CNC Part Programming

1- Manual Part Programming (G-Code)

2- Computer Assisted Part Programming (APT)
3- Part Programming Using CAD/CAM
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

APT: Automatically Programmed Tooling.

APT is a three-dimensional NC
programming system.
APT is not only a language; it is also the
computer program that processes the APT
statements to calculate the corresponding
cutter positions and generate the machine
tool control commands.
Computer-Assisted Part Programming
In computer-assisted part programming (APT), the
machining instructions are written in English-like
statements that are subsequently translated by the
computer into the low-level machine code that can be
interpreted and executed by the machine tool controller.

When using one of the part programming languages,

the two main tasks of the programmer are:
(1) Defining the geometry of the workpart.
(2) Specifying the tool path and operation
sequence.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

To program in APT, the part geometry must first

be defined. Then the tool is directed to various point
locations and along surfaces of the workpart to
accomplish the required machining operations.

The viewpoint of the programmer is that the workpiece

remains stationary, and the tool is instructed to move
relative to the part.

To complete the program, speeds and feeds must be

specified, tools must be called, tolerances must be
given for circular interpolation, and so forth.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

There are four basic types of statements in the APT

language:
1. Geometry statements, also called definition statements,
are used to define the geometry elements that comprise the
part.
2. Motion commands are used to specify the tool path.
3. Postprocessor statements control the machine tool
operation, for example, to specify speeds and feeds, set
tolerance values for circular interpolation, and actuate other
capabilities of the machine tool.
4. Auxiliary statements, a group of miscellaneous
statements used to name the part program, insert
comments in the program and accomplish similar functions.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

The statements are constructed of APT vocabulary

words, symbols, and numbers, all arranged using
appropriate punctuation.
APT vocabulary words consist of six or
fewer characters.
Most APT statements include a slash (/) as part of
the punctuation.
APT vocabulary words that immediately precede
the slash are called major words, whereas those
that follow the slash are called minor words.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

Geometry Statements

SYMBOL = GEOMETRY TYPE/DESCRIPTIVE DATA

Points
P1 = POINT/20.0,40.0,60.0
P2 = POINT/INTOF,L1,L2

Commas are used to separate the words

and numerical values in the descriptive data.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Geometry Statements

Lines
A line defined in APT is considered to be infinite length
in both directions. Also, APT treats a line as a vertical
plane that is perpendicular to the x-y plane.

L3 = LINE/P3,P4
L4 = LINE/P5,PARLEL,L3
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

Geometry Statements

Circles
In APT, a circle is considered to be a cylindrical surface
that is perpendicular to the x-y plane and extends to infinity
in the z-direction.
C1 = CIRCLE/CENTER,P1,RADIUS,25.0
C2 = CIRCLE/P4,P5,P6

Planes
In APT, a plane extends indefinitely.
PL1 = PLANE/P1,P2,P3
PL2 = PLANE/P2,PARLEL,PL1
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

Geometry Statements

Rules for formulating APT geometry statements:

1. Coordinate data must be specified in the order x, then
y, then z.
2. Any symbols used as descriptive data must have
been previously defined.
3. A symbol can be used to define only one
geometry element.
4. Only one symbol can be used to define any given
element.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Example Part Geometry Using APT
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Example Part Geometry Using APT
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Example Part Geometry Using APT
P1 = POINT/0,0,0
P2 = POINT/160.0,0,0
P3 = POINT/160.0,60.0,0
P4 = POINT/35.0,90.0,0
P5 = POINT/70.0,30.0,0
P6 = POINT/120.0,30.0,0
P7 = POINT/70.0,60.0,0
P8 = POINT/130.0,60.0,0
L1 = LINE/P1,P2
L2 = LINE/P2,P3
C1 = CIRCLE/CENTER,P8,RADIUS,30.0
L3 = LINE/P4,PARLEL,L1
L4 = LINE/P4,P1
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

Motion Commands
The format of an APT motion command is:

MOTION COMMAND/DESCRIPTIVE DATA

Example: GOTO/P1
The statement consists of two sections
separated by a slash. The first section is the
basic command that indicates what move
the tool should make. The descriptive data
following the slash tell the tool where to go.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
At the beginning of the sequence of motion statements, the
tool must be given a starting point. This is likely to be the target
point, the location where the operator has positioned the tool at
the start of the job. The part programmer keys into this starting
position with the following statement:
FROM/PTARG

Where FROM is an APT vocabulary word indicating that this

is the initial point; and PTARG is the symbol assigned to the
starting point. Another way to make this statement is the
following:
FROM/-20.0,-20.0,0
The FROM statement occurs only at the start of the
motion sequence.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands

Point-to-point motions

There are only two commands: GOTO and GODLTA.

The GOTO statement instructs the tool to go to a particular point
location specified in the descriptive data.
Examples:
GOTO/P2
GOTO/25.0,40.0,0
In the first command, P2 is the destination of the tool point. In the
second command, the tool has been instructed to go to the location
whose coordinates are x=25.0, y=40.0, and z=0.

