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174 views312 pages1
deflection on beam
Uploaded by
Gopal VamssiCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
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1
i
!
52 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
es
Integrating the above equation, we get
wan =
JB f%ae or toa=Beve “0
where Cis the ontant tiegrtin,
ae Peo na,
Shinn thn vale nen, ast
peers
é
eA,
Substeting the value of Cn equation wo get
tog, A= + ogy Ay
w {A w
o log Amtog y= Hx or tg (ee
a.” Ps
or Bat hea a
4 “
‘he above equation gives the area ata distance x from liver end
at n Aca,
Substituting these values in equation (we get
Ayn Ave am
Problem 1.83. vertical bar fived at the upper end and of uniform strength carries an
‘sia tensile load of 600 RN. The bar is 20 m long and having weight per unit volume as 0.00008
‘Nino’. Ifthe area ofthe barat the lwer end is 400 mm, find the area ofthe bare the upper
Sol. Given
Axial load, P= 600 KN = 600 x 10°N
Length, L=20m=29% 109mm
Weight por unit volume, 1 = 0.00008 N/min*
‘Area ofbar at lower end, Ay = 400 mm?
Aj = Area of bar at upper end,
17m stress* on the bar,
P00 108 7
Ie 1500 Nim!
‘Using oquation (1.19), we get
A=Age*
= 400x615 240g x gnoosmoor
‘The stress on lower ond = -F-. We want that the siress in the bar should be uniforen i,
P
oma to 2
a
SMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS 53
10
2.
tng iy 0106
2stoe ff =000ieer
A; _ 00010887
losin fap» age = 0.00040878
Ay «antigo 008678 = Leer
A, = 400 x 100107 = 400.428 mm? Ans.
HIGHLIGHTS
‘The resistance per unit area, offered by x hody against deformation is known as stress: The
stress in given by
ona
‘whore P = External force oF load ; A = Cross-sctional aro,
Stross is oxprossod as kon kglem, Nin# and Nim.
1 Ni = 10+ Nias? of 10 Nim
‘The rato of change of dimension of the body tothe original dimension is known as strain,
‘The stras inducod in a body, which is subjected to two equal and opposive pulls, is known as
tensile stress
‘The stress induced in a body, whichis subject to two equal and opposite pushes, is known as
compressive atest.
hastily isthe property by vittue of which cectain materials return back their orginal posl-
fiom afer the removal af the external foco.
Hook's law states that within elastic limit, the stress is proportional ta the st
‘The ratio of tensile stress (or compressive streas) to the corresponding sean is known at Young's
smodiulus or modulus of elastiity and is denoted by B.
‘Tensile cr compressive stress
‘Corresponding strain
‘The ratio of shear stress to the corresponding shoar strain within tho olatc limit, is known 25
smodilus of rig of shear modulus. fis denoted by C (or G ar W.
‘otal change in the length ofa bar of diferent lengtha and of diferent diameters when subjected
town arial load P, ia given by
when Bis same
] “when diferent,
‘The total extension of « uniformly tapering cirul
subjected to an axial lad P is given by
ted of diameters D, and D, when the rad is 5
4
[STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.
16.
16.
18
19.
peer
PL,
° REDD *
‘A composite bari made up of tro or more hare of equal lengths but af diferent mater
‘xed with each other and behaving as one unit for extension or compression
Tn case ofa composite bar having equal length: (D strain in each bar is equal and (i) total load
‘on the composite bar i equal tothe sum of lod carried by ech different materials
‘The strssos induced in a bedy duo to shango in tampevatare are known as thermal stresses.
‘Thermal strain and thermal trees is given by
thermal strain, e=a.7- and. thermal stress, p= TE
whose @'= Coveficient of Linear expansion,
Rise or fall of temperature,
Young’ modulus
a where L= otal length of the red,
i rgidly
5. ‘Total elongation of @ uniformly tapering rectangular bar whien subjeted to an ala load P is
gon by
where Z = Total length of bar
a = Width et biggar ond ;
Young's modulus
Incase of composite bar having tvo or more bars of different lengths, the extension or compres
sion ath bribe gt Ao th tal wil be es tthe sumo he ines by
In cave of nut and bolt used on tube with washer, the tensile Tad on the bolt
compressive load on the tube,
Elongation of a bar dus ta ita own weight is given by
ee, ML
eer
w= Weight per unit volume of the bar material,
atength otha.
Thicknss of bar
dh at amvaller ond
‘equal tothe
where
EXERCISE 1
(A) Thooretical Questions
Dele stress and strain. Write down the S.L and MKS. unit of stress and strain,
“Explain clearly the diffrent types of stresses and strains,
Die th tema Flr, eli int, Yoon mela and medals igi
‘State Hooke's law. Ee
‘Three sections ofa bar are having diferent lengths and diffrent diameters, Tho bar is subjected
to an axial load P. Determine the total change ta Teng bar. Take Young’ med
gan asa ead. Des change in length of the bar. Take Young's modulus of
Distinguish betwoen tho following, giving due explanation
@ Stress and stixin,
i) Poree sd sizes, and
(iy Tensile stess and compressive stress,
SIMPLE STRESSES ANO STRANS 65
oe SS $$
1
un.
2
B
u
‘Prove that the total extension of a uniformly tapering rod of diameters D, and Dy, when the rod
ip eubjected to an axel lod P le given by
=e
° SEDDe
where Z = Total longth of the rd.
Define « composts bar. How will you find the etreses and load earvied hy each member of =
composts bar?
‘Define modular ratio, thormal stresses, thormal strains and Poisson's rato
‘A ro whose ends ate fixed to vig eapperts, is hastod so that vise in terperatue is °C, Prove
‘hat the thermal strain and thermal stresses st up in the rod are given by,
‘Thorn etrain = oP and
‘Tharmal areas = «TE
hero ¢ = Co-fficent af near expansion,
‘What is th proceduts of finding thermal strasse ins composite bar?
‘What do you mean by‘ bar of uniform strength’?
Find an expreetion forthe iota elongation ofa bar due to its own welght, when the bar fs fed
at is upper end and hanging fooly atthe lower end
Find an expression forthe tal elongation ofa uniformly tapering rectangular bar whon it is
subjected to an axl load
(B) Numerical Problems
‘A rod 200 em long and of diameter 3.0 em Se subjected to an axel pull of 80 KN. IF the Young's
‘movil ofthe material ofthe od i 2 10° Vinma, determine: (i stress, i) etrain and it the
tlongation of the rod [ds (0) 42.44 Nima? (i) €.000812 i) 0.0424 em}
Find tho Young’s modulus ofa ro of diamelar 80 mm and af length $00 rm wich ie subjected
toa tensile led of 60 KN ond the extension ofthe rod i equal to 04mm, (Ans, 65.6 GN/m*]
‘The safe stron, for a hollow ses coluron which caries an axial load of 22 10° RN i 320 MN.
[the external diameter of the cdlumn i225 em, determi the internal ameter.
