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DESIGN OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Design of Tow Way Slabs
Direct Design Method (DDM)

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DESIGN OF TWO-WAY FLOOR

SLAB SYSTEM

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One-way and two-way

slab

Direct Design Method

Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab

behavior
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One-way
slabs carry
load in one
direction.

Two-way
slabs carry
load in two
directions.

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Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab

behavior
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One-way
and two-
way slab
action
carry
load in
two
directions

One-way slabs: Generally, long side/short side > 2

Comparison of One-way and

Two-way slab behavior
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Flat Plate Waffle slab

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Comparison of One-way and Two-way slab

behavior
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Flat slab Two-way slab with beams

Basic Steps in Two-way Slab Design

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1. Choose layout and type of slab.

2. Choose slab thickness to control deflection.
3. Check if thickness is adequate to resist shear.

4. Choose Design method

A. Equivalent Frame Method- use elastic frame
analysis to compute positive and negative moments
B. Direct Design Method - uses coefficients to compute
positive and negative slab moments

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Basic Steps in Two-way Slab Design

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5. Divide into column and middle strips

6. Calculate positive and negative slab moments.
7. Determine distribution of moments across the width of the
slab.

8. Assign a portion of moment to beams, if present.

9. Design reinforcement for moments (steps 5 and 6).
10. Distribute steel.
10. Repeat steps in the other direction.

Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way

construction
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Slabs
without
interior
beams
spanning
between
supports
and ratio
of long
span to
short span
<2

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Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way

construction
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Slabs without drop panels meeting, tmin = 5 in

Slabs with drop panels meeting, tmin = 4 in

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Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way

construction
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Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement

At points of max. +/- M: s 2t ACI 13.3.2
and s 18 in. ACI 7.12.3
Max. and Min Reinforcement Requirements

As min As T&S from ACI 7.12 ACI 13.3.1

As max 0.75 As bal

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DDM Definitions
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DDM Definitions
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Effective beam sections

Shear in 2-way Slabs

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Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio, a

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Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along

slab edge reduces deflections of panel adjacent to
beams.
flexural stiffness of beam
a
flexural stiffness of slab

Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio, a

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4E cb I b / l 4E cb I b
a
4E cs I s / l 4E cs I s

E cb M odulus of elasticity of beam concrete

E sb M odulus of elasticity of slab concrete
I b M oment of inertia of uncracked beam
Is M oment of inertia of uncracked slab

With width bounded laterally by centerline of

adjacent panels on each side of the beam.

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Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of a

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Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of a

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Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of a

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Definition of beam cross-section

Charts may be used to calculate a Fig. 13-21

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Distribution of Moments
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Total static Moment, Mo

wu l2ln2
M0 ACI 13 - 3
8
where wu factored load per unit area
l2 transverse width of the strip
ln clear span between columns
for circular columns, calc. ln using h 0.886dc

Column Strips and Middle Strips

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Moments vary across width of slab panel

Design moments are averaged over:

1. the width of column strips over the columns &
2. The middle strips between column strips.

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Critical
Sections

Negative and positive design moments

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Distribution of M0
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Positive and Negative Moments in Panels

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Factored Moment
in Column Strip
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a1 = Ratio of flexural
stiffness of beam to
stiffness of slab in direction
l1 .

bt = Ratioof torsional
stiffness of edge beam to
flexural stiffness of slab
(width = to beam length)

Factored Moment in Column Strip

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a1 Ratio of flexural
stiffness of beam to
stiffness of slab in
direction l1.

bt Ratio of torsional
stiffness of edge
beam to flexural
stiffness of
slab(width= to

beam length)

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Example: Using the ACI Code, determine the

required thickness for slabs in Panels 3 and 2 . Edge
53beams are used around the building perimeter.(300
mm wide x 200mm drop), fy =414 Mpa (G60)

Solution
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For interior Panels 3: ln = 6 - 0.4 = 5.6 m,

h = ln/33 = 5.6/33 = 0.17 m) > 125 mm

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h = 7 in

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Flat
plate
without
edge
beams

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Example
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Design an interior flat plate

