
offsetting is to identify a point to offset through, called a through point. Once an object is selected to
offset, a through point is identified.

The Offset command allows the user to construct an entity

parallel to another entity. Only lines, arcs, circles or 2D
polylines can be selected.

Figure 5.4.1

Through

If the through option is selected, AutoCAD prompts :

Select object to offset :

Once the selection has been made, AutoCAD prompts :

Through point :

The point specified shows AutoCAD where the offset object Figure 5.4.2
must be constructed. Following the offset operation, the
same prompt sequence is re-issued.

Offset Distance
If a distance is given (using the keyboard or by indicating two points
with the pointing device), AutoCAD prompts:
Side to offset:

The user can continue offsetting as long as the command is not

terminated (return).
Figure 5.4.3
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The selected object offsets to the point shown in Figure 5.4.5.

Example ;
Command : OFFSET
Offset distance or Through <> : Through
Select object to offset : (Select the line at "A")
Through point : Nod of (Select the point at "B")
Select object to offset : (Press ENTER to exit )

Figure 5.4.5

Another method of offsetting is shown in Figure 5.4.6 where the objects need to be duplicated at a set
distance away from the existing geometry. The COPY command could be used for this operation;
however a better command would be OFFSET. This allows you to specify a distance and a side for the
offset to occur. The result is an object parallel to the original object at a specified distance. All objects in
Figure 5 - 33 need to be offsetted 0.50 towards the inside of the original object.

Example ;

Command : OFFSET
Offset distance or Through <0.00> : 0.50
Select object to offset : ( Select the horizontal line at "A")
Side to offset : (Mark a point anywhere on the inside near
"B")
Repeat the above procedure for lines C through J.

Figure 5.4.6
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5.5 USING THE EXTEND COMMAND

The EXTEND command allows the user to lengthen existing objects in a drawing so that they end
precisely at a boundary edge defined by one or more objects in the drawing.

Figure 5.5.1

Select boundary edge (s)

Lines, arcs, circles, and 2D polylines may serve as boundary
edges. When a 2D polyline serves as a boundary, its width is
ignored so that objects are extended to its center line. Any
entity selection method can be used. If entities are extruded,
the extrusion direction must be parallel to the Z axis of the
current UCS.

Figure 5.5.2

Select object to extend

Objects to extend must be selected by pointing to the part of
the object to be extended. Each object must be selected
separately, and if it has an extrusion, the extrusion direction
must be parallel to the Z axis of the current UCS.

Figure 5.5.3
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Use the EXTEND command to extend objects to a specified boundary edge. In Figure 5.5.4, select the
large circle "A" as the boundary edge. After pressing the ENTER key to continue with the command,
select the arc at "B," line at "C," and arc at "D" to extend these objects to the circle. If you select the
wrong end of an object, use the Undo feature, which is an option of the command to undo the change
and repeat the procedure at the correct end of the object.

Example ;

Command: EXTEND
Select boundary edges : ( Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend )
Select objects : ( Select the large circle at "A )
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue)
<Select object to extend>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the arc at "B" )
<Select object to extend>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the line at "C" )
<Select object to extend>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Select the arc at "D" )
<Select object to extend>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Press ENTER to exit this command )

An alternative method of selecting

boundary edges is to press the ENTER
key in response to the prompt "Select
objects:." This automatically creates
boundary edges out of all objects in the
drawing. When using this method, the
boundary edges are do not highlighted.

Figure 5.5.4
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To extend multiple objects such as the five line segments shown in Figure 5.5.5, select the line at "A" as
the boundary edge and use the Fence mode to select the ends of the line segments at "B" and "C" to
extend. The Fence option allows you to define a crossing line or series of lines that you use to select
multiple objects to extend.

Example ;

Command: EXTEND
Select boundary edges : ( Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend )
Select objects : ( Select the line at "A" in Figure 5 - 38 )
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
<Select object to extend>/Project/Edge/Undo : F ( To invoke the fence option )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Mark a point at "B" )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Mark a point at "C" )
Undo/<Endpoint of line> : ( Press ENTER to end the Fence and execute the EXTEND command )
<Select object to extend>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Press ENTER to exit this command )

Figure 5.5.5
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Certain conditions require the boundary edge to extend where an imaginary edge is projected enabling
objects not in direct sight of the boundary edge to still be extended. Study Figure 5.5.6 and the following
prompts on this special case that involves the Extend command.

Example ;

Command : EXTEND
Select boundary edges : ( Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend )
Select objects : ( Pick line "A" )
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
<Select object to extend>/Project/Edge/Undo : E ( For Edge )
Extend/No extend<No extend> : E ( To extend the edge )
<Select object to extend>/Project/Edge/Undo : ( Pick line "B" )

Figure 5.5.6
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5.6 USING THE COPY COMMAND

The COPY command is used to duplicate an object or group of objects.

The Copy command is used to copy existing objects to

other location points.

Figure 5.6.1

Select objects
This can be done by any of the standard methods.

Figure 5.6.2
Base point or displacement
The user can define a base point,
Base point or displacement:
Second point of displacement:

or can give the displacement distance with coordinates.

Figure 5.6.3

Multiple
If the multiple (M) option is selected, AutoCAD prompts:
Base point:

This base point is the from point.

Then AutoCAD prompts:

Second point of displacement:
Second point of displacement:
Figure 5.6.4
As long as the user does not terminate the command (return),
the selection can be copied anywhere in the drawing.
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In Figure 5.6.5, the Window mode is used to select all objects to copy. Point "C" is used as the base
point or displacement, or where you want to copy the objects from. Point "D" is used as the second
point of displacement, or where you want to copy the objects to.