Ans. 1.79 em)
‘An exit pll a 0000 N is acting on bar consisting of thre sections oflengu 80 em, 25 crn and
20 em and of diameters’ em, dm ana Sera reapetivaly. Ifthe Youngs moduhus 2x 108 Ninn?
determine :
() stress in each section and BRR toa extension oto bor
tana) 17723, 31-8, 20.37 Not i) 0025 ea
‘he imate sees fra hl sas gunm which crres an ail fond af MN is 60 Ni
IP pra au nog 250 om, lori rel eter, he
far ef ak ae 9 8
‘A msmber formed by connecting a steabbto an aluminium bar 5
is Shown in Fl 127, suming thst tbs are prevented foe ee
See i Reel ite R ied [ Pott
‘iit the toe lth of te member to decease 0.30 mm. Thee"
walues of elaste modulus for stock and aluminium are 2.x 20 tatahidest
‘Nine? and 6.5% 10° Wit respectively. (Ans. 406224N) | ‘uot ar
: Fig, 127 38 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
bar shown in Fig. 1.28 is subjortd to tensile load of 150 KN, Ifthe stress inthe mid
portion is limited to 160 Nimm®, determine the diameter of the middle partion. Find also the
Jength of the middle portion ifthe total elongation ofthe bar is tobe 0:25 em. Young’s modulus is
‘sven se equal to 2.0% 10° Ninn! TAs. 846 em, 23.38 em]
AY somo toon PE
en —______4
ig. 128
8. A brass bar, having cross-setion area of 890 mm, is subject to axial frees a. showmn in
Fig. 1.29 in! which AB= 0 m, BC = 08 m and CD = LO,
A 2 c ©
ou | [aaa] wy
Fig. 129
Find the totsl elongation ofthe har Take = 1 x 108 Nim Ans. ~ 0.111 mm)
9. A member ABCD is subjected to point loads P,, Pp, Py and P, os chown in Fig, 1.30. Calculate
‘the force P, necessary fr equllrium if P, = 120 RN, P, » 220 IN and P, = 260 kN, Determine
also the not change tn the length ofthe mataber, Tales #200 GN (Ans, 0.55 mn)
‘om
fe 075 emt m—— He — 1.2 mH
Fig. 130
10, A rod. which tapers uniformly from 5 em diameter to 3 em dismatar in sloneth of 60 sm is
bubjected to an axial load of 6000 N. If £=2x 10° Ninm find the extension of the rod
Ans. 0.00127 em}
11. Find the modulus of elasticity fer a rod, which tapers uniformly fem 40 min fo 25 mm
ameter in a Fength of 400 mm. The ro is subjocted toa load of 8 KN ad extension of the rd in
0.04 ram, Ans. 7639 KNimm*)
12, A rectangular bar made of ste! ts 8 m long and 10 ram thick. The rod is subject to an axial
tenile lod of 80 KN. Tho width of te rod varies from 70 mn at one end to 28 mra atthe other.
Find the oxtonsion ofthe tod IF = 25 10" Nin? Ans. 1.686 mm}
43, ‘The extension na rectangular steel bar of length 800 mm and of thisknese 20m, fs ound to be
0.21 mm, The bar tapers uniformly im width from 80 mu to 40 im, I B for the bar ie 2 = 10°
'Nimmn?, dotrmine the axial tensile load on the ar. Ans. 60.5 EN]
SMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS -
1
1s.
16.
ra
18.
a
‘A stel rod of 2 em diamoter is onclosed centrally ina hollow copper tube of external diameter
4em and internal dicmetor of 8.5 em. Tao composite bar fs then subjected to an axial pull of
56000 N. If the length of each bar is equal t2 20 em, dotormine
(@ the stro in the rod and tubs, and
(Gd load carried by each bar.
‘Tako B for stl = 2% 105 Nimm and for eopper= 1x 108 Nira
(ns, (@) 54.18; 108.26 Nn? (i) 84048.4 N and 15956.6 NI
A ml steal rod of 20 mm dismeter and 300 mm long i enclosed centrally inside a hllow copper
‘ube of external diameter 30 mm and internal diameter of 25 ram, The ends ofthe tube and rods
are brazed together, ar the composite bar is subjected ta an axial pall of 40 KN. I for stack
‘and copper is 200 CHa? and 100 GN respectively, find the stresses developed inthe rod and
tubo, Alto find tho exionsion of the rod. (Ams. 4.76 Nimm®, 47.38 Nimm? and 0.142 mm)
‘A load of 19 MN is applied on a short concrete column $00 mam » 200 mm. The column i rein
farood with four stel baro of 10 ram diameter, one in each corner. ind the stresses in the
temnerate and stool hors, Take B for tool as 2.1 10° Ninn and for consrete a8 1.4 x 104 Ninn
(Ans, 20.18, 301.9 Nim!)
A reinforod short concrete eoluzan 250 mama x 250 mn in setion i reinforced with 8 eae bars.
‘The total area of steel bars is 1608.50 mec The column caries a load of 270 XN. Ifthe modulus
of elasticity for atcl is 18 times that of concrete, Gnd the tzences in conerete and steel,
I the stress in concrete shall not exceed 4 Nim? find the area of stool required so that the
column may support a load of 400 KN. [Ans o, = Nin, 0, = 54 Ninn and A, = 2206 mn)
‘Two vetlel rods one of steel and ather of copper are each rigidly
fleed atthe top and 60 cm apart. Diameters und length of each
rod are dem and 2.5 em reepoctvaly. Actes bar fixed tthe rode
atthe lower ends carries 2 load of 6000 N such thatthe eros bar
remains horlzntal even after loading. Find the stress in each — 200m
rod and the position ofthe load on the bar. Take for sel
108 Nim? and for copper = 1 x 108 Nimm?
[Ans 2.828 and 5.658 Ninn; 39.59 em] ae]
‘A stool rod of eres sectional aren 1600 mm and tro brass rods {a¢nm
teach ef erass-sectinsl (area of 1000 mm? together support a load
(0 50 KN ne shown in Fig...
Find the stresses in the rods, Take B for stel = 2 «10% Nimmé
and E for brass = 1% 108 Nima?
Fig. 1.31
(Ans. oy = 12.1 Nimm# and o, = 16:12 Nest
‘Arod is 5m long ata temparatore of 15°C. Find the expansion ofthe tod, when the temperebare
is raisod ta 85°C. I this expansion is prevented, find the stress induced in the materal of the
red. Take B = 1x 10! Nimm? and «= 0.000012 per dearee centhrade
(Uns, 0.288 em, 96 Nim")
‘A stac rod § cm diameter and 6 m long is connected to two grips and the rod is maintained at’
temperature of 100°C. Determine the stress and pul exerted when the temperature fll to 20°C
f() the ends do not yield, and i) the ends seld by 0.15 em.
Take £= 2.10" Ninm! and «= 12 x 1-4.
