Dynamics MDB 2043

Curvilinear Motion:
- General and Rectangular Component
- Projectile Motion

Guided Learning Activity Week 2a

September 2017 Semester

Lesson Outcomes

At the end of this lecture you should be able to:

1. Describe the motion of a particle traveling along a

curved path.
2. Relate kinematic quantities in terms of the rectangular

components of the vectors

3. Analyze the free-flight motion of a projectile
EXAMPLE #1

Given:The box slides down the slope described by the

equation y = (0.05x2) m, where x is in meters.
vx = -3 m/s, ax = -1.5 m/s2 at x = 5 m.

Find: The y components of the velocity and the acceleration

of the box at at x = 5 m.

Plan: Note that the particles velocity can be found by taking

the first time derivative of the paths equation. And the
acceleration can be found by taking the second time
derivative of the paths equation.

Take a derivative of the position to find the component

of the velocity and the acceleration.
EXAMPLE #1 (continued)

Solution:
Find the y-component of velocity by taking a time
derivative of the position y = (0.05x2)
y = 2 (0.05) x x = 0.1 x x

Find the acceleration component by taking a time

derivative of the velocity y

y = 0.1 x x + 0.1 x x

Substituting the x-component of the acceleration, velocity

at x=5 into y and y.

EXAMPLE #1 (continued)

Since x = vx = -3 m/s, x = ax = -1.5 m/s2 at x = 5 m

y = 0.1 x x = 0.1 (5) (-3) = -1.5 m/s

y = 0.1 x x + 0.1 xx
= 0.1 (-3)2 + 0.1 (5) (-1.5)
= 0.9 0.75
= 0.15 m/s2

At x = 5 m
vy = 1.5 m/s = 1.5 m/s
ay = 0.15 m/s2
 Example #2

Given:The motion of two particles (A and B) is described by

the position vectors
rA = [3t i + 9t(2 t) j] m and
rB = [3(t2 2t +2) i + 3(t 2) j] m.

Find: The point at which the particles collide and their

speeds just before the collision.

Plan: 1) The particles will collide when their position

vectors are equal, or rA = rB .
2) Their speeds can be determined by differentiating
the position vectors.
 Example #2 (continued)
Solution:
1) The point of collision requires that rA = rB,
so xA = xB and yA = yB .
Set the x-components equal: 3t = 3(t2 2t + 2)
Simplifying: t2 3t + 2 = 0
Solving: t = {3 [32 4(1)(2)]0.5}/2(1)
=> t = 2 or 1 s
Set the y-components equal: 9t(2 t) = 3(t 2)
Simplifying: 3t2 5t 2 = 0
Solving: t = {5 [52 4(3)(2)]0.5}/2(3)
=> t = 2 or 1/3 s
So, the particles collide when t = 2 s (only common
time). Substituting this value into rA or rB yields
xA = xB = 6 m and yA = yB = 0
 Example #2 (continued)
2) Differentiate rA and rB to get the velocity vectors.

vA = drA/dt = .xA i yA j = [ 3 i + (18 18t) j ] m/s
At t = 2 s: vA = [ 3i 18 j ] m/s

vB = drB/dt = xB i + y B j = [ (6t 6) i + 3 j ] m/s
At t = 2 s: vB = [ 6 i + 3 j ] m/s

Speed is the magnitude of the velocity vector.

vA = (32 + 182) 0.5 = 18.2 m/s
vB = (62 + 32) 0.5 = 6.71 m/s
EXAMPLE #3

Given: vA and
Find: Horizontal distance it
travels and vC.
Plan: Apply the kinematic relations in
x- and y-directions.

Solution: Using vAx = 10 cos 30 and vAy = 10 sin 30

We can write vx = 10 cos 30

vy = 10 sin 30 (9.81) t
x = (10 cos 30) t
y = (10 sin 30) t (9.81) t2
Since y = 0 at C
0 = (10 sin 30) t (9.81) t2 t = 0, 1.019 s
EXAMPLE #3 (continued)

Only the time of 1.019 s makes sense!

Velocity components at C are;

vCx = 10 cos 30
= 8.66 m/s

vCy = 10 sin 30 (9.81) (1.019)

= -5 m/s = 5 m/s

v = 8.66 + (5) =10 m/s

Horizontal distance the ball travels is;

x = (10 cos 30) t
x = (10 cos 30) 1.019 = 8.83 m
 Example #4

Given: The velocity of the particle is

v = [ 16 t2 i + 4 t3 j + (5 t + 2) k] m/s.
When t = 0, x = y = z = 0.
Find: The particles coordinate position and the magnitude of
its acceleration when t = 2 s.
Plan:
Note that velocity vector is given as a function of time.
1) Determine the position and acceleration by
integrating and differentiating v, respectively, using
the initial conditions.
2) Determine the magnitude of the acceleration vector
using t = 2 s.
 Example #4 (continued)
Solution:
1) x-components:
Velocity known as: vx = x = dx/dt = (16 t2 ) m/s
x t
Position: dx = (16 t ) dt x = (16/3)t
0
2 3 = 42.7 m at t = 2 s
0

Acceleration: ax = x = vx = d/dt (16 t2) = 32 t = 64 m/s2

2) y-components:

Velocity known as: vy = y = dy/dt = (4 t3 ) m/s
y t
Position:
0
dy = (4 t3) dt y = t4 = (16) m at t = 2 s

0

Acceleration: ay = y = vy = d/dt (4 t3) = 12 t2 = 48 m/s2
 Example #4 (continued)
3) z-components:

Velocity is known as: vz = z = dz/dt = (5 t + 2) m/s
z t
Position:
0
dz = (5 t + 2) dt z = (5/2) t2 + 2t = 14 m at t=2s

0

Acceleration: az = z = vz = d/dt (5 t + 2) = 5 m/s2
4) The position vector and magnitude of the acceleration vector
are written using the component information found above.
Position vector: r = [ 42.7 i + 16 j + 14 k] m.
Acceleration vector: a = [ 64 i + 48 j + 5 k] m/s2
Magnitude: a = (642 + 482 +52)0.5 = 80.2 m/s2
EXAMPLE #5

Given: Projectile is fired with vA=150 m/s

at point A.

