Trainer Model: ETEK DCS-6000-07

FSK Modulator

ETEK TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.

E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]

http: // www.etek21.com.tw
Digital Communication Systems (ETEK DCS-6000)

13-1: Curriculum Objectives

1. To understand the operation theory of FSK modulator.

2. To understand the FSK modulation by using the theory of

mathematical.

3. To design and implement the FSK modulator by using VCO.

13-2: Curriculum Theory

In digital signal transmission, the repeater is used to recover the data signal,

this will enhance the immunity to noise. So the coding technique can be used to

detect, correct and encrypt the signal. During long haul transmission, the high

frequency part of the digital signal will easily attenuate and cause distortion.

Therefore, the signal has to be modulated before transmission, and one of the

methods is the frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation. FSK technique is to

modulate the data signal to two different frequencies to achieve effective

transmission. At the receiver, the data signal will be recovered based on the two

different frequencies of the received signal.

The relation of FSK signal and data signal is shown in figure 13-1. When the

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data signal is 5 V, after the signal pass through the buffer, the switch S1 will OFF,

then the frequency of FSK signal is f1 . When the data signal is 0 V, after the

signal pass through the buffer, the switch S2 will OFF, the frequency of FSK

signal is f 2 . Normally, the difference between frequencies f1 and f 2 has to be

as large as possible. This is because the corelation of both signals is low, therefore,

the effect of transmitting and receiving will be better. However, the required

bandwidth must be increased. Figure 13-2 is the signal waveforms of FSK

modulation.

f1

Data S1
FSK
Buffer output

S2

f2

Figure 13-1 Structure diagram of FSK modulator.

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Data
Signal

FSK
Signal

f1 f2 f1 f2 f1 f2 f1 f2
Figure 13-2 Relation diagram between data signal and FSK signal.

In this section, we utilize the theory of mathematic to solve the FSK

modulation as shown in equation (13-1). The expression is shown as follow

VFSK A cos(C ) t cos(D ) t

(13-1)
A
2
cos(C D ) t cos(C D ) t

A: Magnitude of FSK signal.

cos(C ) t : Carrier Frequency.

cos( D ) t : Audio Frequency.

cos(C D ) t : This frequency represents as 1.

cos(C D ) t : This frequency represents as 0.

The technique of FSK is widely used in commercial and industrial wire

transmission and wireless transmission. In the experiments, we will discuss how

to produce FSK signal. In certain applications, the FSK signal is fixed. For

example, for wireless transmission, the mark signal is 2124 Hz and space signal is

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2975 Hz. For wire transmission such as telephone, the frequencies are as follow

Space = 1370 Hz

Mark = 870 Hz

or

Space = 2225 Hz

Mark = 2025 Hz

From the above mentioned, we notice that the frequency gap of FSK is 500

Hz.

In FSK modulator, we use data signal (square wave) as the signal source.

The output signal frequency of modulator is based on the square wave levels of

the data signal. In this chapter, the frequencies of the carriers are 870 Hz and 1370

Hz. These two frequencies can be produced by using a voltage controlled

oscillator, (VCO). The output signal frequencies are varied by the difference

levels of the input pulse to produce two different frequencies. Each output signal

frequency corresponds to an input voltage level (i.e. 0 or 1).

In this chapter, we utilize 2206 IC waveform generator and LM 566 voltage

controlled oscillator to produce the modulated FSK signal. First of all lets

introduce the characteristics of 2206 IC. 2206 IC is a waveform generator, which

is similar to 8038 IC. Figure 13-3 is the circuit diagram of the FSK modulator by

using 2206 IC. In figure 13-3, resistors R3, R4 comprise a voltage divided circuit.

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The main function of the voltage divided circuit is to let the negative voltage

waveform of the 2206 IC operates normally. The oscillation frequency of 2206 IC

is determined by resistors R1 and R5. Its oscillation frequencies are f1 1 2R 1C ,

f 2 1 2R 5 C . There is an internal comparator in 2206 IC. Assume that when the

input is 5 V, the output frequency is f1, and when the input is 0 V, the output

frequency is f2. We can utilize the TTL signal at pin 9 to control the output

frequency to be f1 or f2. This type of structure is similar to the structure in figure

13-1. Therefore, by using the characteristic of this structure, we can achieve FSK

modulation easily.

C1 +12 V
R3 1 k R4 1 k
Data
I/P
100 n C3
4 100 n
9 6 5 3
2 FSK
O/P
XR2206
8

R1 13 14 10 1 2
R2 R5
1k
C2 10 k
200 1u

Figure 13-3 Circuit diagram of FSK modulator by using 2206 IC.

Next, we use LM566 voltage control oscillator to implement the FSK

modulator. First of all, we will discuss the varactor diode. Varactor diode or tuning

diode is mainly used for changing the capacitance value of oscillator. The

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objective is to let the output frequency of oscillator can be adjusted or tunable,

therefore varactor diode dominates the tunable range of the whole voltage

controlled oscillator.

