Chapter 5

Practice Exercises

5.1 (a) FeCl3(s)
Fe3+(aq) + 3Cl(aq)

(b) K3PO4(s)
3K+(aq) + PO43(aq)

5.2 (a) MgCl2(s)
Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)

(b) Al(NO3)3(s)
Al3+(aq) + 3NO3(aq)

(c) Na2CO3(s)
2Na+(aq) + CO32(aq)

5.3 molecular: (NH4)2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)
BaSO4(s) + 2NH4NO3(aq)

ionic: 2NH4+(aq) + SO42(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
BaSO4(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)

net ionic: Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
BaSO4(s)

5.4 molecular: CdCl2(aq) + Na2S(aq)
CdS(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

ionic: Cd2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + S2(aq)
CdS(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)

net ionic: Cd2+(aq) + S2(aq)
CdS(s)

5.5 HCHO2(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + CHO2(aq)

5.6 Note that the drawing below is an anion. The negative charge has not been included in the drawing.

CH3CH2CH2CHOOH(l ) + H2O CH3CH2CH2COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

5.7 H3C6H5O7(s) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + H2C6H5O7(aq)

H2C6H5O7(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + HC6H5O72(aq)

HC6H5O72(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + C6H5O73(aq)

5.8 (C2H5)3N(aq) + H2O
(C2H5)3NH+(aq) + OH(aq)

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5.9 HONH2(aq) + H2O
HONH3+(aq) + OH(aq)

5.10 The drawing below is the cation formed and does not include the positive charge of the ion.

CH3CH2NH2(aq) + H2O i
CH3CH2NH3+(aq) + OH(aq)

5.11 CH3NH2(aq) + H2O
CH3NH3+(aq) + OH(aq)

5.12 HNO2(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + NO2(aq)

5.13 Sodium arsenate

5.14 Calcium formate, calcium methanoate

5.15 HF: Hydrofluoric acid, sodium salt = sodium fluoride (NaF)

HBr: Hydrobromic acid, sodium salt = sodium bromide (NaBr)

5.16 Iodic acid

5.17 NaHSO3, sodium hydrogen sulfite

5.18 H3PO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)
NaH2PO4(aq) + H2O sodium dihydrogen phosphate

NaH2PO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)
Na2HPO4(aq) + H2O sodium hydrogen phosphate

Na2HPO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)
Na3PO4(aq) + H2O sodium phosphate

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5.19 molecular: Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ca(C2H3O2)2(aq)
Zn(C2H3O2)2(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)

ionic: Zn2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq)

Zn2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
net ionic: No reaction

5.20 (a) molecular: AgNO3(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)
AgCl(s) + NH4NO3(aq)

ionic: Ag+(aq) + NO3(aq) + NH4+(aq) + Cl(aq)
AgCl(s) + NH4+(aq) + NO3(aq)
net ionic: Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
AgCl(s)

(b) molecular: Na2S(aq) + Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq)
2NaC2H3O2(aq) + PbS(s)

ionic: 2Na+(aq) + S2(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq)
2Na+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + PbS(s)

net ionic: S2(aq) + Pb2+(aq)
PbS(s)

5.21 molecular: 2HNO3(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O

ionic: 2H+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2H2O
net ionic: H+(aq) + OH(aq)
H2O

5.22 (a) molecular: HCl(aq) + KOH(aq)
H2O + KCl(aq)

ionic: H+(aq) + Cl(aq) + K+(aq) + OH(aq)
H2O + K+(aq) + Cl(aq)

net ionic: H+(aq) + OH(aq)
H2O

(b) molecular: HCHO2(aq) + LiOH(aq)
H2O + LiCHO2(aq)

ionic: HCHO2(aq) + Li+(aq) + OH(aq)
H2O + Li+(aq) + CHO2(aq)

net ionic: HCHO2(aq) + OH(aq)
H2O + CHO2(aq)

(c) molecular: N2H4(aq) + HCl(aq)
N2H5Cl(aq)

ionic: N2H4(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl(aq)
N2H5+(aq) + Cl(aq)

net ionic: N2H4(aq) + H+(aq)
N2H5+(aq)

5.23 molecular: CH3NH2(aq) + HCHO2(aq)
CH3NH3CHO2(aq)

ionic: CH3NH2(aq) + HCHO2(aq)
CH3NH3+(aq) + CHO2(aq)

net ionic: CH3NH2(aq) + HCHO2(aq)
CH3NH3+(aq) + CHO2(aq)

5.24 molecular: 2HCHO2(aq) + Co(OH)2(s)
Co(CHO2)2(aq) + 2H2O

ionic: 2HCHO2(aq) + Co(OH)2(s)
2CHO2(aq) + Co2+(aq) + 2H2O

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net ionic: 2HCHO2(aq) + Co(OH)2(s)
2CHO2(aq) + Co2+(aq) + 2H2O

5.25 (a) Formic acid, a weak acid will form.

molecular: KCHO2(aq) + HCl(aq)
KCl(aq) + HCHO2(aq)

ionic: K+(aq) + CHO2 (aq) + H+(aq) + Cl(aq)
K+(aq) + Cl(aq) + HCHO2(aq)

net ionic: CHO2(aq) + H+(aq)
HCHO2(aq)

(b) Carbonic acid will form and it will further dissociate to water and carbon dioxide:

CuCO3(s) + 2H+(aq)
CO2(g) + H2O + Cu2+(aq)

molecular: CuCO3(s) + 2HC2H3O2(aq)
CO2(g) + H2O + Cu(C2H3O2)2(aq)

ionic: CuCO3(s) + 2HC2H3O2(aq)
CO2(g) + H2O + Cu2+ + 2C2H3O2(aq)

net ionic: CuCO3(s) + 2HC2H3O2(aq)
CO2(g) + H2O + Cu2+ + 2C2H3O2(aq)

(c) No reaction will occur. All acetate salts and nitrate salts are soluble

(d) Insoluble nickel hydroxide will precipitate.

Ni2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Ni(OH)2(s)

molecular: NiCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
Ni(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

ionic: Ni2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Ni(OH)2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)

net ionic: Ni2+(aq) + 2OH (aq)
Ni(OH)2(s)

5.26 CuO(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)

Or

Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

5.27 You want to use a metathesis reaction that produces CoS, which is insoluble, and a second product that is
soluble. You may want the reactants to be soluble.

CoCl2(aq) + Na2S(aq) CoS(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

1 mol HNO3
5.28 mol HNO3 = (16.9 g HNO3) = 0.268 mol HNO3
63.02 g HNO3

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0.268 mol HNO3 1000 mL solution

M HNO3 = = 1.53 M HNO3
175 ml solution 1 L solution

The amount of HNO3 does not change as the solution is diluted.

1 mol NaCl
5.29 mol NaCl in 1.223 g NaCl = (1.223 g NaCl) = 0.02093 mol NaCl
58.443 g NaCl

mol NaCl in 1.461 g NaCl = 0.02500 mol NaCl

Total mol NaCl = 0.02093 mol NaCl + 0.02500 mol NaCl = 0.04593 mol NaCl

0.04593 mol NaCl 1000 mL solution

Molarity NaCl = = 0.1837 M
250.0 mL solution 1 L solution

1 L solution 0.250 mol HCl

5.30 mol HCl = 175 mL HCl solution = 0.0438 mol HCl
1000 mL solution 1 L solution

5.31 Determine the moles of HCl in 1.30 g. This is the number of moles of HCl in the 0.250 M solution so we
need to determine what volume that is required to divide the moles by to get 0.250 M.

1 mol HCl
(1.30 g HCl) / Vsoln = 0.250 M
36.46 g HCl

Vsoln = 143 mL of 0.250 M HCl

5.32 If we were working with a full liter of this solution, it would contain 0.2 mol of Sr(NO3)2. The molar mass
of the salt is 211.62 g mol1, so 0.2 mol is slightly more than 40 g. However, we are working with just 50
mL, so the amount of Sr(NO3)2 needed is slightly more than a twentieth of 40 g, or 2 g. The answer, 2.11 g,
is close to this, so it makes sense.

