Professional Engineers Registration Examination

FUNDAMENTALS
of
Engineering
Examination
2015

professional engineers board Singapore

52 Jurong Gateway Road #07-03 Jurong East Mall Singapore 608550
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Professional Engineers Registration Examination

Fundamentals of Engineering Examination 2015

Information for Applicants

Content Page

1 Introduction .........................................................................................2
2 Eligibility To Sit For Examination.............................................................2
3 Fees ....................................................................................................2
4 Dates Of Examination ............................................................................3
5 Venue ..................................................................................................3
6 Application ...........................................................................................3
7 Structure Of Examination .......................................................................3
8 Final Results and Notification..... 4
9 Examination Appeals...4
10 Review Courses ....................................................................................4
11 Refund Of Fees .....................................................................................4

Annex A: FORMAT AND SYLLABUS, READING LISTS AND

QUESTIONS FROM PAST YEAR PAPERS
I Fundamentals Of Engineering Examination (Civil)..5
Recommended Reading List (Civil)
Questions From Past Year Papers (Civil)

II Fundamentals Of Engineering Examination (Electrical).20

Recommended Reading List (Electrical)
Questions From Past Year Papers (Electrical)

III Fundamentals Of Engineering Examination (Mechanical).29

Questions From Past Year Papers (Mechanical)

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Professional Engineers Registration Examination

Fundamentals of Engineering Examination 2015
Information for Applicants

1 INTRODUCTION

The mission of the Professional Engineers Board is to safeguard life, property,

and welfare of the public by setting and maintaining high standards for
registering professional engineers and by regulating and advancing the practice
of professional engineering.

The Professional Engineers Board registers professional engineers in the

branches of civil, electrical and mechanical engineering. A person applying for
registration as a professional engineer to the Professional Engineers Board is
required to hold an approved degree or qualification listed in the Professional
Engineers (Approved Qualifications) Notification and acquired not less than 4
years of relevant practical experience. He is also required to sit and pass
examinations prescribed by the Board. The applicant is required to sit and pass
the Fundamentals of Engineering Examination and following that, to sit and
pass the Practice of Professional Engineering Examination. In addition, the
applicant is required to attend an interview.

The following sections set out the requirements and details for the
Fundamentals of Engineering Examination 2015 while details on other
application requirements are available on the PEB website at www.peb.gov.sg.

2 ELIGIBILITY TO SIT FOR EXAMINATION

The Fundamentals of Engineering Examination tests an applicants knowledge

of fundamental engineering subjects in civil, electrical or mechanical
engineering. A person may apply to sit for the Fundamentals of Engineering
Examination after he has obtained an approved degree or qualification listed in
the Professional Engineers (Approved Qualifications) Notification or has proper
and recognised academic qualifications in engineering accepted by the Board.

3 FEES

The fees for an application to sit for the Fundamentals of Engineering

Examination is $350.

4 DATES OF EXAMINATION

The dates for the Fundamentals of Engineering Examination 2015 are:

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a) Civil Engineering 29 September 2015

b) Electrical Engineering 30 September 2015
c) Mechanical Engineering 30 September 2015

5 VENUE

Details of the venue would be given to successful applicants at a later date.

6 APPLICATION

Application and payment shall be made online at PEB website

(http://www.peb.gov.sg) no later than 30 June 2015, and required documents
are to be submitted to PEB within a week after online application. Applicants
are advised to send in their applications early to allow time for processing. They
would be informed of the status of their applications and other details by post
at least two weeks before the examinations.

7 STRUCTURE OF EXAMINATION

A summary of the structure of the Fundamentals of Engineering Examination is

shown in the table below. The examination is open book and further details
are given in Annex A: Format and Syllabus, Reading Lists and Questions
From Past Year Papers.

Subjects Time Allocated Format

FEE Part 1
40 Multiple Choice
Core engineering subjects *3 hours & 10 mins
Questions (MCQ)
in civil/mechanical/electrical (9.00 am 12.10 pm)
engineering

FEE Part 2 Answer 5 out of 9

Core/Elective subjects in questions (civil)
*3 hours & 10 minutes
civil/electrical/mechanical Answer 5 out of 7
(2.00 pm 5.10 pm)
engineering questions (electrical,
mechanical)

* includes 10 minutes for reading the exam questions, etc

8 FINAL RESULTS AND NOTIFICATION

Examination results will be given to candidates on a Pass/Fail basis. No

examination scores or marks will be given to candidates. Examination results
will be mailed to the candidates within twelve weeks after the examination.

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9 EXAMINATION APPEALS

A candidate who has failed the examination may submit a written appeal to
review his/her performance together with a payment of $25. The appeal is to
be made within 2 weeks after the receipt of results and late appeals would not
be considered. The result of the appeal/review will be sent by written mail to
the appeal candidate. The appeal candidate would not be allowed to review his
examination paper.

10 REVIEW COURSES

The Board does not endorse any review courses or materials provided as study
aides.

11 REFUND OF FEES

Where an applicant who has been accepted is unable to sit for the examination
subsequently, the Board may, at its discretion, refund $100 to the applicant if
the applicant informs the Board at least a week before the examination or
submit an original medical certificate by mail within 2 weeks after the
examination. Scanned copy of medical certificates submitted via email will not
be accepted. There will be no refund if the applicant informs the Board less
than a week before the examination.

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Annex A: FORMAT AND SYLLABUS, READING LISTS AND

QUESTIONS FROM PAST YEAR PAPERS

I Fundamentals Of Engineering Examination (Civil)

The examination will focus on testing the fundamentals of civil engineering.

The 6-hour examination will comprise two parts. Part 1 catering for breadth,
will comprise questions on core civil engineering subjects, typical of courses
covered during the 1st and 2nd year of a 4-year civil engineering undergraduate
course. Part 2 catering for depth, will comprise more core and elective civil
engineering courses covered during the 3rd and 4th year of a 4-year civil
engineering undergraduate course.

(Both BS and EC codes can be used for this examination.)

Format

FEE Part 1 (Civil) (3 hours & 10 mins) 40 MCQ questions

CE 101 Mechanics of Materials

CE 102 Structural Mechanics
CE 103 Structural Analysis
CE 104 Soil Mechanics
CE 105 Fluid Mechanics

FEE Part 2 (Civil) (3 hours & 10 mins) 5 out of 9 questions

CE 201 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structures (2 Qs)

CE 202 Steel and Composite Structures (2 Qs)
CE 203 Geotechnical Engineering (2 Qs)
CE 204 Transportation (1 Q)
CE 205 Hydraulics and Hydrology (1 Q)
CE 206 Environmental Engineering (1 Q)

Syllabus

CE 101 Mechanics of Materials

Mechanics of Materials
Strength, stiffness and deformability; Stress-strain relations;
ductility and brittle fracture; time-dependent properties; creep,
creep rupture; relaxation; cyclic load behaviour.