Example ;
Command : COPY
Select objects : W ( To invoke the Window mode )
First corner : ( Select near point "A" )
Other corner : ( Select near point "B ")
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
<Base point or displacement>/Multiple : Endp of ( Select the endpoint of the line at "C" )
Second point of displacement : ( Select a point near "D" )

Figure 5.6.6

The COPY command is also used to duplicate numerous objects while staying inside the command.
Figure 5.6.7 are a group of objects copied using the Multiple option of the COPY command. See the
following command sequence to use the Multiple option of the COPY command :

Example ;

Command : COPY
Select objects : ( Select all objects that make up figure "A" )
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
<Base point or displacement>/Multiple : M ( For Multiple )
Base point : Endp of ( Select the endpoint of the line at "A" )
Second point of displacement : ( Select a point near "B" )
Second point of displacement : ( Select a point near ''C" )
Second point of displacement : ( Select a point near ''D" )
Second point of displacement : ( Select a point near ''E" )
Second point of displacement : ( Select a point near ''F" )
Second point of displacement : ( Press ENTER to exit this
command )

Figure 5.6.7
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5.7 USING THE MOVE COMMAND

The MOVE command repositions an object or group of objects to a new location. Once the objects to
move are selected, a base point or displacement (where the object is to move from) is found. Next, a
second point of displacement (where the object is to be moved to) is needed.

The MOVE command allows the user to move one or more

entities from their present location point on a drawing to a new
location point without changing their orientation or size.

Figure 5.7.1

Select object (s)

This can be done according to any of the standard methods.

Figure 5.7.2

Base point or displacement

A reference point (from point) or an x,y,z distance can be
given.

Figure 5.7.3

Second point or displacement

This is a new reference point location (to point). If an x,y,z
displacement distance was given to the first prompt, a null
response (return) should be given.

Figure 5.7.4
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Example ;
Command : MOVE
Select objects : ( Select all dashed objects in Figure 5.7.5)
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
Base pointer displacement : Endp of ( Select the endpoint of the line at
"A" )
Second point of displacement : ( Mark a point at "B" )

Figure 5.7.5

The slot shown in Figure 5.7.6 is incorrectly positioned; it needs to be placed 1.00 units away from the left edge
of the object. The MOVE command in combination with a polar coordinate or direct distance mode can be used
to perform this operation.

Example ;
Command : MOVE
Select objects : ( Select the slot and all centerlines in Figure 5.7.6 )
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
Base point or displacement : Cen of ( Select the edge of arc "A" )
Second point of displacement : @0.50<0

Figure 5.7.6 Figure 5.7.7

As the slot is moved into a new position using the MOVE command, a new horizontal dimension must be placed
to reflect the correct distance from the edge of the object to the centerline of the arc. See Figure 5.7.7.
Another command will be explained in the following pages to affect a group of objects along with the dimension.
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5.8 USING ROTATE COMMAND

The ROTATE command changes the orientation of an object or group of objects by identifying a base
point and a rotation angle which completes the new orientation.

Figure 5.8.1

Select Object
This can be done according to any of the standard methods.

Figure 5.8.2

Base point
The base point is the rotation point around which the entities
are rotated. It can be anywhere in the drawing.

Figure 5.8.3
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Rotation angle
The rotation angle value is relative to the drawing. A positive
angle causes counterclockwise rotation, and the negative
angle produces clockwise rotation.

Figure 5.8.4

Reference
Instead of giving a rotation angle value at once, it is possible to select the reference option.
AutoCAD then prompts :
Reference angle <default>:

The actual angle (reference angle) can be given in degrees, or shown by pointing to the two
endpoints of a line to be rotated, and then the desired.
New angle:

Can be given,
A reference angle (default=0) can also be given in degrees, and then a smaller or greater new
angle given.
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Figure 5.8.5 shows an object complete with crosshatch pattern, which needs to be rotated to a 30-
degree angle using point "A" as the base point.

Example ;
Command : ROTATE
Select objects : All ( This will select all objects in Figure 5.8.5)
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
Base point : Endp of ( Select the endpoint of the line at "A " )
<Rotation angle>/Reference : 30

Figure 5.8.5

At times it is necessary to rotate an object to a desired angular position. However, this must be
accomplished even if the current angle of the object is unknown. To maintain the accuracy of the
rotation operation, the Reference option of the ROTATE command is used. Figure 5.8.6 shows an
object that needs to be rotated to the 30-degree angle position. Unfortunately, we do not know the angle
the object currently lies in. Entering the Reference angle option and identifying two points creates a
known angle of reference. Entering a new angle of 30 degrees rotates the object to the 30 degree
position from the reference angle. Use the following prompts and Figure 5.8.6 to accomplish this.

Example ;
Command : ROTATE
Select objects : ( Select the object in Figure 5.8.6)
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
Base point : Cen of ( Pick either the circle or two arc segments )
<Rotation angle>/Reference : R ( For Reference )
Reference angle <0>: Cen of ( Again pick either the circle or the two arc segments )
Second point : Mid of ( Pick the line "A" to establish the reference Angle )
New angle : 30

Figure 5.8.6
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5.9 USING THE MIRROR COMMAND

Use the MIRROR command to create a mirrored copy of an object or group of objects. When
performing a mirror, the operator has the option of deleting the original object, which would be
the same as flipping the object, or keeping the original object along with the mirror image,
which would be the same as flipping and copying.

The MIRROR command allows the user to make mirror

images of existing objects in the drawing, either deleting or
retaining the original objects.

Figure 5.9.1

Select objects
This can be done according to any of the standard methods.

