B.Sc.

Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Laplace Transformation:
Laplace transform is essentially a mathematical tool which can be used to solve
several problems in science and engineering. This transform was first introduced by
Laplace in the year 1970
MOTIVATIONS:
The Laplace transform is an efficient technique for solving linear differential
equations with constant co-efficient. In this chapter, we shall discuss its basic
properties and will apply them to solve initial value problem.
Laplace Transform is an operator which transforms a function f of the variable t into
a function F of the variable s
EXERCISE 11.1
Formulae of Laplace Transformation:-
The Laplace gave the following formulae for his transformation

(i) * +

(ii) * +

(iii) * +

(iv) * +

(v) * +

(vi) * +

Linearity property:-
If and are any two constants and ( ) and ( ) are the Laplace Transform,
respectively, of the ( ) and ( ) then
, ( ) ( )- * ( )+ * ( )+
, ( ) ( )- ( ) ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Shifting property:-
If a function is multiplied by then transform of the resultant is obtained by
replacing s by in the transform of the original function. That is, if

(vii) * +
( )

(viii) * +
( )

(ix) * +
( )

(x) * +
( )

(xi) * +
( )

NUMERICAL PROBLEM (FROM EXERCISE+EXAMPLES)

Compute the Laplace transformation of each of the following
Question 1:
Solution:-
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * + * + * +
* ( )+ * + * + * +

* ( )+

* ( )+

Question 2:
Solution:-
Let ( )
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Taking on both sides, we have

* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * +

* ( )+ * +

Question 3: ( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )
( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+ * + * +

* ( )+

Question 4: ( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )
( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+ * + * +

* ( )+

Question 5: ( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * + * +
* ( )+ * + * +

* ( )+

Therefore,

* ( )+

Question 6: ( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )
( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * + * +

Since * +
( )
* +

* ( )+
( ( )) ( )

*( ) +
( )
Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of
( )( )
Solution:-
Let ( ) ( )
( )
Taking on both sides, we have

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+ * + * +

* ( )+
( ) ( )

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform

( )

Solution:-

Taking on both sides, we have

* + 8 9

* + , * + * +-

* + [ ]

* + [ ]
( )( )

* + [ ]

* +

Taking on both sides, we have

* + 8 9

* + , * + * +-

* + [ ]

* + [ ]
( )( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* + [ ]

* +

Question 7:
Solution:-
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

* +
( )

* ( )+
( ( ))

* +
( )
Question 8:
Solution:-
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

* +
( )

* ( )+
( )

* ( )+
( )

Question 9:

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Solution:-
Since by the formula ( ) ( ), we have

, ( ) ( )-

, ( )-

, - ( )

Taking on both sides, we have

* + , ( ) ( )-

* + 0 1

* +

Question 10:
Solution:-
Since by the formula , we have

Taking on both sides, we have

* + [ ]

* + * + * +

* +

* +
( ) ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Question 11:
Solution:-
Let ( )

Since we know that * ( )+ ( ) , * ( )+-. Then, we have

Here ( ) . Therefore,

* + ( ) , * +-

* + { }
( ( ))

* + { }
( )

* + ( ) *(( ) ) +

( )
* + ( )( )[ ]
(( ) )
( )
* +
(( ) )
Question 12:
Solution:-
Since by the formula , we have

Taking on both sides, we have

* + [ ]

* + * + * +

* +

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* +
( )

* +
( )

* +
( )
Question: Compute the Laplace Transform
( )

Let ( )
Since

( )

( ) , -

Taking on both sides, we have

* ( )+ , * + * +-

* ( )+ [ ]

* ( )+ 6 7
( )

* ( )+ 6 7
( )

* ( )+
( )

Question 13:
Solution:-
Let ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Since

( )

( ) , -

Taking on both sides, we have

* ( )+ , * + * +-

* ( )+ [ ]
( ) ( )

* ( )+ [ ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
(( ) )(( ) )
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( ) ( ) *( ) ( ) +
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )( ) * ( )+

* ( )+ 6 7
( ) ( )

* ( )+ 6 7

* ( )+ 6 7

( )
* ( )+

Question 14:
Solution:-
Let ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

( )

( ) , -

Taking on both sides, we have

* ( )+ , * + * +-

* ( )+ [ ]
( ) ( )
*( ) + ( )*( ) +
* ( )+ 6 7
(( ) )(( ) )
* ( )+
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
6 7
( ) ( ) *( ) ( ) +
( )( )( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )( ) * ( )+
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( ) ( )
( )
* ( )+ 6 7

( )
* ( )+ 6 7

( )
* ( )+

Question 15:
Solution:-
Let ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

( )

( ) , -

Taking on both sides, we have

* ( )+ , * + * +-

* ( )+ [ ]
( ) ( )
( )*( ) + ( )*( ) +
* ( )+ 6 7
(( ) )(( ) )
* ( )+
( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
6 7
( ) ( ) *( ) ( ) +
( )( )( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )( ) * ( )+
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( ) ( )
( )
* ( )+ 6 7

( )
* ( )+ 6 7

( )
* ( )+
( )

LAPLACE BY DEFINITION:-
Let f be a real-valued piecewise continuous function defined on , ,. The LAPLACE
TRANSFORMATION of f, denoted as * +, is the function F is defined by

( ) ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Provided the improper integral converges.

