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Easy Method for Testing Transformer

Differential Relays

Conference Paper September 2009

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 Actual Trends in Development of Power System Protection and Automation
7-10 September 2009, Moscow

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Easy Method for Testing Transformer Differential Relays

Z. GAJI A. BONETTI
ABB AB, SA Products Megger Sweden AB
Sweden Sweden
[email protected] [email protected]

KEYWORDS

Transformer differential protection, Relay testing, Sequence components.

1 INTRODUCTION
Differential protection for standard power transformers has been used for decades. It is based on
ampere-turn-balance of all windings mounted on the same magnetic core lag. In order to correctly
apply transformer differential protection the following compensations shall be provided:

current magnitude compensation for measured current magnitude difference on different sides
of the protected transformer;
power transformer phase angle shift compensation; and
zero sequence current compensation (i.e. zero sequence current elimination).

With modern numerical transformer differential relays all above compensations are provided in the
relay software. Thus, it can be quite tricky to test a numerical transformer differential relay by
secondary injection in order to verify that the relay is set properly to protect transformer in a particular
application. This paper will address these topics as well as provide standardized solutions for
secondary injection testing for transformer differential protection relay from any manufacturer. The
method is based on theory for sequence components applied to three-phase power transformers. The
method can be easily implemented in a protection relay test set [14], in order to facilitate the task for
the test engineer. In order to understand the presented testing methods some basic information about
power system will be reviewed.

2 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS THEORY

The method of Symmetrical Components consist of reducing any unbalanced three-phase system of
current (or voltage) phasors (i.e. vectors), as for example shown in Figure 1a, into three balanced
systems, which are known as the zero, positive and negative phase sequence component sets:
The zero phase sequence component set consists of three phasors (e.g. IA0, IB0 & IC0) which
are equal in magnitude and in phase, as shown in Figure 1b;
The positive sequence component set consists of three phasors (e.g. IA1, IB1 & IC1) which
are equal in magnitude, 120 degrees out of phase and rotating in typically anticlockwise
direction, so that they reach their positive maximum values in a sequence ABC as shown in
Figure 1c; and
The negative sequence component set are three phasors (e.g. IA2, IB2 & IC2) which are equal
in magnitude and displaced 120 degrees apart and rotating in a sequence ACB, as shown in
Figure 1d.

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Three-Phase Currents Zero Sequence Current Set

90 90
2 0.8
120 60 IA 120 60 IA0
1.5 IB 0.6 IB0
IC IC0

150 1 30 150 0.4 30

0.5 0.2

180 0 180 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

270 270

a) Unbalanced three-phase currents b) Zero sequence current set

Positive Sequence Current Set Negative Sequence Current Set
90 90
1.5 0.8
120 60 IA1 120 60 IA2
IB1 0.6 IB2
1 IC1 IC2

150 30 150 0.4 30

0.5
0.2

180 0 180 0

210 330 210 330

240 300 240 300

270 270

c) Positive sequence current set d) Negative sequence current set

Figure 1: Unbalanced three-phase currents reduced into three balanced sequence current sets

It is most important to emphasize that any of these three sets of sequence quantities always exist as
defined (i.e. as phasor triplet). Thus IA1 or IB1 or IC1 can never exist alone or in pairs, always all
three. For engineering calculation purposes it is necessary to define only one phasor in each sequence
(typically IA1, IA2 and IA0), from which the other two phasors of the same sequence set can be easily
calculated. This is the reason why we typically say that positive negative and zero sequence
component is calculated with phase A as a reference. The following phasor equations, given in the
literature [10] and [11], shall be used to calculate the first sequence phasor of every component set:

1
IA0=|IA0|@ 0= ( IA + IB + IC )
3

1
IA1=|IA1|@ 1= ( IA + a IB + a 2 IC )
3

1
IA2=|IA2|@ 2= ( IA + a 2 IB + a IC )
3
1 3
Where a is complex operator having value of a = 1 1200 = + j = 0.5 + j 0.866
2 2
(i.e. it is a unit phasor with angle displacement of 120o).