Figure 5.9.2
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First point of mirror line

Second point of mirror line
The designated mirror line is the axis along which the selected
objects are mirrored. It may be at any angle. The distance between
the objects and axis is also mirrored.

Figure 5.9.3

Using the MIRROR Command

Method #1

Refer to the following prompts along with Figure 5.9.4 for using the MIRROR command :
Example ;

Command : MIRROR
Select objects : ( Select a point near "X" )
Other corner : ( Select a point near "Y" )
Select objects : ( Press the HI key to continue )
First point of MIRROR line : Endp of ( Select the endpoint of the centerline at "A " )
Second point : Endp of ( Select the endpoint of the centerline at "B ")
Delete old objects? <N> : No

Figure 5.9.4

Since the original object was required to be retained by the mirror operation, the image result is shown
in Figure 5.9.5. The MIRROR command works well when symmetry is required.
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Figure 5.9.5

Method #2

The illustration in Figure 5.9.6 is a different application of the MIRROR command. It is required to have
all items that make up the bathroom plan flip but not copy to the other side. This is a typical process
involving "What if" situations. Use the following command prompts to perform this type of mirror
operation. The results are displayed in Figure 5.9.7.

Example ;
Command : MIRROR
Select objects : All (This will select all objects shown in Figure 5.9.6)
Select objects : ( Press the ENTER key to continue)
First point of mirror line : Mid of ( Select the midpoint of the line at "A" )
Second point : Per to ( Select line "B, " which is perpendicular to point "A" )
Delete old objects? <N> Yes

Figure 5.9.6 Figure 5.9.7

5.10 USING THE SCALE COMMAND

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Use the SCALE command to change the overall size of an object. The size may be larger or smaller in
relation to the original object or group of objects. The SCALE command requires a base point and scale
factor to complete the command.

The SCALE command allows the user to change the size of

existing entities.

Figure 5.10.1

Select object(s)
This can be done according to any of the standard methods.

Figure 5.10.2

Base point
The base point shows AutoCAD the scale direction.

Figure 5.10.3

Single Entity :
If the base point is the start or endpoint of a line or an arc, the entities selected are scaled in the
direction away from the base point.
If the base point is somewhere along the entity, the two parts are scaled proportionally to the
scale factor in opposite directions from the base point.
If the base point is the midpoint of a line or an arc, the entities selected are scaled proportionally
in both directions.

If the base point is the center of a line or an arc, the entities selected are scaled regularly in all
directions.
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If the base point is somewhere in the view port, the entities selected are scaled in relation to this
base point according to the same rules.

Several entities

If several objects are selected ( entire drawing or part of it ), the base point determines the
scaling direction according to the above-mentioned rules.

SCALE FACTOR
The scale factor option allows the user to define the new size of selected entities by giving a
factor.

REFERENCE
Instead of giving a scale factor, the user can select the REFERENCE option.
Reference length<default> :
New length :
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Study Figures 5.10.4 through 5.10.6 to perform the Scale command. Using a base point at "A"
and a scale factor of 0.50, the results of using the SCALE command on a group of objects are
shown in Figures 5.10.5 and 5.10.6.

Example ;
Command : SCALE
Select objects : All (This will select all dashed objects in Figure 5.10.5 )
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
Base point : Endp of ( Select the endpoint of the line at "A " )
<Rotation angle>/Reference : 0.50

Figure 5.10.4

The example in Figure 5.10.6 shows the effects of identifying a new base point in the center of the
object.

Command : SCALE
Select objects : All ( This will select all dashed objects shown in Figure 5.10.6 )
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
<Rotation angle>/Reference : 0.40

Figure 5.10.5 Figure 5.10.6

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Scale - Reference
Suppose the length of a line needs to be increased to a known length; however, you do not know the
exact length of the line. The Reference option of the Scale command can be used to identify
endpoints of a line segment that act as a reference length. Entering a new length value could
increase or decrease the line depending on the desired effect.

Example ;
Command : SCALE
Select objects : ( Select line segment "A" )
Select objects : ( Press ENTER to continue )
Base point : Endp of ( Pick the endpoint at "A" )
<Scalefactor>/Reference : R ( For Reference )
Reference length <1 > : Endp of ( Pick the endpoint at "A " )
Second point : Endp of ( Pick the endpoint at "B" )
New length : 10.0000

Figure 5.10.7

5.11 USING THE LENGTHEN COMMAND

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Use the LENGTHEN command to change the length of a selected object without disturbing other
object qualities such as angles of lines or radius of arcs.

Example ;
Command: LENGTHEN
DEIta/Percent/Total/DYnamic/<Select object> : ( Select line "A" )
Current length : 12.3649
DEIta/Percent/Total/DYnamic/<Select object> : Total
Angle/<Enter total length (1.0000)> : 20
<Select object to change>/Undo : ( Select the line at "A" )
<Select object to change>/Undo : ( Press ENTER to exit )

Figure 5.11.1

When using the LENGTHEN command on an arc segment, both the length and included angle
information are displayed before making any changes as shown in Figure 5.11.2. After supplying
the new total length of any object, be sure to select the desired end to lengthen when prompted for
"Select object to change."

Example ;

Command : LENGTHEN
DEIta/Percent/Total/DYnamic/<Select object> : ( Select arc "B" )
Current length: 1.4459, included angle : 54.9597
DEIta/Percent/Total/DYnamic/<Selectobject> : Total
Angle/<Enter total length (1.0000)> : 5
<Select object to change>/Undo : ( Pick the arc at "B" )
<Select object to change>/Undo : ( Press ENTER to exit )

Figure 5.11.2

5.12 USING THE BREAK COMMAND

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The BREAK command erases part of a line, trace, circle, arc or 2D polyline.