Concrete Technology
Concrete-making materials, properties of fresh and hardened
concrete, mixing, placing, and curing, mix design, destructive and

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non-destructive tests, quality control, durability, and special

concrete.
Steel
Basic metallurgy, mechanical properties and applications, welding
technology and corrosion.

CE 102 Structural Mechanics

Structural Mechanics
Statics and kinetics of particles, equilibrium of rigid bodies,
kinematics and plane motion of rigid bodies, analysis of simple
trusses and beams, analysis of structural members subjected to
tension, compression, torsion, and bending, including such
fundamental concepts as stress, strain, and elastic behaviour. Bar
forces in compound and complex trusses. Bending moment,
shear and axial forces of beams and frames.

CE 103 Structural Analysis

Structural Analysis
Displacements of elastic determinate structures: principle of
virtual work and energy theorems. Analysis of indeterminate
structures. Deformation of indeterminate structures and
influence line method. Displacement techniques using slope-
deflection and moment distribution methods. Plastic theory and
analysis. Theory and applications of modern structural analysis.
Concepts of equilibrium, compatibility and force-displacement
relationships. Direct stiffness method. Matrix formulation of
trusses, beams and frames. Stability concepts and elastic
stability analysis of framed structures.

CE 104 Soil Mechanics

Basic geology, unified soil classification system, mechanical

properties, effective stress principle, shear strength,
compressibility, and seepage and consolidation; Mohr-Coulomb
failure criterion (drained and undrained), settlement calculations,
rate of consolidation using classical Terzaghi theory.

CE 105 Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics
Fluid properties; hydrostatic pressure and thrust; buoyancy;
stability of floating bodies.

Fluid Motion
Continuity equations; Bernoullis equation; linear momentum
equation.

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Similitude
Dimensional analysis; design of hydraulic models.

CE 201 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Structures

RC Design
Basic structural members and structural systems. Loads and
load effects. Section analysis and design for bending. Design
for shear, torsion and bond. Corbels. Serviceability and
durability requirements. Design of short and slender columns.
Design of slab systems. Concentrated loads on slabs. Design
of foundations. Retaining walls. Reinforced concrete detailing.

Prestressed Concrete Design

Basic concepts of prestressing. Materials and prestressing
systems. Prestressed losses and time dependent deformation.
Behaviour and design of members subject to flexure, shear and
combined axial and bending action.

CE 202 Steel and Composite Structures

Steel Design
Limit state design. Material properties and structural responses.
Local buckling and section classifications. Design of fully
restrained beams. Shear buckling and design of plate girder.
Web bearing and buckling. Design of web stiffeners. Lateral-
torsional buckling and design of laterally unrestrained beams.
Tension and compression members. Axially loaded members
with end moments. Design of steel connections. Plastic design
of portal frames. Continuous multi-storey frames.

Composite (Steel-Concrete) Design

Structural modeling and design concepts. Moment capacity and
shear resistance, full and partial connection of composite beams.
Design of composite slab. Design of composite columns.

CE 203 Geotechnical Engineering

Slope Stability and Earth Retaining Structures

Introduction to slope stability and earth retaining structures;
slopes and embankments; earth pressure and retaining
structures; deep excavations; calculation of active and passive
earth pressures; design considerations pertaining to deep
excavations.

Foundation Engineering

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Site investigation and interpretation of soil reports; shallow

foundations and deep foundations; selection of appropriate
foundation type; capacity and settlement requirements.

CE 204 Transportation

Transportation Engineering
Transportation systems, planning and management; geometric
design of roads and intersections; design of flexible and rigid
pavements.

Traffic Engineering
Traffic flow studies; traffic data analysis; traffic management;
highway and intersection capacity; traffic signal control. Parking.

CE 205 Hydraulics and Hydrology

Hydraulics
Friction and minor losses in pipe flow; pipe and pump systems;
pipe network analysis; open channel flow; uniform flow,
Mannings equation; critical flow; energy and momentum
principles; hydraulic jumps; gradually varied flows, backwater
computation.

Hydrology
Processes in the hydrologic cycle: basic meteorology, rainfall
precipitation, evaporation and transpiration, infiltration, sub-
surface flow, surface runoff, streamflow measurement and
hydrograph analysis; unit hydrograph principles and applications;
frequency analysis of rainfall or flood data; reservoir and channel
flood routing; urban storm drainage design, flood peak
estimation.

CE 206 Environmental Engineering

Environmental Engineering
Basic physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters;
physical, chemical, and biological processes for water and
wastewater treatment; water treatment principles and design;
water distribution systems; wastewater collection and pumping
systems; wastewater treatment design; pretreatment, primary,
secondary, tertiary treatment, and anaerobic digestion.

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Recommended Reading List for Civil Engineering

FEE Part 1 (Civil)

CE101 Mechanics of Materials
1) R. C. Hibbeler, Mechanics of Materials 9th Edition SI units, 2014.

CE120 Structural Mechanics

1) H. H. West and L. F. Geshwinder, Fundamentals of Structural Analysis 2nd Edition (2002),
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

CE103 Structural Analysis

1) H. H. West and L. F. Geshwinder, Fundamentals of Structural Analysis 2nd Edition (2002),
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

CE104 Soil Mechanics

1) Knappett, J.A. and Craig, R.F., Craigs Soil Mechanics 8th edition, Spon Press, 2012

CE105 Fluid Mechanics

1) J. B. Franzini, E. and J. Finnemore, Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications

FEE Part 2 (Civil)

CE201 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Strucutres
1) E. O'Brien, A. Dixon and E. Sheils, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design to EC2: The
Complete Process 2nd Edition (2013), Spon Press.
2) P. Bhatt, T.J. MacGinley and B.S. Choo, Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocodes Design
Theory & Examples 4th Edition (2014), CRC Press Taylor& Francis Group.
3) F. K. Kong and R. H. Evans, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete, 3rd Edition (1987) Van
Nostrand and Reinhold, UK.