The GODLTA command specifies an incremental move for the tool. To

illustrate, the following statement instructs the tool to move from its
present position by a distance of 50.0mm in the x-direction, 120.0mm in
the y-direction, and 40.0mm in the z-direction:
GODLTA/50.0,120.0,40.0
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

Motion Commands

Point-to-point motions

The GODLTA statement is useful in drilling and related

machining operations. The tool can be directed to go to a
given hole location; then the GODLTA command can be used
to drill the hole, as in the following sequence:

GOTO/P2
GODLTA/0,0,-50.0
GODLTA/0,0,50.0
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
Contouring Motion Commands

The tool's position must be continuously controlled

throughout the move. The tool is directed along two
intersecting surfaces until it reaches a third surface, as
shown in the following Figure.
These three surfaces have specific names in APT; they are:
1.Drive surface. This surface guides the side of the cutter.
2.Part surface. This is the surface on which the bottom or
nose of the tool is guided.
3.Check surface. This is the surface that stops the forward
motion of the tool in the execution of the current command.
One might say that this surface "checks" the advance of
the tool.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
The surfaces in APT contouring motions that guide the cutting
tool
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

Motion Commands
There are several ways in which the check
surface can be used. This is determined by
using any of four APT modifier words in the
descriptive data of the motion statement. The
four modifier words are TO, ON, PAST, and
TANTO.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands

Use of APT modifier words in motion statements: (a) TO moves the

tool into initial contact with the check surface; (b) ON positions
the tool center on the check surface; (c) PAST moves the tool
just beyond the check surface.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
The modifier word TANTO is used when the drive
surface is tangent to a circular check surface.

Use of the APT modifier word TANTO. TANTO moves the

tool to the point of tangency between two surfaces, at
least one of which is a circular surface.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
In writing a motion statement, the part programmer
must keep in mind the direction from which the tool
is coming in the preceding motion.
The programmer must pretend to be riding on
the top of the tool, as if driving a car.
After the tool reaches the check surface in the
preceding move, does the next move involve a right
turn or left turn or what? The answer to this question
is determined by one of the following six motion
words, whose interpretations are illustrated in the
following figure:
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands

Use of the APT motion words. The tool has moved from a previous
position to its present position. The direction of the next move is
determined by one of the APT motion words GOLFT, GORGT,
GOFWD, GOBACK, GOUP, or GODOWN.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
To begin the sequence of motion commands, the FROM
statement is used. The statement following the FROM
command defines the initial drive surface, part surface, and
check surface. With reference to the following figure, the
sequence takes the following form:
FROM/PTARG
GO/TO,PL1,TO,PL2,TO,PL3

The symbol PTARG represents the target point where the

operator has set up the tool. The GO command instructs the
tool to move to the intersection of the drive surface (PL1), the
part surface (PL2), and the check surface (PL3). Because the
modifier word TO has been used for each of the three surfaces,
the circumference of the cutter is tangent to PL1 and PL3, and
the bottom of the cutter is on PL2. The three surfaces included
in the GO statement must be specified in the order: (1) drive
surface, (2) part surface, and (3) check surface.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
Initialization of APT contouring motion sequence.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
Note that GO/TO is not the same as the
GOTO command. GOTO is used only for PTP
motions. The GO/ command is used to
initialize a sequence of contouring motions
and may take alternatives forms such as
GO/ON,GO/TO, or GO/PAST.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
After initialization, the tool is directed along its path by one
of the six motion command words. It is not necessary to
redefine the part surface in every motion command after it
has been initially defined as long as it remains the same in
subsequent commands. In the preceding motion command:

GO/TO,PL1,TO,PL2,TO,PL3

The cutter has been directed from PTARG to the

intersection of surfaces PL1, PL2, and PL3. Suppose it is
now desired to move the tool along plane PL3, with PL2
remaining as the part surface. The following command
would accomplish this motion:

GORGT/PL3,PAST,PL4
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Motion Commands
Note that PL2 is not mentioned in this new
command. PL3, which was the check surface
in the preceding command is now the drive
surface in the new command. And the new
check surface is PL4. Although the part
surface may remain the same throughout the
motion sequence, the drive surface and
check surface must be redefined in each new
contouring motion command.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

Motion Commands
The planes around the part outline can be
replaced by lines, and the APT commands can
be replaced by the following:
FROM/PTARG
GO/TO,L1,TO,PL2,TO,L3
GORGT/L3,PAST,L4
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Example APT Contouring Motion Commands
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Example APT Contouring Motion Commands
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Example APT Contouring Motion
Commands
Let us write the APT motion commands to profile
mill the outside edges of our sample workpart.
The tool begins its motion sequence from a target
point PTARG located at x=0, y=-50mm and z=10mm.
We also assume that "part surface" PL2 has been
defined as a plane parallel to the x-y plane and
located 25mm below the top surface of the part. The
reason for defining in this way is to ensure that the
cutter will machine the entire thickness of the part.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