[Ans. () 192 Wann and 376990 N Gi) 142 Nimm®, 278516.3
Asta rod of 29 mm diameter pastes centrally throuh a copper tube 40/mm external diameter
‘and 30 ta internal diameter. The tube is elased at each end by rigid plats of negligible thickness STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.
jd
"Th nua are tightened lightly home on the project parts of the rod. If the tamperature of tho
ttvcmly i raised by 60°C, caleulate the stresses doveloped in copper and steel. Take & for steel
find copper as 200 GN/i® and 100 GN/a? and a for staal and eepper as 12x 10° per °C and
15 10° per °C. (Uns. 16.28, 28.4 Nima)
28, A vertical bar fixed atthe upper end and of uniform strength caries an axial tensile Load of 500
EN. The barf 18m long and having weight por uait volume as 0.00008 Ninm*. Ith area ofthe
bar atthe lower end Is 600 mn? find the area of the barat the upper end. fAns. 500.72 mar®]
24, Astraght circular rd tapering from lameter'D” at one and to a diameter‘ at the other ends
‘ubjocted to an anil oad 'P- Obtsin an expression for the elongation ofthe ro,
4PL
Ane Dd
2
Elastic Constants
21. INTRODUCTION
‘When a body is subjected to an axial tensile liad, there is an inerease inthe length of the
body. But at the same time there is 2 decrease in other dimensions of the body at right angles
to the line of action of the applied load. Thus the body is having axial deformation and also
deformation at right angles to the line of action of the applied losd (ie., lateral deformation).
+] This chaptor deals with these deformations, Poisson's ratio, volumetrie strains, bulk modulus,
relation between Young’s modulus and modulus of rigidity and relation betwteen Young's modu
las and bulk modulus,
2.2, LONGITUDINAL STRAIN
When a body is subjected to an axial tensile or compressive load, there is an axial defor-
tation in the length of the body. ‘The ratio of axial deformation to the original Iongth of the
body is known as longitudinal (or linear) strain. The longitudinal strain is also definod as the
| cofarmation of tho body por unit length in the direction of the applied load.
Let _L= Length of the body,
P= Tensile force acting on the body,
‘SL = Increase in the length ofthe body in the direction of P.
aL
‘Then, longitudinal strain =
2.8. LATERAL STRAIN
‘Tho strain at right angles to the direction of applied load is known as lateral strain. Let
‘rectangular bar of length L, breadth b and depth d is subjected to an axial tonsilo load P as
shown in Fig. 2.1, The length of the bar will inerease while the breadth and depth will
ectease
Lat 81, = Increase in length,
‘8 = Decrease in breadth, end
Decrease in depth
‘Then longitudinal strain = i (21)
and lateral strain (2.2) eo STRENGTH OF MATERIALS:
Koy
Fig 2
Note. (If longitudinal strain is tensil, the latoral strains willbe coraprossive
{Ge Wongitadinal steain is compressive then lateral strain willbe tonal
\ié) Hence every longitudinal strain in the dizection cf load is accompanied by ltatal strains of
the opposite kind in al directions perpendiculer tothe load
24. POISSON'S RATIO.
‘The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is a enstant for a given material,
hen the material i stressed within the elastic limit, This ratio is called Poisson's ratio and
iis generally denoted by pt. Hence mathematically,
Lateral strain,
Tongitudinal strain
or Lateral strain = yx longitudinal strain
As lateral strain is opposite in sign to longitudinal strain, hence algebraically, the lat-
eral strain is written as
Lateral strain = ~ 4 x longitudinal strain 423A
‘The value of Poisson's ratio varies from 0.25 to 0,88, For rubber, it value ranges froin
0.45 to 0.50.
Problem 2.1. Determine the changes in length, breadth and thickness of a vtec! bar
which is 47 long, 30 mm wide and 20 mm thick and is subjected to en axial pull of 30 BN in the
direction of its length. Take B = 2 x 10° Ninn and Poisson's ratio ~ 0.3.
Sol. Given
Length of the bar,
Breadth of the ber,
‘Thiekness of the bar,
‘Area of crose-section,
Axial pall
Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio,
Poisson's ratio, 2 23)
L=4m= 4000 mm
30 x 20
P=30 KN = 30000N
B=2x 10° Ninn?
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
‘bar of length 20 em,
compressive load of 400 RN. The decrease in ler
Bot nina sein «SE
% oon
8 or cang ning = 0.0005
‘Using equation (2.3),
Latoraletrain
* Tongitudinal strain
Lateral strain
03 o00%5
Lateral sain = 0.8» 6.00026 ~ 0.000076.
We know that
Poisson's ratio
& M(t
taertsean = 2 oe Sfmt)
“te tain
Tiers = ez am. Ane
steal sin
2 O00 D015 mm. Ane
Similarly, 6
er
00025 x 4000 = 1.0mm, Ans.
Problem 2.2. Determine the value of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of a metallic
is 0.003 em,
Length, L = 30 em ; Breadth, 5 = 4 em ; and Depth,
Area ofeross-section, | A=dxd =4x4
breadth 4 om and depth 4 em when the bar is subjected to an axial
ingth is given as 0.075 cm and increase in breadth
‘Axial compressive load, P= 400 KN = 400 « 1000 N
Decreaso i. length, 8L = 0.075 em
Increase in breadth, 98 = 0.008 om
Longitudinal strain 0018 _ 9.0095
8) _ 0.003
Lateral strain BPS ~ ooo.
Using equation (2.3),
Pa __Lateral stain 0.00075,
Pee Longitudinal strain ” 0.0025
Stress P
Longitudinal strain FUE
400000
‘0.0025 ~ 490000.
5 600« B
400000 = 6 110 Nimm’,
600 = 0.0095
03, Ans.
Load _P
(Seow jaa 3)
Ans. 62 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
25, VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
‘The ratio of change in volume to the original volume af body (when the body is sub-
jected to singe force ora system of forces) is called volumetric strain. Tt is denoted by ¢,
‘Mathematically, vlumetrie strain is given by
vi
aed
where 6Y = Change in volume, and
V = Original volume.
2.6.1. Volumetric Strain of a Rectan-
gular Bar which is Subjected to an Axial
Load P in the Dixection of its Length. Con-
sider a rectangular bar of length L, width b and
depth ol which is subjected to an axial load P in
the direction of its length as shown in Fig. 2.2
Let {L = Change in length,
bb = Change in width,
and 4d = Change in depth.
Final length of the bar =L-+5L
inal width of the bar =b+b
Final depth of the bar 48d
[Now originel volume of the bar, V= Lib
‘Final volume (L + ALMb+ be + bd)
[.bd. + bdbL + LbBd + La. 8b
Ugnoring products of small quantitios)
Change in volume,
SV = Pinal volume - Original volume
= (Lod + bdSL + Lbdd + Ld) — Lod
= bdBL + LbBd + Lib
Volumetric strain,
ov,
v
babL + Lbdd + Lab
Tod
8d, %
a8
Ay
&
i
tu «tng stain nd or a ara stein
Sutsing ise asin he aire ain ge
«Stange 9 ser ein ®
From etn 2.0) wee
Tatra sts Lng tn
Sunitig ho eral sin gation, wo
«yeti ein 2 gal Sin
e1asmic ConsTaNTS 63
BLASTS CONTA
= Longitudinal strain (1 ~ 20)
ML
= Fa-20 (2.8)
Problem 2.3. For the problem 2.1, determine the volumetric strain and final volume of
the given steel bar.