1 L solution 0.2 mol Sr ( NO3 )2 211.62 g Sr ( NO3 )

g Sr(NO3)2 = 50 mL 2 = 2.11 g Sr(NO3)2
1000 mL solution 1 L solution 1 mol Sr ( NO3 )
2

1 L soln 0.0125 mol AgNO3 169.9 g AgNO3

5.33 g AgNO3 = (250 mL sol'n) = 0.531 g AgNO3
1000 mL soln 1 L soln 1 mol AgNO3

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0.125 mol H 2SO 4 1

5.34 mL = (100.0 mL solution) = 250.0 mL
1 L solution ( 0.0500 M )

1 L solution 0.50 mol HCl

5.35 mol HCl = (150 mL solution) = 0.075 mol HCl
1000 mL solution 1 L solution
1 L solution 1000 mL solution
mL = (0.075 mol HCl) = 750 mL
0.10 mol HCl 1 L solution

To find the number of mL of water to add to the solution subtract the number of mL of the concentrated
solution from the total volume:

750 mL solution 150 mL = 600 mL

Add 600 mL of water.

1 L solution 0.100 mol KOH 1 mol H3 PO 4

5.36 mol H3PO4 = (45.0 mL KOH)
1000 mL solution 1 L solution 3 mol KOH
= 1.5 103 mol H3PO4

1 L solution 1000 mL solution

mL H3PO4 = (1.5 103 mol H3PO4) = 31.6 mL H3PO4
0.0475 mol H3 PO 4 1 L solution

1 L H 2SO 4 0.108 mol H 2SO 4

5.37 mL NaOH = (15.4 mL H2SO4)
1000 mL H 2SO 4 1 L H 2SO 4

2 mol NaOH 1 L NaOH 1000 mL NaOH

= 26.8 mL NaOH
1 mol H 2SO4 0.124 mol NaOH 1 L NaOH

5.38 FeCl3
Fe3+ + 3Cl

0.40 mol FeCl3 1 mol Fe3+

M Fe3+ = = 0.40 M Fe3+

1 L FeCl3 soln 1 mol FeCl3

0.40 mol FeCl3 3 mol Cl

M Cl = = 1.2 M Cl

1 L FeCl3 soln 1 mol FeCl3

0.250 mol PO 3 3 mol Na +

5.39 M Na+ = 4 = 0.750 M Na+
1 L Na 3 PO 4 soln 1 mol PO 3
4

1 L AgNO3 0.100 mol AgNO3 1 mol Ag +

5.40 mol CaCl2 = 18.4 mL AgNO3
1000 mL AgNO3 1 L AgNO3 1 mol AgNO3

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1 mol Cl 1 mol CaCl2

= 9.20 104 mol CaCl2
1 mol Ag + 2 mol Cl

9.20 104 mol CaCl 1000 mL CaCl

M CaCl2 = 2 2 = 0.0449 M CaCl
20.5 mL CaCl 1 L CaCl2 2
2

5.41 The balanced net ionic equation is: Fe2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Fe(OH)2(s).

First determine the number of moles of Fe2+ present.

0.250 mol FeCl2 1 mol Fe2+

mol Fe2+ = (60.0 mL Fe2+) = 1.50 102 mol Fe2+
1000 mL solution 1 mol FeCl2

Now, determine the amount of KOH needed to react with the Fe2+.

2 mol OH 1 mol KOH 1000 mL solution

mL KOH = (1.50 102 mol Fe2+) = 60.0 mL KOH
2+ 1 mol OH 0.500 mol KOH
1 mol Fe

0.150 mol BaCl2 1 mol Ba 2+ 1 mol SO4 2

5.42 g Na2SO4 = 28.40 mL BaCl2
1000 mL BaCl2 1 mol BaCl2 1 mol Ba 2+

1 mol Na SO 142.05 g Na SO
2 4 2 4 = 0.605 g Na SO
1 mol SO 2 1 mol Na 2SO 4 2 4
4

1 mol CaSO 4 1 mol Ca 2+

5.43 (a) mol Ca2+ = (0.736 g CaSO4) = 5.41 103 mol Ca2+

136.14 g CaSO 4 1 mol CaSO 4
(b) Since all of the Ca2+ is precipitated as CaSO4, there were originally 5.41 103 moles of Ca2+ in
the sample.
(c) All of the Ca2+ comes from CaCl2, so there were 5.41 103 moles of CaCl2 in the sample.
110.98 g CaCl2
(d) g CaCl2 = (5.41 103 mol CaCl2) = 0.600 g CaCl2
1 mol CaCl2
0.600 g CaCl2
(e) % CaCl2 = 100% = 30.0% CaCl2
2.000 g sample

(f) % MgCl2 = 100 % - 30 % = 70 %

5.44 Balanced equation:

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O

1 L NaOH soln 0.147 mol NaOH 1 mol H 2SO4

mol HsSO4 = (36.42 mL NaOH)
1000 mL NaOH soln 1 L NaOH soln 2 mol NaOH

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= 2.68 103 mol H2SO4

2.68 103 mol H SO 1000 mL H SO

M H2SO4 = 2 4 2 4 = 0.178 M H SO
15.00 mL H 2 SO4 1 L H 2 SO 4 2 4

1 L KOH soln 0.0100 mol KOH soln 1 mol HCl 4

5.45 mol HCl = (11.00 mL) 1 mol KOH = 1.1 10 mol HCl
1000 mL NaOH soln 1 L KOH soln

1.1 104 mol HCl 1000 mL HCl soln

M HCl = = 0.0220 M HCl
5.00 mL HCl soln 1 L HCl soln

0.0220 mol HCl 36.5 g HCl 3

g HCl = (5.00 mL HCl) = 4.02 10 g HCl
1000 mL HCl 1 mol HCl

4.02 10 3 g
weight % = 100% = 0.0803%
5.00 g

Review Questions
5.1 (a) Solvent the medium into which something (a solute) is dissolved to make a solution

(b) Solute Something dissolved in a solvent to make a solution

(c) Concentration the ratio of the quantity of solute to the quantity of solution or quantity of solvent

5.2 (a) Concentrated a solution that has a large ratio of the amounts of solute to solvent

(b) Dilute a solution in which the ratio of the quantities of solute to solvent is small

(c) Saturated a solution that holds as much solute as it can at a given temperature

(d) Unsaturated Any solution with a concentration less than that of a saturated solution of the same
solute and solvent

(e) Supersaturated a solution whose concentration of solute exceeds the equilibrium concentration

(f) Solubility the ratio of the quantity of solute to the quantity of solvent in a saturated solution

5.3 Chemical reactions are often carried out using solutions because this allows the reactants to move about
and come in contact with each other. Furthermore, solutions can be made with a high enough concentration
to allow the reaction to proceed at a reasonable rate.

5.4 When a sugar crystal is added to

(a) a saturated sugar solution, the sugar crystal will not dissolve.

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(b) a supersaturated sugar solution, the sugar crystal will cause the extra sugar in solution to
precipitate forming more sugar crystals.

(c) an unsaturated sugar solution, the added sugar crystal will dissolve.

5.5 Precipitate a solid that separates from a solution usually as the result of a chemical reaction

For a precipitate to form spontaneously in a solution, the equilibrium must be disrupted. A supersaturated
solution may form a precipitate spontaneously, or if the temperature changes in the direction that will cause
a precipitate to form.

5.6 Electrolytes are soluble, ionic compounds. The following are likely to be electrolytes: CuBr2, iron(II)
chloride, and (NH4)2SO4.

The following are molecular compounds and are not likely to be electrolytes: C12H22O11, and CH3OH.

5.7 nonelectrolyte does not have a charge, so it cannot allow ions to move. An ion is hydrated when it is
surrounded by water molecules.

5.8 Dissociation the dissolving of an ionic compound in water such that the individual ions that compose the
ionic compound become separated from one another (via hydration), and move about freely in solution,
acting more or less independently of one another.

5.9 (a) CaCl2(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)

(b) (NH4)2SO4(aq)
2NH4+(aq) + SO42(aq)

(c) NaC2H3O2(aq)
Na+(aq) + C2H3O2(aq)

(d) Cu(ClO4)2(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + 2ClO4-(aq)

5.10 The spectator ions are Na+ and Cl. The net ionic equation is:

Co2+ + 2OH
Co(OH)2(s)

5.11 There are no counter ions for the Al3+ or the OH- so this must be a net ionic equation.

5.12 In a balanced ionic equation, both the mass and the electrical charge must be balanced. It must have the
correct formulas of reactants and products. The product is not correct in the equation.

Co3+(aq) + HPO42(aq)
CoPO4(s) + H+(aq)

5.13 Acid sour taste, turns litmus red, corrode some metals, etc...

Base bitter taste, turns litmus blue, soapy feel, etc...