LL =80 psf = 3.83 kN/m2,
DL +Own wt. =110psf = 5.27 kN/m2,
fy = 60ksi
= 414 MPa,
fc = 3 ksi = 21 MPa
Column height = 12ft =3.6m

Slab h same as before

the required h = 7 in =0.17m
(Use: h = 7.5
= 0.19m
1 Psf = 47.9 N/m2

Wu = 1.2*5.27+1.6*3.8 3= 13 kN/m2

Shear check for h

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d = 6.25*25.4
= 159 mm
say 0.16m
Wu = 13.0 kPa
One Way shear
Ln1 = 6.1- 0.4 = 5.7 m
Ln1@d = 0.5*5.7-0.16 =2.69 m
Vu = 13 *1* (2.69)
= 35 kN < F Vc

F Vc = 0.75*0.16 * 210.5 * 160

= 88 kN OK

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bo = 2 (0.4+0.16+0.3+0.16)
= 2.04 m

A = 6.1*4.88- (0.56*.46)
= 29.8 m2
Vu2 = 13*(29.8)
=387 kN

F Vc = 0.75*.33*(21)0.5*2.04*160
= 387 kN > 355 kN OK

Mo = ? (in short and long directions

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Mol =13*4.88*5.72/8 = 245 kN.m

Mos =13* 6.1 *4.582/8 = 208 kN.m

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Interior -Ve, Exterior Ve and +Ve

moments in Long direction

Moment Distribution in long direction (between

col. And middle strips

Column Strip Middle strip

2
l
M 0l wu .l2 (0.26)16 * (20 16 / 12) 2 / 8
n1
8
181.2k . ft 234kN.m

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Moment Distribution in long direction: col. And middle strips

ln21
M 0l wu .l2 0.26 *16 * (20 16 / 12) 2 / 8 181.2k. ft 245kN.m
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M-ext = 0.65 M0 =75% for col. Strip + 25% for Middle strip
M+ = 0.35 M0 =60% for col. Strip + 40% for Middle strip
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Similarly the distribution in

the short direction

ln21
M 0 s wu .l2 (0.26) * 20 * (16 12 / 12) 2 / 8 146.2k. ft
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Summary and design (short span)

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Slab with Interior beams

Steps:
1.Find slab thickness (Eqns).
2.Find: Wu = 1.2*WD+1.6*WL, and Find Mol, Mos
3.Distribute to ve int Mom, -ve ext mom, +Ve
Mom.
4.Distribute to the moments in step 3 into beam
and column strip moments
5.Distribute column Strip moments into
Beam and slab moments
6.Find As .. And distribue steel

Beam and slab contributions

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Slabs with Thickness in SI units:

Interior Beams:

USC Units:

b= ln long / ln shor

Example: Slabs with interior beams

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Given: 2-Way Slab with beams as shown,

h = 7, Fc = 3 ksi, fy = 60 ksi
Reqd: Check the ACI requirements for int panel

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a2 and am
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Minimum Slab thickness:

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Exmple:
Slabs With Beams
(DDM)
Determine the slab thickness and
the +ve and the ve moments
required for the design of the
exterior panel of the shown slab.
LL = 120psf, DL = 100 psf
(including own weight . 15x15
and 12 long. The slabs are
supported by beams. Fc = 3ksi,
fy = 60ksi.

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Check the code limitations

1. more than 3 spans 2. equal spans 3. no offsets
4. rectangular shape with long/short spans < 2
5. .

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Direction of the 18 slab width

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Slab Thickness:

Moments/ Interior Panel:

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Interpolation:

Col strip will resist from M-int

=0.75 (0.75-0.45)*(1.22-1)
= 0.68 of 0.65 M0
= - 0.68*065*241
= -107 k.ft (for col strip + beam)

As the beam stiffness 85% of this value will be resisted

by the beam = (0.85* 107)= 90.95 k.ft
and 16.05 k.ft should be resisted by remaining col. strip

similarly: 0.68(+84)= 57.1 k.ft

(48 For beam and 9.1 for slab)

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Short span on the edge beam

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18ft strip

107 +50
= 157 k.ft
+57+ 30
=87 k.ft
-57 -27
+31+16 k.ft

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