Sol. Given
‘The following data is given in problem 2.2.
L = 4000 mam, 6 = 30 mm, ford = 20 mmm, 1 = 0.3.
Original volume, ¥'= Lb = 4000 x 80 x 20 = 2400000 rm?
rhea gail sin (:e,) npn 21 ce
a
os © cosous
ow aig euatin we ave
Vaunetiestin, «y= 20-19
on -2«05)= 0001, Ans
»
7 soe .
0000 (
= 0.0001 x 2400000 = 240 mam?
Final volume = Original volume + 8
= 2400000 + 240 mm
2400240 mum’. Ans.
Problem 24. A steel bar 300 mm long, 50 mm wide ond 40 mm thick is suhjected to a
pull of 300 AN in the direction of ite length. Determine the change in volume. Take B= 2x 10
Ninn? and y= 0.25.
Sol, Given
Length,
Wieth,
‘Thickness,
Paull,
Value of B 2x10 Nimm*
Value of =025
Original volume, V=Lxbxt
‘300 x 50 « 40 mam? = 600000 man?
‘The longitudinal strain (ce, the etrain in the direction of load) is given by
L,_ Stroas in the direction of load
See ee
‘But stress in the direction of load
PP
= Koa bxt 6 “STRENGTH OF MATERIALS e1asro consTaNTS 85
200107 65 steam? ‘Substituting these valucs in equation (2.6), we get
50%40 in
di __150
Fn 3, 0.00075
Now volumetric strain is given by equation (2.5) as
a2)
= 0.00075 (1 - 2% 0.25)
oust
Let 7 = changin vue. Then represent lee sein
aw
& 0.000875
or dV = 0.000875 xV
= 0.000375 x 600000 = 225 mm’. Ans.
2.62, Volumetric Strain of a Ree-
tangular Bar Subjected to Three Forces z
which are Mutually Perpendicular. Con-
sider a rectangular block of dimensions x, y
andz subjected tothree direct tensile stresses ¢_f
along three mutually perpendicular axis as
shown in Fig. 2.3,
‘Then volume of block, V=xy2. ¥
‘Taking logarithm to both sides, we have
og V =log-x + log.y + log 2
Differentiating the shove equation, we get
at eaeaits
Ve ae
We te aye
(2.8)
2Y _ Chango of volume
at Yl sin
V Original volume ccmmeiadars
1 ala este
+ Sigal dieanee
tirninin tn nun
Boag eo dl ctcdmt a
a Set taste
Now, Let
= Toosile stress in y-y direction, and
fens stress in 2-2 direction,
foang’s modulus
w= Poiseon’s ratio.
Now o, wl paduce ten strin equal o Sin the destin af and eempresive
strain equal fo 1% inthe direction of y ads. Sn, o, wil reduce a tenis strain
aus to En he dvcton oy anda compres strain egal to 2 nthe drcton os
and Similary o, wll produce a tensile tin equal to Sin the direction oz and sompe
ressive stain equal to H*S" in the deetion of = and 3. Henge oan, ill provace
‘compressive strains equal to and nets in the direction of x.
[Not tensile strain along x-direction is given by
Similarly,
and ‘
‘Adding all the strains, wo
1 (a, 40, +0)- 2 (a, +0, +0,
a 46,0e,= EG, +0,+0)- Z l0,49,+0)
4 (a,+5,+0,X1~ 20).
wv
But e,e, +0, =Volumetri strain = S7-.
aia
W 2 a 40, 40,K1-29) Qn
FB et OF OMA 20)
Equation (2-1) gives the volumetric strain. In this equation the stresses o, .¢, and_ are
all tensila. If any ofthe stresses is compressive, it may be regarded as negative, and the above
ccuaton will goth valet tn epee in he wecs
w.
negative value of “Y ropresents a decrease in volume,
the negative value of SF rep 66 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Problem 2.5. A metallic bar 200 mm x 100 min x 40 mam is eubjected toa foree of § EN
(onsite, GEN (tensile) and 4 AN (tensile) along x,y and 2 directions respectively. Determine the
‘change in the volume of the block. Take E = 2 10! Nimm? and Poisson's ratio = 0.25.
Sol. Given :
Dimensions of bar "= 800 ram » 100 mm < 40 mam
= 200 mm, y= 100 mm and 2 = 40 mm
Volume, Varxy x2= 800 x 100% 40
1200000 mm?
Load in the direction of = 5 KN = 5000N
Load in the direction ofy = 6 KN = 6000.N
Load in the direction of2 = 4 KN = 4000.N
Value of E 22 10° Nim?
Poisson's ratio, 420.95
‘Stress in the s-direction,
Load in x-direction
: yee Et a
p 300 mm — 0
= 0000 21.25 Nine? oN
D040
‘Similarly the stress in y-direction is given by,
= Load in y-direction
6000
300 40
__ Load in adiroction
xy
4000
** 300 «100
©0183 Ninm?
Using equation (2.9), we get
av
Deke, +0,+0K1- 20
= 0.5 Nim?
And strass in z-direction
1
geqgr (1254 05+ 0.119) ~2 «0.259
1.869
ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Problem 28 A tale bar 250 mn yan
4.100 ram x 60 moni leaded os shun
reas {
Find the change in solume, Toke
M1eNInmt nd Porat O35. or
Alo find the change that should be
madd in the 4 MN load, in order that there = y
should be no change in the volume of the" Jfaigq 2
ber Rig. 25
Sol. Given
Length, = 250:mm, y = 100 mm end 2 = 50 mm
Volume, ¥ = ye = 250 x 100 x 50.» 1250000 mm?
Load in a-direetion = 400 KN = 400000 N (tensile)
‘Load in y-direction 2MN = 2. 108 N (tensile)
Lead in 2-diretion 4 MN = 4 x 108 N (compressive)
Modulus of elasticity, =2 10° Nimt
Poisson's ratio, = 0.25,
Now 9, = Stress in direction
Load indirection
‘Area of eress-sestion
400000 _ 400000 .
cee anes «29 Nimm? Uension
ila oe Lmdinasction
2x10 “
= BA = 100 Nin
160 Niine? (compression).
Using equation (2:7) and taking tensile stresses positive and compressive stresses neg
tive, we get
aS
E
1
Fe qor (00+ 160 160K1 - 2x0.25)
(+0, 4X1 = 2)
a
v
on
or y
0.5 = 0.0002,
Change in volume,
dV = 0.0002 ¥
10.0002 x 1250000
250 mm?. Ans. ea STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
‘Change in the 4 MN load when there is no change in volume of Bar
avid
aing equation (2.7), ©. (0, +0, o,K1~
Using equation (2.7, SF 2 (a, +0, +0344 20)
tien age inane hen 0
Leraroxt-a0<0
Sui foros of mata the va of es between 025 and 0.39 an ene he em
aaa 'Sncrer tae
The ssts and a a oe change, Only She sen cosspending oh a
Ann dese net to cena.