Select object

This can be done according to any of the standard

methods. The extrusion direction of extruded entities must
be parallel to the Z axis of the current UCS.

Figure 5.12.1

Enter first point

Enter second point

If only one entity is selected , the selection can be made

directly at the first break point. That is why AutoCAD
prompts :

Enter second point ( or F for first point )

If the point selected does not correspond to the first break Figure 5.12.2
point, the first point option must be selected.

@ (last point)
If the break command is used to cut an entity into two connected parts, the first and second points
should be located exactly at the same place. Instead of giving the second point, the last point sign
(@) can be used.

Example ;
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Command : BREAK
Select objects : ( Select the line at "A" )
Enter second point (or F for first point) : ( Select the line at "B )

Figure 5.12.3

To select key objects to break using Osnap options, utilize the "First" option of the Break command.
This option resets the command and allows you to select an object to break followed by two different
points that identify the break. See the following command sequence and Figure 5.12.4 to use the
"First" option of the Break command :

Example ;
Command : BREAK
Select objects : ( Select the line shown in Figure 5.12.4 )
Enter second point (or F for first point) : First
Enter first point : Int of (Select the intersection of the two lines at
A
Enter second point : Endp of (Select the endpoint of the line at
"B")

Figure 5.12.4

Breaking circles is always accomplished in the counterclockwise direction. Study the following
command sequence and Figure 5.12.5 for breaking circles.

Example ;
Command : BREAK
Select objects : ( Select the circle in Figure 5.12.5 )
Enter second point (or F for first point) : First
Enter first point : ( Select the point in either in Figure 5.12.5 at "A" )
Enter second point : ( Select the point in either Figure 5.12.5 at "B" )

Figure 5.12.5
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5.13 USING THE ARRAY COMMAND

The array command creates either a Rectangular or Polar ( circular ) pattern of existing object that you
select. The pattern could be created from a single or from a group of objects. Array copies a duplicate
set of objects for each item in the array.

Rectangular

This option creates an Array of the selection set in a pattern composed of rows and columns. The command
syntax for a rectangular is given next . See Figure 5.13.1.

Example ;
Command : ARRAY
Select Objects : PICK ( Select object to be arrayed )
Select Objects : Enter ( Indicates completion of object selection)
Rectangular or Polar array (<R>/P) : R (indicates rectangular )
Number of rows (---)<1> : (value) ( enter value for number of rows )
Number of columns (lll)<1> : (value) (enter value for number of columns)
Unit cell or distance between rows (---): ( value) ( enter a value for the distance from any one object to the same point
on an object in the adjacent row.)
Distance between columns (lll) : ( value ) (enter a value for the distance from any point on one object to the same point
on an object in the adjacent column.)

Figure 5.13.1
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Polar

This option creates a circular pattern of the selection set with any number of copies or items. The
number of item specified includes the original selection set. You also specify the center of the array,
angle to generate the array through and orientation of item. See Figure 5.13.2.

Example ;
Command : ARRAY
Select Object : PICK ( select object to be arrayed)
Select Object : Enter
Rectangular or Polar array ( <R>/P ) : P (indicates Polar array)
Center point of array : PICK ( select point from array to be generated around)
Number of items : ( value ) ( enter value for number of copies including original selection set )
Angle to fill (+=ccw,-=cw) <360>: Enter or (value) (press enter for full circular array, enter value for less than 360 degree
array; enter negative value for clockwise generation array)
Rotate object as they are copied? <Y> Enter or N (Press Enter for rotation of copies object about center, N for keeping
objects in original orientation.)

Figure 5.13.2
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5.14 USING THE STRETCH COMMAND

Use the STRETCH command to move a portion of a drawing while still preserving the connections to
parts of the drawing remaining in place. To perform this type of operation, the crossing option of
"Select objects" must be used. In Figure 5.14.1, a group of objects is selected using the crossing box.
Next a base point is identified by the endpoint at "C." Finally, a second point of displacement is
identified using a polar coordinate; the direct distance mode could also be used. Once the objects
selected in the crossing box are stretched, the objects not only move to the new location but also
mend themselves.

Example ;
Command :STRETCH
Select objects to stretch by crossing-window or crossing-polygon...
Select objects: (Mark a point at "A")
Other corner: (Mark a point at "B")
Base point of displacement : Endp of (Select the endpoint of the line at "C')
Second point of displacement : @1.75<180

Figure 5.14.1
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Figure 5.14.2 is another example of using the STRETCH command. The crossing window is
employed along with a base point at "C" and a polar coordinate.

Example ;
Command :STRETCH
Select objects to stretch by crossing-window or crossing-polygon...
Select objects : (Mark a point at "A")
Other corner : (Mark a point at "B")
Base point of displacement : Endp of (Select the endpoint of the line at "C")
Second point of displacement : @2.75<0

Figure 5.14.2

Applications of the STRETCH command include Figure 5.14.3 where a window needs to be
positioned at a new location. Use the following command sequence to stretch the window at a set
distance using a polar coordinate. See also Figure 5.14.3.

Example ;
Command : STRETCH
Select objects to stretch by crossing-window or crossing-polygon...
Select objects : (Mark a point at "A")
Other corner : (Mark a point at "B")
Base point of displacement : Mid of (Select the endpoint of the line at "C")
Second point of displacement : @ 10'6<0

Figure 5.14.3
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5.15 USING THE DIVIDE COMMAND

The DIVIDE command will take an object such as a line or arc and divide it equally depending on the
number of segments desired. The DIVIDE command does this by placing a point object where a
division occurs. It is important to note that as a point is placed along an object during the division
process, the object is not automatically broken at the location of the point. Rather the point is
commonly used along with the OSNAP-Node option to construct from. Select the DIVIDE command by
picking Draw from the pull-down menu area; then pick POINT to expose the DIVIDE command. Refer
to the following prompts to use the DIVIDE command.