CE202 Steel and Composite Structures

1) D. Lam, T. C. Ang and S. P. Chiew, Structural Steelwork Design to Limit State Theory, 4th
edition (2014), CRC Press, UK.
2) R. P. Johnson, Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete-Beams, Slabs, Columns and
Frames for Buildings, 3rd edition (2004), Blackwell Publication, UK.

CE203 Geotechnical Engineering

1) J. A. Knappett, and R. F. Craig, Craigs Soil Mechanics 8th edition (2012), Spon Press.
2) D. P. Coduto, M. R. Yeung, and W. A. Kitch, Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and
Practices, 2nd edition (2011), Pearson.
3) M. J. Tomlinson, Foundation Design and Construction, Prentice Hall, 2001.

CE204 Transportation
1) F. L. Mannering, S. S. Washburn, and W. P. Kilareski, Principles of Highway Engineering and
Traffic Analysis 4th Edition (2009), Wiley.
2) N. Garber and L. Hoel, Traffic and Highway Engineering 4th Edition (2010) Cengage
Learning.
3) A. T. Papagiannakis, and E. A. Masad, Pavement Design and Materials, 2008, Wiley.

CE205 Hydraulics and Hydrology

1) R. K. Linsley, M. A. Kohler, and J. L. H. Paulhus, Hydrology for Engineers, SI Edition,
McGraw Hill Book Co. 1998.
2) J. B. Franzini, E. and J. Finnemore, Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications
McGraw-Hill

CE206 Environmental Engineering

1) Viessman and Hammer, Water Supply and Pollution Control, 7th Edition (2004), Pearson
Prentice Hall

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Questions From Past Year Papers for Fundamentals Of Engineering

Examination Part 1 (Civil)
(Actual paper comprises 40 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) of 2.5 marks each.
Answer all questions.)

1. A steel bar comprises three sections of three cross sections as shown in Fig. Q1.
The diameters of parts AB, BC and CD are 25 mm, 15 mm and 35 mm
respectively. The bar is subjected to an axial tensile force of 5 kN. If Youngs
modulus of steel is 200 kN/mm2, and the elongations of the three sections of
the bars are 1, 2 and 3 respectively, calculate the ratio of the largest to the
smallest of these three elongations.
(a) 1.96
(b) 2.33
(c) 5.44
(d) 2.77

Fig.Q1

2. Three plane trusses are shown in Fig.Q2. The statical determinacy of the
trusses, (1), (2) and (3) are respectively:
(a) determinate, indeterminate, unstable
(b) determinate, determinate, unstable
(c) determinate, indeterminate, determinate
(d) indeterminate, indeterminate, determinate

Fig.Q2

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3. The static indeterminacy of the beams, (1), (2), (3) and (4) shown in Fig.Q3 are
respectively:

(a) 1, 4, 5, 1
(b) 2, 4, 5, 2
(c) 1, 4, 5, 2
(d) 1, 5, 4, 1

Fig.Q3

4. A reinforced concrete column shown in Fig.Q4 supports a load of 10 kN. The

load is shared between the steel reinforcement and the concrete. The cross-
sectional areas and Youngs moduli are:
Ac = 1 x 104 mm2 and Ec = 20 kN/mm2
As = 200 mm2 and Es = 210 kN/mm2

What is the force carried by the steel reinforcement?

(a) 1.96 kN
(b) 2.74 kN
(c) 2.96 kN
(d) 1.74 kN

Fig.Q4

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5. If seawater is used in place of potable water to cast OPC concrete, the effect is
to
1. increase its strength;
2. reduce its strength;
3. retard setting;
4. decrease its durability.

Of the above,
(a) 1 and 3 are correct
(b) 2 and 3 are correct
(c) 2 and 4 are correct
(d) 1 and 4 are correct

6. Find the position at which the maximum upward deflection for this beam with
an overhang as shown in Fig.Q6 occurs.

(a) L/4 from A

(b) L/3 from A
(c) L/2 from A
(d) 2L/3 from A

Fig.Q6

7. A river is 3m deep and the river bed consists of a thick deposit of clay with a
saturated unit weight of 20kN/m3. What is the effective stress of the clay layer
at a depth of 3m below the river bed level?

(a) 30 kN/m2
(b) 60 kN/m2
(c) 90 kN/m2
(d) 120 kN/m2

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8. During the site investigation for a deep foundation design, you discover in the
borehole a layer of soft clay 5m deep where you had expected a hard stratum
at the estimated depth of pile toe. Which of the following action would you take?

(a) Bore an extra 5m deeper than the original plan

(b) Stop boring and move to the next borehole location
(c) Continue boring until stronger soil is found
(d) Abandon the site

9. In the figure below, what is the gauge pressure of air inside the closed
container?

(a) 19,620 N/m2

(b) 13,873 N/m2
(c) 16,991 N/m2
(d) Cannot be determined

10. A 1:20 scale river model is designed based on Froude number similarity. What
is the prototype flow velocity which corresponds to a model measured velocity
V
of 0.5 m/s? Given Froude number Fr
gL
(a) 10 m/s
(b) 158.1 m/s
(c) 2.24 m/s
(d) None of the above

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Questions From Past Year Papers for Fundamentals Of Engineering

Examination Part 2 (Civil)
(Actual paper comprises 9 questions. Answer 5 questions)

Q1.
To facilitate excavation for a new underground MRT station, a steel strutting and
waling system together with concrete diaphragm wall are to be used for its
construction. The designed strut force to be transmitted to the concrete wall is 3500
kN as shown in Figure Q1.

(a) Calculate the bearing and buckling resistances of the unstiffened web of the
waler in the strut-waler connection. The sizes of the strut and waler as well as
the strut-waler connection details are indicated clearly in the figure.
(10 marks)

(b) Determine whether the unstiffened web of the waler is adequate to transfer
the design strut force or not. Propose an effective strengthening scheme if it is
inadequate. Detailed design of the strengthening scheme is not required.
(10 marks)

You may assume that the strut is not at the end or near the end of the waler. State
clearly your other design assumptions, if any.

Figure Q1

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Q2.
Figure Q2 shows part of a concrete floor supported by columns. The building is
braced in two orthogonal directions. The clear storey height is 4 m and the effective
length factor is 0.85. The interior column at A carries an ultimate axial load of 3200
kN from the beams which are symmetrically arranged. The exterior column at B
carries an ultimate axial load of 1700 kN and a moment M, transmitted from the
beam spanning between AB. Use fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2. Assume a 60
mm cover to the centroid of longitudinal reinforcement.

