i

PARKING STUDY AT KLINIK KESIHATAN BANDAR KUANTAN

NORHAMIZA BINTI ROSSLI

Report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Civil Engineering

Faculty of civil Engineering and Earth Resources

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

JUNE 2015
 vi

ABSTRACT

Parking facility can be considered as part of planning requirement that can affect
development scheme as a whole. Traffic conditions have tended to deteriorate and the
searching time for parking space substantially increased. The increase of population,
paralel with the increasing of road users lead to parking concerns, especially in
Kuantan, Pahang. The study is to evaluate the car park at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar
Kuantan, Pahang and to propose measure to improve the current situation based on
parking demand. In case study, the methodology consists of three stage which is data
collectin, data analysis and recommendation. Data analysis was done to obtain the
actual rate of demands for parking space in these area compared to the availability of
existing parking space. The results of the study was found that parking space here
insufficient is to cater the for the user in the study area. Parking parameters
methodology deals, in detail, with the data collection required for the evaluation
process. The parking parameters of the condition of parking include parking durations,
parking occupancy, Percentage of parking turnover, parking accumulation. A few
recommendation will be suggested based on the results. The amount of data was
collected and analyzed to show the parking situation. The most accurate method that
used in this study is license plate survey method.
 vii

ABSTRAK

Kemudahan tempat letak kereta boleh dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada keperluan
perancangan yang boleh menjejaskan skim pembangunan secara keseluruhan. Keadaan
trafik semakin merosot dan jangka masa untuk mencari tempat letak kereta yang kosong
semakin meningkat. Peningkatan penduduk selari dengan peningkatan pengguna jalan
raya yang membawa kepada kebimbangan permasalahan kekurangan tempat letak
kereta di Kuantan, Pahang. Kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji tempat letak kereta di
Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan, Pahang dan untuk mengukur seta memperbaiki
keadaan semasa berdasarkan permintaan tempat letak kereta. Dalam kajian kes, kaedah
yang digunakan iaitu terdiri daripada tiga peringkat iaitu pegumpulan data, penganaliss
data dan cadangan. Analisis data telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kadar sebenar
permintaan untuk rung letak kereta di kawasan ini berbanding dengan adanya tempat
letak kereta yang sedia ada. Hasil kajian ini, diddapati bahawa tempat letek kereta di
sini adalah tidak mencukupi untuk memenuhi pengguna dalam kawasan kajian. Tempat
letak kereta parameter metodologi tawaran secara terperinci, dengan pengumpulan data
yang diperlukan untuk proses penilaian. Parameter meletak keadaan tempat letak kereta
termasuk jangka masa letak kereta, peratusan pengguna tempat letak kereta,
pengumpulan tempat letak kereta. Ada beberapa cadangan yang akan dicadangkan
berdasarkan keputusan. Jumlh data yang telah dikumpul dan dianalisis untuk
menunjukkan keadaan tempat letak kereta. Kaedah yang paling tepat yang digunakan
dalam kajian ini adalah kaedah tinjauan plat lesen kenderaan.
 viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE i
SUPERVISORS DECLERATION ii
STUDENTS DECLERATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiii

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information 1

1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Objective of The Studies 5
1.4 Scope of Studies 6
1.4.1 Limitation 10
1.4.2 Significant of Studies 11
 ix

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Overview 12
2.2 Parking Parameters 13
2.2.1 Rate of Arrival and Departure 14
2.2.2 Average Parking Duration 14
2.2.3 Parking Accumulation 14
2.2.4 Parking Occupancy 15
2.2.5 Parking Turn-Over 15
2.3 Parking Place 16
2.4 Effects of Parking to Traffic 16
2.5 Types of Parking 17
2.5.1 Parking on Street 17
2.5.2 Parking Outside the Road 20
2.5.2.1 Open Parking 21
2.5.2.2 Multi storey Parking 21
2.5.2.3 Basement Parking 22
2.5.2.4 Roof Top Parking 22
2.5.2.5 Parking System Ram 22
2.6 Standard Parking Requirement 23
2.7 Objectives of Standard Parking 23
2.8 Effects of Parking 24
 x

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 26
3.2 Interest Inventory Parking in the Context of Traffic 28
Planning
3.2.1 Methods of Parking Survey 28
3.2.2 Survey of Arrival and Departure 29
3.2.3 Evaluation of Parking Demand 30
3.3 Features and Control Parking 30
3.3.1 Measurement of Parking 31
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 32
4.2 Parking Space 33
4.3 Analysis of Parking Accumulation 34
4.4 Analysis of Parking Occupancy 40
4.5 Analysis of Parking Durations 44
4.6 Analysis of Average Parking Turnover 47

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 49
5.2 Conclusion 50
5.3 Recommendation 52
REFERENCES 53
APPENDICES 55
 xi