Example ;

Command: DIVIDE
Select object to divide: (Select line "A " as shown in Figure 5.15)
<Number of segments>/Block: 8

If the results of the DIVIDE command are not obvious, it is because of the current point mode which is
set by the system variable Pdmode to a value of 0, which places a point similar in appearance to that of
a grid dot. When the dot is placed on an object, it is unable to be seen easily. For this reason, use the
PDMODE variable to change the point value from 0 to 3. This will produce a point similar to an "X" and
make the point visible. Since only one point style may be displayed at any one time, use the REGEN
command to regenerate the screen. All points will now take on the current PDMODE value.

Example ;

Command: PDMODE
New value for PDMODE <0>: 3

Command: REGEN

Figure 5.15
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5.16 USING THE MEASURE COMMAND

The MEASURE command will take an object such as a line or arc and measure along it depending
on the length of the segment. The MEASURE command, similar to the DIVIDE command, places a
point object at a specified distance given in the MEASURE command. It is important to note that as a
point is placed along an object during the measuring process, the object is not au tomatically broken
at the location of the point. Rather, the point is commonly used to construct from along with the
OSNAP-Node option. Select the MEASURE command by picking Draw from the pull-down menu
area; then pick Point to expose the MEASURE command. Use the following prompts for the
MEASURE command.

Example ;

Command : MEASURE
Select object to measure: (Select the designated end shown in
Figure 5.16 )
<Segment length>/Block : 0.50

If the results of the MEASURE command are not

obvious, it is because of the current point mode which
is set by the system variable PDMODE. By default,
this variable is set to a value of 0 which places a point
similar in appearance to that of a grid dot. When the
dot is placed on an object, it is unable to be seen
easily. For this reason, use the PDMODE variable to
change the point value from 0 to 3. This will produce a
point similar to an "X" and thus make the point visible.
Since only one point may be displayed at any one
time, use the REGEN command to regenerate the
screen. All points will now take on the current
PDMODE value. Changing to a different type of point
can also be accomplished through the Point Style
dialog box found in the Format area of the pull-down
menu.
Figure 5.16

Example ;

Command: PDMODE
New value for PDMODE <0>: 3

Command: REGEN

It is important to note that the measuring starts at the endpoint closest to the point you use to select
the object.
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5.17 USING THE PEDIT COMMAND

This command provides numerous options for editing polylines ( Plines ). The list of options below
emphasizes the great flexibility possible with polylines. The first step after invoking Pedit is to select
Pline to edit.

Close

Close connects the last segment with the first segment of an existing open Pline, resulting in a closed Pline. A closed
Pline is one continuous object having no specific start or endpoint, as opposed to one closed by Picking points. A
closed Pline reacts differently to the Spline option and to some commands such as Fillet, Pline option.

Open

Open removes the closing segment if the Close option was used previously.

Join

This option joins, or connects, any Pline, Lines, or Arc that have exact matching endpoint and add them to the selected
Pline. Previously closed Plines cannot be joined.

Width

Width allows specification of a uniform width for Pline segment. Non-uniform width can be specified with the Edit
Vertex option.

Edit Vertex

This option is covered in the next section.

Fit

This option converts the Pline from straight line segment to arcs. The curve consists of two arcs for each pair of
vertices. The resulting curve can be radical if the original Pline consists of sharp angles. The resulting curve passes
through all vertices.

Spline

This option converts Pline to B-spline ( Bezier Spline ). The Pline vertices act as control point affecting the shape of
the curves. The resulting curve passes through only the end vertices. A Spline-fit Pline is not the same as a spline curve
created with the Spline command. This option produces a less versatile version of the newer Spline object.

Decurve

Decurve removes the Spline or Fit curve and returns the Pline to its original straight line segment state. When you use
the Spline option of Pedit, the amount of pull can be affected by setting the SPLINETYPE system variable to either a
quadratic ( 5=more pull) B-spline function.

Ltype gen

This setting controls the generation of non-continuous linetypes for Pline. If Off, non-continuous linetype dashes start
and stops at each vertex, as if the Pline segment were individual Line segment.
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Editing of polylines can lead to interesting results. Figure 5.17.1 is a polyline of width 0.00. The PEDIT
command was used to change the width of the polyline to 0.10 units. Refer to the fol lowing command
sequence to use the PEDIT command along with the Width option.
Example ;
Command : PEDIT
Select polyline : (Select the polyline at "A")
Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit <X> : W (To edit the width of the polyline)
Enter new width for all segments : 0.10
Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/ Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit <X> : (Press ENTER to exit this command)

Figure 5.17.1

It is possible to convert regular objects into polylines. In Figure 5.17.2, the arc segment and individual
line segments may be converted into a polyline. The circle is unable to be converted unless part of the
circle is broken resulting in an arc segment. Use the following prompts to convert the line seg ments into
a polyline.

Example ;
Command : PEDIT
Select polyline: (Select the line at "A")
Object selected is not a polyline.
Do you want it to turn into one? Yes
Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit <X>: J
Select objects : (Select lines "B" through "D")
3 lines added to polyline.
Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit<X> : (Press ENTER to exit this command)

Figure 5.17.2
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In the previous example, regular objects were selected individually before being converted into a
polyline. For more complex objects, use the Window option to select numerous objects and perform the
PEDIT-Join operation which is faster. Refer to the following prompt sequence and Figure 5.17.3 to use
this command.