20a) =~ 240 Neamt compre)
ed
Area zxy 7 issast 250 x 100
fatashs tanked tna ose
But seadyscompenve ado 4 MN arn
Addin ned tht mare oad
SON AHN 2 MIN (oomprossve. Ans
But
2.6, VOLUMETRIC STRAIN OF A CYLINDRICAL ROD.
Consider a cylindrical rod which is subjected to an axial tensile load P.
Let = diameter of the rod
L = Iongth of tho roa
‘Due to tensile load P, there will be an incroase in the length oftho vod, but the diametor
ofthe rod will decrease as shown in Fig. 2.6.
‘ 7
Final length
Final diameter
‘Now original volume of the rod,
Fatet
Final volume
ce tdt-tdebouh +80)
eLASTiC CONSTANTS: 68
SEL eA xh Bax baad xb
bd L204 81)
ote b tbat bbe dst)
Neglecting the products and higher powers of two small quantitis.
Change in volume, V = Final volume ~ Original volume
= FC ah dd bx bd 4d x 81) F dtc
= J @ x 6b- Bax x bd)
thangs in volume _ 3.
Original volume ~ V
id? xab-2deLx8d)
ee
2.8)
Px
whore Mets thant test acter
Volum ain = Sin gh th nn of arto
Problem 2.7.A steel rod 5 m long and 30 mm in diameter is subjected to an axial tensile
load of 50 RN. Determine the change in length, diameter and volume ofthe rad. Take K = 2 x 10°
‘Nim? and Poiseon’s ratio = 0.25,
So. Given
Length, LeSm=5%10?mm
Dimes, ddan
Volume, Ya Bata te E0810" 88940 210"
Tensile a, Boen = 8010
Vain ot rte Nine
Peinontrato, wr 025
ie 827 Changi meter
{8L = Change in length
8V = Change in volume
Now strain of longth
Load)
Ege EB gg? “Dn 7 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
= 0.0003536
But strain of length.
aL
TT = 9.0008586
8, = 0.000538 x 5 x 10°
=1.768 mm. Ans.
Lateral strain
Tongitudinal strain
Lateral strain » Poisson's ratio x Longitudinal strain
Now Poisson's ratio
= 0.25 x 0.000856
&
Lanta aan)
= 0,0000884
Bit Later ain»
ca
SF = 0.000884
4d = 0.000884 x d
= 0.0000884 x 3
Now using equation (2.8), we get
BY ab 2d
Volumetric stain, SF ~ 38
0008586 2 x 0.000884 = 0.001768
¥ x 0.001768
35.848 x 10° x 0.001768,
= 624.86 mm, Ans.
2.7. BULK MODULUS
‘When a body is subjected to the mutually perpendicular like and equal direct stressee,
the ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain is found to be constant for a
‘sven material when the deformation is within a eertain limit, This ratio is known a5 bulle
‘modulus and is usually denoted by K. Mathematically bulk modulus is given by
Divect stress
‘Volumetic strain ~ [a7 ames
v
2.8. EXPRESSION FOR YOUNG’S MODULUS IN TERMS OF BULK MODULUS
Fig. 2. howa acube ABCD F GH whichis subjected to three matutly perpondica-
lar tensile stresses of equal intensity. ae
Tat = Lough of ube
b= Change in length of the cube
eLASTiC constanrs n
= Young's modulus of the material ofthe eube
= Tensile stroas acting on the faces
= Poisson's ratio
‘Then volume of cube, Vm= L*
Now let us consider the strain of one of the sides of | $f
the cube (say AB) under the action of the three mutually
perpendicular stressos. This side will sufler the following,
three strains Z
1. Strain of AB due to stresses on the faces AEHD
and BGC: This tran tensile andi equal to P27
2, Stron of AB dueto stresses onthe fates ABP and DHGC. This is compressive lateral
strain snd i equal tow
28 Senin of ABP du ostresce on the faces ABCD and BFGH. Thine aleo compressive
iu sninanis quo -n 2
Hionce the total strain of AB is given by
[Now original volume of cube, V-
IfdL. is the change In length, then dV is the change in volume.
Difforontiating equation (7), with respect to L,
dV = 82x dL iit)
Dividing equation (i) by equation (i), we get
aV_aibedl sdb
Fee Eee
sxtating th in nm gt nese in, wa
aw 30
BB aap
From qution (2), bull modus i given by
o o a _ 30 i}
Regn ae » © .8a-a]
v) E
z
pee 20
1-50 maa
7 B-3KG-20 gap
i
From equation 2:10), the expression for Poiseo's rato (wis obtained as w = 2 STRENGTH OF MATERIAL'S
Problem 2.8. Fora material, Young’s modulus is givens 1.2 x 10 N/mm! and Poisson's
ratio 4. Caloulate the Bulk modulus
Sol. Given : Young's modulus, E
Poisson's ratio,
Let
Using equation (2.10),
BARBI gg aot Nmt Ans
Drblem 28 bar of 0mm detected nlf BN The mee
conor onto lg te mn isO nm and sings dame’ 00M¢nm. Cll
@)Yeangs modula Gi Poot ato
Gi Bat mtn
Sa. Gnon Disa, d= 0m
‘Area of bar, A= F (20) = 295 mm?
Pull, P= 60 KN © 60 « 1000 N
Gauge length, 00 mm.
Extension, ab= 0.1mm
‘Change in dia, &d = 0.004 min
(Youngs modulus (2)
he P 60000
‘Tensile stress, an F . $0000 fam?
5 SO «ener wh
ab 04
Longitudinal strain Peas
it = Se = 0.0005
‘Tensile stroas
Longitudinal stain
84.87
‘2.0005
{6975 * 105 Nimm®. Ans
Young's modulus, 2
= 16,075 » 10 Nima?
Gi) Poisson's ratio Cw)
Poisson's ratio is given by equation (2.8) as
Lateral strain
Poisson's ratio = taerol seein
(© Tngitudinal strain
e.asric CONSTANTS 73
(Gi Bute modulus (K)
‘Using equation 2.10), we get
E1697, 10°
BG 2a) ” HI- 0.2682)
= 1.209 x 10° Nimm#, Ans.
x
2.9, PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARY SHEAR STRESSES
It states that set of shear stresses across a plane is al
ways accompanied hy a set of balancing shear stresses (ce, of
the same intensity) arose the plane and normal to it
Proof, Fig. 28 shows a rectangular block ABCD, sub-
jected to a set of shear streases of intaneity « on the faces AB
fend OD. Let the thickneas of the block normal to the plane of
the paper is unity
‘The force acting on face AB
= Stress x Area
=1xABx1=tAB
‘Similarly foree acting on face CD
=x CD «1="0D
AB (: CD= AB)
"The forces acting on the faces AB and CD are equal and opposite and henes these forces,
will form a couple
‘The moment of this couple = Foree x Perpendicular distance
= AB x AD i)
If the block isin equilibrium, there must be a restoring couple whose moment must be
‘equal to the moment given by equation (), Lat the shear stress of intensity x is sot up on the
faces AD and CB.