5.14 If a solution is believed to be basic, red litmus paper should be used so that it would turn blue. The blue
litmus paper may not change color if the solution is neutral.

5.15 According to the definition of Arrhenius, an acid gives H+ ions in water, and a base gives OH ions in
water.

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5.16 (a) NaOH dissociation

(b) HNO3 ionization

(c) NH3 ionization

(d) H2SO4 ionization

5.17 (a) P4O10 acidic solutions

(b) K 2O basic solutions
(c) SeO3 acidic solutions
(d) Cl2O7 acidic solutions

5.18 Dynamic equilibrium is a condition in which two opposing processes are occurring at equal rates. Acetic
acid is not a strong acid, so that it forms an equilibrium between the molecular form, HC2H3O2, and the
ionized form, H+ and C2H3O2.

5.19 Double arrows are not used for the reaction of a strong acid with water because the reaction is not in
equilibrium. These are not reversible reactions, i.e., the reverse reaction has practically no tendency to
occur.

5.20 (a) HCN: weak

(b) HNO3: strong

(c) H2SO3: weak

(d) HCl: strong

(e) HCHO2: weak

(f) HNO2: weak

5.21 (a) C5H5N: weak

(b) Ba(OH)2: strong

(c) KOH: strong

(d) C6H5NH2: weak

(e) Cs2O: strong

(f) N2O5: acidic solution

5.22

H H +
H 3C N H 3C N H
H H

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5.23 The student removed a hydrogen attached to the methyl group, CH3. Hydrogen attached to carbon atoms
are not acidic protons and will not be removed in water. The correct structure of the ion is one where the
hydrogen attached to the oxygen atom is removed. The structure should be:

5.24 The molecules is diethylamine, as base. In water, the molecule would add an H+ to the nitrogen atom. The
structure of the resulting ion is:

The balanced chemical equation is given below.

(CH 3CH 2 ) 2 NH(l ) + H 2 O(l ) (CH 3CH 2 )2 NH 2+ (aq ) + OH (aq )

5.25 (a) hydrogen selenide

(b) hydroselenic acid

5.26 (a) periodic acid

(b) iodic acid
(c) iodous acid
(d) hypoiodous acid
(e) hydroiodic acid

5.27 (a) IO4 IO3 IO2 IO I

(b) periodate iodate iodite hypoiodite iodide

5.28 (a) H2CrO4

(b) H2CO3
(c) H2C2O4

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5.29 (a) sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate

(b) potassium dihydrogen phosphate
(c) ammonium hydrogen phosphate

5.30 NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4 Na3PO4

5.31 (a) hypochlorous acid sodium hypochlorite NaOCl

(b) iodous acid sodium iodite NaIO2
(c) bromic acid sodium bromate NaBrO3
(d) perchloric acid sodium perchlorate NaClO4

5.32 H3AsO3

5.33 sodium butyrate

5.34 propionic acid

5.35 Formation of a weak electrolyte, water, a gas, or an insoluble solid.

5.36 A metathesis reaction is also called a double replacement reaction.

5.37 Since AgBr is insoluble, the concentrations of Ag+ and Br in a saturated solution of AgBr are very small.
When solutions of AgNO3 and NaBr are mixed, the concentrations of Ag+ and Br are momentarily larger
than those in a saturated AgBr solution. Since this solution is immediately supersaturated in the moment of
mixing, a precipitate of AgBr forms spontaneously.

5.38 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43(aq)
Ca3(PO4)2(s)

3Mg2+(aq) + 2PO43(aq)
Mg3(PO4)2(s)

5.39 The substance is an electrolyte that dissolves readily in water:

Na2CO310H2O(s)
2Na+(aq) + CO32(aq) + 10H2O

The carbonate anion then serves to cause the precipitation of calcium cations:

Ca2+(aq) + CO32(aq)
CaCO3(s)

5.40 HCHO2 will react with the following:

(a) KOH HCHO2 + KOH
KCHO2 + H2O

(b) MgO 2HCHO2 + MgO
Mg(CHO2)2 + 2H2O

(c) NH3 HCHO2 + NH3
NH4+ + CHO2

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5.41 Any solution containing ammonium ion will react with a strong base to yield ammonia. The presence of
ammonia is easily detected by its odor.

5.42 (a) HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)

(b) 2HCl(aq) +Na2S(aq)
2NaCl(aq) + H2S(g)

(c) 2HCl(aq) + K2SO3(aq)
2KCl(aq) + H2O + SO2(g)

5.43 Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, also known as molar concentration.
mmol 1 mol 1000 mL 1000 mol mol
mL 1000 mmol 1 L = 1000 L = L

5.44 The two conversion factors are:

0.25 mol HCl 1 L HCl
1 L HCl 0.25 mol HCl

mol
5.45 ML= L = mol
L

5.46 The number of moles of HNO3 in the solution has not changed because none of the original sample was
removed. Instead, the concentration has decreased since more water was added.

5.47 The number of moles of CaCl2 is the same in both solutions, but A is 0.10 M CaCl2 and B is 0.20 M CaCl2.
The volume of solution A is 50 mL, therefore the volume of B is 25 mL:
1 L 0.1 mol CaCl2 3
mol CaCl2 present = 50 mL = 5 10 mol CaCl2
1000 mL 1 L CaCl2
1 L CaCl2 1000 mL
volume of solution B = (5 103 mol CaCl2) = 25 mL solution B
0.2 mol CaCl2 1 L

5.48 Qualitative analysis is the use of experimental procedures to determine what elements are present in a
substance.

Quantitative analysis determines the percentage composition of a compound or the percentage of a

component in a mixture.

Qualitative analysis answers the question, "what is in the sample?" Quantitative analysis answers the
question, "how much is in the sample?"

5.49 (a) Buret a long glass tube fitted with a stopcock, graduated in mL, and used for the controlled,
measured addition of a volume of a solution to a receiving flask.

(b) Titration a procedure for obtaining quantitative information about a reactant by a controlled
addition of one substance to another until a signal (usually a color change of an indicator) shows
that equivalent quantities have reacted.
(c) Titrant the solution delivered from a buret during a titration.
(d) End point that point during a titration when the indicator changes color, the titration is stopped,
and the total added volume of the titrant is recorded.

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5.50 The indicator provides a visible signal that the solution has changed from an acid to a base.

(a) Phenolphthalein is colorless in acid solution.

(b) Phenolphthalein is pink in base solution.

Review Problems

5.51 (a) ionic: 2NH4+(aq) + CO32(aq) + Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
2NH4+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + MgCO3(s)
net: Mg2+(aq) + CO32(aq)
MgCO3(s)

(b) ionic: Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)

net: Cu2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Cu(OH)2(s)

(c) ionic: 3Fe2+(aq) + 3SO42(aq) + 6Na+(aq) + 2PO43(aq)
Fe3(PO4)2(s) + 6Na+(aq) + 3SO42(aq)

Net: 3Fe2+(aq) + 2PO43(aq)
Fe3(PO4)2(s)

(d) ionic: 2Ag+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + Ni2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
2AgCl(s) + Ni2+(aq) + 2C2H3O(aq)

Net: 2Ag+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
2AgCl(s)

5.52 (a) ionic: Cu2+(aq) + SO42(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
BaSO4(s) + Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
net: Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
BaSO4(s)

(b) Fe3+(aq) + 3NO3(aq) + 3Li+(aq) + 3OH(aq)
Fe(OH)3(s) + 3Li+(aq) + 3NO3(aq)

net: Fe3+(aq) + 3OH(aq)
Fe(OH)3(s)

(c) 6Na+(aq) + 2PO43(aq) + 3Ca2+(aq) + 6Cl(aq)
Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6Na+(aq) + 6Cl(aq)

net: 3Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43(aq)
Ca3(PO4)2(s)

(d) 2Na+(aq) + S2(aq) + 2Ag+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq)
2Na+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + Ag2S(s)

net: 2Ag+(aq) + S2(aq)
Ag2S(s)

5.53 This is an ionization reaction: HClO4(l) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + ClO4(aq)

5.54 HBr(l) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + Br(aq)

5.55 N2H4(aq) + H2O
N2H5+(aq) + OH(aq)

5.56 C5H5N(aq) + H2O
C5H5NH+(aq) + OH(aq)

5.57 HNO2(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + NO2(aq)

5.58 HC5H9O2(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + C5H9O2(aq)

5.59 H2CO3(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + HCO3(aq)

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HCO3(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + CO32(aq)