Example ;
Command : PEDIT
Select polyline : (Select the line at "A")
Object selected is not a polyline.
Do you want it to turn into one? Yes
Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit <X> : J
Select objects : (Pick a point at "B")
Other corner : (Pick a point at "C')
56 lines added to polyline.
Close/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit<X>: (Press ENTER to exit this command)

Figure 5.17.3

The polyline in Figure 5.17.4 will be used as an example of using the PEDIT command along with the
various curve fitting utilities. In Figures 5.17.5 and 5.17.6, the Spline option and Fit Curve option are
shown. The Spline option produces a smooth fitting curve based on control points in the form of the
vertices of the polyline. The Fit Curve option passes entirely through the control points producing a less
desirable curve. Study Figures 5.17.5 and 5.17.6 that illustrate both curve options of the PEDIT
command.

Example ;
Command: PEDIT
Select polyline: (Select the polyline at "A")
Close/Join/Width/lEdit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit <X>: Spline
CIose/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit <X>: (Press ENTER to exit this command)
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Figure 5.17.4

Figure 5.17.5

The original polyline frame is usually not visible when creating a spline and is shown only for illustrative
purposes.

Example ;
Command : PEDIT
Select polyline : (Select the polyline at "B")
Close/Join/Width/lEdit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit <X> : Fit
CIose/Join/Width/Edit vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit <X> : (Press ENTER to exit this command)

Figure 5.17.6
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5.18 USING THE CHPROP COMMAND

The CHPROP command specifically changes the properties of an object. You can change the color,
layer, linetype and thickness of an object. Use the following command sequence for the CHPROP
command:

Example ;

Command : CHPROP
Select objects : (Mark a point at "A" )
Other corner : (Mark a point at "B")
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue)
Change what property(Color/LAyer/LType/ ItScale/Thickness) : (Select Color, LAyer, LType, Linetype, Scale or Thickness to change)

Figure 5.18

In the previous command sequence, notice that selecting a blank part of the screen at "N" for the
prompt "Select objects" places you in automatic window selection mode when selecting the other corner
at "B." If "B" were the first point and "A" the other corner, automatic crossing selection mode is invoked.
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ACTIVITY 5

EXERCISE 5.1

Figure 5.19.1
Purpose

This tutorial is designed to use geometric commands to construct a one-view drawing of Pattern such as the one
in Figure 5.19.1. Refer to the following for special system settings and suggested command sequences.

System Settings
Begin a new drawing called "Pattern". Use the UNITS command to change the number of decimal places past
the zero from four to two. Keep the remaining default unit values. Using the LIMITS command, keep 0,0 for the
lower left corner and change the upper right corner from 12,9 to 21.00,16.00.

Layers
Create the following layers with the format: Name Color Linetype
Object White Continuous
Suggested Commands
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Begin constructing this object by first laying out four points which will be used as centers for circles. Use the
CIRCLE-TTR command to construct tangent arcs to the circles already drawn. Use the TRIM command to clean
up and partially delete circles to obtain the outline of the pattern. Whenever possible, substitute the appropriate
command alias in place of the full AutoCAD command in each tutorial step. For example, use "Co" for the COPY
command, "L" for the LINE command and so on.

EXERCISE 5.2

Purpose

This activity is designed to use the OFFSET and TRIM commands to complete the drawing of the floor
tile shown in Figure 5 - 88.

Figure 5.19.2

System Settings

Use the UNITS command and use the units of MEASURE. Keep the remaining default settings. Use the
LIMITS command and change the limits of the drawing to (0,0) for the lower left corner and (10',8') for
the upper right corner. Use the SNAP command and change the value from 1/2" to 4". (If the GRID
command is set to 0, the snap setting of 4" will also change the grid spacing to 4").

Layers

Create the following layers with the format : Name Color Linetype
Object White Continuous

Suggested Commands

The LINE command will be used to begin the Tile. The OFFSET command is used to copy selected line
segments at a specified distance. The TRIM command is then used to clean up intersecting corners. The
ERASE command can be used to delete objects from the drawing (Remember to use the OOPS
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command to bring back previously erased objects deleted by mistake.) Whenever possible, substitute the
appropriate command alias in place of the full AutoCAD command in each tutorial step. For example, use
"Co" for the COPY command, "L" for the LINE command and so on.

FEEDBACK TO
ACTIVITY 5

FEEDBACK TO EXERCISE 5.1

Step #1
Use the PDMODE command to change the point style to a value
of 2. This will form a "plus sign" when using the POINT
command. An alternative method of selecting different points is
through the Point Style dialog box which can be found in the pull-
down menu under the headings of Format > Point Style...
Locate one point at absolute coordinate 7.50,7.50. Then, use the
COPY command and the dimensions in Figure 5.19.1(a) as a
guide for duplicating the remaining points.
Command : PDMODE
New value for Pdmode <0> : 2

Command:POINT
Point : 7.50,7.50 (Locates the point at "A")

Command :COPY
Select objects : L (This should select the point)
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue) Figure 5.19.1 (a)
<Base point or displacement>/Multiple : M
Base point: Nod of (Select the point at "A")
Second point of displacement : @2.25,-3.00 (Locates point "B")
Second point of displacement : @4.50,1.00 (Locates point "C')
Second point of displacement : @5.25,3.50 (Locates point "D")
Second point of displacement : (Press ENTER to exit this command)
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Step #2
Use the CIRCLE command to place four circles of different sizes
from points located at "A", "B", "C" and "D" as shown in Figure
5.19.1(b). When you have completed drawing the four circles, use
the ERASE command to erase points "A", "B", "C" and "D".