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 List of Hospital and Clinics at Kuantan 2
1.2 Categories and Criteria for Health Facilities 3
2.1 Specification of Parking (Garis Panduan 25
Perancangan Tempat Letak Kereta 2014)
4.1 Peak of demand for car (Staff and Visitor) 35
4.2 Peak of demand for car (Visitor only) 37
4.3 Peak of demand for motorcycle (Staff and Visitor) 39
4.4 Peak of demand for motorcycle (Visitor only) 40
4.5 Parking Duration for car and motorcycle (for staff 45
and visitor)
4.6 Parking Duration for car and motorcycle (for visitor 46
only)
4.7 Average parking turnover for car (Staff and Visitor) 47
4.8 Average parking turnover for motorcycle (Staff and 47
Visitor)
4.9 Average parking turnover for car (Visitor only) 48
4.10 Average parking turnover for motorcycle ( Visitor) 48
 xii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Map Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan (from google map) 6
1.2 Location of Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan (from google 7
map)
1.3 Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan 7
1.4 Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan 8
1.5 Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan 8
1.6 Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan 9
1.7 Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan 9
1.8 Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan 10
2.1 Illustration of parallel parking (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014) 18
2.2 Illustration of 30 parking (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014) 18
2.3 Illustration of 45 parking (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014) 19
2.4 Illustration of 60 parking (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014) 19
2.5 Illustration of 90 parking (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014) 20
2.6 Illustration of off-street parking (Dr. Tom V. Mathew, 2014) 21
3.1 Flow Chart of methodology 27
4.1 Percentage of parking 33
4.2 Parking Accumulation Curve for Car (Staff and Visitor) 34
4.3 Parking Accumulation Curve for Car (Visitor only) 36
4.4 Parking Accumulation Curve for Motorcycle (Staff and 38
Visitor)
4.5 Parking Accumulation Curve for Motorcycle (Visitor only) 39
4.6 Parking occupancy for Car (Staff and Visitor) 41
4.7 Parking occupancy for Car (Visitor only) 42
4.8 Parking occupancy for Motorcycle (Staff and Visitor) 43
4.9 Parking occupancy for Motorcycle (Visitor) 43
 xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX NO. TITLE PAGE

A Sample form of Arrival Vehicles 48
B Sample form of departure vehicles 49
C Data Arrival and Departure of Vehicles Day 1 50
D Data of Parking Accumulation for Car Day 1 51
E Data of Parking Occupancy for Car 53
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Parking system is a part in the field of engineering. It is one of the duties of the
Traffic Engineer. Parking is important to study, to find out whether it is sufficient or
not. Parking is an area where cars or other vehicles may be left temporarily. It is a
facility for drivers parking or storing vehicles to carry out their business. Density
parking can be measured in a vehicle or vehicles per expand the length of the road.

Health facilities are divided into facilities for health services, primary, secondary
and tertiary. A primary health service is the first patient contact with health services for
cases other than emergencies.

Secondary treatment given only in hospital either has specialist or non-specialist.

Only hospitals have specialists who will provide tertiary treatment. For emergency
cases, patients may continue to the emergency department, hospital or clinic. Table 1.1
shows the list of hospitals and clinics in Kuantan and table 1.2 shows the categories and
criteria for health facilities.
 2

Table 1.1: LIST OF HOSPITAL AND CLINICS AT KUANTAN

A GOVERNMENT
1. HOSPITAL TENGKU AMPUAN AFZAN (HTAA)
2. PUSAT KESIHATAN BUKIT SEKILAU
3. PUSAT KESIHATAN INDERA MAHKOTA, KUANTAN
4. PUSAT KESIHATAN BERSERAH, KUANTAN
5. KLINIK KESIHATAN BANDAR KUANTAN
B PRIVATE
1. KUANTAN MEDICAL CENTRE
2. KUANTAN SPECIALIST HOSPITAL
3. HOSPITAL KCDC SDN BHD
4. KLINIK YUSOF
5. KUANTAN POLIKLINIK
6. KLINIK KHIZAN
7. POLIKLINIK SHUKRI & RAKAN-RAKAN
8. KLINIK HAMDAN
9. KLINIK AL-AMIN SDN. BHD.
10. KLINIK SENTOSA
11. POLIKLINIK AN-NISA
12. PUSAT RAWATAN KELUARGA MUIP SB
 3

Table 1.2: Categories and Criteria for Health Facilities (Garis Panduan Perancangan
Tempat Letak Kenderaan)

Category Criteria
Health Clinics/ Health clinics are designed based on the estimated arrival
polyclinic patients in a day.
- KK Type I: Arrival 800 - 1000 patients / day
- KK Type II: Arrival 500-800 patients / day
- KK Type III: Arrival 300-500 patients / day
- KK Type IV: Arrival 150-300 patients / day
- KK Type V: Arrival 50-150 patients / day
- KK Type VI: Arrival <50 patients / day

I chose the car park in the town of Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan as my
study area because Health Clinic is a medical centre set up by the government to help
people in terms of physical and mental health. Health Clinic was established for those
seeking health care and medicines with the lower price. They will be charged RM1.00
for the services. Whereas, government workers, they do not have to make payments for
the services.