Once these basic sequence components are known the complete sequence sets can be
calculated as shown below:
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Zero sequence set Positive sequence set Negative sequence set

IA0=|IA0|@ 0 IA1=|IA1|@ 1 IA2=|IA2|@ 2
IB0= |IA0|@ 0 IB1=|IA1|@ ( 1+240o) IB2=|IA2|@ ( 2+120o)
IC0= |IA0|@ 0 IC1=|IA1|@ ( 1+120o) IC2=|IA2|@ ( 2+240o)

Note that from these three sequence sets it is always possible to re-assemble the three
individual phase-wise current phasors by using the following three equations:

IA = IA0 + IA1 + IA2

IB = IB 0 + IB1 + IB 2

IC = IC 0 + IC1 + IC 2

2.1 Power Transformer Behavior for Sequence Components

Typical voltage and current definitions used for a three-phase, two-winding power
transformer is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Typical voltage and current reference direction for a power transformer

Any three-phase power transformer introduces the phase angle shift between the two sides.
The standard three-phase power transformers introduce a fixed phase angle shift of n*30
(n=0, 1, 2, , 11) between its winding 1 and winding 2 side no-load voltages. This phase
shift angle is considered when defining the Power Transformer vector group.
Note that for any three-phase power transformer strict rules only exist for the phase angle
shift between sequence components of the no-load voltages from the two sides of the power
transformer (see Figure 3), but not for individual phase voltages from the two sides of the
power transformer. For more information about these rules and their use for transformer
differential protection see references [5], [8] and [9].

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7-10 September 2009, Moscow

Figure 3: Phasor diagram for no-load positive, negative & zero sequence voltages components from the
two sides of the power transformers

As shown in Figure 3 the following will hold true for the positive, negative and zero sequence
no-load voltage components:
the positive sequence no-load voltage component from winding 1 (VA1_W1) will
lead the positive sequence no-load voltage component from winding 2 (Va1_W2)
by angle ;
the negative sequence no-load voltage component from winding 1 (VA2_W1) will
lag the negative sequence no-load voltage component from winding 2 (Va2_W2)
by angle ; and
the zero sequence no-load voltage component from winding 1 (Va0_W1) will be
exactly in phase with the zero sequence no-load voltage component from winding
2 (Va0_W2), when the zero sequence no-load voltage components are at all
transferred across the power transformer.

A as soon as the power transformer is loaded, this voltage relationship will not longer be
valid, due to the voltage drop across the power transformer impedance. It can be shown that
the same phase angle relationship, as shown in Figure 3, will be valid for sequence current
components [5], as shown in Figure 4, which flow into the power transformer on winding 1
side and flow out from the power transformer on winding 2 side (see Figure 2 for current
reference directions).

Figure 4: Phasor diagram for positive, negative & zero sequence current components from the two sides
of the power transformers

As shown in Figure 4, the following will hold true for the sequence current components from
the two power transformer sides:
the positive sequence current component from winding 1 (IA1_W1) will lead the
positive sequence current component from winding 2 (Ia1_W2) by angle (the
same relationship as for the positive sequence no-load voltage components);
the negative sequence current component from winding 1 (IA2_W1) will lag the
negative sequence current component from winding 2 (Ia2_W2) by angle (the
same relationship as for the negative sequence no-load voltage components); and
the zero sequence current component from winding 1 (IA0_W1) will be exactly in
phase with the zero sequence current component from winding 2 (Ia0_W2), when
the zero sequence current components are at all transferred across the transformer
(the same relationship as for the zero sequence no-load voltage components).

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These properties can be used to test the numerical differential protection of any manufacturer
as described further in this document. Namely, if testing is based on injecting only one
sequence current component at the time on both CT inputs of the transformer differential
protection, simple testing procedures can be derived, which are more intuitive, less complex
and straightforward than any phase-wise testing procedures.

