Short-Circuit Analysis

IEC Standard

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC

 Purpose of Short-Circuit
Studies
A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine
any or all of the following:
Verify protective device close and latch capability

Verify protective device interrupting capability

Protect equipment from large mechanical forces

(maximum fault kA)

I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress)

Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 2

 Types of Short-Circuit Faults

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 3

 Types of Short-Circuit Faults
Types of SC Faults
Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault
Three-Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault
Phase to Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Ground Fault

Fault Current
IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all
faults).
In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G .87 * I3-phase
In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition
is frequently the only one considered, since this type of
fault generally results in Maximum current.
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 4
 Short-Circuit Phenomenon

v(t) i(t)
v(t) Vm Sin( t )

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 5

 v(t)
i(t)

di
v(t) Ri L Vm Sin( t ) (1)
dt
Solving equation 1 yields the following expression
R
- t
sin( - ) e L
Vm Vm
i(t) sin( t - )
Z Z

Steady State Transient
(DC Offset)

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 6

 AC Current (Symmetrical) with
No AC Decay

DC Current

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 7

 AC Fault Current Including the
DC Offset (No AC Decay)

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 8

 Machine Reactance ( = L I )

AC Decay Current

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 9

 Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 10

 IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation (IEC 909)
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I"k)

Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)

Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current

(Ib)

Steady-State Short-Circuit Current (Ik)

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 11

 IEC Short-Circuit
Calculation Method
Ik = Equivalent V @ fault location divided by
equivalent Z

Equivalent V is based bus nominal kV and c

factor

XFMR and machine Z adjusted based on

cmax, component Z & operating conditions

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 12

 Transformer Z Adjustment
KT -- Network XFMR

KS,KSO Unit XFMR for faults on system

side

KT,S,KT,SO Unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary

system, not between Gen & XFMR

K=1 Unit XFMR for faults between Gen &

XFMR
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 13
 Syn Machine Z Adjustment
KG Synchronous machine w/o unit XFMR

KS,KSO With unit XFMR for faults on

system side

KG,S,KG,SO With unit XFMR for faults in

auxiliary system, including points between
Gen & XFMR

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 14

 Types of Short-Circuits

Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition to which at least
one synchronous machine contributes a
prospective initial short-circuit current which is
more than twice the generators rated current, or
a short-circuit condition to which synchronous
and asynchronous motors contribute more than
5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
( I"k) without motors.
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 15
 Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 16

 Types of Short-Circuits

Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition during which the
magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of
available short-circuit current remains essentially
constant.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 17

 Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 18

 Factors Used in If Calc
calc ip based on Ik

calc ib for near-to-gen & not meshed network

q calc induction machine ib for near-to-gen & not

meshed network

Equation (75) of Std 60909-0, adjusting Ik for

near-to-gen & meshed network

min & max calc ik

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 19

 IEC Short-Circuit Study Case

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 20

 Types of Short-Circuits

When these options

are selected
Maximum voltage factor is used

Minimum impedance is used (all negative

tolerances are applied and minimum
resistance temperature is considered)

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 21

 Types of Short-Circuits

When this option is

selected
Minimum voltage factor is used

Maximum impedance is used (all positive

tolerances are applied and maximum
resistance temperature is considered)

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 22

 Voltage Factor (c)
Ratio between equivalent voltage &
nominal voltage

Required to account for:

Variations due to time & place

Transformer taps

Static loads & capacitances

Generator & motor subtransient behavior

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 23
 Calculation Method

Breaking kA is more
conservative if the option
No Motor Decay is
selected

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 24

 IEC SC 909 Calculation

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 25

 Device Duty Comparison

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 26

 Mesh & Non-Mesh If
ETAP automatically determines mesh & non-
meshed contributions according to individual
contributions

IEC Short Circuit Mesh Determination

Method 0, 1, or 2 (default)

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 27

 L-G Faults

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 28

 L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 29

 Sequence Networks

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 30

 L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections

If 3 Ia 0
3 VPr efault
If
Z1 Z 2 Z0
if Zg 0

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 31

 L-L Fault Sequence Network
Connections

Ia 2 I a1
3 VPr efault
If
Z1 Z 2

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 32

 L-L-G Fault Sequence
Network Connections

Ia 2 I a1 I a 0 0 Ia
VPr efault
If
Z0 Z 2
Z1
Z0 Z 2
if Zg 0

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 33

Transformer Zero Sequence Connections

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 34

 Solid Grounded Devices
and L-G Faults
Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be
greater if :
Z1 Z2 & Z0 Z1
If this conditions are true then :
I f3 I f1
This may be the case if Generators or
Y/ Connected transformer are solidly
grounded.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 35

 Zero Sequence Model
Branch susceptances and static
loads including capacitors will be
considered when this option is
checked
Recommended by IEC for
systems with isolated neutral,
resonant earthed neutrals &
earthed neutrals with earth fault
factor > 1.4

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 36

 Unbalanced Faults Display
& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults

One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 37

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
Total Fault Current Waveform

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 38

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
Percent DC Current Waveform

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 39

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
AC Component of Fault Current Waveform

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 40

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 41

 Transient Fault Current
Calculation (IEC 61363)
Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 42

 IEC Transient Fault Current
Calculation

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 43

 Unbalanced Faults Display
& Reports
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults

One-line diagram displayed results that

include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 44

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 45
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 46