5.60 H3PO4(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + H2PO4(aq)

H2PO4(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + HPO42(aq)

HPO42(aq) + H2O
H3O+(aq) + PO43(aq)

5.61 molecular: Na2S(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
CuS(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

ionic: 2Na+(aq) + S2(aq) + Cu2+ (aq) + 2NO3 (aq)
CuS(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
net: Cu2+(aq) + S2(aq)
CuS(s)

5.62 molecular: Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3BaCl2(aq)
3BaSO4(s) + 2FeCl3(aq)

ionic: 2Fe3+(aq) + 3SO42(aq) + 3Ba2+(aq) + 6Cl(aq)
3BaSO4(s) + 2Fe3+(aq) + 6Cl(aq)
net: 3Ba2+(aq) + 3SO42(aq)
3BaSO4(s)

5.63 The soluble ones are (a), (b), and (d).

5.64 The soluble ones are (a), (b), (d), and (f).

5.65 (a) molecular equation: FeSO4(aq) + K2CO3(aq)
K2SO4(aq) + FeCO3(s)

ionic equation: Fe2+(aq) + SO42(aq) + 2K+(aq) + CO32(aq)
2K+(aq) + SO42(aq)
+ FeCO3 (s)

net ionic equation: Fe2+(aq) + CO32(aq)
FeCO3(s)

(b) molecular equation: 2AgC2H3O2(aq) + ZnCl2(aq)
2AgCl(s) + Zn(C2H3O2)2 (aq)

ionic equation: 2Ag+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl (aq)
2AgCl(s) + Zn2+ (aq)
+ 2C2H3O2(aq)

net ionic equation: Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
AgCl(s)

(c) molecular equation: 2CrCl3(aq) + 3Ca(OH)2(aq)
3CaCl2(aq) + 2Cr (OH)3 (s)

ionic equation: 2Cr3+(aq) + 6Cl(aq) + 3Ca2+(aq) + 6OH(aq)
3Ca2+(aq) + 6Cl(aq)
+ 2Cr(OH)3 (s)

net ionic equation:Cr3+(aq) + 3OH(aq)
Cr(OH)3(s)

5.66 (a) ionic: Fe3+(aq) + 3NO3(aq) + 3K+(aq) + 3OH(aq)
Fe(OH)3(s) + 3K+(aq) + 3NO3(aq)
net: Fe3+(aq) + 3OH(aq)
Fe(OH)3(s)
(b) ionic: 6Na+(aq) + 2PO43(aq) + 3Sr2+(aq) + 6Cl(aq)
Sr3(PO4)2(s) + 6Na+(aq) + 6Cl(aq)
net: 3Sr2+(aq) + 2PO43(aq)
Sr3(PO4)2(s)
(c) ionic:
Pb2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + 2NH42+(aq) + SO42(aq)
PbSO4(s) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq)
Net: Pb2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
PbSO4(s)
5.67 (a) molecular equation: Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq)
2H2O(l) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)
ionic equation: Ba2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
2H2O(l) + Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
net ionic equation: OH(aq) + H+(aq)
H2O(l)

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(b) molecular equation: Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq)
2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

ionic equation: Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq) +6Cl(aq)
2Al3+(aq) + 6Cl(aq) + 3H2O (l)
net ionic equation: Al2O3(s) + 6H+(aq)
2Al3+(aq) + 3H2O(l)

(c) molecular equation: Cu(OH)2(s) + H2SO4(aq)
2H2O(l) + CuSO4(aq)

ionic equation: Cu(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + SO42(aq)
2H2O(l) + Cu2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
net ionic equation: Cu(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq)
2H2O(l) + Cu2+(aq)

5.68 (a) molecular: 2HC2H3O2(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
Mg(C2H3O2)2(aq) + 2H2O

ionic: 2HC2H3O2(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
Mg2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + 2H2O
net: 2HC2H3O2(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
Mg2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + 2H2O

(b) molecular: HClO4(aq) + NH3(aq)
NH4ClO4(aq)

ionic: H+(aq) + ClO4(aq) + NH3(aq)
NH4+(aq) + ClO4(aq)
net: H+(aq) + NH3(aq)
NH4+(aq)

(c) molecular: H2CO3(aq) + 2NH3(aq)
(NH4)2CO3(aq)

ionic: H2CO3(aq) + 2NH3(aq)
2NH4+(aq) + CO32(aq)
net: H2CO3(aq) + 2NH3(aq)
2NH4+(aq) + CO32(aq)

5.69 The electrical conductivity would decrease as the solution is neutralized because there are half the amount
of ions as products of this reaction than there were to start with.

Cu(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq)
2H2O(l) + Cu2+(aq)

5.70 The electrical conductivity would increase since HC2C3O2 is a weak acid and is only partially dissociated,
and as the NH3 is added two ions are formed, increasing the concentration of ions in solution.

NH3(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq)
NH4+(aq) + C2H3O2(aq)

Once the point of neutralization has been reached, adding more NH3 will not significantly change the
amount of electrolytes in solution since it is a weak base.

5.71 (a) 2H+(aq) + CO32(aq)
H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(b) NH4+(aq) +OH(aq)
NH3(g) + H2O

5.72 (a) H+(aq) + HSO3(aq)
H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(b) 2H+(aq) + SO32(aq) H2O(l) + SO2(g)

5.73 These reactions have the following "driving forces":

(a) formation of insoluble Cr(OH)3

(b) formation of water, a weak electrolyte

5.74 These reactions have the following "driving forces":

(a) formation of a gas, CO2

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(b) formation of a weak electrolyte, H2C2O4

5.75 (a) molecular: 3HNO3(aq) + Cr(OH)3(s)
Cr(NO3)3(aq) + 3H2O

ionic: 3H+(aq) + 3NO3(aq) + Cr(OH)3(s)
Cr3+(aq) + 3NO3(aq) + 3H2O
net: 3H+(aq) + Cr(OH)3(s)
Cr3+(aq) + 3H2O

(b) molecular: HClO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)
NaClO4(aq) + H2O

ionic: H+(aq) + ClO4(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH(aq)
Na+(aq) + ClO4(aq) + H2O
net: H+(aq) + OH(aq)
H2O

(c) molecular: Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HC2H3O2(aq)
Cu(C2H3O2)2(aq) + 2H2O

ionic: Cu(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + 2H2O
net: Cu(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + 2H2O

(d) molecular: ZnO(s) + H2SO4(aq)
ZnSO4(aq) + H2O

ionic: ZnO(s) + 2H+(aq) + SO42(aq)
Zn2+(aq) + SO42(aq) + H2O
net: ZnO(s) + 2H+(aq)
Zn2+(aq) + H2O

5.76 (a) molecular: NaHSO3(aq) + HBr(aq)
SO2(g) + NaBr(aq) + H2O

ionic: Na+(aq) + HSO3(aq) + H+(aq) + Br(aq)
SO2(g) + Na+(aq) + Br(aq) + H2O
net: HSO3(aq) + H+(aq)
SO2(g) + H2O

(b) molecular: (NH4)2CO3(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
2NH3(g) + Na2CO3(aq) + 2H2O

ionic: 2NH4+(aq) + CO32(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH(aq)

2NH3(g) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32(aq) + 2H2O

+
net: NH4 (aq) + OH (aq)
NH3(g) + H2O

(c) molecular: (NH4)2CO3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq)
BaCO3(s) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O

ionic: 2NH4+(aq) + CO32(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
BaCO3(s) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O
net: 2NH4+(aq) + CO32(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
BaCO3(s) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O

(d) molecular: FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq)
FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)

ionic: FeS(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
Fe2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + H2S(g)
net: FeS(s) + 2H+(aq)
Fe2+(aq) + H2S(g)

5.77 (a) molecular: Na2SO3(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)
BaSO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

ionic: 2Na+(aq) + SO32(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
BaSO3(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
net: Ba2+(aq) + SO32(aq)
BaSO3(s)

(b) molecular: 2HCHO2(aq) + K2CO3(aq)
CO2(g) + H2O + 2KCHO2(aq)

ionic: 2H+(aq) + 2CHO2(aq) + 2K+(aq) + CO32(aq)
CO2(g) + H2O + 2K+(aq) + 2CHO2(aq)
net: 2H+(aq) + CO32(aq)
CO2(g) + H2O

(c) molecular: 2NH4Br(aq) + Pb(C2H3O2)2(aq)
2NH4C2H3O2(aq) + PbBr2(s)

ionic: 2NH4+(aq) + 2Br(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq)
2NH4+(aq) + 2C2H3O2(aq) + PbBr2(s)
net: Pb2+(aq) + 2Br(aq)
PbBr2(s)

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(d) molecular: 2NH4ClO4(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Cu(ClO4)2(aq) + 2NH4NO3(aq)

ionic: 2NH4+(aq) + 2ClO4(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)

Cu2+(aq) + 2ClO4(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2NH4+(aq)
net: N.R.

