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    Hydrological Cycle and Water Resources

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    janhavi28
    The document discusses the hydrological cycle and water resources. It describes the hydrological cycle as water passing between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere through processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration. It also discusses components of the water cycle like the water budget and distribution of global water resources, as well as topics like aquifers, groundwater, soil water retention, and the plant-water relationship.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Hydrological Cycle and Water Resources

    Uploaded by

    janhavi28
    28 views28 pages
    The document discusses the hydrological cycle and water resources. It describes the hydrological cycle as water passing between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere through processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration. It also discusses components of the water cycle like the water budget and distribution of global water resources, as well as topics like aquifers, groundwater, soil water retention, and the plant-water relationship.

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    surface water

    Original Title

    surfacewater-091026001444-phpapp02

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    The document discusses the hydrological cycle and water resources. It describes the hydrological cycle as water passing between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere through processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration. It also discusses components of the water cycle like the water budget and distribution of global water resources, as well as topics like aquifers, groundwater, soil water retention, and the plant-water relationship.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    28 views28 pages

    Hydrological Cycle and Water Resources

    Uploaded by

    janhavi28
    The document discusses the hydrological cycle and water resources. It describes the hydrological cycle as water passing between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere through processes like evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration. It also discusses components of the water cycle like the water budget and distribution of global water resources, as well as topics like aquifers, groundwater, soil water retention, and the plant-water relationship.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Hydrological Cycle and Water

    Resources
    Overview
    Intersection of Atmosphere, Hydrosphere,
    Lithosphere and Biosphere
    Hydrologic Cycle
    Components
    Water Budget
    The supply of water available for use
    Groundwater
    aquifers
    examples of aquifers as resources
    Global distribution of water resources
    Pollution
    transpiration vegetation
    Root
    uptake
    precipitation for
    Atmosphere Biosphere photo-
    evapotranspiration synthesis
    infilitration
    soil
    evaporation
    evaporation precipitation percolation

    Hydrosphere Lithosphere
    runoff
    oceans groundwater
    watersheds (drainage basins) aquifers
    river systems Karst topography
    Hydrologic Cycle
    Describes the way that water passes
    between hydro-, atmo-, litho- , biospheres
    In general
    describes the balance between water leaving
    the atmosphere (precipitation) and water re-
    entering the atmosphere (evaporation, and
    transpiration)
    More specifically
    details the processes that occur in between the
    general processes described above (infiltration,
    percolation, runoff, photosynthesis)
    Infiltration
    Water access to subsurface regions of soil moisture
    storage through penetration of the soil surface
    Occurs at a constant rate, measured the same way as
    precipitation
    e.g., inches per hour, millimeters per hour
    If precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate, runoff
    will occur.
    Capillarity
    Forces that cause water to move upward through the
    soil
    Plant root uptake (transpiration is essentially capillary action
    through the plant, from root to leaf)
    Evaporation of water at the soils surface
    Common in arid regions
    Runoff occurs when individual soil particles
    can no longer hold onto infiltrated water
    Dynamic tension between attractive forces
    (holding soil and water particles together) and
    gravity (pulling water away from soil).
    Affected by the size of soil particles: smaller particles
    have a greater summed surface area, and can hold onto
    water more strongly
    Sand, silt, clay
    Hygroscopic water (or unavailable water)
    held tightly by soil, not available to plants or capillary
    evaporation (attractive forces much greater than gravity)
    Capillary water (or available water)
    soil holds water tightly enough to prevent runoff, but not
    capillarity (attractive forces balanced with gravity)
    Saturation
    Gravitational water (runoff)
    soil cannot hold onto water (gravity exceeds attractive
    forces)
    The ability of soil
    to retain moisture
    is a direct
    consequence of
    hydrogen bonding
    between water and
    soil particles
    (colloids)
    Texture of colloids
    affects retention of
    water as well
    Gravel
    Sand 2mm
    Silt 50 m
    Clay 2 m

    Finer particles
    retain more water
    Gravitational water
    not held by soil,
    available to plants or
    Root
    runoff and
    percolation
    Root exerts
    additional Capillary
    capillary force water held
    by the colloid,
    but available
    Colloid to plants
    Hygroscopic
    water held
    tightly by
    the colloid
    Finer particles create smaller pores, so there is less gravitational
    water, hence better moisture retention
    Finer particles have more surface area per volume, which allows
    greater opportunity for water to attach, and causes greater amounts
    of hygroscopic water as well as capillary water. As particle size
    decreases, capillary water increases initially, then decreases as
    hygroscopic water increases

    4 2 1

    1 4 4 4 4
    8 8
    4+4+4+4 2 4 4 4 4
    4 = 16 4 4 4 4
    8 8
    4 4 4 4

    Surface area = 16 Surface area = 32 Surface area = 64


    Field Capacity
    This refers to the maximum amount of
    capillary/available water a specific soil type can
    hold.
    Adding more water to the soil, after field capacity
    is reached, results in the build up of gravitational
    water, and runoff and percolation occur
    Wilting Point
    The amount of hygroscopic water that a specific
    soil type can hold
    When all available water is gone and only
    hygroscopic water remains, there is no water
    available to plants (hence the name)
    Varies with soil particle size mixture
    smaller particles hold more water
    clays can hold water too strongly (less available)
    Loams tend to have highest field capacity
    % Soil
    Moisture

    % Fine Particles % Organic matter


    Plant-Water Interaction
    Plant roots exert an attractive force on
    available soil water (Capillary Force)
    Photosynthesis (absorbs solar energy)
    6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
    Respiration (releases solar energy)
    C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
    Storing energy as sugar or starch also stores
    water; plant growth and life processes
    release water
    Transpiration: respiratory water released as
    water vapor
    Soil-Water Budget
    A mathematical way of expressing the
    difference between input (precipitation) of
    water into an area against its output
    (evapotranspiration and runoff).
    Conceptually very similar to hydrological cycle

    PRECIP = ACTET + SURPL + STRG


    where ACTET = POTET DEFIC

    Precipitation = Evapotranspiration +
    gravitational water + available water

    Varies over space and time


    Variables
    PRECIP: Precipitation
    ACTET: Actual evapotranspiration. Occurs when
    plants do not have sufficient water to reach their
    maximum metabolic potential
    POTET: Potential evapotranspiration. Represents
    the maximum metabolic potential of plants, and
    occurs when there is sufficient water
    DEFIC: The amount of water short of achieving
    POTET
    SURPL: Surplus water, corresponds to
    gravitational water
    STRG: Change in storage. Corresponds to
    capillary water (available water).
    Negative if plants are utilizing the available water
    Positive if available water is being recharged to field
    capacity
    Scenarios
    PRECIP > POTET
    POTET = ACTET
    DEFICIT = 0
    SURPL + STRG > 0
    Fall: STRG > 0, SURPL = 0; Available water increases
    until Field Capacity is achieved (Soil Moisture Recharge)
    Spring: SURPL > 0, STRG = 0 (after Field Capacity is
    reached), gravitational water; runoff and percolation occur
    PRECIP < POTET
    DEFIC > 0
    ACTET = POTET DEFIC
    SURPL = 0, no runoff or percolation
    STRG < 0, available water is utilized until the
    wilting point is met

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