‘The fora aeting on face AD =v" x AD x 1
"Tho force acting on face BC = v x BO x1 (= BG= AD)
‘Aa the force acting on faces AD and BC are equal and opposite these fores also forms a
couple
‘Moment of this couple = Force x Distance =v AD x AB «iy
For the equilibrium of the block, the moments of couples given by equations (@) and (i)
should be equal
GAB x AD =¥ADx AB or t=7
‘The above equation proves thata set of shear strosses is always accompanied by a trans
verse set of shear stresses of the same intensity.
"The stress’ is known as complementary shear and the iwo stresses («and «) at right
angles together constitute a state af simple shear. The direction of the shear stresses on the
block are either both towards or both away ftom s comer. |
” STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
In Fig. 28, asa result of two ecuples, formed by the shesr forces, the diagonal BD will be
subjected to tension and the diagonal AB will be subjected to compression.
2.10, STRESSES ON INCLINED SECTIONS WHEN THE ELEMENT IS SUBJECTED
‘TO SIMPLE SHEAR STRESSES
Fig. 2.9 shows a rectangular block ABCD which is in «
state of simple shear and hence subjected to a sot of shear 0
stresses of intensity + on the faces AB, CD and the faces AD
and CB. Let the thickneis of the block normal to the plane of
the paper is unity q |
Tt is raquired to find the normal and tangential stresses
‘cross an nelined plane CB, which is having inclination @ with
the face CB.
Consider the equilibrium of the triangular pleeo CEB of
thiclnoae unity. The forces acting on triangular piecs CRB are
shown in Fig. 2.10 and they are ce
(Shear force on face CB, Pr ey
Q, = Shear stress « area of face CB
=exBCx1
= vx BC acting along OB
(di) Shear fores on face EB,
@,= Shear stress x area offaco HB 3
ex EB x Lax EB acting along BB 1xEB=Oy
(idl) force P,, normal to the plane EC Fe. 210
(Gu) A fore P, tangential wo the plane BC
‘The force Qi acting along the face CB as shown in Pig. 2.11. Tia frees resolved into
‘ono components, fe, Q, on @ and Q, sin @ along the plane CH and normal tothe plane C2
respectively,
The force Qs acting along the face ZB This force is alo resolved into bve components,
4, Qn 0 and Q, 0080 along the plane BC and normal to Uh plane EC respectively
or equilibrium, the not force normal to the plane CE
should be zero
P,—@, sin 0- Qyens 020
Qysin + Qos 0
3% BC x ain 6+ +3 ED x coe 0
(2 Qa txBC ond @,=%x2B) 59
se cect Stl, the net foree along the plane CE should FOR e
P,Q, 0050+ Q,sin
Q,c08 8 Q, sin 8
ve sign is takon due to opposite direction)
BO x cos 01% EB x sin 8
eUASTIC CONSTANTS 78
Let 6, = Normal stross on plane CE’
6, = Tangential stress on plane CH
‘Normal foree on plane CE
‘Area of aection CE
B,__ x BC xsin 0+4x EBX c088
Gest CExt
2008 0 sin 0+ ein 0 x cos 0
Be En
+ Tn triangle 2BC, BS ~ cos # and 2 « sin
(+ tesco nn 35 «evant FF =n)
2.12)
‘Tangent
‘Area of plane CE
ExBCx0o8 01x EB xsind
eae
and 4,
EB
xeos0~ ex EB xin
=v Shear stress = =)
5 Bquating the two tensile strain along diagonal BD, wo got
o Easwe (Canclng «to both sides
E2006) 236)
= 2.
- Baw ead
Problem 2.10, Determine the Poisson's ratio and bulh modulus of a material, for which
Young's modulus is 12 x 10° Nimm? and modulus of rigidity ie 4.8 x 10° NI min?
Sol. Given
Young's modulus, = 1.2% 108 Nimm*
Modulus of rigidity, C= 4.8 x 10¢ Nim?
Let the Poisson's ratio=
Using equation (2.16), we get
B22 ew)
or 48x 10°C +0)
12x 10%
or (awe ee 125 or 100.25, Ans.
Ay = ERIC = 125 25-10 = 0.25. Ar
[Bulk modulus is given by equation (2.10) as
zB 10°
: 1.210 io
80-20 ~ 310982
= 8% 106 Nim. Ans.
Problem 2.11. A bar of eress-section 8 mm x & mm is eubjected to an axial pull of
7000 N. The lateral dimension ofthe bar is found to be changed t0 7.9985 myn x 7.9985 min. If
the modulus of rigidity ofthe material is 0.8 x 108 N/mm?, determine the Poisson's ratio and
‘modulus of elasticity.
Sol. Given
‘Area of section = 8 »
‘Axial pull, P = 7000 N
Lateral dimensions = 7.9985 mm x 7.9985 mm.
Volume of © =0.8 x 10° N/mm?
4 mam?
a 80 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Poigcon's ratio and
E = Modulus of elasticity.
‘Chango in lateral dlmension
‘Original lateral dimension
STOO 00018 goons
‘To find the value of Poisson's ratio, wo must know the value of longitudinal strain, But
in this problem, the length of bar and the axial extension is not given. Hence longitudinal
strain cannot be ealeilated, But sxil stress ean be celculated. Then longitudinal, strain will
bo ogual to axial stress divided by B.
P__ 7000
Brea ~ 64
But letra strain = jx longitadinal strain = eS
Now lateral stra
* Axial stress, 100.875 N/mm? and longitudinal stral
bala
« oases = #2109378 «
E_ 109375,
AOE, « s0ss05.98
or B= 583988.350 0
Using equation (2.17), we get
B
ma
=2x 08% L049) & C=08% 109)
0.8% 105(1 +9) B= 588383.33,)
569393.5.
~ BEE = 2.6408
1 = 8.6458, —
0001875)
cK + w)
or ite
6458
Poisson's ati +0878, Ans.
4
eas
Modulus of elasticity (B) is obtained by cubstituting the value of yin equation (i).
= 583898.23,
158339333,
Be = 2.2067 108 Nimmt, Ans.
2648
Problem 2.12. Calculate the modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of « cylindrical bar
of diameter 30 mm and of length 1.5 m ifthe longitudinal stain in a bar during a tensile stress
is four times the lateral strain. Find the change in volume, when the bar is subjected to a
Jdrostatic pressure of 100 Ninn, Take B= 1x 10° Nim’.