(a) Determine a square column section at A with a reinforcement ratio of about

0.02. Give your answer to the nearest 25 mm. Design the reinforcement and
show the arrangement of bars and links on a sketch of the section.
(7 marks)

(b) Determine the design moment in column B from the simplified sub-frame in
Figure Q2. The beam stiffness is 2 times of the column members. The ultimate
design load on beam AB is 62 kN/m. Design the reinforcement and show the
arrangement of bars and links on a sketch of the section.

What is the maximum clear storey height permitted without reduction of

column strength for slenderness effects?
(13 marks)

Figure Q2

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Q3.
A proposed commercial development comprising a 30-storey tower block and a 6-
storey podium block will be built on a site adjacent to an elevated MRT station and
viaduct supported on pile foundations and low rise shop-houses on bakau piles.
There is no basement planned for this development.

The subsoil conditions from preliminary site investigations are shown in Figure
Q3(a). Groundwater table was observed about 1m below the existing ground level.

(a) Evaluate the feasibility of bored piles and driven RC piles for the proposed
development, and recommend the most appropriate pile foundation system.
Suggest measures to mitigate some of the construction problems you may
encounter at the site in view of the proximity to sensitive structures.

(12 marks)

(b) For the plot of effective overburden pressure, po, and preconsolidation
pressure, pc , shown in Figure Q3(b), evaluate the degree of consolidation of
the marine clay layer under the existing ground conditions, and state whether
negative skin friction will act along the pile shaft. Without going into
calculations, suggest a penetration depth for your recommended pile
foundation system at BH1 and sketch the distribution of axial load along pile
shaft.

(8 marks)

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Q3. (Contd)

Design Information Sheet for Q3

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Q4.

(a) A pair of vertical curves are to connect a series of tangent grades for which
the slopes are shown in Figure Q4. The middle section is 150 metres long.

3%
+2% +4%

150 m

Figure Q4

The following information is provided for design calculation.

Driver reaction time: 2.5 seconds
Driver eye height: 1.050 metres
Tyre-pavement friction coefficient: 0.30
Object height for stopping: 0.150 metres
Road design speed: 70 km/h

(i) The required minimum stopping sight distance for motorists is found to
be 120.0 metres on the crest curve, and 122.7 metres on the sag curve.
Show how the value for the minimum stopping sight distance is obtained
for either the crest curve or the sag curve.

(ii) Calculate the minimum length of the crest curve, and the sag curve, that
satisfies the respective minimum stopping sight distance. Hence, show
that the middle section is too short for the pair of vertical curves to be
fully developed.
(10 marks)

(b) A 3-layer flexible pavement is to be constructed using materials with

properties given in the following table.

Drainage Layer SN value above

Material coefficient coefficient layer (from
(ms) (as) AASHTO charts)
Asphalt concrete impermeable 0.45 not applicable
Granite aggregate 1.20 0.20 2.3
Sandy gravel 1.10 0.12 3.3
Roadbed soil 0.60 0.05 4.3

(i) Compute the thickness of each layer in the flexible pavement.

(ii) List several advantages of a flexible pavement design over that of a

rigid pavement.
(10 marks)

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Q4. (Contd)

LIST OF FORMULAE

Reaction Distance, dr:

dr
v
tr

Braking Distance, db:

v2
db
2g ( f G )

Minimum Length (Crest Curve), Lmin:

AS 2
When S L


200 h1 h2
2

Lmin


2 S 200 h1 h2 2

When S L
A

Minimum Length (Sag Curve), Lmin:

AS 2 AS 2
200 0.6 S tan 1 120 3.5S
WhenS L

Lmin

2S

200 0.6 S tan 1
2S

120 3.5S
WhenS L
A A

AASHTO Structural Number (SN) Equation:

SN = a1D1 +a2D2m2 +a3D3m3 +...

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II Fundamentals Of Engineering Examination (Electrical)

The examination will focus on testing the fundamentals of electrical power

engineering. The 6-hour examination will comprise two parts.

Format

FEE Part 1 (Electrical) (3 hours & 10 mins) - 40 MCQ questions

EE 101 Principles of Power Engineering

FEE Part 2 (Electrical) (3 hours & 10 mins) - 5 out of 7 questions

EE 201 Power System Analysis and Utilization

Syllabus

EE 101 Principles of Power Engineering

Three-phase Circuits and Systems

Review of single-phase circuits. Three-phase voltage generation.
Phasor diagrams. Wye and delta connections. Balanced three-phase
loads. Active, reactive and apparent power. Power measurements.
Power factor correction.

Magnetism and Magnetic Circuits

Magnetic fields. Magnetic materials and magnetization curves.
Magnetic equivalent circuits. Electromagnetic induction. Sinusoidal
excitation. Magnetic losses.

Transformers
Ideal transformer. Equivalent circuits. Phasor diagrams.
Determination of parameters. Performance evaluation.
Autotransformers. Three-phase transformers.

AC and DC Machines
DC Machines: operating principle, voltage and torque equations,
classification, torque-speed characteristics, losses and efficiency.
Three-phase induction motors: operating principle, equivalent circuit,
torque-speed characteristics, losses and efficiency.

Power Electronics and Drives

Introduction to power conversion. Harmonics. AC to DC conversion.
DC to DC conversion. DC to AC conversion. DC servo motor drive
systems. AC variable-speed induction motor drive systems.
Permanent magnet and stepping motor drive systems.

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Fundamental of Power System

Energy sources. Per unit system. Power system components and
representation: synchronous generators, transmission lines and
cables. Load representations. Power transfer.

Power Flow Modelling

System components modelling. Formulation of power flow equations.
Methods of power flow solution. Case studies.

EE 201 Power System Analysis and Utilizations

Active Power and Frequency Control

Governor control systems. Area control errors and load frequency
control. Energy offers. Transmission losses, penalty factors and loss
coefficients. Economic dispatch. Automatic generation control.
Electricity market environment. Active power control devices.

Reactive Power and Voltage Control

Production and absorption of reactive power. Methods of voltage
control. Reactive power and voltage control devices. Application to
transmission and distribution systems.

Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults

Three-phase faults and fault level calculations. Symmetrical
components. Sequence impedances and sequence networks.
Unsymmetrical faults.

Electric Power Distribution Systems

Distribution system configurations. Primary and secondary
distribution. Ring, radial and inter-connected systems. Distribution
substation layout. Planning criteria and network design. Fault
diagnosis and restoration of supply. Expert system applications.

Building Services Engineering

Estimation of power demand. LV cables and busway systems.
Conductor sizing factors. Circuit protective conductor. Earth leakage
and touch voltage. Inspection and testing. Lightning protection.

