EXAMPLE: Water Flow in a Pipe

P1 > P 2 Velocity profile is parabolic (we will learn why it is parabolic

later, but since friction comes from walls the shape is intu-
itive)

The pressure drops linearly along the pipe.

Does the water slow down as it flows from one end to the other?

Only component of velocity is in the x-direction.

~v = vx~i

vy = vz = 0
Incompressible Continuity:
vx vy vz
+ + =0
x y z
vx
x
= 0 and the water does not slow down.

1
 EXAMPLE: Flow Through a Tank
V = constant (always full)
R
Integral Mass Balance: S
(~v ~n)dA = 0

v 1 A 1 = v 2 A2 Q

Constant volumetric flow rate Q.

EXAMPLE: Simple Shear Flow

vy = vz = 0 vx = vx (y)

~ v vx + vy + vz = 0

x y z
satisfied identically

2
 NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS (p. 1)
(in the limit of slow flows with high viscosity)

vD
Reynolds Number: Re (1-62)

= density
= viscosity
v = typical velocity scale
D = typical length scale

For Re  1 have laminar flow (no turbulence)

~v ~ + ~g + 2~v
= P
t
Vector equation (thus really three equations)

The full Navier-Stokes equations have other nasty inertial terms that are
important for low viscosity, high speed flows that have turbulence (airplane
wing).

3
 NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS (p. 2)
~v ~ + ~g + 2~v
= P
t

~v
= acceleration
t
mass
=
unit volume
~v force
= (F~ = m~a) Newtons 2nd Law
t unit volume

Navier-Stokes equations are a force balance per unit volume

What accelerates the fluid?

~ = Pressure Gradient
P

~g = Gravity

2~v = Flow (fluid accelerates in direction of increasing velocity gradient.

Increasing ~v 2~v > 0

4
 GENERAL FLUID MECHANICS
SOLUTIONS
Navier-Stokes equations + Continuity + Boundary Conditions

Four coupled differential equations!

Always look for ways to simplify the problem!

EXAMPLE: 2D Source Flow

Injection Molding a Plate

1. Independent of time

2. 2-D vz = 0

3. Symmetry Polar Coordinates

4. Symmetry v = 0

Continuity equation ~ ~v =
1 d
(rvr ) =0
r dr

rvr = constant

constant
vr =
r
Already know the way velocity varies with position, and have not used
the Navier-Stokes equations!

5
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates
(important for injection molding) (P. 1)

Independent of time

vy = vz = 0

Cartesian coordinates

Continuity:
vx
= 0 vx = vx (y)
x
Navier-Stokes equation:

P 2 vx P P
+ 2 =0 = =0
x y y z
P = P (x) vx = vx (y)

P 2 vx
= 2
x y
How can f (x) = h(y)? Each must be constant!
P
x
= C1 P = C1 x + C2

B.C. x = 0 P = P1 C2 = P1
x = L P = P2 C1 = P/L where : P P1 P2
P = P1 P
L
x

6
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates
(important for injection molding) (P. 2)

2 vx
= C1 = P/L
y 2
2 vx P
2
=
y L
vx P
= y + C3
y L
P 2
vx = y + C3 y + C4
2L

B.C. NO SLIP top plate y = d/2 vx = 0

bottom plate y = d/2 vx = 0

P 2 d
0= d + C3 + C4
8L 2
P 2 d
0= d C3 + C4
8L 2
P d2
C3 = 0 C4 =
8L
d2
 
P
vx = y2 Parabolic velocity profile
2l 4

7
EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow between Parallel Plates
(important for injection molding) (P. 3)
Where is the velocity largest?
Maximum at v x
y
= 0 = PL
y
maximum at y = 0 centerline

What is the average velocity?

R
vx dA
Z
A 1
vave = R = vx dA A = zd
A
dA A A
Z z Z d/2
1 d/2 P d2
Z  
1 2
vave = vx dydz = y dy
zd 0 d/2 d d/2 2L 4
d/2
P d2 y3 P d2

vave = y =
2Ld 4 3 d/2 12L
For constant P , , L: double d quadruple v

8
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die
(important for blow molding) (P. 1)

P1 > P 2

Independent of Time

Cylindrical Coordinates

vr = v = 0

vz = vz (r)

vz
Continuity: z
=0

Navier-Stokes equation:
  
P 1 vz
= r
z r r r
f (z) = g(r) = a constant
Split into two parts - Pressure Part:
P
z
= C1 P = C1 z + C2

B.C. z = 0 P = P2 C2 = P2
z = L P = P1 C1 = P/L where : P P1 P2
P = P2 + P
L
z

P
P = P2 + L
z analogous to Poiseuille flow between parallel plates.

9
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die
(important for blow molding) (P. 2)
  
1 vz P
r =
r r r L
vz P 2
r = r + C3
r 2L
vz P C3
= r+
r 2L r
P 2
vz = r + C3 ln r + C4
4L

B.C. NO SLIP at r = Ri , vz = 0
at r = R0 , vz = 0

P 2
0= R + C3 ln Ri + C4
4L i
P 2
0= R + C3 ln R0 + C4
4L 0
 
subtract P
0 = 4L (R02 Ri2 ) + C3 ln RR0i

P (R02 Ri2 )
C3 =
4L ln(R0 /Ri )
(R02 Ri2 ) ln R0
 
P 2
C4 = R0
4L ln(R0 /Ri )

10
 EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in an Annular Die
(important for blow molding) (P. 3)

P 2 (R02 Ri2 ) (R02 Ri2 )

 
2
vz = r ln r R0 +
4L ln(R0 /Ri ) ln(R0 /Ri )
P R02 r2 (R02 Ri2 )
 
vz = 1 + 2 ln(r/R0 )
4L R0 ln(R0 /Ri )
r < R0 always, so vz < 0

Leading term is parabolic in r (like the flow between plates) but this one
has a logarithmic correction.

What is the volumetric flow rate?

Z Z R0
Q= vz dA = vz 2rdr
A Ri
" 4 #
P R04 2 2

Ri (1 (Ri /R0 ) )
Q= 1 + +
8L R0 ln(R0 /Ri )

11
GENERAL FEATURES OF NEWTONIAN
POISEUILLE FLOW
P d3 W
Parallel Plates: Q=
12L
P R4
Circular Tube: Q=
8L
P R04
Annular Tube: Q= f (Ri /R0 )
8L
P d3 w
Rectangular Tube: Q=
12L
All have the same general form:

Q P
Q 1/ Weak effects of pressure, viscosity and flow length
Q 1/L

Q R4 or d3 w Strong effect of size.

In designing and injection mold, we can change the runner sizes.

12
 NON-NEWTONIAN EFFECTS

EXAMPLE: Poiseuille Flow in a Circular Pipe

Newtonian Velocity Profile:

P R2 
1 (r/R)2

vz =
4L

Shear Rate:
vz P r
= =
r 2L

Apparent Viscosity: Viscosity is lower

where is higher

Real Velocity Profile:

Lower a increases vz
non-parabolic