Many of those who are less fortunate will get treatment at this clinic. Besides
that, there are also those who can afford to get treatment here because drugs in
medication are available here under control. Each patient's treatment records will be
kept and will be monitored by a doctor. Patients should come to the clinic twice a month
to monitor their health. Examples of records that must be taken are blood pressure and
diabetes tests.

Parking or waiting room must be provided and sufficient according to the

requirements specified in order to give comfort to the people who visit this Health
Clinic. The total of people in Kuantan is 224 016 peoples. Klinik 1 Malaysia UTC and
Klinik 1 Malaysia Kempadang are the nearest clinic at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar
Kuantan.
 4

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Studies must be conducted to collect the required information about the capacity
and use of existing parking facilities. In addition, information about the demand for
parking is needed. The study aims to see the effect of inadequate parking space at
Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan. The study will identify the cause to the problem and
how to reduce it as there is an increase of population and car users in the Kuantan city
(Izahar, M.A. 2011).

Among these problems is the occurrence of illegal parking, too many

vehicles that hover to find a parking space so disturbing the comfortable public
especially pedestrians in the Health clinic. Some standards are adopted for far too long,
in which standards when it began use of private car ownership rate is low and the
amount of space floor in urban areas is also small. This is definitely the standards
applicable be not suitable for use in the current situation (Abdul Malek, A.A. 2011).

In addition, the problem is happening here is the lack of parking during peak
hours. Peak time is the time in which patients who had an appointment with a doctor
and often these problems occur in the morning. Most of them come in the afternoon to
take medication.
 5

The rules are carried out on a parking space is intended to ensure the
effectiveness of the parking space and also to get the number of car parking spaces
required. Provision of parking spaces depends on the economic and social factors. Most
requests are usually the management cannot full fill the requests (Abdul Malek, A.A.
2011). The problems that hinder the smooth planning of parking spaces in a timely and
effective are: -

I. Increase the number of people in the future of the study area.

II. The number and rate of individual travel.
III. Daily trips rates that existed during the course of normal daily peak
travel times.
IV. Load the road leading to the study of the initial parcel.
V. The relationship between the number of users during peak parking
space with parking space overall.
VI. The parking lot for the different categories of users of parking space.
VII. Time to be considered for planning purposes.
VIII. Increase the floor area of the study area is currently under
construction.
IX. Change the attractiveness of the area after development.

Above details should be taken seriously to get a more realistic assessment and
more accurate decisions. With the right decisions, the demand of parking spaces in the
future is minimized. Number of parking spaces required is directly proportional to the
increase in population and expansion of the study area.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDIES

The objectives of the study are as follows:

a. To access the demand and supply of parking space.
b. To evaluate the parking parameters.
c. To identify problems and recommend solutions to overcome the
congestion and limited parking space in Health Clinic.
 6

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDIES

The study is limited to scope and limitation, in order to receive a clear result
from the analysis. The scope of the study will focus on:

i. The parking problem for staffs and visitors in Klinik Kesihatan Bandar
Kuantan. The parking space for car is 112 bays (40 bays for staff and 72
bays for visitor) and motorcycle is 40 bays. The issues are the congestion
and traffic problems. The study tries to investigate and analyse a way to
overcome the problem. The current management system for parking is
not working successfully because of the congestion.

ii. This study depends very much on survey method.

iii. The survey method is during the opening hours only (weekdays: 7.00am
to 9.00pm and weekend: Saturday from 7.00am to 12.00pm).

Figure 1.1: Map Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan (from google map)
 7

Figure 1.2: Location of Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan (from google map)

Figure 1.3: Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan

 8

Figure 1.4: Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan

Figure 1.5: Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan

 9

Figure 1.6: Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan

Figure 1.7: Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan

 10

Figure 1.8: Parking at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan

1.4.1 LIMITATION

The study has a number of limitations. There is limited amount of information

available, particularly that relates to Malaysian experience in planning. There is not
much information or published research and article on this topic. There might be some
new and current information on the topic, which is kept by the private or government
agencies. Unfortunately the information is treated as confidential and thus cannot be
released to public. So, it is impracticable to obtain first-hand information. The study is
carry out based on general survey, geographical remoteness of the study area, coupled
with constraints of time and finance. So, this study has to be prepared within these
limitations (Awang, M.N. 2003).
 11