General Protection Principles

Basic protection principles Instrument transformers. Coordination of
overcurrent and earth protection for distribution systems. Pilot-wire
differential protection of feeders.

Applications of High-voltage Engineering

Acceptance and routine tests on apparatus. Fault locating methods.
Condition monitoring and aging assessment. Case studies.

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Recommended Reading List for Electrical Engineering

FEE Part 1 (Electrical)

EE 101 Principles of Power Engineering

1) Guru Bhag S and Hiziroglu Huseyin R, Electric Machinery and Transformers, 3rd Edition,
Oxford University Press, 2001.

2) Sen Paresh Chandra, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, Hoboken,
NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.

3) Chapman Stephen J, Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals, 1st Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 2002.

4) Wildi Theodore, Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems, 6th Edition,
Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2006

FEE Part 2 (Electrical)

EE 201 Power System Analysis and Utilizations

1) Grainger John J and Stevenson William D, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1994.

2) Bergen Arthur R and Vittal Vijay, Power System Analysis, 2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2000.

3) Weedy B M and Cory B J, Jenkins N, Ekanayake J B, Strbac G, Electric Power Systems, 5th
Edition, John Wiley, 2012.

4) Pabla A S, Electric Power Distribution, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2011.

5) Code of Practice for Electrical Installations, (Singapore Standards, CP5 1998), Singapore
Productivity and Standards Board, 1998.

6) Lakervi E and Holmes E J, Electricity Distribution Network Design, (IEE Power Engineering
Series), 2nd Edition, London: Peter Peregrinus, 2003.

7) Paithankar Y G, Transmission Network Protection: Theory and Practice, Mercel Dekker, 1998.

8) Gers Juan M and Holmes Edward J, Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks,

Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2011.

9) Naidu M S and Kamaraju V, High Voltage Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 2013.

10) Ram Badri and Vishwakarma D N, Power System Protection and Switchgear, McGraw-Hill,
2011.

11) Teo Cheng Yu, Principles and Design of Low Voltage Systems, Revised 2nd Edition,
seventh print, Byte Power Publications, 2012.

12) Blackburn J Lewis, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, 4th Edition, CRC Press,
2014.

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Questions From Past Year Papers for Fundamentals Of Engineering

Examination Part 1 (Electrical)
(Actual paper comprises 40 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) of 2.5 marks each.
Answer all questions.)

1. A three-phase 400-volt source supplies two parallel loads. Load 1 is rated 300
kVA, pf = 0.8 lagging and Load 2 is rated 240 kVA, pf = 0.6 leading. Determine
the source line current Ia.

(a) 646.1 A
(b) 107.8 A
(c) 554.5 A
(d) 201.5 A

2. An ideal single-phase transformer has N1 = 100 turns, and N2 = 300 turns. The
LV winding is connected to a voltage source operating at 3 kV. An impedance
of value Z2 = 100 + j30 is connected across the HV side of the transformer.
Compute the transformed power.

(a) P = 743.1 kW, Q = 222.9 kVar

(b) P = 700.1 kW, Q = 210.7 kVar
(c) P = 690.9 kW, Q = 211.6 kVar
(d) P = 722.4 kW, Q = 231.4 kVar

3. An open-circuit test is performed on a single-phase 440-V transformer winding.

The results are Pin = 100 W, Iin = 1 A and Vin = 440 V. Determine the values
of the shunt resistance (Rm) and magnetizing reactance (Xm).

(a) Rm = 2116 , Xm = 729.9

(b) Rm = 5290 , Xm = 137.2
(c) Rm = 2116 , Xm = 137.2
(d) Rm = 1936 , Xm = 451.8

4. A 500-kVA single-phase transformer is rated 6.8 kV/115 kV. A short circuit test
on the high-voltage side at rated current indicates Pin = 435 W and Vin = 2.5
kV. Determine the winding resistance (Rs) and leakage reactance (Xs) on the
high-voltage side.

(a) Rs = 14.25 , Xs = 574.5

(b) Rs = 13.05 , Xs = 312.5
(c) Rs = 23.01 , Xs = 312.5
(d) Rs = 23.01 , Xs = 574.5

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5. A 25-kW, 250-V d.c. shunt generator has armature and field resistances of
0.06 ohms and 100 ohm respectively. The total armature power developed
when working as a motor taking 25 kW input equals:

(a) 26.25 kW
(b) 23.8 kW
(c) 25 kW
(d) 24.4 kW

6. A 460-V series motor runs at 500 rpm taking a current of 40 A. The total
resistance of the armature and field is 0.8 ohm. Assuming flux is proportional to
the field current, the percentage change in torque when the load is reduced
with the motor taking 30 A now can be calculated to be:

(a) 50%
(b) 75%
(c) 43.75 %
(d) 56.25 %

7. Two generators are supplying a real load of 2.5MW at 0.8 power factor lagging.
Generator 1 has a no-load frequency of 51.5 Hz and a slope of the generators
characteristic of 1MW/Hz. While Generator 2 has a no-load frequency of 51 Hz
and a slope of the generators characteristic of 1MW/Hz. How much power is
supplied by each of the two generators?

(a) 1 MW; 1.5 MW

(b) 1.5 MW; 1 MW
(c) 1.25 MW; 1.25 MW
(d) 2 MW; 0.5 MW

8. The conditions for the parallel operation of synchronous generators require the
following parameters:

(a) Line current, phase sequence, frequency, phase angle

(b) Frequency, line voltage, phase sequence, phase current
(c) Phase sequence, frequency, phase angle, line voltage
(d) Power rating, phase sequence, frequency, impedance

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9. A large building is taking 3-phase supply from utility at LV i.e. 400 V. After
adding capacitors at the intake point of the electrical installation and the
power factor at the intake point has been improved from 0.6 lag to 0.9 lag.
As a result, the electrical distribution loss in the building is reduced
approximately by:

(a) 0%
(b) 10%
(c) 20%
(d) 30%

10. A 1-MVA, 22/0.433-kV transformer is overloaded to 1.125 MVA at a power

factor of 0.8 lag. This overloading can be eliminated by adding a capacitor at
the LV terminal of the transformer. The minimum capacity of the capacitor
should be:

(a) 300 kVAr

(b) 200 kVAr
(c) 150 kVAr
(d) 100 kVAr

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Questions From Past Year Papers for Fundamentals Of Engineering

Examination Part 2 (Electrical)
(Actual paper comprises 7 questions. Answer 5 questions)

Q1.
Two generators operating in parallel supply a load of 5 MW at 0.9 lagging power
factor. Gen A has a slope of 5 MW/Hz and Gen B 4 MW/Hz and their no-load
frequency settings are 50.4 Hz and 51 Hz respectively.