Example APT Contouring Motion

Commands
FROM/PTARG
GO/TO,L1,TO,PL2,ON,L4
GORGT/L1,PAST,L2
GOLFT/L2,TANTO,C1
GOFWD/C1,PAST,L3
GOFWD/L3,PAST,L4
GOLEFT/L4,PAST,L1
GOTO/P0
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

Postprocessor and Auxiliary Statements

A complete APT part program must include functions not
accomplished by geometry statements and motion
commands. These additional functions are implemented
by postprocessor statements and auxiliary statements.
Postprocessor statements control the operation of the
machine tool and play a supporting role in generating the
tool path. Such statements are used to define cutter
size, specify speeds and feeds, turn coolant flow ON
and OFF, and control other features of the particular
machine tool on which the machining job will be
performed. The general form of a postprocessor
statement is the following:
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Postprocessor and Auxiliary Statements
POSTPROCCER COMMAND/DESCRIPTIVE DATA

Where the POSTPROCESSOR COMMAND is an APT major word

including the type of function or action to be accomplished, and the
descriptive data consists of APT minor words and numerical values.
In some commands, the descriptive data is omitted.
Examples:
UNITS/MM indicates that the specified units in the program
are INCHES or MM.
INTOL/0.02 specifies inward tolerance for circular
interpolation (OUTTOL/0.02).
SPINDL/1000,CLW specifies spindle rotation speed in
revolutions per minute. Either CLW (clockwise) or CCLW
(counterclockwise) can be specified. (SPINDL/OFF)
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming

CUTTER/20 defines cutter diameter for tool path

offset calculation
DELAY/30 temporarily stops the machine tool for a
period specified in seconds.
FEDRAT/40,IPM specifies feedrate in mm/min or in/min as
specifies in UNITS statements. (FEDRAT/4,IPR)
RAPID engage high feedrate for next moves.
COOLNT/FLOOD turns fluid one (COOLNT/MIST)
(COOLNT/OFF)
LOADTL/01 used with automatic tool changing.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Postprocessor and Auxiliary Statements
Auxiliary statements are used to identify the part program,
specify which postprocessor to use, insert remarks into the
program, and so on. Auxiliary statements have no effect on
the generation of tool path.

Examples:
PARTNO is the first statement in an APT program, used
to identify the program; for example, PARTNO SAMPLE
PART NUMBER ONE
REMARK is used to insert explanatory comments into
the program that are not interpreted or processed by the
APT processor.
 FINI indicates the end of an APT program.
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Example:
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Example:
Drilling
Drill tool diameter = 7 mm
Tool number 1
N = 1000 r.p.m clockwise
Vf = 0.05 mm/min

Milling
End mill tool diameter = 20 mm
Tool number 2
N = 1000 r.p.m clockwise
Vf = 50 mm/min
 Starting point (PTARG) at 0,-50,10
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
Solution:
PARTNO DRILLING AND MILLING
UNITS/MM
CUTTER/20
PTARG = POINT/0,-50,10
P1 = POINT/0,0,-10
P2 = POINT/160,0,-10
P3 = POINT/16,60,-10
P4 = POINT/35,90,10
P5 = POINT/70,30,10
P6 = POINT/120,30,10
P7 = POINT/70,60,10
P8 = POINT/130,60,10
L1 = LINE/P1,P2
L2 = LINE/P2,P3
L3 = LINE/P4,PARLEL,L1
L4 = LINE/P4,P1
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
C1 = CIRCLE/CENTER,P8,RADIUS,30
PL1 = PLANE/P1,P2,P3
REMARK Start Milling Operation
FROM/PTARG
LOADTL/02
SPINDL/1000,CLW
FEDRAT/50,IPM
COOLNT/FLOOD
GO/TO,L1,TO,PL1,TOL4
GORGT/L1,PAST,L2
GOLFT/L2,TANTO,C1
GOFWD/C1,PAST,L3
GOFWD/L3,PAST,L4
GOLFT/L4,PAST,L1
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
REMARK Start Drilling Operation
RAPID
GOTO/PTARG
SPINDL/OFF
COOLNT/OFF
LOADTL/01
RAPID
GOTO/P5
COOLNT/FLOOD
SPINDL/1000,CLW
FEDRAT/0.05,IPM
GODLTA/0,0,-20
GODLTA/0,0,20
RAPID
GOTO/P6
FEDRAT/0.05,IPM
GODLTA/0,0,-20
GODLTA/0,0,20
 Computer-Assisted Part Programming
RAPID
GOTO/P7
FEDRAT/0.05,IPM
GODLTA/0,0,-20
GODLTA/0,0,20
RAPID
GOTO/P8
FEDRAT/0.05,IPM
GODLTA/0,0,-20
GODLTA/0,0,20
RAPID
GOTO/PTARG
SPINDL/OFF
COOLNT/OFF
FINI