Varactor diode is a diode, which its capacitance can be varied by adding a

reverse bias to pn junction. When reverse bias increases, the depletion region

become wide, this will cause the capacitance value decreases; nevertheless when

reverse bias decreases, the depletion region will be reduced, this will cause the

capacitance value increases. Varactor diode also can be varied from the amplitude

of AC signal.

Figure 13-4 is the capacitance analog diagram of varactor diode. When a

varactor diode without bias, the concentration will be differed from minor carriers

at pn junction. Then these carriers will diffuse and become depletion region. The p

type depletion region carries electron positive ions, then the n type depletion

region carries negative ions. We can use parallel plate capacitor to obtain the

expression as shown as follow:

A
C (13-2)
d

where

11.8 o (dielectric constant of Silicon)

o 8.85 10 12

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A: the cross section area of capacitor.

d: the width of depletion region.

When reverse bias increases, the width of depletion region d will increase

but the cross section area A remains, therefore the capacitance value would be

reduced. On the other hand, the capacitance value will increase when reverse bias

decreases.

PN Junction

- - ++
- +
P - + N
- +
- +
Depletion Region

_
_ _ +
_ + + +
_ _ _
+ + +
_ _
+ +
Parallel Plate Capacitor Dielectric
Figure 13-4 Capacitance analog diagram of varactor diode.

Cj RS

Figure 13-5 Equivalent circuit diagram varactor diode.

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Varactor diode can be equivalent to a capacitor series a resistor as shown in

figure 13-5. From figure 13-5, Cj is the junction capacitor of semiconductor,

which only exits in pn junction. Rs is the sum of bulk resistance and contact

resistance of semiconductor material, which is related to the quality of varactor

diode (generally below a few ohm).

Tuning ratio, TR is the ratio of capacitance value under two different biases

for varactor diode. The expression is shown as follow:

C V2
TR (13-3)
C V1

where

TR: tuning ratio.

C V1 : capacitance value of varactor diode at V1 .

C V 2 : capacitance value of varactor diode at V2 .

The oscillation frequency of LM566 is

2 Vcc Vin
f0 (13-4)
R 10 C 5 Vcc

Where Vcc is the power supply voltage input at pin 8 of LM566. Vin is the

input voltage of LM566 at pin 5.

If Vcc is fixed, then with proper R 10 , C 5 and Vin , the output signal

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frequencies ( f o ) of LM566 will be 1072 Hz and 1272 Hz. The conditions for

using LM566 VCO are as follow

2 k R 10 20 k

0.75 Vin Vcc

f 0 500 kHz

10 V Vcc 24 V

Figure 13-6 is the circuit diagram of FSK modulator. The operation theory is

to convert the voltage level of data signal (TTL levels) to appropriate voltage level.

This voltage will input to the input terminal of LM566 VCO. Then, the VCO will

produce two frequencies with respect to the input voltage levels (870 Hz and 1370

Hz). The Q1, Q2, R1, R2, R3, VR1 and VR2 comprise a voltage converter. In the

circuit, Q1 will operate as NOT gate. When the input signal of the base of Q1 is

high, then Q1 will switch on. At this moment, the output signal of the collector

will be low (around 0.2 V), so Q2 will switch off. When input signal of the base of

Q1 is low (0 V), Q1 will switch off. At this moment, the output signal of collector

of Q1 is high (5 V), so, Q2 will switches on. When Q2 switch off, the input voltage

of VCO is

VR 2
V1 Vcc (13-5)
VR 2 R 6

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The VCO output signal frequency is f1 . When Q2 switches on, the input voltage

of VCO is (assume the resistance of Q2 is only a few ohm)

VR 1 // VR 2
V2 Vcc (13-6)
VR 1 // VR 2 R 6

At this moment, the output signal frequency of VCO is f 2 . So, we just need to

adjust VR1 and VR2, then the output signal frequencies of VCO will become f1

and f 2 which are 1370 Hz and 870 Hz, respectively. In figure 13-6, the two

A741, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, C3, C4, C5 and C6 comprise a 4th order low-pass filter.

The objective is to remove the unwanted signal from the LM566 VCO output

(TP2), so that we can obtain the sinusoidal waveform signal.

+12V
R10
R6 5.6k
1k
R3 8 6
10k VR1 U1
500k LM566 3 VCO
5
Output
1 7
Data VR2
R1 10k C5
Signal Q2 + C6
0.1 uF
Input 1k Q 1 C945 1uF
C945

R9 +12V
C3
C1 R5 +12V 100k
100k 0.01
0.01 2 _ 7
2 _ 7
R7 10k R8 100k 6 FSK modulated
R2 10k R4 100k 6 Signal Output
+ 4
+ 3 U3
3 4
U2 C4 A741
C2 A741 1000p 12 V
1000p 12 V

Figure 13-6 Circuit diagram of FSK modulator.

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13-3: Experiment Items

Experiment 1: XR 2206 FSK modulator

1. Refer to figure 13-3 with R1 = 1 k and R5 = 10 k or refer to figure

DCS13-1 on ETEK DCS-6000-07 module. Let J2 and J4 be short circuit, J3
and J5 be open circuit.