(a) Find the system frequency and MW supplied by each generator.

(13 marks)

(b) Find the reactive power supplied by Gen A if the power factor of Gen B is 0.8
lagging.
(7 marks)

Q2.
(i) A 6.6kV Main Switch Board of a factory receive 6.6kV supply from Power Grid.
The Contract Capacity is at 1500 kW. The table below shows the kWh meter
readings of a typical day of the factory in a 24 hours period.

Time Meter Reading Time Meter Reading

(kWh) (kWh)
0:00 0 12:00 3800
0:30 0 12:30 4200
1:00 0 13:00 4600
1:30 0 13:30 5000
2:00 0 14:00 5400
2:30 0 14:30 6000
3:00 0 15:00 6600
3:30 0 15:30 7400
4:00 0 16:00 8200
4:30 0 16:30 8700
5:00 0 17:00 9200
5:30 0 17:30 9400
6:00 0 18:00 9600
6:30 0 18:30 9700
7:00 0 19:00 9800
7:30 50 19:30 9900
8:00 100 20:00 10000
8:30 150 20:30 10000
9:00 200 21:00 10000
9:30 600 21:30 10000
10:00 1000 22:00 10000
10:30 1600 22:30 10000
11:00 2200 23:00 10000
11:30 3000 24:00 10000

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a) The power factor recorded is at 0.76 lagging. What is the Maximum Demand
in 30 mins of the factory? (3 marks)
b) Calculate the monthly utility bill (assume 30 day in month). The tariff of the
utility company is,
Peak Usage charge (7am to 11pm) 20 cents / kWh
Off peak Usage charge (11pm to 7am) 12 cents / kWh
Contracted Capacity Charge per month $8 / kW
Uncontracted Capacity Charge per $11 / kW
month
Reactive Power Charge 0.6 cents / chargeable
kVArh

(5 marks)

A main switch board is supplied from a 22/0.4 kV, 2,000 kVA transformer with an
impedance of 6%. The impedance of LV cables to the main switchboard is
0.0005+j0.0012 . The fault level at the intake point at 22 kV is 1,000 MVA,
calculate the fault current at main switch board. (12 marks)

Q3.
Figure Q3 shows an incomplete schematic diagram of a protection arrangement for
a 115/13.2 kV Dy1 power transformer. The transformer is rated at 25 MVA. Current
transformers (CT) ratio is 150/5 A on the 115 kV side and 2250/5 A on the 13.2 kV
side.

(a) Complete the three-phase wiring connection from current tranformers to the
differential relay. Indicate on your completed schematic diagram the current
distribution (both magnitude and direction of flow) on the power transformer
and in the relay circuit.
(14 marks)

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Figure Q3: Incomplete Schematic of a Differential Protection

(b) A single-phase to earth fault at the middle of the LV winding as indicated in

Figure Q3 has resulted in a fault current of 548.7 A. The differential relay is set
to operate at 5% of the CT rating. Calculate whether this earth fault could
cause the relay to operate. State any assumptions made.
(6 marks)

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III Fundamentals Of Engineering Examination (Mechanical)

The examination will focus on testing the fundamentals of mechanical engineering.

The 6-hour examination will comprise two parts:

Format

FEE Part 1 (Mechanical) (3 hours & 10 mins) 40 MCQ questions

ME 101 Control and Instrumentations

ME 102 Dynamics and Vibrations
ME 103 Fluid Mechanics
ME 104 Mechanics and Materials
ME 105 Manufacturing Technology
ME 106 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

FEE Part 2 (Mechanical) (3 hours & 10 mins) 5 out of 7 questions

ME 201 Control and Instrumentations

ME 202 Dynamics and Vibrations
ME 203 Fluid Mechanics
ME 204 Mechanics and Materials
ME 205 Manufacturing Technology
ME 206 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Syllabus

ME 101/201 Control And Instrumentations

Modelling of Linear Systems

Introduction to control systems. Mathematical modelling of electro-
mechanical systems. Transfer functions representation of physical
components. Block diagram manipulation.

Dynamic Response Analysis

Transient response analysis and performance indices. Poles and zeros
concept, dominant pole concept of high order systems. Characteristic
equation. Steady state errors and system types.

Principles of Feedback Control

Open loop versus closed loop control. Analysis of system type. Error
elimination and disturbance rejection. Types of feedback systems.
PID controller. Stability and Routh-Hurwitz method.

Root Locus Techniques

Qualitative analysis of the Root Locus. Guidelines for sketching a Root
Locus. General concepts of dynamics compensator design. Design

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by Root Locus: PI, PD, PID, Lead and Lag compensators. Feedback
compensation and realisation.

Frequency Domain Analysis

Concept of frequency response. Bode plots. Nyquist plot and Nyquist
stability criterion. Stability margins. Closed loop frequency domain
characteristics. Design of compensator via Bode plots - Lead, Lag &
Lag-lead controller. Design examples.

Measurement System
Models and classification for measurement systems and their time
and frequency domain behaviours. Performance specifications.

Analog Devices and Measurement

Introduction to basic measurement devices for analog signals and
measurement principles. Conditioning of analog signals for
transmission and processing.

Digital Devices and Measurement

Fundamental differences between analog and digital systems.
Sampling theorem and fundamentals of data acquisition.

Sensors
Measurement for common engineering applications: position, speed,
stress, strain, temperature, vibration and acceleration, pressure and
flow. Semiconductor sensors and micromechanical devices.

ME 102/202 Dynamics And Vibrations

Dynamics

Kinematics of Particle
Uniform rectilinear motion; Uniform accelerated rectilinear motion;
Rectangular components of velocity and acceleration; Motion
relative to a frame in translation; Tangential and normal
components; Radial and transverse components. Newtons second
law; Equations of motion; Angular momentum of a particle;
Principle of conservation of energy; Principle of conservation of
momentum.

Kinematics of Rigid Bodies

General plane motion; Coriolis acceleration. Equations of plane
motion for a rigid body; Angular momentum of a rigid body in plane
motion; Principle of work and energy for a rigid body; Principle of
impulse and momentum for the plane motion of a rigid body;
Conservation of angular momentum.

Mechanical Vibrations
Vibration Without Damping

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Simple harmonic motion; Energy method; forced vibration.

