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    APA Formats

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    APA Formats

    Uploaded by

    RicaMyrivilleArellaga
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    APA formats

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    118 views5 pages

    APA Formats

    Uploaded by

    RicaMyrivilleArellaga
    APA formats

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    What is APA Style?

    APA style was developed and is maintained by the American Psychological Association (APA). It is heavily used by
    the social sciences, behavioral sciences, and many other disciplines.

    Features: Focuses on dates the study was published; page numbers may also be cited. Features in-text
    parenthetical citations of author(s) and date: (Smith, 1998). A page number also must be added for quotes taken from
    a specific page: (Smith, 1998, p. 123). Endnotes or footnotes may be used to add supplementary comments.
    Citation manual: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
    All examples below are based on examples from the 6th edition.
    Additional Help

    APA Style Blog


    APA Style Online
    In-Text Citations (from the APA Style Blog)

    Writing and Publication Process and Beyond!


    APA Style Central

    You can quiz yourself on your APA knowledge. You can download a template for writing papers in APA
    style. You can search across a whopping 2 encyclopedias of methods (if you are interested in methods, try
    Sage Research Methods Online). There are even some tools to help you generate your thesis and ideas, and
    something that sounds a lot like an electronic lab notebook. The publish tab offers options to locate potential
    outlets for your research as well as videos on copyright.

    Designed to help users develop their writing and professional research skills. Includes tutorial videos, tests and
    self-quizzes, sample references, and a wealth of sample papers, figures, and tables to demonstrate correct
    usage of APA Style.

    Citation Examples: Books


    Format
    Lastname, Initial. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
    Single author
    Howard, B. (1976). Boston, a social history. New York: Hawthorn Books.
    Two or three authors
    Gilbert, S. M., & Gubar, S. (1979). The madwoman in the attic: The woman writer and the nineteenth-century literary
    imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Editor or compiler as author


    Monson, I. (Ed.). (2000). The African diaspora: A musical perspective. New York: Garland.

    Article or chapter in a book


    Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger & F. I. Craik
    (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Citation Examples: Articles


    Format
    Lastname, Initial. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Volume, Pages.

    Article in a scholarly journal


    Strecher, M. C. (1998) Beyond Pure literature: Mimesis, formula, and the postmodern in the fiction of Murakami
    Haruki. Journal of Asian Studies, 57(2), 354-378.
    NOTE: Issue number is included only if each issue begins on page 1.

    Entire issue or special section of a journal


    Barlow, D. H. (Ed.) (2006). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of classification [Special issue]. Journal
    of Unusual Psychology, 235(3).

    Article in a newspaper
    Hall, C. (2002, August 18). Reliving the 1200s with sweat, muscle, and no-tech tools. New York Times, p. B27.

    Article in a popular magazine


    Lacayo, R. (2002, Sept. 23). Kids are us! Time, 160, 68-70.

    Periodical published annually


    Fisk, C. (1978). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 168-197.

    Citation Examples: E-Resources


    NOTES:

    Many scholarly publishers have begun assigning digital object intentifiers (DOI). A DOI is a unique alpha-
    numeric string that identifies content and provides a permanent link to the article's internet location. When a
    DOI is available, include it instead of the URL.
    You do not have to include the database name unless the book or document is extremely hard to find. If you
    inlcude the database name, do not include the database URL.
    If the date of a website is not given, use (n.d.). No retrieval date is necessary for content that is not likely to be
    changed or updated, such as a journal article or book.

    Journal article from library database with DOI assigned


    Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of
    Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 4820488. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482

    Journal article from library database with no DOI assigned


    Sillick, T.J., & Schutte, N.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental
    love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
    http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/71/100
    Newspaper article
    Hilts, P.J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New York Times. Retrieved
    from http://www.nytimes.com
    Online magazine with no print counterpart
    Fredrickson, B. L. (2000). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention &
    Treatment. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html.

    Online book
    OKeefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from
    http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135
    NOTE: If a DOI has been assigned, use it instead of the URL.

    Online encyclopedia
    Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.) The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from
    http://plato.stanford.edu
    Website
    Tufts University Archives and Special Collections. (1999). Womens bodies, womens property. Retrieved September
    30, 2003 from Tufts University Digital Collections and Archives web site:
    http://dca.lib.tufts.edu/features/law/index.html

    Citation Examples: Images


    Format
    Artist/creator (year created). Name of item [format of item]. Location where item is held.
    Painting
    Wyeth, A. (1948). Christinas world [Painting]. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art.

    For an image found in a book, an article or a website, cite that information. The goal of your citation is to give your
    reader the information she needs to return to the source of the material you are using.
    More info from the APA Style Blog on citing images

    Citation Examples: Audio and Video


    Movies (DVD, VHS, etc)
    For a movie with international or national availability.

    Author, A. A. (Producer), & Author, A. F. (Director). (2001). Title [ Motion picture]. Place: Studio.

    Note: If a movie or video tape is not available in wide distribution, add the following to your citation after the country of
    origin: (Available from Distributor name, full address and zip code).
    Video (including YouTube)
    If both the real name of the person who posted the video and the screen name are known:

    Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx

    If only the screen name of the person who posted the video is known:

    Screen name. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx The in-text citations
    include the author name outside of brackets (whichever that may be) and the date.

    Audio
    Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from song writer]. On Title of album
    [Medium of recording]. Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date).

    Citation Examples: ERIC Documents


    ERIC Document (Paper or microfiche format)
    Gottfredson, L. S. (1980). How valid are occupational reinforcer pattern scores?(Report No. CSOS--R-92). Baltimore,
    MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of Schools. ERIC Document ED182465.
    ERIC Document obtained from an online source such as the ERIC database
    Jones, J. C. (2000). Webquests as a way to teach social studies (Report No. ABCD-EE-00-5). Marion, IN: Indiana
    Wesleyan Center for Educational Excellence. Retrieved from ERIC database. ERIC Document 111111.

    Citation Examples: Government Documents


    APA Style does not have specific requirements for citing government document, instead suggesting that you cite the
    document based on its format. Here are some tips:

    General guidelines and resources


    International agreements (APA Style Blog)
    Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (APA's recommendation for citing legal documents)

    Citation Examples: Interviews/Personal


    Communication
    According to the Purdue University Online Writing Lab: "no personal communication is included in your reference list;
    instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase 'personal communication,' and the date of the
    communication in your main text only." Follow this rule for face-to-face, phone or email communication.
    Example: A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal
    communication, November 3, 2002).

    Citation Examples: Archival Sources


    Format: Author. (Date). Title.Location of materials.
    Example: [Brooks, E.]. (1956, July 14). Meeting of Subcommittee of Bartenders who Train Dogs. Hamilton County
    Library Archive Collection, Noblesville, IN.

    Note: If the author is not identified, put brackets around the name.

    Citation Examples: Lecture Notes


    If the notes have been posted on a website or within a database, include [Lecture notes] in the usual reference
    formats.
    Example: Smith, A. (2009). Brain and behavior [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from http://www...
    If the notes are available only from the teacher, via Trunk, or from the student who took the notes during a lecture,
    this is considered a personal communication (see page 179 of the Manual for more examples). In these cases, no
    reference is needed and only an in-text citation would be given in the paper.

    Example in the text: According to B. Jones (personal communication, May 29, 2010) in her lecture on posttraumatic
    stress disorder. . .
    Citation Examples: Facebook/Twitter
    See pages 33-34 of the APA Style Guide to Electronic References and this recent post from the APA Style blog.

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