3 BASIS FOR THE NEW TESTING PRINCIPLE

In order to provide transformer differential protection for a three-phase power transformer, it
is necessary to properly compensate for:
current magnitude compensation for measured current magnitude difference on
different sides of the protected transformer;
power transformer phase angle shift compensation; and
zero sequence current compensation (i.e. zero sequence current elimination).

With static (or even electromechanical) differential relays [2] such compensations were
performed by using interposing CTs or special connection of main CTs (i.e. delta connected
CTs). Maximum rated apparent power of the protected transformer was used to calculate the
interposing CT ratios [2], [13] on all transformer sides. However, the interposing CTs could
only be calculated for the mid-position of the on-load tap-changer (LTC). Thus, as soon as the
LTC is moved from the mid-position, false differential currents would appear. A typical
differential protection scheme with interposing CTs is given in Figure 5.

With modern numerical transformer differential relays [3], [4] external interposing CTs are
not required because relay software enables the user to perform all necessary compensation in
software. Some particular relays can even compensate on-line for LTC movement [3], [4] and
[7]. Thus, it can be quite tricky to test a numerical transformer differential relay by secondary
injection in order to verify that the relay is set properly to protect transformer in a particular
application. Additional complication is used connections for main current transformers.
Typically all star (i.e. wye) connected main CTs are used with numerical relays, as shown in
Figure 6; however in some countries delta connected main CTs are still applied.

It has been previously explained that any set of three currents (phasors) can be expressed as
linear combination of the three symmetrical components. In the same way it is clear that fault
currents for any type of external or internal faults can be represented by the linear
combination of the positive, negative and zero sequence current component sets. Thus, by
performing transformer differential protection tests for each sequence component it is verified
that the differential protection will be stable for all symmetrical and non-symmetrical external
faults and through-load conditions. These tests will also confirm that the differential relay will
trip for any internal fault.

The algorithm reported in this article has been implemented in a commercially available
protection relay test set [14]. The complexity is not only to implement the mathematic
algorithm in the test set, but also to provide meaningful guidelines to the test engineer.

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Figure 5: Power transformer differential protection scheme with interposing CTs

Figure 6: Typical connections for transformer differential protection relay

4 PROPOSED TESTING PROCEDURE

When the magnitudes and phase angle shifts between sequence current components are
known the differential relay can easily be tested by using procedures presented in this section.
In order to facilitate understanding of these testing procedures one application examples will
be used throughout this section. The considered application is given in Figure 7.

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Figure 7: Differential protection application

The following data can be derived for this power transformer:

Table 1: Power Transformer Basic Data

SBase 20.9MVA
Transformer phase
30o
angle shift
Winding 1 rated
no-load, ph-ph 69kV
voltage
Winding 2 rated
no-load, ph-ph 12.5kV
voltage

The power transformer and current transformer data for the application is entered in the test
set software:

Figure 8 : Power Transformer and CTs data are entered in the test set software

Based on this data the following values can be calculated in accordance with the basic power
transformer theory.

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Table 2: Derived data for each of the two applications

All main CTs star/wye connected 69kV main CTs connected in delta
Base Primary 1000 20.9 1000 20.9
current on 69kV = 175 A = 175 A
3 69 3 69
Base current on 175 175 175
CT secondary side = = 2.917 A 3 = 5.052 A
300 60 300
for 69kV 5 5
Base Primary 1000 20.9 1000 20.9
current on 12.5kV = 965 A = 965 A
3 12.5 3 12.5
Base current on 965 965 965 965
CT secondary side = = 6.031A = = 6.031A
800 160 800 160
for 12.5kV 5 5

All required data to perform the secondary injection in accordance with the proposed method
are now available in Table 2.

All this data is automatically calculated by the test set software, based on the Power
Transformer and Current Transformer data (ratio and earthing point) entered in Figure 8.

4.1 Differential relay suitability for particular application

Purpose of this test is to determine that the applied numerical differential relay is properly set
in order to compensate for
current magnitude compensation
power transformer phase angle shift compensation
zero sequence current compensation

The algorithm running this procedure in the test set software is called Wizard, as it assists the
test engineer in a step by step procedure.