Command : CIRCLE
3P/2P/TTR/<Center point : Nod of (Select the point at "A")
Diameter/<Radius>: 2.50

Command : CIRCLE
3P/2P/TTR/<Center point : Nod of (Select the point at "B" )
Diameter/<Radius> : 2.00

Command : CIRCLE
3P/2P/TTR/<Center point : Nod of (Select the point at "C" )
Diameter/<Radius> : 1.50

Command : CIRCLE Figure 5.19.1 (b)

3P/2P/TTR/<Center point : Nod of (Select the point at "D" )
Diameter/<Radius> : 1.75

Command : ERASE
Select objects : (Pick the four points labeled "A", "B", "C" and "D")
Select objects : (Press ENTER to execute this command)

Step #3

Use the CIRCLE-TTR command to construct a 4.00-radius circle

tangent to the two dashed circles in Figure 5.19.1(c). Then, use the
TRIM command to trim away part of circle "C".

Command : CIRCLE
3P/2P/TTR/<Center point> : TTR
Enter Tangent spec : (Select the dashed circle at "A")
Enter second Tangent spec : (Select the dashed circle at "B" )
Radius : 4.00

Command :TRIM
Select cutting edges...
Select cutting edges : (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend)
Select objects : (Select the two dashed circles shown in Figure 5.1.3)
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: (Select the large circle at "C")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Press ENTER to exit this
command)

A built-in undo is provided if mistake is made during the trimming

Figure 5.19.1(c)
process.
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Step #4

Use the CIRCLE-TTR command to construct a 6.00-radius circle

tangent to the two dashed circles in Figure 5.19.1(d). Then, use the
TRIM command to trim away part of circle "C".

Command :CIRCLE
3P/2P/TTR/<Center point> :TTR
Enter Tangent spec : (Select the dashed circle at "A")
Enter second Tangent spec : (Select the dashed circle at "B")
Radius : 6.00

Command :TRIM
Select cutting edges...
Select cutting edges : (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend)
Select objects : (Select the two dashed circles at the right)
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select the large circle at "C")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: (Press ENTER to exit this Figure 5.19.1(d)
command)

Step #5

Use the CIRCLE-TTR command to construct a 6.00-radius circle

tangent to the two dashed circles at the right. Then, use the TRIM
command to trim away part of circle "C". See Figure 5.1.5.

Command : CIRCLE 3P/2PlTTR/<Center point>:TTR

Enter Tangent spec : (Select the dashed circle at "A")
Enter second Tangent spec : (Select the dashed circle at "B")
Radius : 6.00

Command :TRIM
Select cutting edges...
Select cutting edges : (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend)
Select objects : (Select the two dashed circles shown in Figure 5.1.5) Figure 5.19.1(e)
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select the large circle at "C")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Press ENTER to exit this
commands)
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Step #6

Use the CIRCLE-TTR command to construct a 0.75 radius circle

tangent to the two dashed circles in Figure 5.19.1(f). Then, use the
TRIM command to trim away part of circle "C".

Command : CIRCLE
3P/2P/TTR/<Center point> : TTR
Enter Tangent spec : (Select the dashed circle at "A")
Enter second Tangent spec : (Select the dashed circle at "B")
Radius : 0.75

Command :TRIM
Select cutting edges...
Select cutting edges : (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend)
Select objects: (Select the two dashed circles shown in Figure 5.19.1(f))
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: (Select the circle at "C")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: ( Press ENTER to exit this
command)
Figure 5.19.1(f)

Step #7

Use the TRIM command, select all dashed arcs in Figure

5.19.1(g) as cutting edges, and trim away the circular segments
to form the outline of the pattern drawing.

Command :TRIM
Select cutting edges...
Select cutting edges : (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend)
Select objects : (Select the four dashed arcs shown in Figure 5.19.1(g))
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select the circle at "A")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select the circle at "B")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select the circle at "C")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select the circle at "D")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Press ENTER to exit this
command)

Figure 5.19.1(g)
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Step #8

Your drawing should be similar to the illustration in

Figure Figure 5.19.1(h)

Figure 5.19.1(h)

Step #9
Use the CIRCLE command to place a circle of 2.00 unit diameter
at the center of arc "A". Then, use the COPY command to
duplicate the circle at the center of arcs "B" and "C". See Figure
5.19.1(i).
Command: CIRCLE
3P/2P/TTR/<Center point> : Cen of (Select the arc at "A")
Diameter/<Radius> : D
Diameter : 2.00

Command : COPY
Select objects : Last
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue)
<Base point or displacement>/Multiple : M Figure 5.19.1(i)
Base point : Cen of (Select the arc at 'A')
Second point of displacement : Cen of (Select the arc at "B")
Second point of displacement : Cen of (Select the arc at "C")
Second point of displacement : (Press ENTER to exit this command)

Figure 5.19.1(j)
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FEEDBACK TO TUTORIAL EXERCISE 5.2

Step #1

Begin this exercise by using the LINE command and polar

coordinate mode to draw a 3'0" square shown in Figure 5.19.2(a).
The direct distance mode can also be used to construct the
square.

Command : LINE From point: 12,12

To point : @3'<0
To point : @3'<90
To point : @3'<180
To point : C (To close the figure and exit the command)

Figure 5.19.2(a)

Step #2

Use the ARRAY command to copy the top line in a rectangular

pattern and have all lines spaced 3 units away from each
other. Select the top line as the object to array and perform a
rectangular array consisting of twelve rows and one column.
See Figure 5.19.2(b). Since the top line selected will be copied
straight down, a negative distance must be entered to perform
this operation. Another popular command that could be used
here is OFFSET. However since each line must be offset
separately, the ARRAY command is the more efficient
command to use.