Damped Vibration
Damped free vibration; Damped forced vibration.

ME 103/203 Fluid Mechanics

Basic concepts
Understanding fluids as compared to solids and gases. Properties of
fluids: Density, pressure and viscosity. Pressure measurements.
Buoyant forces and Archimedes Principle. Stability of submerged and
floating bodies. Stability of a ship.

Fluid Motion
Real and ideal fluids. Momentum and forces in fluid flow: Continuity
equation, momentum equation, energy equation, Bernoullis equation.

Pipe Flow
Laminar and turbulent flows in pipes. Moody diagram, losses and
fittings, energy equation for real laminar flow in pipes. Equation of
motion for turbulent flow. Mixing length hypothesis. Fully turbulent
flow in pipes. Head and flow calculations in pump-piping systems.

Fluid Machinery
Fundamental theory and performance. Pumps and fans, turbines:
Concepts and performance characteristics. Cavitation and surge
phenomena.

Flow Resistance and Propulsion

Boundary layer, surface roughness, form drag. Water jet theory: Basic
principle, fundamental thrust equation. Ship propulsion: Introduction
to propulsion system, powering of ship, propeller theory, propeller-hull
interaction.

ME 104/204 Mechanics And Materials

Material properties and behaviour

Yield and ultimate tensile stress, proof stress, elastic modulus. Yield
and Strength failure criteria- Tresca and Von-Mises.

Temperature effects- temperature expansion coefficient, creep and

stress relaxation. Post-yield effects- elastic-plastic, bilinear hardening
and strain hardening. Fatigue effects- S/N curves.

Stress and Strain

Basic stress and strain for elastic bodies- direct stress and strain,
shear stress and strain, Mohr's circle. Stress and Strain

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transformations - two and three-dimensional, 4 elastic constants E,

, k and G.

Bending of beams
Second moments of area of structural sections, Free body, shear force
and bending moment diagrams. Elastic and inelastic bending of
beams. Combined tension and bending of beams, Deflection and
slopes of beams. Shear stress in beams, Statically indeterminate
beams.

Bending of plates and cylindrical shells

Symmetric membrane bending theory of circular plates and shells
under fixed and freely supported boundaries. Discontinuity stresses
of cylinder to flat, cone or hemispherical shells junctions.

Torsion of prismatic bars and closed sections

Torsion of circular solid section and open thin walled sections, shear
stresses and deformation, shear flow in thin walled open and closed
sections.

Buckling of columns
Euler buckling theory, perfect and imperfect columns, effect of end
fixings on critical buckling loads.

Thermal loading
Thermal stresses in beams and cylinders due to a through thickness
temperature gradient, thermal stresses in compound bars of different
materials under uniform temperature.

Internal pressure loading

Membrane theory, thin and thick walled cylinders under pressure.

ME 105/205 Manufacturing Technology

Introduction
Cutting tool materials. Single and multi-point tools. Types of wear.
Manufacturing processes: cold and hot working, rolling, extrusion,
forging, sheet and metal blanking and forming, cold forming, welding,
brazing, soldering, casting, powder metallurgy, plastics technology.
Non-conventional machining: electro-discharge machining.

Metal Removal
Introduction to machine tools and machining operations Generating
motions of machine tools, machines using single point tools, machines
using multipoint tools, machines using abrasive wheels. Mechanics of
metal cutting Chip formation, forces acting on the cutting tool and

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their measurement, the apparent mean shear strength of the work

material, chip thickness, friction in metal cutting. Cutting tool materials
Major tool material types. Tool life and tool wear Forms of wear in
metal cutting. Economics of metal cutting operations Choice of feed,
speed and depth of cut, tool life for minimum cost and minimum
production time, estimation of factors needed to determine optimum
conditions.

Metrology
Basic measuring instruments and their applications (Linear and
angular measurement, roundness, flatness and surface finish
measurement).

Manufacturing Processes
Introduction to cold and hot working. Rolling - 2, 3 and 4-high rolls,
cluster and planetary rolls, manufacture of blooms, billets and slabs.
Extrusion - Direct and indirect extrusion, hollow extrusion, hydrostatic
extrusion. Forging - Hammer, press, roll forging, open and closed die
forging. Sheet metal bending and deep-drawing, punch load,
drawability, Crane's constants. Shearing of sheet metal - types of
shearing operation, punch and die clearance, punch force. Cold
forming processes - Marforming, Guerin process, hydroforming.
Welding, brazing, soldering - Arc and gas welding, pressure welding,
MIG, TIG, submerged-arc, friction, resistance, laser and electron-
beam welding. Casting - Sand casting, patterns, defects, die-casting,
centrifugal casting, investment casting, continuous casting. Powder
metallurgy - Production of powders, fabrication processes, sintering,
comparison with other processes. Electro-discharge machining.
Plastics technology Properties of plastics, thermoplastics and
thermosets, manufacturing of plastics.

ME 106/206 Thermodynamics And Heat Transfer

Thermodynamics

Fundamental concepts
Simple concept of thermodynamic system. Types of energy
interaction between system and surroundings. Properties of simple
pure substances understand the general form of property
diagrams. Empirical temperature scales and thermometry. Ideal
and perfect gases. Use of steam tables for substance such as
water.

First Law of Thermodynamics

The concept of fully-resisted or quasi-static processes; work and
heat interactions in adiabatic boundaries with the introduction of
internal energy, kinetic, potential and enthalpy. Statement of the

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First law of Thermodynamics: applications relating to non-flow and

simple unsteady flow (e.g., the filing of a rigid vessel) processes.
First law applied to simple thermodynamic plants, e.g. power plant,
compressors and expanders (without detailed knowledge of plant
construction). Steady flow energy equation and its application to
demonstrate the significant of enthalpy changes.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Alternative statements of the Second Law. Reversible and
irreversible processes. Internal and external irreversibility. Heat
engines operating in temperature reservoirs and the efficiency of
reversible engines. Entropy as a property and its relationship to
heat transfer. The Clausius inequality. Isentropic and non-
isentropic processes.

Heat Transfer

Conduction
Heat transfer by conduction. Steady-state conduction through slab,
compound walls, cylinders and spheres. Unsteady state conduction
in homogeneous solids.

Convection
Heat Transfer by convection, in fluids and films. Overall heat
transfer coefficients. Natural and forced convection on plane
surfaces, fins, pipes and around round bundles. Heat transfer in
extended surfaces- combining conduction and convection.