5.78 (a) molecular: (NH4)2S(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
2NH3(g) + 2H2O + Na2S(aq)

ionic: 2NH4+(aq) + S2(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
2NH3(g) + 2H2O + 2Na+(aq) + S2(aq)
net: NH4+(aq) + OH(aq)
NH3(g) + H2O

(b) molecular: Cr2(SO4)3(aq) + 3K2CO3(aq)
Cr2(CO3)3(s) + 3K2SO4(aq)

ionic: 2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42(aq) + 6K+(aq) + 3CO32(aq)
Cr2(CO3)3(s) + 6K+(aq) + 3SO42(aq)
net: 2Cr3+(aq) + 3CO32(aq)
Cr2(CO3)3(s)

(c) molecular: 3AgNO3(aq) + Cr(C2H3O2)3(aq)
3AgC2H3O2(aq) + Cr(NO3)3(aq)

ionic: 3Ag+(aq) + 3NO3(aq) + Cr3+(aq) + 3C2H3O2(aq)

3Ag+(aq) + 3C2H3O2(aq) + Cr3+(aq) +3NO3(aq)
net: NR

(d) molecular: Sr(OH)2(aq) + MgCl2(aq)
SrCl2(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)

ionic: Sr2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
Mg(OH)2(s) + Sr2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
net: Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq)
Mg(OH)2(s)

5.79 There are numerous possible answers. One of many possible sets of answers would be:

(a) NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O

(b) FeCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
Fe(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(c) Ba(NO3)2(aq) + K2SO3(aq)
BaSO3(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
(d) 2AgNO3(aq) + Na2S(aq)
Ag2S(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
(e) ZnO(s) + 2HCl(aq)
ZnCl2(aq) + H2O

5.80 We need to choose a set of reactants that are both soluble and that react to yield only one solid product.
Choose (b). It can form CuCO3, depending on the concentration of (NH4)2CO3. The solution needs to be
kept acidic enough to prevent the formation of Cu(OH)2. Choices (a), (c), and (e) all have insoluble
reactants, and for (d), the K2CO3 is basic enough to form Cu(OH)2.

5.81 (a) NaOH
Na+ + OH

1 mol NaOH
mol NaOH = (5.00 g NaOH) = 0.125 mol NaOH
40.00 g NaOH
0.125 mol NaOH 1000 mL NaOH
M NaOH solution = = 0.500 M NaOH
250.0 mL NaOH 1 L NaOH

(b) CaCl2
Ca2+ + 2Cl

1 mol CaCl2
mol CaCl2 = (14.0 g CaCl2) = 0.126 mol CaCl2
110.98 g CaCl2
0.126 mol CaCl2 1000 mL CaCl2
M CaCl2 solution = = 0.631 M CaCl2
200.0 mL CaCl2 1 L CaCl2

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5.82 (a) H2SO4
2H+ + SO42

1 mol H 2SO 4
mol H2SO4 = (3.60 g H2SO4) = 0.0367 mol H2SO4
98.08 g H 2SO 4
0.0367 mol H 2SO 4 1000 mL H 2SO4
M H2SO4 solution = = 0.0816 M H2SO4
450.0 mL H 2SO4 1 L H 2SO 4

(b) Fe(NO3)2
Fe2+ + 2NO3

2.00 103 mol Fe(NO ) 1000 mL Fe(NO )
3 2 3 2
M Fe(NO3)2 solution =
1 L Fe(NO3 )2
= 0.17 M Fe(NO3)2
12.0 mL Fe(NO )
3 2

1 mol NaC2 H3O 2 1 L NaC2 H3O 2

5.83 mL NaC2H3O2 = (12.6 g NaC2H3O2)
82.03 g NaC H O
2 3 2 0.265 mol NaC H O
2 3 2

1000 mL NaC2 H3O 2

= 580. mL NaC2H3O2
1 L NaC2 H3O 2

1 mol HNO3 1 L HNO3 1000 mL HNO3

5.84 mL HNO3 = (1.35 g HNO3) = 34.8 mL HNO3
63.02 g HNO 3 0.615 mol HNO 3 1 L HNO3

1 L 0.225 mol NaCl 58.44 g NaCl

5.85 (a) g NaCl = 125 mL soln 1 mol NaCl = 1.64 g NaCl
1000 mL 1 L soln
1 L 0.320 mol C6 H12 O6 180.2 g C6 H12 O6
(b) g C2H12O6 = 250 mL soln
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol C6 H12 O6
= 14.4 g C2H12O6
1 L 0.275 mol H 2SO 4 98.08 g H 2SO 4
(c) g H2SO4 = 250 mL soln 1 mol H SO = 6.74 g H2SO4
1000 mL 1 L soln 2 4

1 L 0.100 mol K 2SO 4 174.3 g K 2SO 4

5.86 (a) g K2SO4 = 150.0 mL soln 1 mol K SO = 2.61 g K2SO4
1000 mL 1 L soln 2 4

1 L 0.250 mol FeCl3 162.2 g FeCl3

(b) g FeCl3 = 75.0 mL soln = 3.04 g FeCl3
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol FeCl3
(c) g Ba(C2H3O2)2 = 250.0 mL soln
1 L 0.400 mol Ba ( C2 H3O 2 )2 255.4 g Ba ( C2 H3O 2 )2
= 25.5 g Ba(C2H3O2)2
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol Ba ( C2 H3O 2 )
2

mol of H2SO4 = 25.0 mL H2SO4 1 L soln

0.86 mol H 2SO 4
5.87 = 0.0215 mol H2SO4
1000 mL soln 1 L soln
0.0215 mol H 2SO 4 1000 mL H 2SO 4
M of final solution = = 0.172 M H2SO4
125 mL H 2SO 4 1 L H 2SO4

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mol of HNO3 = 150 mL HNO3 1 L soln

0.560 mol HNO3
5.88 = 0.084 mol HNO3
1000 mL soln 1 L soln
0.084 mol HNO3 1000 mL HNO3
M of final solution = = 0.187 M HNO3
450 mL HNO3 1 L HNO3

M V
5.89 M1V1 = M2V2 V2 = 1 1
M2
(18.0 M H 2SO4 )( 25.0 mL )
V2 = = 300 mL H2SO4
1.50 M H 2SO 4
The 25.0 mL of H2SO4 must be diluted to 300 mL.

M V
5.90 M1V1 = M2V2 V2 = 1 1
M2

V2 =
(1.75 M HCl )( 25.0 mL ) = 219 mL HCl
0.200 M HCl
The 25.0 mL of HCl must be diluted to 219 mL.

M V
5.91 M1V1 = M2V2 V2 = 1 1
M2

V2 =
( 3.00 M KOH )(150.0 mL ) = 360. mL KOH
1.25 M KOH
The 150.0 mL of KOH must be diluted to 360. mL. The volume of water to be added is:
360. mL of V2 150 mL of V1 = 210 mL water

M V
5.92 M1V1 = M2V2 V2 = 1 1
M2

V2 =
(1.50 M HCl )(120 mL ) = 180 mL HCl
1.00 M HCl
The 120.0 mL of HCl must be diluted to 180 mL. The volume of water to be added is:
180 mL of V2 120 mL of V1 = 60. mL water

5.93 (a) CaCl2
Ca2+ + 2Cl

mol CaCl2 = 0.625 mol/L 0.0323 L = 0.0202 mol CaCl2
2+
0.0202 mol CaCl2 1 mol Ca =0.0202 mol Ca
2+
1 mol CaCl2

2 mol Cl
0.0202 mol CaCl2 =0.0404 mol Cl
1 mol CaCl2

(b) AlCl3
Al3+ + 3Cl
mol AlCl3 = 0.380 mol/L 0.0500 L = 0.0190 mol AlCl3
3+
0.0190 mol AlCl3 1 mol Al =0.0190 mol Al3+
1 mol AlCl3

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0.0190 mol AlCl3 3 mol Cl =0.0570 mol Cl
1 mol AlCl3