NOTE:-
The operation transforms the given function f of the variable t into a new function F
of the variable s and is written symbolically ( ) * ( )+ or simply * +.
VALUE OF BRACKET FUNCTION IN A INTEGRAL:-
If there is any bracket function in the form , - is in definite integral, then the value of
that bracket is 1 less than the upper limit. That is,

, -

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of ( ) (EXAMPLE 1)

SOLUTION:-
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+

* ( )+ | |

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of (EXAMPLE 2)

Solution:-
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+ * +

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+ | |

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+

* + * + ()

From ( ) we have

* + * +

* + * +

* + * +

* + * +

* + * +

( )( )( )
* +

( )
* +

( )
* + ( )

Using ( ) in ( ) we have
( )
* +

* +
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of (EXAMPLE 3)

Solution:-
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+

* ( )+ ( )

( )
* ( )+ | |

* ( )+ ( )
| |

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+

* ( )+

Question: Compute the Laplace Transform of ( ) ( ) (EXAMPLE 4)

Solution:-
()
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+ ( ) ( )

Suppose

| |

[ ( )] 6| | 7

6( ) 7

0 1

4 5

4 5

Thus equation ( ) becomes

* ( )+

( )
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+ ( ) ( )

Suppose

| |

, - 6| | 7

6( ) 7

[ ]

4 5

Thus equation ( ) becomes

* ( )+

Question 16: Compute the Laplace Transform of , -

Solution:-
Let ( ) , -
Taking on both sides, we have
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+ *, -+

* ( )+ , - ( )

* ( )+ , - , - , - , -

* ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

* ( )+

* ( )+ | | | | | |

* ( )+ | | | | | |

* ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( )

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+

* ( )+
( )
Question 17:
Solution:-
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+

* ( )+ . /

* ( )+

* ( )+

From calculus,

Therefore,

* ( )+

Question 27:
Solution:-
Let ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

* ( )+

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+ . /

* ( )+ * ( ) ( )+

* ( )+ * ( ) ( )+

* ( )+ ( ) ( )

* ( )+ ( ) ( )

* ( )+ ( ) ( )| |

* ( )+ ( ) ( )( )

* ( )+ ( ) ( ) ( )

From calculus,

Differentiating with respect to we have

( )

When . Therefore,

( )

Thus equation ( ) becomes

* ( )+ ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

FORMULA:-
Let ( ) be any function, then the Laplace transformation of ( ) multiplied by
can be found by using the formula is given below:

* ( )+ ( ) * ( )+

Question 18:
Solution:-
Let ( )
By the formula, we have

* + ( ) * +

* + 2 3

* + [ 2 3]

* + [ ]
( )

* + [ ]
( )
( ) ( )
* + 6 7
( )
( ) ( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )
* +
( )
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Question 19:
Solution:-
Let ( )
By the formula, we have

* + ( ) * +

* + 2 3

* + [ 2 3]

( )
* + 6 7
( )

* + 6 7
( )

* + 6 7
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )( )
* + 6 7
( )
( )
* +
( )
Question 20:
Solution:-
Let ( )

( )

( ) , -

Taking on both sides, we have

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+ , * + * +-

* ( )+ [ ( ) . /]

( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )

* ( )+ 6 7
( )

* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )

* ( )+ 6 7
( )

* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( )
* ( )+
( )
Question 21:
Solution:-
Let ( )

( )

( ) , -

Taking on both sides, we have

* ( )+ , * + * +-

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+ 0 ( ) . /1 By the formula

( )
* ( )+ 6 4 57
( )

* ( )+ 6 4 57
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* ( )+ 6 4 57
( )
( )(
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( )
* ( )+ 6 7
( )
( )
* ( )+
( )
( )
* ( )+
( ) ( )

* ( )+
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
* ( )+
( )
FORMULA
If * ( )+ ( ) then
( ) ( )
8 9 ( )

Question # 22:-

SOLUTION:-
Let ( ) ()
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+
( )
By the formula 2 3 ( ) , we have

