Electrical Science - 2

(ECE-260)
Lecture-05

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Ideal Transformer on Load
Assumption : No magnetizing current, no core loss,
no leakage flux and no winding resistance.
Transformer on load

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Ideal Transformer on Load
Assumption : No magnetizing current, no core loss,
no leakage flux and no winding resistance.
Transformer on load (Phasor Diagram)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Practical Transformer Analysis

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Practical Transformer
Core has finite permeability
- Small amount of magnetizing current is needed
to establish flux

Core losses are not zero

- hysteresis or eddy currents will be present

All the flux established is not confined to core

- there will be some leakage flux in both windings

Windings have resistance

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformer on No Load
Assumption : No core loss, no leakage flux and no
winding resistance.
Transformer on no-load

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformer on No Load
Assumption : No core loss, no leakage flux and no
winding resistance.
Transformer on no-load (Phasor Diagram)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Practical Transformer on no Load
Assumption : No leakage flux and no winding
resistance.
Transformer on no load

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Practical Transformer on no Load
Assumption : No leakage flux and no winding
resistance.
Transformer on no load (Phasor diagram)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
No load equivalent circuit

V1
R0
IC

V1
X0
Im

I m I 0 sin 0 Magnetizing component

I c I 0 cos0 Active or core loss component
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Practical Transformer on Load
Assumption : No leakage flux and no winding
resistance.
Transformer on load

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Practical Transformer on Load
Assumption : No leakage flux and no winding
resistance.
Transformer on load (Phasor diagram)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Practical Transformer on Load
With leakage flux and winding resistance

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Parameters are referred to primary and secondary

respectively
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Practical Transformer on Load
With leakage flux and winding resistance
Phasor diagram

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Phasor Diagram of a Practical
Transformer on Load (LPF)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Referring Parameters
(One Side to Other)
The effect of circuit parameters should not be
changed while transferring from one side to other.

The loss caused should be same.

I12 R2' I 22 R2
2
I2
R R2
'
2
I1
R2
2 a 2R 2
k

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Transferring Secondary Parameters
to Primary
R2 X 2 ' Z2
R2' 2
; X '
2 2
; Z2 2
K K K
E2 ' N2
while E2
'
; I 2 KI 2 where K
K N1

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Transferring Primary Parameters to
Secondary
R 1' K 2 R2 ; X 1' K 2 X 1 ; Z1' K 2 Z1
E1' KE1 ; I1' KI1 ; I '0 KI 0

Similarly exciting circuit parameters are also

transferred to secondary as Ro` and Xo`

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Equivalent Ckt. Referred to Primary

where

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Equivalent Ckt. Referred to Primary
where
R2
R01 R1 R R1 2
'
2
K
X
X 01 X 1 X 2' X 1 22
K
Z 01 R01 jX 01

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Approximate Equivalent Circuit
Since the no load current is 1% of the full load current,
the no load circuit can be neglected

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformer Testing

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

Parameters are referred to primary and secondary

respectively
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad
 Transformer Tests
The performance of a transformer can be analysed
on the basis of equivalent circuit.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformer Tests
The performance of a transformer can be analysed
on the basis of equivalent circuit.

The four main parameters of equivalent circuit

are:
- R01 as referred to primary (or secondary (R02))
- the equivalent leakage reactance X01 as referred
to primary (or secondary (X02))
- Magnetising reactance X0 (or Xm)
- core loss conductance R0 (or Rc)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformer Tests

The above constants can be easily determined by

two tests
- Open circuit test (O.C test / No load test)
- Short circuit test (S.C test / Impedance test)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Transformer Tests

The above constants can be easily determined by

two tests
- Open circuit test (O.C test / No load test)
- Short circuit test (S.C test / Impedance test)

These tests are economical and convenient and

they furnish the result without actually loading
the transformer.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Open Circuit Test (Arrangement)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Equivalent Circuit on No Load

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 No Load Test Analysis
W0 V1 I C Pcore

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 No Load Test Analysis
W0 V1 I C Pcore

W0
IC
V1

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 No Load Test Analysis
W0 V1 I C Pcore

W0
IC
V1

I m I 02 I c2

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 No Load Test Analysis
W0 V1 I C Pcore

W0
IC
V1

I m I 02 I c2

V1 V1
Rc Xm
Ic Im

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

Short Circuit Test (Arrangement)

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Equivalent Circuit

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Short Circuit Test Analysis

Wsc I sc R1 R2'
2

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Short Circuit Test Analysis

Wsc I sc R1 R2'
2

Wsc
R1 R R01 2
'
2
I sc

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Short Circuit Test Analysis

Wsc I sc R1 R2'
2

Wsc
R1 R R01 2
'
2
I sc

Vsc
Z sc
I sc

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Short Circuit Test Analysis
Wsc I sc R1 R2'
2

Wsc
R1 R R01 2
'
2
I sc

Vsc
Z sc
I sc

X 1
'
2
X X 02 Z R1 R 2
sc 2
' 2

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example

Find the values of Rc and Xm from OC test data.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example

Find the values of Rc and Xm from OC test data.

Find the values of R02 and X02 from SC test data.

Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad

 Example

Find the values of Rc and Xm from OC test data.

Find the values of R02 and X02 from SC test data.

Answer: Rc = 266.67 , Xm = j200

R02 = 1.12 ; X02 = j1.1426
R01 = 0.28 ; X01= j0.285
Electrical Science-2 Instructor: Rambabu Kalla, IIIT Hyderabad