MAE 3311 - 002 Thermodynamics II

Chapter 9: Gas Power Cycles

Basic Considerations
Ideal(ized) Cycles
Carnot
Otto
Diesel

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Carnot Heat Engine
Heat source -> QH = 500 kW
1200 K Reservoir
Carnot thermal efficiency
QH
[1 - (300/1200)] = 75%
WREV = 500 kW (0.75) = 375 kW
Work

QL

300 K Reservoir

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Graphic Representation
Carnot Heat Engine Cycle
1400

1200
K

1000
TEMPERATURE,

800
temperature, K

s
600

400

200

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

ENTROPY, kJ/kg-K
entropy, kJ/kg-K

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Graphic Representation
Carnot Heat Engine Cycle
1400

1200
T = constant
isothermal
K

1000
s = constant

s = constant
TEMPERATURE,

isentropic

isentropic
800
temperature, K

s
600

400
T = constant
200
isothermal

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

ENTROPY, kJ/kg-K
entropy, kJ/kg-K

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Gas Power Cycle
Use a working fluid/gas
states within the cycle have multiple properties
T, s, P, v, e, u, h, ...
pairs are often plotted for a graphical
representation
T-s
P-v
P-h
h-s

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 Analysis of Power Cycles
Thermal efficiency of
Most power-producing devices heat engines:
operate on cycles.
[or we force it to be so]
Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles
the actual cycle closely but is made up
totally of internally reversible
processes.
Reversible cycles such as Carnot
cycle have the highest thermal
efficiency of all heat engines operating
between the same temperature levels.
Unlike ideal cycles, they are totally
reversible, and unsuitable as a
realistic model.
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 IRREVERSIBILITIES

Analysis of Power Cycles

FRICTION
UNRESTRAINED EXPANSION

HEAT TRANSFER W/
TEMPERATUREThermal efficiency of
DIFFERENCE
Most power-producing devices heat engines:
operate on cycles.
MIXING
...
[or we force it to be so]
Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles
the actual cycle closely but is made up
totally of internally reversible
processes.
Reversible cycles such as Carnot
cycle have the highest thermal
efficiency of all heat engines operating
between the same temperature levels.
Unlike ideal cycles, they are totally
reversible, and unsuitable as a
realistic model.
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Ideal cycles

The ideal cycles are internally reversible,

reversible but, unlike the
Carnot cycle, they are not necessarily externally
reversible. [ENTROPY INCREASE]

Therefore, the thermal efficiency of an ideal cycle, in

general, is less than that of a totally reversible cycle
operating between the same temperature limits.

However, it is still considerably higher than the thermal

efficiency of an actual cycle because of the idealizations
utilized.

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 Making Ideals
The idealizations and simplifications in the Wnet --> hatched
analysis of power cycles:
1. The cycle does not involve any friction. Qadd --> orange
Therefore, the working fluid does not
experience any pressure drop as it flows in Carnot Heat Engine Cycle

pipes or devices such as heat exchangers. 1400

2. All expansion and compression processes

1200
take place in a quasi-equilibrium manner.
3. The pipes connecting the various 1000
components of a system are well
insulated, and heat transfer through them

temperature, K
800
is negligible.
600
On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the
area enclosed by the cyclic curve to 400

the area under the heat-addition

process curve represents the thermal 200 Q (pink), Heat Addition
efficiency of the cycle. 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Any modification that increases the entropy, kJ/kg-K

ratio of these two areas will also

increase the thermal efficiency of the
cycle. MAE 3311 Fall 2017
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Carnot - Gas Power Cycle

The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally reversible

processes: isothermal heat addition, isentropic
expansion, isothermal heat rejection, and isentropic
compression.