5.94 (a) (NH4)2CO3
2NH4+ + CO32

mol (NH4)2CO3 = 0.40 mol/L 0.0185 L = 0.0074 mol (NH4)2CO3

0.0074 mol (NH4)2CO3 2 mol NH4+/mol (NH4)2CO3 = 0.015 mol NH4+
0.0074 mol (NH4)2CO3 1 mol CO32/mol (NH4)2CO3 = 0.0074 mol CO32

(b) Al2(SO4)3
2Al3+ + 3SO42

mol Al2(SO4)3 = 0.35 mol/L 0.0300 L = 0.011 mol Al2(SO4)3

0.0105 mol Al2(SO4)3 2 mol Al3+/mol Al2(SO4)3 = 0.021 mol Al3+
0.0105 mol Al2(SO4)3 3 mol SO42/mol Al2(SO4)3 = 0.033 mol SO42

5.95 (a) Cr(NO3)2
Cr2+ + 2NO3

0.45 mol Cr(NO3 )2 1 mol Cr 2+
M Cr 2+ = = 0.45 M Cr 2+
1 L Cr(NO3 )2 soln 1 mol Cr(NO3 )2

0.45 mol Cr(NO3 )2 2 mol NO3
M NO3 = = 0.90 M NO3
1 L Cr(NO3 )2 soln 1 mol Cr(NO3 )2

(b) CuSO4
Cu2+ + SO42

0.15 mol CuSO 4 1 mol Cu 2+
M Cu 2+ = = 0.15 M Cu 2+
1 L CuSO 4 soln 1 mol CuSO4

0.15 mol CuSO 4 1 mol SO 4 2
M SO4 2 = = 0.15 M SO 42
1 L CuSO 4 soln 1 mol CuSO 4

(c) Na3PO4
3Na+ + PO43

0.37 mol Na 3 PO 4 3 mol Na +

M Na + = = 1.1 M Na +
1 L Na 3 PO 4 soln 1 mol Na 3 PO 4

0.37 mol Na 3 PO 4 1 mol PO 43

M PO43 = = 0.37 M PO 43
1 L Na 3 PO 4 soln 1 mol Na 3 PO4

(d) Al2(SO4)3
2Al3+ + 3SO42

0.050 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 2 mol Al3+

M Al3+ = = 0.10 M Al3+
1 L Al2 (SO 4 )3 soln 1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3

0.050 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 3 mol SO 4 2

M SO4 2 = = 0.15 M SO 4 2
1 L Al 2 (SO )
4 3 soln 1 mol Al 2 (SO )
4 3

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5.96 (a) Ca(OH)2
Ca2+ + 2OH

0.060 mol Ca(OH)2 1 mol Ca 2+
M Ca 2+ = = 0.060 M Ca 2+
1 L Ca(OH) 2 soln 1 mol Ca(OH)2

0.060 mol Ca(OH)2 2 mol OH
M OH = = 0.12 M OH
1 L Ca(OH) 2 soln 1 mol Ca(OH)2

(b) FeCl3
Fe3+ + 3Cl

0.15 mol FeCl3 1 mol Fe3+
M Fe3+ = = 0.15 M Fe3+
1 L FeCl soln 1 mol FeCl
3 3
0.15 mol FeCl3 3 mol Cl
M Cl = = 0.45 M Cl
1 L FeCl3 soln 1 mol FeCl
3

(c) Cr2(SO4)3
2Cr3+ + 3SO42

0.22 mol Cr2 (SO 4 )3 2 mol Cr3+
M Cr3+ = = 0.44 M Cr3+
1 L Cr2 (SO 4 )3 soln 1 mol Cr2 (SO4 )3
0.22 mol Cr2 (SO4 )3 3 mol SO 42
M SO4 2 = = 0.66 M SO 4 2
1 L Cr2 (SO )
4 3 soln 1 mol Cr2 (SO )
4 3

(d) (NH4)2SO4
2NH4+ + SO42

0.60 mol (NH 4 )2SO4 2 mol NH 4 +
M NH 4+ = = 1.2 M NH 4+
1 L (NH 4 ) 2SO 4 soln 1 mol (NH 4 ) 2SO 4

0.60 mol (NH 4 ) 2SO 4 1 mol SO4 2
M SO4 2 = = 0.60 M SO 4 2
1 L (NH 4 ) 2SO 4 soln 1 mol (NH 4 ) 2SO 4

0.175 mol Al3+ 1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 342.14 g Al2 (SO 4 )3

5.97 g Al2(SO4)3 = (60.0 mL soln)
1000 mL soln 2 mol Al3+ 1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3

= 1.80 g Al2(SO4)3

0.0726 mol Cl 1 mol NiCl2 129.6 g NiCl2

g NiCl2 = (175 mL solution) = 0.823 g NiCl2
1000 mL solution 2 mol Cl
5.98
1 mole NiCl2

0.153 mol Na 2 CO3 1 mol NiCl2 1000 mL soln

5.99 mL NiCl2 soln = 20.0 mL soln
1000 mL soln 1 mol Na 2 CO3 0.415 mol NiCl2
= 7.37 mL NiCl2 soln
0.415 mol NiCl2 1 mol NiCO3 118.7 g NiCO3
g NiCO3 = 7.37 mL NiCl2 soln = 0.363 g NiCO3
1000 mL soln 1 mol NiCl2 1 mol NiCO3

0.250 mol H 2 C4 H 4 O6 2 mol NaOH 1000 mL soln

5.100 mL NaOH soln = 25.0 mL soln
1000 mL soln 1 mol H 2 C4 H 4 O6 0.100 mol NaOH

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 Chapter 5

= 125 mL NaOH soln

( 20.78 mL HCl soln )

1 L HCl soln 0.116 mol HCl 1 mol KOH
1000 mL HCl soln 1 L HCl 1 mol HCl

5.101 M KOH =
1 L KOH
21.34 mL KOH
1000 mL KOH
= 0.113 M KOH

KOH(aq) + HCl(aq)
KCl(aq) + H2O

1 L NaOH soln 0.1024 mol NaOH 1 mol H3 PO 4

5.102 mol H3PO4 = (39.43 mL NaOH) 3 mol NaOH
1000 mL NaOH soln 1 L NaOH
3
= 1.346 10 mol H3PO4
1.346 103 mol H PO 1000 mL H PO
3 4 3 4
M H3PO4 =
2
= 6.729 10 M H3PO4
20.00 mL H PO 1 L H PO
3 4 3 4
H3PO4(aq) + 3NaOH(aq)
3H2O + Na3PO4(aq)

5.103 Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Ba(OH)2(aq)
2Al(OH)3(s) + 3BaSO4(s)

0.0500 mol Ba(OH)2 1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 342.2 g Al2 (SO 4 )3
g Al2(SO4)3 = 85.0 mL soln 3 mol Ba(OH) 1 mol Al (SO )
1000 mL soln 2 2 4 3
= 0.485 g Al2(SO4)3

5.104 NaHCO3 + HCl
NaCl + H2O + CO2

0.052 mol HCl 1 mol NaHCO3 84.01 g NaHCO3
g NaHCO3 = (185 mL HCl soln)
1000 mL HCl soln 1 mol HCl 1 mol NaHCO3
= 0.81 g NaHCO3

0.0625 mol AgNO3 1 mol Ag + 1 mol Cl

5.105 mL FeCl3 soln = 26.45 mL AgNO3
1000 mL soln 1 mol AgNO3 1 mol Ag +



1 mol FeCl3 1000 mL soln
= 3.67 mL FeCl3 soln
3 mol Cl 0.150 mol FeCl3
1 L AgNO3 0.0625 mol AgNO3 3 mol AgCl 143.32 AgCl
g AgCl = (26.45 mL AgNO3)
1000 mL AgNO3 1 L AgNO3 3 mol AgNO3 1 mol AgCl
= 0.237 g AgCl

0.200 mol KOH 1 mol OH 1 mol Co

2+
5.106 g CoCl2 = 60.0 mL KOH soln
1000 mL soln 1 mol KOH
2 mol OH


1 mol CoCl2 129.8 g CoCl2
= 0.779 g CoCl2
1 mol Co 2+ 1 mol CoCl2

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5.107 Ag+ + Cl AgCl(s)

0.500 mol AgC2 H3O 2 1 mol Ag + 1 mol Cl
mL AlCl3 = (25.0 mL AgC2H3O2)
1 mol Ag +