2. From figure DCS13-1, let the two terminal of I/P be short circuit and JP1 be
open circuit, i.e. at the data signal input terminal (Data I/P), input 0 V DC
voltage. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform of
FSK signal (FSK O/P), then record the measured results in table 13-1.

3. From figure DCS13-1, let the two terminal of I/P be open circuit and JP1 be
short circuit, i.e. at the data signal input terminal (Data I/P), input 5 V DC
voltage. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform of
FSK signal (FSK O/P), then record the measured results in table 13-1.

4. At the data signal input terminal (Data I/P), input 5 V amplitude, 100 Hz TTL
signal. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform of FSK
signal (FSK O/P), then record the measured results in table 13-1.

5. According to the input signal in table 13-1, repeat step 4 and record the
measured results in table 13-1.

6. Refer to figure 13-3 with R1 = 7.5 k and R5 = 15 k or refer to figure

DCS13-1 on ETEK DCS-6000-07 module. Let J2 and J4 be open circuit, J3
and J5 be short circuit.

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7. According to the input signal in table 13-2, repeat step 2 to step 4 and record
the measured results in table 13-2.

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Experiment 2: LM566 FSK modulator

1. Refer to the circuit diagram in figure 13-6 or figure DCS13-2 on ETEK

DCS-6000-07 module.

2. From figure DCS13-2, let the two terminal of I/P be short circuit and JP1 be
open circuit, i.e. at the data signal input terminal (Data I/P), input 0 V DC
voltage. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform of the
VCO output port (TP2) of LM 566. Slightly adjust VR2 so that the frequency
of TP2 is 1370 Hz. Again observe on the output signal waveforms of the
charge and discharge test point (TP1), second order low-pass filter (TP3) and
FSK signal output port (FSK O/P). Finally, record the measured results in
table 13-3.

3. From figure DCS13-2, let the two terminal of I/P be open circuit and JP1 be
short circuit, i.e. at the data signal input terminal (Data I/P), input 5 V DC
voltage. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveform of the
VCO output port (TP2) of LM 566. Slightly adjust VR2 so that the frequency
of TP2 is 870 Hz. Again observe on TP1, TP3 and FSK O/P. Finally, record
the measured results in table 13-3.

4. At the data signal input terminal (Data I/P), input 5 V amplitude and 200 Hz
TTL signal. By using oscilloscope, observe on the output signal waveforms of
Data I/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, and FSK O/P. Finally, record the measured results
in table 13-4.

5. According to the input signal in table 13-4, repeat step 4 and record the
measured results in table 13-4.

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13-4: Measured Results

Table 13-1 Measured results of FSK modulator by using 2206 IC.

Input
0V 5V
Signal

J2, J4
SC
J3, J5
OC

Input TTL Signal with TTL Signal with

Signal VP 5 V, f 100 Hz VP 5 V, f 200 Hz

J2, J4
SC
J3, J5
OC

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Table 13-2 Measured results of FSK modulator by using 2206 IC.

Input
0V 5V
Signal

J3, J5
SC
J2, J4
OC

Input TTL signal with TTL Signal with

Signal VP 5 V, f 100 Hz VP 5 V, f 200 Hz

J3, J5
SC
J2, J4
OC

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Table 13-3 Measured results of FSK modulator by using LM 566.

Input
TP1 TP2
Signal

TP3 FSK O/P

0V

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Table 13-3 Measured results of FSK modulator by using LM 566. (Continue)

Input
TP1 TP2
Signal

5V TP3 FSK O/P

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Table 13-4 Measured results of FSK modulator by using LM 566.

Input Signal
Data I/P TP1
Frequencies

TP2 TP3

TTL Signal with

VP 5 V
f 200 Hz

FSK O/P

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Table 13-4 Measured results of FSK modulator by using LM 566. (Continue)

Input Signal
Data I/P TP1
Frequencies

TP2 TP3

TTL Signal with

VP 5 V
f 100 Hz

FSK O/P

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13-5: Problems Discussion

1. In figure 13-6, what are the functions of Q1, Q2 and LM566?

2. In figure 13-6, what are the functions of variable resistors VR1 and VR2?

3. In figure 13-6, if the input signal is larger than the FSK frequency, will this
circuit operate properly? (i.e. compare the 200 Hz and 900 Hz input signals
in table 13-3)

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Appendix

Expected Results

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Chapter 13: Expected Measured Results

Table 13-1 Measured results of FSK modulator by using 2206 IC.

Input
0V 5V
Signal

J2, J4
SC
J3, J5
OC

Input
Signal 100 Hz 200 Hz

J2, J4
SC
J3, J5
OC

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Table 13-2 Measured results of FSK modulator by using 2206 IC.

Input
0V 5V
Signal

J3, J5
SC
J2, J4
OC

Input
Signal 100 Hz 200 Hz

J3, J5
SC
J2, J4
OC

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Table 13-3 Measured results of FSK modulator by using LM 566.

Input
TP1 TP2
Signal

0V TP3 FSK O/P

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Table 13-4 Measured results of FSK modulator by using LM 566.

Input Signal
Data I/P TP1
Frequencies

TP2 TP3

TTL Signal with

VP 5 V
f 200 Hz

FSK O/P

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