1.4.2 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDIES

There are some significant gains that can be achieved through the study. The
important on this study are (Al-Khaisy, A. 2011):

a. The results of the finding can be used to make guidelines and references
for parking management at Klinik Kesihatan Bandar Kuantan, in terms
of planning, organizing and controlling for future benefits.
b. The study also can identify and improve the weakness on the
management of parking, giving the alternative ways and
recommendations.
c. The study can be used as a guideline and reference to any interested
individual or body, for the purpose of parking management in established
urban area.
 12

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW

This chapter is literature review of parking study at car park. Parking is one of
the major problems that are created by the increasing road traffic. It is an impact of
transport development. The availability of less space in urban areas has increased the
demand for parking space especially in areas like central business district. This affects
the mode choice also. This has a great economic impact (Ferilli, G. 2008).

Planning the development of an area requires a deep and thorough evaluation of

the comfort of the area and ensures the environment is not affected by traffic jams on
the roads. Each design is made should be able to handle the increase in population and
development progress in the future. One of the progresses that can be seen is an increase
in vehicles on the road and indirectly increased car park. This condition is caused by the
addition of individual needs besides it is due to the progress and renewal of vehicle
design (Ferilli, G. 2008).
 13

Each area has its own unique characteristics and environmental. Therefore, a
construction planning and facilities in the surrounding Jalan Bukit Sekilau should be
implemented. Therefore, a careful evaluation should be done to meet the comfort of all
road users. The need for parking is caused by socio-economic factors that are more
advanced. This indirectly causes more people to use the car in any daily business.
Therefore, planning is made shall take into account all aspects, especially in the comfort
of the car park (Ferilli, G. 2008). Two important aspects in the design of the car park is

a. Ease of vehicles includes such things as a good road network to

facilitate vehicle is heading to a destination and also facilities for
car parking.

b. The issue of the environment is the process of vehicle

maintenance such as noise, smoke and vehicle accident hazards.

Before making a plan for placement of parking in an area, building codes and
zoning may be used as a guide. It is useful because in this code has been specified
parking minimum and maximum. In conclusion, before making traffic planning
important thing to note is the road system in the area able to accommodate the number
of vehicles, parking available and there are problems in the area (Khisty C.J & Lall, B.K
2005).

2.2 PARKING PARAMETERS

The things that need to exist in analyses of parking parameters are:

a. Rate of arrival and departure

b. Average parking duration
c. Parking accumulation
d. Average occupancy
e. Parking turn-over
 14

2.2.1 RATE OF ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE

The rate of arrival and departure involves determining the extent of parking
usage, which is includes counting of parked vehicles, at regular interval over a period of
time. The beat survey method was used where the data on parking demand was obtained
by recording the registration plate number of the vehicle sparked in each parking space
for a period of with an interval period of 15 minutes to meet the research precision. The
data on parking demand is important in understanding the parking behaviour where this
method was used to study the patterns of arrival and departure and parking duration of
the users. However, this method was applied to collect data pertaining only to vehicle
arrival at the parking areas (Mathew, 2014).

2.2.2 AVERAGE PARKING DURATION

Parking duration is the length of time a vehicle parked at a space. When the
parking duration is given in average, it indicates how frequent a parking space becomes
available. Besides that, the average parking duration also helps to identify whether a
parking facility is used as a short-term or long-term. Duration is calculated by dividing
the total vehicle-minutes parked (time period of vehicles occupying parking spaces at
the facility) by the total number of vehicles parked (Mathew, 2014).

2.2.3 PARKING ACCUMULATION

Parking accumulation refers from total number of arriving vehicles minus total
number of departing vehicles, accumulated from the start of the observation The time
interval should be short for greater accuracy, maximum 15 minutes (Mathew, 2014).
Eq. (2.1)
 15

2.2.4 AVERAGE OCCUPANCY

Parking occupancy is the percentage of occupied parking spaces during a

specific period of time. It refers to the utilization rate of the parking facility, and is
expressed in percentages (%). It relates parking demand with the existing parking
supply. Furthermore, the parking occupancy also indicates the peak-hour demand. From
the parking occupancy method, the data is analysed by calculating the number of
available parking that actually used in the facility. The formula for parking occupancy is
(Mathew, 2014).
Eq. (2.2)

2.2.5 PARKING TURN-OVER

Parking turnover is the number of vehicles utilizing the same stall over a given
period of time. In short, it is known as the rate of usage of parking space. The parking
turnover for individual parking spaces can be determined by counting the number of
different cars using a particular parking space throughout the 14 hour study period. This
is to determine the utilization rate of individual parking spaces. As for the average
parking turnover for the parking lots, it is computed by dividing the total number of cars
parked throughout the study period with the total number of parking spaces (Mathew,
2014).
Eq. (2.3)