Sol. Given
Dia. of bar,
Length of bar,
‘Volume of bar,
eLASTIC CONSTANTS: et
parish
Longitudinel strain =4 x Lateral strain
“Hydrostatic pressure, p = 100 Nimam*
Lateral strain
0.25
Longitudinal sain
or Poisson's ratio, = w= 0.25
Let (C= Modulus of rigidity
Using equation (2.16), we get
B= 200+)
or 1x 105= 2011 +025)
Ax 10°
erst
For bulle modulus, using equation (2.11), we get
x 104 Nimm®, Ans.
« beawean 20028) 25)
1x 108
2 PIO ger 105 Ninmt, Ans.
13 691 308m
Now asing quan 28) wee
2 .
=‘ jumetriostrain ” (dV"
sre p= 100 Nn?
67x10!» A
7)
a1 :
7 a gilt g 1se0
dV = Vx 15 10 = 1060287.52 % 15 «
= 1590.49 mm®, Ans.
HIGHTIGHTS
Poisson's ratio isthe rato of lateral strain to langitudinal strain. Ibis generally denoted by 1.
2. The tensile longitadinal stress produces compressive lateral stra.
#
a loa acts inthe direction of length of a rectangular bar, then longitudinal stealn = F and
85, Be
Lateral strain = or
where 8! = Change in length,
‘8h = Change in width,
‘bd = Change in dopth i
a2 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
44 The rato of change in volume to original volume is known as volumetric strain
5. Volumetric stain, foe a rectangular bar subjocted to an axial ed P, is given by
saan
6. Vln: in fr ang er ited tre mal perpen
Pee Hh alias
there a, 0, and 6, are strestes in x,y and z direction respectively
Principle of complementary shear siraasos states that a set of shear tresses across plan iz
always accompanied by a et of balancing shear strestes (Le, of the same intensity] across the
plane and normal to
8. Volumetri strain of elindrical rod subjocted to an axial tensile load is given by,
¢, Longitudinal train ~2 x strain of diameter
rare 5
td
8, Bulk modulus Kis given by,
Keo.
r
GF)
10, Tho celn beeen Ton’ dl nd balk mds gen by,
Sana ap
11, When an elomet naj ple ber ssn
{O'Th dane af sin taal te ar pepo en oe.
(i) The flares of sion somal sane ee led sonal of 45 othe plane o pe
me
(un Ono th maxima normal set i nl whl th othr mais normal ees i
comes
(oy Tenia normal sts ar fhe same magi and are ou the sat sess
meen ope hese
1a, The ran tween hl of lay and modus gy sen by
: E
arcasw o cope
EXERCISE 2
(A) Theoretieal Questions
3, Define and explain the terms: Longitudinal strain, lateral strain and Poiston's ratio.
Prove that the volumetric tran ofa cylindrical rod which is eubjeted to an axial vensie load is
equal o strain inthe length minus tee the strain of diameter
3. What isa bulk modulus 7 Derive an expression for Young’e modulus in terms of ball modulus
ud Polssou's rato
4. Define volumetric stain. Prove that the volumetre strain for a rectangular bar subjected to an
sviallood P ia the direction of ite length is given by
SL
«= ta-a
a
Poissons ratio and % = Longitudinal stain
‘easnic CONSTANTS 83
5. (a) Derive an expression for volumetric strain fora rectangular ar whichis subjected to three
mutually perpendicular tonsile stresses.
(@) A tost clement is eubjected to three mutually perpendicular unequal stresses. Find the change
in volume ofthe clement, ithe aljabraic cum of those street a aqua ta 2er0,
Bzplainbrifly the term ‘choarstrece’ and "complimentary staat with proper iustrations,
State tho princpla of shear stress.
‘What do you understand by ‘in element ina state of simp shear?
‘When an element is ina state of simple shear then prove thatthe planes of maximum normal
stresses are perpendicular to each other and those planes are inclined at an ungle of 45" to the
planes of pure shear
10. Derive an expression between modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity.
(B) Numerical Problems
4, Determine the changes in longth, breadth and thcknes of soe! bar which i 6 m log, 40 mm
wide and 30 mm thick and is subjeated to an andal pull of 95 KN in the diesen aft long,
‘Take B= 2 x 10° Niaya® and Polston's ratio = 0.32
{Ans 0.0129 cm, 0.000186 em, 0.000139 ern}
2 For tho above problem, dotarmine the volumetrie strain and the final volume ofthe given steal
Der {ams 0.000025, 6000817 ma)
‘8. Detormine the value of Young’s medulus and Poicsons ratio of a mole bar of length 25 em,
bronéti 3 cm and depth 2 em when tha bar ie subjected to an axial compeestve loa of 240 RN.
"The decreate in length is given as 0.05 em and ineresco in breadth ia 0.002,
[Ang 2510 Nina? and 0.98)
4. A.stoel bar 890 mm long, 40 mm wide and 30 mai thick Is subjected tom pul f 260 IN in she
Aireston of its longth, Detarmin the change In volume. Take E = 2 x 10" Nike® ane m4
(Ans. 200 man?
‘A metallic bar 250 mim x 89 om x 20 mum is subjected to @ ore of 20 XN (teil, 30 IN tensile)
‘and 16 EN (toncilo) long x,y and = diretions respectively, Detrmsine the change in the volume
ofthe block. Take E = 2c 10° Nin! and Poisson’ rato = 025. (Ans. 13.62 mam
8. A metallic bor 300 mim x 120 mm x 50 mm is loaded ar shown in Fig. 218.
Find the change in volume, Take B= 2 « 10 Nin? and Poisson's ratio = 00.
epae
7
45K
Fig. 235
“Also find the change tht shouldbe made in 4.5 MN las, in ender that there abould be nochange
in the volume of the bar. [Ans 450 mmé, 45241
7. A stoel rod 4 m long and 20 mam dismotor is subjected to an axial tensile load of 40 IN. Deter
imine the chango in length, diameter and volume ofthe tod. Take =2% 10° Ninn! and Poisson's
ratio = 0.25. IAns. 2.5464, 005092, 5598 mm] 84 [STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
A
‘Fora material, Young’s modulus is given a 1.4 x 10* Ninan? and Poisson's ratio 0.28. Calculate
‘the bulk moduins {dns 1.06 x 10° Nan
8, A bat 20 mm dlametereubjocted toa pl of 50 KN. Ths measured extensian on gauge length of
250 mm ie 012 mm and change in dlameter is 0.00875 ma. Calculate
@ Young's modulus (i) Poitoris ratio and (dt) Balk modulus,
(Ans. (1.989 10° Nim, (4) 0.234, (i) 1.2485 x 108 Nisa?)