Radiation
Heat transfer by radiation. Laws of radiant heat transfer, black and
gray bodies, geometric factors, absorptivity.

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Questions From Past Year Papers for Fundamentals Of Engineering

Examination Part 1 (Mechanical)
(Actual paper comprises 40 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) of 2.5 marks each.
Answer all questions.)

1. A rectangular wooden fin of cross section 200 mm by 600 mm protrudes from

the bottom of a motor boat moving at 5 m/s. What is the maximum pressure
on the fin? Density of water is 1000 kg/m3.

(a) 2.50 kPa

(b) 5.00 kPa
(c) 12,50 kPa
(d) 25.00 kPa

2. A pump is required to deliver 0.5 m3/s of cooling water through a pipe of 75-
mm diameter to a heat engine which is 200 m away from and 2 m higher than
the pump. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3. What is the power of the pump?

(a) 1000 W
(b) 4905 W
(c) 9810 W
(d) 19620 W

3. The main reason for incorporating an air pre-heater in the furnace of a steam
power plant is

(a) to have a complete combustion in the furnace

(b) to decrease the humidity of air in the exhaust flue gases
(c) to minimize the energy input to the combustion process
(d) to maximize the waste heat rejection in the exhaust

4. In a stoichiometric combustion, the air to fuel ratio is

(a) below the user defined value

(b) higher than its natural ability to burn
(c) the chemically correct value
(d) a burning scenario when the flame is seen to be yellow in colour

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5. The coefficient of performance (COP) of a vapour compression chiller is

characterized by its cooling capacity. At low cooling rates, the chiller COP is
reduced by the effects of heat leaks to the environment. On the other hand, at
high cooling rates, the chiller suffers from

(a) the high vibration of the major moving parts

(b) the inefficient operation of the expansion device
(c) the high mass leaks in the vapour compression machine
(d) the finite-rate of heat transfer and fluid friction losses of the working fluid

6. Which of the following statement is correct?

(a) Tool life increases with the increase of cutting speed

(b) Tool life decreases with the increase of cutting speed
(c) Cutting speed has no influence on tool life
(d) None of the above

7. Consider the unity-feedback control system with the following open-loop

transfer function:
10
G (s)
s ( s 1)(2 s 3)
It is:
(a) stable
(b) unstable
(c) marginally stable
(d) conditionally stable

8. Referring to the system shown below, determine the values of K and k such that
the system has a damping ratio of 0.7 and an undamped natural frequency
of 4 rad/sec.

(a) 16, 0.225

(b) 4, 0.225
(c) 16, 0.05
(d) None of the above

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9. Design a solid shaft to transmit 200 KW at 75 rpm without exceeding a shearing

stress of 43 MPa.

(a) 54.8mm
(b) 72mm
(c) 0.144mm
(d) 144mm

10. A beam having a rectangular section of 100mm width by 150mm depth is

subjected to a positive bending moment of 16 KNm acting about the horizontal
axis. Find the bending stress acting at the section 25mm above the neutral
axis.

(a) 114.22 MPa

(b) 72.11 MPa
(c) 0.114 MPa
(d) 28.44 MPa

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Questions From Past Year Papers for Fundamentals Of Engineering

Examination Part 2 (Mechanical)
(Actual paper comprises 7 questions. Answer 5 questions.)

Q1.
A combined cycle power plant comprises a natural gas fired, ideal gas-turbine
topping cycle and a bottoming steam-generator for the steam turbine. The air inlet
pressure and temperature to the gas turbine, which has a pressure compression
ratio of 8, are 1 bar and 300K, respectively. The temperature of burned gases from
the combustor to the turbines is 1400K and the flue gas temperature leaving the
steam generator (heat exchanger) is 520K. The bottoming cycle of the power plant
is an ideal reheat Rankine cycle where the steam pressure and temperature supplied
to the high pressure steam turbines are 150 bar and 450 C. Additional natural gas
is fired for the reheating of steam and the conditions of reheated steam supplied to
low-pressure turbine stage are 30 bar and 500o C, respectively.

(a) For the stated steady state conditions, sketch the combined cycle on a T-s
diagram.
(4 marks)

(b) Using the thermodynamic properties of air and steam from the Tables,
determine;

(i) the mass flow rate of air in the gas turbine cycle if the steam generation
rate is 30 kg/s,
(ii) the rate of total heat input, and
(iii) the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.

State all assumption made in the solution.

(16 marks)

Q2.
A solid aluminium shaft 1.0m long and 50mm diameter is to be replaced by a tubular
steel shaft of the same length and same outer diameter so that either shaft could
carry the same torque and have the same angle of twist over the total length (that
is having the same torsional stiffness).

Calculate the inner diameter of the tubular steel shaft.

The following properties of steel and aluminium can be used in your calculation.
Steel, Gs= 84 GPa, Aluminium Ga= 28 GPa.).

(20 marks)

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Q3.
A mercury-in-bulb thermometer is immersed into a bath of temperature Ti, and the
mercury level in the stem of radius rs rises by a finite height Xo. If the bulb has a
radius rb, and the overall heat transfer coefficient between the bulb and the fluid of
the bath is U, show that the energy balance equation for the temperature of mercury
in the bulb (Tb) is given by

where is the density of mercury in the bulb, C is the specific heat, Ab is the surface
area of the bulb. Assuming that the expanded mercury of the bulb (VbT) is equal
to the change of the mercury volume in the stem (XoAs), demonstrate that the output
variable (Xo) to the input variable (Ti) can be expressed as

where As is the cross section area of the hollow stem of thermometer. Using the
operator D or equivalent, demonstrate that the thermometer can be expressed as a
1st order transfer function in terms of Xo to Ti as;

Hence, show that K = , a constant and = , is the time constant of the

thermometer.

Write down the general solution of the output variable, Xo. Sketch the expected
behavior of the thermometer over a finite non-dimensional time internals, t/ , say
from 0 to 5.
(12 marks)

A mercury-in-bulb master thermometer is designed with a bulb radius of 1.6 mm

whilst the ratio of the hollow stem to bulb radii is 0.07. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient between the thermometer and the bath fluid is 800 W/m2.K, show that:

(i) the time constant () of the thermometer is about 4 s,

(ii) the ratio of thermometer constant (K) to the volumetric expansion

coefficient of mercury () is about 0.1.

The following properties of mercury can be used in your calculation: Density () and
specific heat (C) of mercury are 13500 kg/m3 and 140 J/kg.K, respectively.

(8 marks)

Professional Engineers Registration Examination FEE 2015