Find: The horizontal distance it travels (R) and

the time in the air.

Plan: How will you proceed?

EXAMPLE #5

Given: Projectile is fired with vA=150 m/s

at point A.

Find: The horizontal distance it travels (R) and

the time in the air.

Plan: Establish a fixed x, y coordinate system (in this solution,

the origin of the coordinate system is placed at A).
Apply the kinematic relations in x- and y-directions.
EXAMPLE #5 (continued)

Solution:
1) Place the coordinate system at point A.
Then, write the equation for horizontal motion.
+ xB = xA + vAx tAB
where xB = R, xA = 0, vAx = 150 (4/5) m/s

Range, R, will be R = 120 tAB

2) Now write a vertical motion equation. Use the distance equation.

+ yB = yA + vAy tAB 0.5 g tAB2
where yB = 150, yA = 0, and vAy = 150(3/5) m/s
We get the following equation: 150 = 90 tAB + 0.5 ( 9.81) tAB2

Solving for tAB first, tAB = 19.89 s.

Then, R = 120 tAB = 120 (19.89) = 2387 m
 Example #6

Motion of a particle given by x = 3t2, y = 4t + 2, and z = 6t3 - 8.

Determine the magnitudes and direction angles of the
particles velocity and acceleration at t = 2 s.

Solution z

Position : r = (3t 2 )i (4t 2)j (6t 3 8)k
v

r = 12i 10j 40k at t 2 y


Velocity : v = (6t )i (4)j (18t 2 )k

v ( t 2 s ) (12)i (4)j (72)k x

v ( t 2 s ) (12) 2 (4) 2 (72) 2 73.1 m/s

12 4 72
cos -1 80.6; cos -1 86.9; cos -1 10.0
73.1 73.1 73.1
 Example #6 (cont.)

Acceleration : a = (6)i (0)j (36t )k

a ( t 2 s ) (6)i (0)j (72)k
2
a (t 2 s ) 6 2 0 2 72 2 72.2 m/s

6 0 72
cos -1 85.2; cos -1 90; cos -1 4.76
72.2 72.2 72.2
 Example #7
Given: vo and
Find: The equation that defines
y as a function of x.
Plan: Eliminate time from the
kinematic equations.
Solution: Using vx = vo cos and vy = vo sin
x
We can write: x = (vo cos )t or t =
vo cos
y = (vo sin ) t g (t)2
By substituting for t:

y = (vo sin ) { x } g { x }2
vo cos 2 vo cos
 Example #7(continued)

Simplifying the last equation, we get:

g x2
y = (x tanq) (1 + tan2q)
2vo2

The above equation is called the path equation which

describes the path of a particle in projectile motion.
The equation shows that the path is parabolic.
 Example #8

y Given: A skier leaves the ski

x jump ramp at qA = 25o
and hits the slope at B.

Find: The skiers initial speed vA.

Plan: Establish a fixed x,y coordinate system (in this solution,

the origin of the coordinate system is placed at A).
Apply the kinematic relations in x and y-directions.
 Example #8 (continued)

Solution:
Motion in x-direction:
Using xB = xA + vox(tAB) => (4/5)100 = 0 + vA (cos 25) tAB

tAB= 80 88.27
=
vA (cos 25) vA

Motion in y-direction:
Using yB = yA + voy(tAB) g(tAB)2

88.27 88.27 }2
64 = 0 + vA(sin 25) { } (9.81) {
vA vA
vA = 19.42 m/s
 Example #9
Measurement of a shot recorded on a videotape during a
basketball game are shown. The ball passed through the
hoop even though it barely cleared the hands of player B
who attempted to block it. Determine the magnitude vA of its
initial velocity and the height h of the ball when it passes
over player B.
 Example #9 (continued)
( ) x x0 v x 0t
Solution i. AC:
9 0 v A cos 30tC
10.4
tC [1]
vA
( ) y y0 v y 0t 12 gt 2
3 2.1 v A sin 30tC 12 (9.81)tC2 [ 2]
substitute [1] into [2] and solving :
v A 11.1 m/s tC 0.94 s
ii. AB:
( ) x x0 v x 0t
7.5 0 v A cos 30tB tB 7.5 / 11.1 cos 30 0.78 s
( ) y y0 v y 0t 12 gt 2
h 2.1 v A sin 30tB 12 (9.81)tB2 2.1 (11.1) sin 30(0.78) 12 (9.81)(0.78) 2
h 3.44 m
 Example #10
Determine the time of flight from A to B, range R of its
trajectory, the impact speed at B, and its maximum
acceleration along AB. Snowmobile was travelling at 10 m/s
before jumping off at A.

Solution
i. Range & time of flight:

( ) R 0 10 cos 40t R 7.66t [1]

( ) 3 4 R 0 10 sin 40t 12 (9.81)t 2 [2]
solving [1] & [2]
R 19.0 m t 2.48 s
 Example #10 (continued)

ii. Max acceleration & impact speed:

( ) v x v Ax 10 cos 40 7.66 m/s

( ) v y v Ay gt 10 sin 40 9.81( 2.48 ) 17 .9 m/s
impact speed at B :
v (7 .66 ) 2 ( 17 .9 ) 2 19 .5 m/s
maximum accelerati on along AB :
a max g 9 .81 m/s 2
References:

R.C. Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics,

SI 14th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2016.