1000 mL AgC2 H3O2 1 mol AgC2 H3O 2
1 mol AlCl3 1000 mL AlCl3
= 16.7 mL AlCl3
3 mol Cl 0.250 moles AlCl3

1.00 mol NaOH 1 mol OH

5.108 mL (NH4)2SO4 soln = (50.0 mL NaOH soln)
1000 mL NaOH soln 1 mol NaOH
1 mol NH + 1 mol (NH ) SO 1000 mL (NH ) SO soln
4 4 2 4 4 2 4 = 1.00 102 mL (NH4)2SO4 soln
1 mol OH 2 mol NH + 0.250 mol (NH 4 )2SO 4
4

5.109 Fe2O3 + 6HCl
2FeCl3 + 3H2O

0.0250 L HCl 0.500 mol/L = 1.25 102 mol HCl
1 mol Fe2 O3 2 mol Fe3+
mol Fe3+ = (1.25 102 mol HCl) = 4.17 103 mol Fe3+
6 mol HCl 1 mol Fe 2 O3
4.17 103 mol Fe3+
M Fe3+ = = 0.167 M Fe3+
0.0250 L soln
1 mol Fe 2 O3 159.69 g Fe2 O3
g Fe2O3 = (4.17 103 mol Fe3+) = 0.333 g Fe2O3
2 mol Fe3+ 1 mol Fe2 O3
Therefore, the mass of Fe2O3 that remains unreacted is:

(4.72 g 0.333 g) = 4.39 g

5.110 First determine the moles of H2SO4 present

0.500 mol H 2SO 4
mol H2SO4 = (30.0 mL H2SO4) = 0.015 mol H2SO4
1000 mL H 2SO 4
Next determine the number of moles of Mg(OH)2 present:
1 mol Mg(OH) 2
mol Mg(OH)2 = (3.50 g Mg(OH)2) = 0.0600 mol Mg(OH)2
58.32 g Mg(OH)2
Thus, from the reaction, H2SO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
2H2O + MgSO4(aq), we see that 0.015 mol Mg(OH)2
will react with 0.015 mol H2SO4. This produces 0.015 mol of MgSO4(aq) in 30.0 mL of solution and leaves
0.0600 0.015 = 0.045 mol Mg(OH)2 unreacted. The concentration of Mg2+ is:
0.015 mol MgSO 4 1 mol Mg 2 +

[Mg2+] = = 0.50 M Mg2+

0.0300 L soln 1 mol MgSO4

The number of grams of Mg(OH)2 not dissolved is:
58.32 g Mg(OH)2
g Mg(OH)2 = (0.045 mol Mg(OH)2) = 2.6 g Mg(OH)2
1 mol Mg(OH)2

5.111 First, calculate the number of moles HCl based on the titration according to the following equation:

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 Chapter 5

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O

0.105 mol NaOH 1 mol HCl 3

mol HCl = (23.25 mL NaOH) = 2.44 10 mol HCl
1000 mL NaOH 1 mol NaOH
Next, determine the concentration of the HCl solution:

2.44 103 mol 0.01975 L = 0.124 M HCl

5.112 (a) The balanced equation for the titration is:

NaOH(aq) + HC2H3O2(aq)
NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O
0.368 mol NaOH 1 mol HC2 H3O2
mol HC2H3O2 = (28.28 mL NaOH)
1000 mL NaOH 1 mol NaOH
= 1.04 102 mol HC2H3O2

1.04 102 mol/0.0125 L = 0.833 M HC2H2O2

(b) First convert the density of vinegar to a value appropriate for one liter of solution:
1.01 g/mL 1000 mL/L = 1010 g/L

We know that one liter of this vinegar contains 0.833 mol of acetic acid so we can determine the
mass of acetic acid that is present in one liter of this vinegar:
60.05 g HC2 H3O2
g HC 2 H3O 2 = ( 0.833 mol HC 2 H3O 2 )
1 mol HC 2 H3O2
= 50.0 g HC2 H3O2
The % by weight of acetic acid in vinegar solution is then given by the following:
(50.0 g HC2H3O2/L 1010 g/L) 100 = 4.95 % acetic acid

This is the mass of acetic acid in one L of solution divided by the total mass of one L of solution,
multiplied by 100%.

5.113 Since lactic acid is monoprotic, it reacts with sodium hydroxide on a one to one mole basis:
0.155 mol NaOH 1 mol HC3 H5 O3
(a) mol HC3H5O3 = (17.25 mL NaOH)
1000 mL NaOH 1 mol NaOH

= 2.67 103 mol HC3H5O3

90.08 g HC3H5O3
(b) g HC3H5O3 = 2.67 x 10-3 mol x = 0.240 g
1 mol HC3H5O3
5.114 Note that ascorbic acid is diprotic.
0.0200 mol NaOH 1 mol H 2 C6 H 6 O6 176.13 g H 2 C6 H 6 O6
g H2C6H6O6 = (21.46 mL NaOH) =
1000 mL NaOH 2 mol NaOH 1 mol H 2 C6 H 6 O6
3.78 102 g H2C6H6O6
3.78 10 2 g
% H2C6H6O6 = 100% = 24.2%
0.1565 g

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1 L Na 2SO 4 0.122 mol Na 2SO 4 1 mol PbSO 4 1 mol Pb 2+

5.115 (a) mol Pb = (29.22 mL)

1000 mL Na 2SO 4 1 L Na 2SO4 1 mol Na 2SO 4 1 mol PbSO 4

= 3.56 x 10-3 mol Pb

1 L Na 2SO 4 0.122 mol Na 2SO 4 1 mol PbSO 4 1 mol Pb 2+

(b) g Pb = (29.22 mL)

1000 mL Na 2SO 4 1 L Na 2SO4 1 mol Na 2SO 4 1 mol PbSO 4
207.2 g Pb2+
= 0.7386 g Pb
1 mol Pb 2+

The percentage of Pb in the sample can be calculated as

0.7386 g Pb
100% = 48.40% Pb in the sample.
1.526 g sample

1 mol BaSO 4 1 mol Ba 137.33 g Ba

5.116 g Ba = (1.204 g BaSO 4 ) = 0.7085 g Ba
233.39 g BaSO 4 1 mol BaSO 4 1 mol Ba
%Ba in the original ore = (0.7085 g Ba/1.856 g ore) 100% = 38.17%

Additional Exercises

5.117 The equation for the reaction indicates that the two materials react in equimolar amounts, i.e. the
stoichiometry is 1 to 1:
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

(a) Because this reaction is 1:1, we can see by inspection that the AgNO3 is the limiting reagent. We
know this because the concentration of the AgNO3 is lower than the NaCl. Since we start with
equal volumes, there are fewer moles of the AgNO3.
0.375 mol AgNO3 1 mol AgCl
mol AgCl = (25.0 mL AgNO3 soln)
1000 mL AgNO3 soln 1 mol AgNO3
= 9.38 103 mol AgCl

(b) Assuming that AgCl is essentially insoluble, the concentration of silver ion can be said to be zero
since all of the AgNO3 reacted. The number of moles of chloride ion would be reduced by the
precipitation of 9.38 103 mol AgCl, such that the final number of moles of chloride ion would
be:
0.0250 L 0.460 mol/L 9.38 103 mol = 2.12 103 mol Cl

The final concentration of Cl is, therefore:

2.12 103 mol 0.0500 L = 0.0424 M Cl

All of the original number of moles of NO3 and of Na+ would still be present in solution, and their
concentrations would be:

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 Chapter 5

For NO3:
0.375 mol AgNO3 1 mol NO3
(25.0 mL AgNO3 soln)
1000 mL AgNO3 soln 1 mol AgNO3
= 0.188 M NO
M NO3 = 3
1 L soln
(50.0 mL soln)
1000 mL soln
For Na+:
0.460 mol NaCl 1 mol Na
+
(25.0 mL NaCl soln)
1000 mL NaCl soln 1 mol NaCl
M Na + = = 0.230 M Na +
1 L soln
(50.0 mL soln)
1000 mL soln

5.118 (a) 3Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq)
Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaNO3(aq)

First, determine the initial number of moles of Ca2+ ion that are present:
0.140 mol Ca(NO3 )2 1 mol Ca 2+
mol Ca2+ = (38.0 mL Ca(NO3)2)
1000 mL Ca(NO3 )2 soln 1 mol Ca(NO3 )2

= 5.32 103 mol Ca2+
Next, determine the initial number of moles of phosphate ion that are present:
0.185 mol Na 3 PO 4 1 mol PO43
mol PO43 = (35.0 mL Na3PO4)
1000 mL Na 3 PO 4 soln 1 mol Na 3 PO4