4.1.1 Relay stability for positive sequence current set with 100% currents
The positive sequence current sets on both transformer sides shall be injected. Injected current
magnitudes shall be equal to the base current (i.e. 100%) on both transformer sides. The phase
angle shift between positive sequence currents in the two windings is considered as function
of the power transformer vector group.
The differential relay shall be stable.
Currents as shown in Figure 9 are injected by the Wizard, which expects the relay not to
operate in order to proceed with the next test. If the relay operates the user is informed that the
test has failed.

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Figure 9: Positive Sequence External Fault test performed by the Wizard

4.1.2 Relay operation for positive sequence current set with 100% currents

For this test it is only required to change the phase angle for all three currents previously
calculated on one transformer side by 180o. Now the differential relay shall operate for this
injection.
The current values shown in Figure 10 are injected to perform this test.

Figure 10: Positive Sequence Internal Fault test performed by the Wizard

The Wizard expects the relay to operate instantaneously.

If the relay does not operate, an error message to the user will be given.
4.1.3 Relay stability for negative sequence current set with 100% currents

The negative sequence current sets on both transformer sides shall be injected. Injected
current magnitudes shall be equal to the base current (i.e. 100%) on both transformer sides.
The phase angle shift between negative sequence currents as function of power transformer
vector group shall be used. The differential relay shall be stable.
The Wizard will reach this step only if the Positive Sequence Internal Fault Test was
successful. Currents as shown in Figure 11 are injected by the Wizard to perform this test:

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 Actual Trends in Development of Power System Protection and Automation
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Figure 11: Negative Sequence External Fault test performed by the Wizard

The Wizard is not expecting any relay operation with this injection.
If the relay operates, an error message to the test engineer will be given.
If the relay does not operate, the Wizard will proceed with the next step.

4.1.4 Relay operation for negative sequence current set with 100% currents

For this test it is only required to change the phase angle for all three currents on one
transformer side by 180o. Now the differential relay shall operate instantaneously.
Currents as shown in Figure 12 shall be injected to perform this test.

Figure 12: Negative Sequence Internal Fault test performed by the Wizard

If the relay does not operate, an error message to the test engineer will be given. If the relay
correctly operates, the Wizard will continue to the next step.
4.1.5 Relay behavior for zero sequence current injected from winding one side only

Typically the zero sequence currents are not properly transferred across the protected power
transformer. Therefore the stability test is not required. However it is of outmost importance
to test differential relay behaviour for zero sequence currents because this behaviour is
strongly related to the stability of the relay towards external faults.
To do that for winding one side, a zero sequence current set is injected from the winding one
side only. Injected current magnitudes shall be equal to the base current (i.e. 100%). The
differential relay will either operate or remain stable during such test.
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If the relay operates it means that the zero sequence current from that side is not removed. If
this happens, it should be verified if there is any grounding connection on that side of the
power transformer within differential protection zone. Typical example for such grounding
connections are directly grounded star point of the wye connected windings or an earthing
transformer within the differential protection zone. If such grounding connection exist the
relay is not properly set because it might maloperate for external ground faults on that
transformer side.
For this application the zero sequence current from 69kV side (winding 1, neutral directly
grounded) must be eliminated. Thus, the differential relay shall not operate during this test. If
the relay operates during this test possible unwanted operation of the relay for external single
phase to ground fault on 69kV side can be expected.

Before starting the test, the Wizard asks to the test engineer a question about the application,
as shown in Figure 13:

Figure 13: Application question to the test engineer by the Wizard for Winding 1

According to the considered application the test engineer will answer Yes to this question.

The currents shown in Figure 14 are injected by the Wizard.

Figure 14: Zero Sequence Test for Winding 1 performed by the Wizard

If the relay operates for the zero sequence current injection a warning to the test engineer is
given informing that the zero sequence current subtraction algorithm for that winding is not
properly set.

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 Actual Trends in Development of Power System Protection and Automation
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If differential relay does not operate, it means that the relay removes the zero sequence
current from that side. This is considered correct and the Wizard will continue to the next
step.