Command : ARRAY
Select objects : (Select the top horizontal line at "A")
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue with this command) Figure 5.19.2(b)
Rectangular or Polar array (<R>/P) : R
Number of rows (---) <1> : 12 Number of columns (III) <1>: 1
Unit cell or distance between rows (---) : -3
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Step #3

Again use the ARRAY command but this time copy the right vertical
line in a rectangular pattern and have all lines spaced 3 units away
from each other. Select the right line as the object to array and perform
a rectangular array consisting of one row and twelve columns (see
Figure Figure 5.19.2(c)). Since the right line selected will be copied to
the left, you must enter a negative distance to perform this operation.

Command : ARRAY
Select objects : (Select the right vertical line at "A")
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue with this command)
Rectangular or Polar array (<R>/P) : R
Number of rows (---) <1 > : 1
Number of columns (III) <1 > : 12
Distance between columns (III) : -3 Figure 5.19.2(c)

Step #4

Use the TRIM command. Select the two vertical dashed lines shown in
Figure 5.19.2(d) as cutting edges; use Figure 5.2.4 as a guide for
determining which lines to trim out.

Command: TRIM
Select cutting edges: (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend)
Select objects: (Select the two dashed lines shown in Figure 5.19.2(d))
Select objects: (Press ENTER to continue with this command)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: (Continue to Step #5)

Figure 5.19.2(d)
Step #5

For the last prompt of the TRIM command in Step #4, select all
horizontal lines in the areas marked "A", "B", "C" and "D" in
Figure 5.19.2(e). When finished selecting the objects to trim, press the
ENTER key to exit the command.

<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select all horizontal

lines in area "A")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select all horizontal
lines in area "B")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select all horizontal
lines in area "C")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select all horizontal
lines in area "D") Figure 5.19.2(e)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Press ENTER to exit
this command)
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Step #6
Use the TRIM command and select the two horizontal dashed lines as
cutting edges in Figure 5.19.2(f).

Command: TRIM
Select cutting edges: (Projmode = UCS, Edgemode = No extend)
Select objects: (Select the two dashed lines in Figure 5.19.2(f))
Select objects: (Press ENTER to continue with this command)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: (Continue to Step #7)

Figure 5.19.2(f)
Step #7

For the last step of the TRIM command in Step #6, select all vertical
lines in the areas marked "A", "B", "C", "D" and "'E" in Figure 5.19.2(g).
When finished selecting the objects to trim, press the ENTER key exit
the command.

<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select all vertical lines

in area "A")
< Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo : (Select all vertical lines
in area "B")
< Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: (Select all vertical lines
in area "C")
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: (Select all vertical lines
in area "D") Figure 5.19.2(g)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: (Select all vertical lines
in area "E)
<Select object to trim>/Project/Edge/Undo: Press ENTER to exit
this command)

Step #8

Use the OFFSET command to offset the lines "A", "B", "C," and "D"
five units in the directions shown in Figure 5.19.2(h).
Command : OFFSET
Offset distance or Through <0'-1 "> : 5
Select object to offset : (Select the line at A)
Side to offset ? (Pick a point above the line)
Select object to offset : (Select the line at B)
Side to offset ? (Pick a point right the line)
Select object to offset : (Select the line at C)
Side to offset ? (Pick a point below the line)
Select object to offset : (Select the line at D)
Side offset ? (Pick a point left of the line) Figure 5.19.2(h)
Select object to offset : (Press ENTER to exit this command)
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Step #9

Use the FILLET command set to a radius of 0 to place a corner at the

intersection of lines "A" and "B". See Figure 5.19.2(i). The radius
should already be set to 0 by default so simply pick the two lines and
the corner is formed.
Command :FILLET
(TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 0'-01 /2"
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object : R
Enter fillet radius <0'-01 /2">: 0

Command :FILLET
(TRIM mode) Current fillet radius = 0'-0"
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object : (Select line "A")
Select second object : (Select line "B") Figure 5.19.2(i)

Repeat this procedure for the other three corners.

Step #10

The completed tile drawing is shown in Figure 5.19.2(j). Follow

Step #11 to add more tiles in a rectangular pattern using the
ARRAY command.

Figure 5.19.2(j)

Step #11

As an alternative step, use the ARRAY command to copy the initial

design in a rectangular pattern by row and column. Use the
following prompts to perform this operation to construct a series of
tiles as in Figure 5.19.2(k).
Command : ARRAY
Select objects : (Select the entire tile design from Step # 10 using the All
option)
Select objects : (Press ENTER to continue with this command)
Rectangular or Polar array (<R>/P) : R
Number of rows(---) <1 > : 3
Number of columns (III) <1 > : 2
Unit cell or distance between rows (---) : 3'10
Distance between columns (III) : 3'10

Figure 5.19.2(k)
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SELF- ASSESSMENT 5

Directions for exercise 5.1 through 5.7

Construct these geometric construction figures using the existing AutoCAD commands.

Exercise 5.1
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Exercise 5.2

Exercise 5. 3
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Exercise 5. 4

Exercise 5.5
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Exercise 5.6
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Exercise 5.7
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Directions for exercise 5.8 through 5.11

Construct each one-view drawing using the appropriate coordinate mode or direct distance mode.
Utilize advanced commands such as ARRAY and MIRROR whenever possible.

Exercise 5.8
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Exercise 5.9

Exercise 5.10
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Exercise 5.11