= 6.48 103 mol PO43
Now determine the number of moles of calcium ion that are required to react with this much
phosphate ion, and compare the result to the amount of calcium ion that is available:
3 mol Ca 2+
mol Ca2+ = (6.48 103 mol PO43) = 9.72 103 mol Ca2+
2 mol PO 3
4
Since there is not this much Ca2+ available according to the above calculation, then we can
conclude that Ca2+ must be the limiting reagent, and that subsequent calculations should be based
on the number of moles of it that are present:
1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 )2 310.2 g Ca 3 (PO 4 )2
g Ca3(PO4)2 = (5.32 103 mol Ca2+)
3 mol Ca 2+ 1 mol Ca 3 (PO 4 )2
= 0.550 g Ca3(PO4)2

(b) If we assume that the Ca3(PO4)2 is completely insoluble, then its concentration may be said to be
essentially zero. The concentrations of the other ions are determined as follows:

For nitrate:
0.140 mol Ca(NO3 )2 2 mol NO3
( 38.0 mL Ca(NO3 )2 soln ) 1000 mL Ca(NO

3 ) 2 soln 1 mol Ca(NO3 ) 2
M NO3 =
( (38.0 + 35.0) mL soln) )
1 L soln
1000 mL soln
= 0.146 M NO3

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 Chapter 5

For Na+:
0.185 mol Na 3 PO 4 3 mol Na +
( 35.0 mL Na 3PO4 soln ) 1000 mL Na

3 PO 4 soln 1 mol Na 3 PO 4
M Na + =
( (38.0 + 35.0) mL soln) )
1 L soln

1000 mL soln
= 0.266 M Na+

For phosphate, we determine the number of moles that react with calcium:
2 mol PO 3
mol PO43 = (5.32 103 mol Ca2+) 4 = 3.55 103 mol PO 3
3 mol Ca 2+ 4

and subtract from the original number of moles that were present:

mol PO43 = 6.48 103 mol PO43 3.55 103 mol PO43 = 2.93 103 mol PO43

This allows a calculation of the final phosphate concentration:

2.93 103 mol PO 43
M PO 43 = = 0.0401 M PO43
1 L soln
( (38.0 + 35.0) mL soln) )
1000 mL soln

5.119 (a) strong electrolyte (e) weak electrolyte

(b) nonelectrolyte (f) nonelectrolyte
(c) strong electrolyte (g) strong electrolyte
(d) nonelectrolyte (h) weak electrolyte

5.120 (a) molecular: CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)

ionic: CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
net ionic: CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)

(b) molecular: CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)
CaSO4(s) + H2O + CO2(g)

ionic: CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) + SO42(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + SO42(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
net ionic: CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq)
Ca2+(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)

(c) molecular: FeS(s) + 2HBr(aq)
FeBr2(aq) + H2S(g)

ionic FeS(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Br(aq)
Fe2+(aq) + 2Br(aq) + H2S(g)
net ionic: FeS(s) + 2H+(aq)
Fe2+(aq) + H2S(g)

(d) molecular: 2KOH(aq) + SnCl2(aq)
2KCl(aq) + Sn(OH)2(s)

ionic: 2K+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + Sn2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
2K+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + Sn(OH)2(s)
net ionic: 2OH(aq) + Sn2+(aq)
Sn(OH)2(s)

0.0300 mol KOH 1 mol HC9 H 7 O 4 180.16 g HC9 H 7 O 4

5.121 g HC9H7O4 = 29.40 mL KOH
1000 mL KOH 1 mol KOH 1 mol HC9 H 7 O 4
= 0.1589 g HC9H7O4

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 Chapter 5

0.1589 g HC9 H 7 O4
Percentage by weight = = 63.56% aspirin in the sample
0.250 g sample

5.122 (a) 3Ba2+(aq) + 2Al3+(aq) + 6OH(aq) + 3SO42(aq)
3BaSO4(s) + 2Al(OH)3(s)

(b) Because we know the amounts of both starting materials this is a limiting reactant problem. So
start by assuming that the barium hydroxide is the limiting reactant.
0.270 mol Ba(OH)2 1 mol Ba 2 +
g BaSO4 = (45.0 mL Ba(OH) 2 )

1000 mL Ba(OH)2 1 mol Ba(OH)2
1 mol BaSO 4 233.39 g BaSO 4
= 2.84 g BaSO 4
1 mol Ba 2+ 1 mol BaSO4

Now assume Al2(SO4)3 is the limiting reactant.

0.330 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 3 mol SO 42
g BaSO4 = (28.0 mL Al2 (SO 4 )3 )
1000 mL Al2 (SO 4 )3 1 mol Al2 (SO4 )3
1 mol BaSO 233.39 g BaSO
4 4
1 mol BaSO 4
= 6.47 g BaSO 4
1 mol SO 2
4

Therefore the barium hydroxide is the limiting reactant. Now we can calculate the mass of
aluminum hydroxide that is produced.

0.270 mol Ba(OH) 2 2 mol OH

g Al(OH)3 = (45.0 mL Ba(OH) 2 )

1000 mL Ba(OH)2 1 mol Ba(OH)2
1 mol Al(OH)3 78.00 g Al(OH)3
= 0.632 g Al(OH)3
3 mol OH 1 mol Al(OH)3

The total mass of the precipitate is 2.84 g + 0.632 g = 3.47 g

(c) All of the barium ion and hydroxide ion are reacted so the concentration of each is 0. We started
with the following:
0.330 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 2 mol Al3+
mol Al3+ = (28.0mL Al2 (SO 4 )3 )
1000 mL Al2 (SO 4 )3 1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3
= 1.85 102 moles Al3+

0.330 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3 3 mol SO 42

mol SO4 2 = (28.0 mL Al2 (SO4 )3 )
1000 mL Al2 (SO 4 )3 1 mol Al2 (SO 4 )3
= 2.77 102 moles SO 4 2

In precipitating the Al(OH)3 above, we used 8.1 103 mol Al leaving

(1.85 102 8.1 103) = 1.0 102 mol Al3+ in solution, i.e., the resulting concentration of Al3+
is
1.0 102 mol / (0.0450 + 0.0280) L = 0.137 M Al3+.

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 Chapter 5

Similarly for SO42, the concentration of SO42 remaining

2.77 102 mol 1.22 102 mol
= 0.212 M SO 4 2
(0.0450 + 0.0280) L
where 1.22 102 mol SO42 represents the amount precipitated as BaSO4.

5.123 Since the number of moles in the final solution must be equal to the number of moles contributed by both
solutions, the equation MfVf = MiVi may be used, and the volumes of the final solution must equal the
volumes of the two solution combined.
Vf = V1 + V2
Vf = 30.0 mL + V2
0.25 mol 0.10 mol 0.45 mol
1000 mL ( Vf ) = 1000 mL ( V2 ) + 1000 mL ( 30 mL )

0.25 mol 0.10 mol 0.45 mol
1000 mL ( 30 mL + V2 ) = 1000 mL ( V2 ) + 1000 mL ( 30 mL )

0.25 mol 0.25 mol 0.10 mol 0.45 mol
1000 mL ( 30 mL ) + 1000 mL ( V2 ) = 1000 mL ( V2 ) + 1000 mL ( 30 mL )

0.45 mol 0.25 mol 0.25 mol 0.10 mol
1000 mL ( 30 mL ) - 1000 mL ( 30 mL ) = 1000 mL ( V2 ) 1000 mL ( V2 )

multiply through by 1000 mL
(0.45 mol)(30 mL) (0.25 mol)(30 mL) = (0.25 mol)(V2) (0.10 mol)(V2)
6.0 mol mL = (0.15 mol)V2
(6.0 mol mL) (0.15 mol) = V2
V2 = 40 mL
5.124

+ +
Na ( aq ) + OH ( aq ) + (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 (aq ) + Cl ( aq )
+
Na ( aq ) + Cl ( aq ) + (CH 3 ) 2 NH(aq ) + H 2 O(l )
net ionic equation:
+
OH ( aq ) + (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 (aq ) (CH 3 ) 2 NH(aq ) + H 2 O(l )
1 mol (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 Cl 1 mol NaOH 39.997 g
12.4 g (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 Cl x x x =
81.545 g 1 mol (CH 3 ) 2 NH 2 Cl mol NaOH
6.08 g NaOH required

108