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Graphical Evaluation
qin = TH(s2 - s1) Carnot Heat Engine Cycle
1400 )
in
qout = TL(s3 - s4) 1200 q(
1000

but s2 = s3 and s1 = s4

temperature, K
800
s
600
q(
so qout = TL(s2 - s1) 400

200
ou
t)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
entropy, kJ/kg-K

w net q out T L (s2s1 ) TL

th= =1 =1 =1
q in q in T H (s2s1 ) TH

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Graphical Evaluation
Pressure vs specific volume, P-v
bounded area is net Work
Notional Power Cycle
1200

P = constant
kPa

1000
isobaric
s
=
PRESSURE,

v = constant

800
ise co
isochoric

n t n st
Pressure, kPa

600 ro an
Wnet pi t
c
P

400

200
P = constant
0
isobaric
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
SPECIFIC
Specific VOLUME,
MAEVolume,
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Basic Assumptions
Air Standard
ideal gas air working fluid circulates in a closed loop
internally reversible processes
combustion --> heat addition / external source
exhaust --> heat rejection
restores air to its initial state
Cold Air Standard: constant CP at 25 C
Air Standard Cycle: assumptions above apply

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Reciprocating Engines
Bore: diameter of the piston
Stroke: 2x crankshaft offset

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Reciprocating Engines
Displacement (Abore x Lstroke x Ncylinders)
TDC and BDC
Clearance Volume
Compression Ratio (Vdisp + Vclear)/Vclear
V maximum
Compression Ratio r=
V minimum

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Air Flow - Valves
Intake and exhaust valves
at least 1 of each

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 Clearance Volume Shape
Many attempts to improve performance
through shaping the clearance volume,
which means the head
Accommodate valves
Flat head (ease of manufacture)
Hemispherical (HEMI)
Penta

Piston tops are usually flat

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Otto Cycle: Spark Ignition 4 Stroke

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 Otto Cycle: 4 vs 2 Stroke
The two-stroke engines are
generally less efficient than
4-stroke: their four-stroke counterparts
but they are relatively simple
and inexpensive, and they
1 full cycle = 2 revolutions have high power-to-weight
and power-to-volume ratios.
2-stroke:
1 full cycle = 1 revolution

2-stroke applications:
model aircraft
chain saw
garden equipment
motorcycles
boat outboard motors
Schematic of a two-stroke
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reciprocating engine. 19
Not All Things Considered
Several factors affecting performance are not
being considered (yet)
mixing of fuel and air
physically and chemically
power modulation
intake flow characteristics
exhaust flow characteristics
pollution control
spark timing

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T-s Diagram of Otto Cycle
1-2 Isentropic
compression
2-3 Constant volume
heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume
heat rejection

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 P-v Diagram of Otto Cycle
Air enters the cylinder through the
open intake valve at atmospheric
pressure P0 during process 0-1 as the
piston moves from TDC to BDC.

Air is expelled through the open

exhaust valve (process 1-0).
Work interactions during intake and
exhaust cancel each other, and thus
inclusion of the intake and exhaust
processes has no effect on the net
work output from the cycle.

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Isentropic Compression

Compression T
Ratio deg F
Mixture Temperature
vs Compression Ratio
8 758
10 871 1600
12 972 1400

Temperature, F
14 1063 1200
16 1147 1000
18 1224 800
20 1297 600
24 1430 400
200
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Pressure Ratio

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Spark Ignition Design
Efficiency & Limitations
Higher efficiency goes with higher compression
ratio (higher combustion pressures)
High compression results in
high mixture temperature which
can auto-ignite (engine knock)
or detonation

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Problem --> Advantage
Design the engine to use heat of
compression to ignite the mixture
problem becomes design feature
eliminates high voltage spark system
control combustion by timing fuel addition
requires high pressure fuel system
and fast acting fuel delivery valves
Compression Ignition vs Spark Ignition

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Diesel Cycle
In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the
compression stroke, eliminating the possibility of
autoignition (engine knock). Therefore, diesel engines can
be designed to operate at much higher compression ratios
than SI engines, typically between 12 and 24.

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Diesel Power Cycle

Diesel P-v Diagram

1-2 isentropic
compression
2-3 constant-volume
heat addition
3-4 isentropic
expansion
4-1 constant-volume
heat rejection.

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Cycle Comparison
Diesel P-v Diagram Spark Ignition P-v Diagram

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Diesel Factoids
Cutoff ratio V 3 v3
rc= =
V 2 v2

[ ]
k
1 r c 1
th,Diesel=1
r k1 k (r c 1)
For the same compression ratio...
th,Otto > th,Diesel

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Diesel Dual Cycle
Dual cycle: A more realistic ideal cycle
model for modern, high-speed compression
ignition engine.
Earlier and longer
fuel injection phase

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Summary

Chapter 9: Gas Power Cycles

Basic Considerations
Ideal(ized) Cycles
Carnot
Otto
Diesel

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