4.1.6 Relay behavior for zero sequence current injected from winding two side only

Exactly the same procedure shall be repeated here as in the previous test.
For this application the zero sequence current elimination on 12.5kV side is not critical. The
reason is that there is no grounding point on the 12.5kV side within the differential protection
zone. Therefore it is not critical if differential relay operates for this zero sequence current
injection.
The relay engineer informs the Wizard about the considered application in this question by
answering No (Figure 15).

Figure 15: Application question to the test engineer by the Wizard for Winding 1

For the test, currents as shown in Figure 16Error! Reference source not found. shall be
injected by the Wizard.

Figure 16: Zero Sequence Test for Winding 2 performed by the Wizard

For this application the Wizard accepts both the operation and the non operation from the
relay.

Final report from the Wizard, were all the steps have been successfully completed is shown in
Figure 17:

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Figure 17: Final report to the test engineer by the Wizard

5 CONCLUSIONS
The proposed method can be effectively used for testing of any numerical, three-phase power
transformer differential protection regardless its make. It is well known fact that fault
currents for any type of external or internal faults can be represented by combinations of the
positive, negative and zero sequence current component sets. Thus, by performing
transformer differential protection tests in a sequence-wise fashion it is verified that the
differential protection will be stable for all symmetrical and non-symmetrical external faults
and through-load conditions. These tests will also confirm that the differential relay will
operate for any internal fault.
By using this method it is possible to test the differential protection for an n-winding
transformer by testing two windings at a time.
It shall be noted that exactly the same testing method can be applied on traditional, analogue
transformer differential protection schemes utilizing interposing CTs to perform magnitude,
phase angle and zero sequence current compensation. The only prerequisite is that the
currents are injected into the primary windings of the interposing CTs and not directly into the
differential relay.
The proposed test method does not substitute the already known test methods for differential
protection relays like minimum operating current (pick-up), the test of the bias/restrained
characteristic for positive sequence system etc., that give valuable information to verify other
properties of the protection relay, as such as settings, harmonics blockings etc.
The test shall be considered as complementary test to be added to the already known methods.

This algorithm has been implemented in a commercially available relay test set [14], and has
been successfully used to test numerical differential relays from several different
manufacturers.

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REFERENCE:

[1] Elmore W A, 1995, Protective Relaying Theory and Applications, ABB

[2] RADSB Users Guide, 1MRK 504 002-UEN, ABB

[3] RET670 Technical reference manual, 1MRK 504 086-UEN, ABB

[4] RET521 Application manual, 1MRK 504 037-UEN, ABB

[5] Electrical Transmission and Distribution reference Book, Westinghouse Electric Cooperation

[6] ABB Transformer Handbook, Document Number 1LAC 000 010

[7] F.Mekic, Z. Gaji , S. Ganesan Adaptive Features on Numerical Differential Relays, (29th Annual Western
Protective relay Conference, Spokane, WA, October 22-24, 2002)

[8] Z. Gaji , Differential Protection Methodology for Arbitrary Three-Phase Power Transformer, DPSP 2008
Conference, Glasgow, UK, March 2008

[9] Z. Gaji , Differential Protection for Arbitrary Three-Phase Power Transformer, PhD Thesis, Lund
University, Sweden, February 2008, ISBN: 978-91-88934-47-5

[10] C.F. Wagner, R.D. Evans, Symmetrical Components, Mc Graw-Hill, 1933

[11] J.L. Blackburn, Symmetrical Components for Power System Engineering, Marcel Dekker, 1993, ISBN: 0-
8247-8767-6

[12] Application Note Universal Testing Method for Power Transformer Differential Protection, SA2008-
000355, ABB, available at: www.abb.com/substationautomation

[13] Instruction for Planning Differential Protection Schemes, CH-ES 53-10 E, BBC January 1980

[14] FREJA 306 and FREJA Win Users Manual , ZP-ZP-CF02E, NOV 2008, Programma Electric AB

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