{ }

{ }

{ }

{ } | . /|

{ } 0 ( ) . /1

{ } . /

{ } . /

Question # 23:-

SOLUTION:-
Let ( ) ()
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * + * +

* ( )+
( )
By the formula 2 3 ( ) , we have

{ } ( )

{ }

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

{ } | | | ( )|

{ } | |

{ } | |

{ } [ ]

{ } 6 7

{ }

{ }

Question # 26:-

SOLUTION:-
Let ( ) ()
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

* ( )+
( )
By the formula 2 3 ( ) , we have

{ }

{ }

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

{ } | . /|

{ } | : ;|

{ } < : ;=

{ } 0 . /1

{ } . /

{ } ( )

Question : Compute the laplace transform of (Example 12)

SOLUTION:-
Let ( ) ()
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

* ( )+
( )
By the formula 2 3 ( ) , we have

{ }

{ } | . /|

{ } , ( ) ( )-

{ } ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

FORMULA
If g is piecewise continuous and is of exponential order a, then

8 ( ) 9 * ( )+

Question # 24:-

SOLUTION:-

Let ( )

Therefore, by the formula 2 ( ) 3 * ( )+, we have

8 9 { } ( )

Let ( ) ()
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +

* ( )+
( )
By the formula 2 3 ( ) , we have

{ }

{ }

{ }

{ } | . /|
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

{ } 0 ( ) . /1

{ } . /

{ } . /

Therefore equation (A) becomes

8 9 . /

Question # 25:-

Let ( )

Therefore, by the formula 2 ( ) 3 * ( )+, we have

8 9 { } ( )

Let ( ) ()
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * + * +

* ( )+
( )
By the formula 2 3 ( ) , we have

{ } ( )

{ }

{ } | | | ( )|

{ } | |

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

{ } | |

{ } [ ]

{ } 6 7

{ }

{ }

Therefore equation (A) becomes

8 9

Question: - Compute the Laplace Transform of (Example 13)

Solution:

Let ( )

Therefore, by the formula 2 ( ) 3 * ( )+, we have

8 9 { } ( )

Let ( ) ()
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * +
* ( )+ * + * +

* ( )+
( )
By the formula 2 3 ( ) , we have
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

{ } ( )

{ }

{ } | | | ( )|

{ } | |

{ } | |

{ } [ ]

{ } 6 7

{ }

{ }

Therefore equation (A) becomes

8 9

UNIT STEP FUNCTION

Definition:-
Let . The function defined on - , by

( ) *

is called the unit step function.

Theorem:- Let be the unit step function. Then,
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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+

Theorem: - Let f be a function of exponential order a and * ( )+ ( ) For the

function

( ) ( ) *
( )
We have,
* ( ) ( )+ * ( )+
Question # 28:- Compute the Laplace transform of

( ) *
( )
Solution:-
Given function is

( ) *
( )
Then we have,
( ) ( ) ( )
Taking on both sides, we have
* ( )+ * ( ) ( )+
* ( )+ * +

* ( )+

* ( )+

Question:- Compute the Laplace transform of (Example 14)

( ) *

Solution:-

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Given function is

( ) *

Firstly, we have to express in terms of so as to apply the formula.

As, ( ), let

( ) *
( )

Then ( ) ( ) ( )

Taking on both sides, we have

* ( )+ { ( ) ( )}

* ( )+ * +

* ( )+

Question # 29: If * ( )+ ( ) show that

* ( )+ . /

SOLUTION: -
Given that * ( )+ ( )
Then by definition

* ( )+ ( )

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+ ( )

* ( )+ { ( )}

* ( )+ . /

This completes the proof.

F0RMULA:
MOTIVATION:-
If there is a function such that it is a derivative of any other function.to finds the
Laplace transformation of such kind of function we use the following formula which is
stated below.
STATEMENT:-
Let ( ) is any function, then the Laplace transformation of ( ) can be found by the
following formula.
* ( )+ ( ) ( )
The application of this formula is stated in the following question.

Question # 32:- Compute { } Deduce 2 3.

SOLUTION:-
Let ( )
The power series expansion of is given by

Replacing by we have

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

Taking on both sides, we have

{ } < =

{ } { } { } { } { }

{ }

Here the sign denote the Gamma function.

{ }

Since Therefore,

{ }

{ } < =

{ } [ ]

{ } [ ]

{ } [ ]

{ } 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) 7

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B.Sc. Mathematics (Mathematical Methods) Chapter # 11: Laplace Transformation

{ }

Now, we have to deduce 2 3.

Since ( ) this implies that ( ) and

( )

Using the formula * ( )+ ( ) ( ) we have

8 9

8 9

8 9

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