40. Determine the Poisson's ratio and bulls modulus of a material, for which Young's modus
12s 10° Nn@ and module of rigidity ie 48 x 108 Nmm?, —" [Ans 0.33, 1.2 x 108 Nim*]
11. Aur of erose-section 10 sun x 10 mm is aubjeted to an axial pull of 8000 N. The Interal dimen=
tion of tho bar is found to bo changed to 88085 rom 9.8985 mm, Ifthe modulus of rgity ofthe
fnatevial is O8 x 10° Nim, determine the Poisson's ratio and modalas of elasticity,
ns. 0.45, 24 « 108 Nn!)
3 Caleulate the modulus of rigidity and bolle madulua of @ eplindresl bar of diameter of 25 mm
fand of eageh 1m, if the longtudinel strain in a bar during a tensile testis four times the
Tateral strain, Find tho change in volume, when tho bar is subjected toa hydrastaic pressure
of 100 Nimm?. Take E = 1 10° Nina c
Tans. 4 x 10! Nimm!, 0667 « 108 Ninn?, 2178 mm")
18. Abar 30 mm in diameter waa subject to tonsile load of 64 KN and the messured extension on
£30 mm gus length was 0112 mm and change in diameter was 0:00565 mm. Calculate Poisson's
atic nd wales af thrae modal
(ns. p= 0325, = 204.6 kN’, C= 772 kNinmn', = 196 kN?)
14, Dorive the relation Between B and G, Using the derived relationship, estimate tne Young’s modulus
(when the modulus of rigidity (C) is 0.80 x 10? Nin? and the Poisson's ratio i 05,
(Hint, £ = 20 + w)= 2 «080 x 10° + 08) = 208» 108 Nin]
3
Principal Stresses and Strains
oes
3.1. INTRODUCTION
In chapter 2, the concept and definition of stress, strain, types of stresses (ie. tensile
compressive and simple shear) and types of strain (ce., tensile, compressive, shoar and volu-
netric strains etc.) are discussed. These stressos were acting in a plane, which was at right
‘angles tothe line of action of the force. In many engineering problems both direct. (tensile or
Sompressive stress) and shear strosses are acting at tho same time. In such situation the te-
Sullant stress across any section wil bo neither normal nor tangential to the plane, In this
chapter the strosses, acting on an inclined plane (or oblique section) will be analysed.
8.2. PRINCIPAL PLANES AND PRINCIPAL STRESSES:
‘The planes, which have no shear stress, are known as prineipal planes. Hence principal
planes are the planes of zero shear stress. These planes carry only normal stresses.
‘The normal stresses, acting on a principal plane, exe kuown as principal stroseos.
8.3. METHODS FOR DETERMINING STRESSES ON OBLIQUE SECIION
‘The stresses on oblique section are determined by the following methods =
1, Analytical method, and 2, Graphical method.
3.4, ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING STRESSES ON OBLIQUE SECTION
‘The following two eases will be considered
1. A member subjected to a direct stress in one plane.
2. The membor ia aubjocted to like dicest stress in Gwo mutually pervendicular direc:
tions.
‘dl. A Member Subjected to a Direot Stress in one Plane. Fig. 8.1 (a) shows a
rectangular member of uniform eross-sectional srea A and of unit thickness.
Let P= Axial force acting on the member.
‘A= Area of cross-section, which is perpendicular to the line of action of the force P.
‘The atress along vais, o ==
Hence, the member is eubjected to a stress along x-axis
Consider a cross-section EF which is perpendicular to the line of action ofthe force P.
as 86 [STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
2 :
Po leon fay Xe e
i
wean 6.980)
Ten reotenton, BPR 3
=ocost9 2.4) am
(4-4) a»
‘ongential eres (shear stress,
‘Tengen ore acon ection FO
ah (: Py=Pein
(&
P
Bz in cas 0
= $ x2 sin 0 cos 6 (Multiplying and dividing by 2)
= $sin20 2ssin 8 cos 6 = sin 26) 433)
From equation (8.2), it is seen that the normal stress (0,) on the section FB will be
maximum, when eos* 0 or cos 6 is maximum. And cos 0 will be maximum when 0 = 0° a
08 0" = 1. But when 8 = 0°, the section FG will coincide with section EF, But the section
BP is normal to the line of action of the loading; This means the plane normal to the axis
‘of loading will carry the maximum normsl stress.
‘Maximum normal stress, =o eos? @ = ens! 0! =a 8.4)
From equation (3.8), i is observed that the tangential stress (Ze, shear stress) across
the section FG will be maximum when sin 20 is maximum. And sin 20 will bo maximura when
sin 20 = 1 or 20 = 90° or 270"
or 0 = 18° oF 135°,
‘This means the shear stress will be maximum on two planes inclined at 45° and 135° to
‘the normal sostion BP as shown in Figs. 8.1 (e) and 8.1 (d,
Max, value of shear stress = © sin 20 sin 90° = & a5) %6 TREN OF mavens pNDPAL STRESSES AND STRANS °°
Fiat pane cam Gy= Shoat stress (or tangential eres) across the setio FC.
ree . ‘Then normal ares, o, = Foesonotal toseetion £2
= Sa ‘rea of section FC
‘ tice $ (earn otk tides)
F F Gs P20, xBC xem 0)
sc oa
Sheorstess = 182" 1X 608 8 x 008 8 ( In triangle FBC, 2S ~ cos)
m0 rere : roy
rom equations (2.4) and (2.6) i ie seen that axiom normal stress equal =o, x st 8 a
vhocees Ue masini shear cies sl to 0 o egal tal the vale of greatest normal Similarly, tangential (or shear) stress
tires once along section PC FL
Second Method “Areaof tection FC” POT
‘Amomber subjected to a dirvet stress in one plane. Fig. 8.2 shows a recangular ox BO x1xsind ; a
member of uniform cross-sectional area A and of unit thickness. The bar is subjected to a
principal tensile eteas a, on the faces AD and BC.
©. ee
Pyeoye8oxt
® ro 8
Fig 82
‘Area of ross-section = BC x Thickness of bar
BCx1
Let the stressos on the ablique plane FC are tobe calculated. The plane FC is inclined at
an angle 8 with the normal cross-section 27 (or BC). This can be done by converting the stress
1; acting on fave BC into equivalent force. Then this force will be resolved along the inclined
planes AC nd perpndiulrto FO. Pease note tat fre and ot he tase which fo
36 resolved).
‘Tenaile stress on face BC = 0,
Now, the tensile force on BC,
‘Py ~ Stross (0,) x Area of cross-section
0, xBCx1 (Area = BO x1)
‘The above tense fores P, is also acting on the inelined section FC, in the axial direction
‘as shown in Fig. 3.2. This fore P; is resolved into two component, £e., ne normal tothe plane
FC and other along the plane FC.
Let ‘Component of the force P,, normal to the section FC
P0080
10, x BC x1 x cos 0 fo Pye, xBOx 1)
Component of the foree P,, along the section FC
Py sind
6, x BC x L sin 8
1, = Normal stress on the eoction FC
- FE
0, Xc08 8 xin 8
2c
(« twinge, 2 -es)
=, xc08 0x sin ®
