NC-Programming Manual for Turning Centers

with Fanuc 30 Series Controls

1
1 _____________________________________________________________________________________ 5
Meaning of addresses ____________________________________________________________________ 5
Tool Number Designation_________________________________________________________________ 2
2 Introduction to NC-programming ______________________________________________________ 1
2.1 Program Registration __________________________________________________________ 2
2.2 How to key-in a program on a FANUC control _____________________________________ 3
2.3 Notes on program registration ___________________________________________________ 3
2.4 Notes on writing a program on a PC ______________________________________________ 3
3 List of Commands used in NC-Lathe programming ________________________________________ 4
3.1 Addresses ____________________________________________________________________ 4
3.2 Words _______________________________________________________________________ 5
3.3 Blocks _______________________________________________________________________ 6
3.4 End of Block Character _________________________________________________________ 6
3.5 Range of input data ____________________________________________________________ 6
3.6 The use of decimal fractions in programming _______________________________________ 7
3.7 Suppression of Leading or trailing Zero ___________________________________________ 8
3.8 The use of Sequence Numbers in the program ______________________________________ 8
3.9 Optional Block Skip Character, / Slash __________________________________________ 9
3.10 Feed Command _______________________________________________________________ 9
3.11 Spindle Command ____________________________________________________________ 11
3.12 Tool Command _______________________________________________________________ 12
3.13 Tool-offsets __________________________________________________________________ 12
3.14 Tool-Offset Command _________________________________________________________ 13
4 Tool Nose Radius Compensation ______________________________________________________ 14
4.1 G40, G41 and G42 Tool Nose Radius Compensation Function Commands ______________ 14
4.2 Tool Nose Radius Compensation Data ____________________________________________ 16
5 G-Codes _________________________________________________________________________ 16
5.1 G-Code List (G-code system A, partial listing) _____________________________________ 18
6 Miscellaneous Functions, M -codes _________________________________________________ 19
6.1 M-Code List _________________________________________________________________ 19
7 Coordinate Systems ________________________________________________________________ 21
7.1 Basic Coordinate System _______________________________________________________ 21
7.2 NC Lathe Coordinate System ___________________________________________________ 21
7.3 Machine Coordinate System ____________________________________________________ 23

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 7.4 Work Coordinate System ______________________________________________________ 24
7.5 Work Offsets & Work Coordinate Systems________________________________________ 25
7.6 Work Coordinate System Grid __________________________________________________ 26
7.7 Absolute Coordinate Command _________________________________________________ 27
7.8 Incremental Coordinate Command ______________________________________________ 27
7.9 Absolute & Incremental Command in same Block __________________________________ 29
8 Positioning _______________________________________________________________________ 29
8.1 G0 Positioning in the Work Coordinate System ___________________________________ 29
8.2 Positioning in the Machine Coordinate System _____________________________________ 30
9 Interpolation Function ______________________________________________________________ 31
9.1 G1 - Linear Interpolation ______________________________________________________ 31
9.2 G2 - Circular Interpolation Clockwise ____________________________________________ 32
9.3 G3 - Circular interpolation Counter Clockwise ____________________________________ 32
9.4 Circular Interpolation using arc center point specification ___________________________ 34
9.5 Chamfering & Corner Rounding Function (using Addresses C , R ) _______________ 35
9.6 Chamfering Function (using Addresses I , K) _________________________________ 36
9.7 Thread Cutting Function (G32) _________________________________________________ 37
9.8 Tapping _____________________________________________________________________ 41
10 Reference point return functions ______________________________________________________ 41
10.1 G28- Reference Point Return (Rapid traverse) _____________________________________ 41
10.2 G30 - 2nd Reference Point Return (Rapid traverse)__________________________________ 42
11 Standard Program Format___________________________________________________________ 43
12 Sub Programs _____________________________________________________________________ 45
12.1 Sub Program Call_____________________________________________________________ 45
12.2 Sub program Repetition _______________________________________________________ 46
12.3 Nesting of sub programs _______________________________________________________ 46
13 Simple Canned Cycles for turning (G90) _______________________________________________ 47
13.1 G90 Canned Turning and Boring _______________________________________________ 47
13.2 G90 Canned Cycles for Taper Turning and Boring _________________________________ 51
13.3 G94 Canned Facing ___________________________________________________________ 52
13.4 G94 Canned Cycles for Facing on a Taper ________________________________________ 54
14 Multiple Repetitive Cycles ___________________________________________________________ 55
14.1 G70 Finishing ________________________________________________________________ 55
14.2 G71 Turning Boring Roughing Cycle ___________________________________________ 56
14.3 G72 Facing __________________________________________________________________ 60
14.4 G73 Turning - Boring, Pattern Repeating _________________________________________ 64

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 14.5 G74 Peck Drilling & Face Grooving (trepanning) On The Z Axis _____________________ 67
14.6 G75 Peck Grooving on the X Axis _______________________________________________ 70
15 Thread Cutting Cycles ______________________________________________________________ 72
15.1 Thread Cutting Limitations ____________________________________________________ 72
15.2 Imperfect Thread Calculation___________________________________________________ 73
15.3 G76 Thread Cutting, Multiple Repetitive _________________________________________ 74
15.4 G76 Thread Cutting, Multiple Repetitive, Taper ___________________________________ 78
15.5 G76 THREADING CYCLE TWO LINE FORMAT (FS 0,16,18,21T,31i,32i, -FORMAT)79
15.6 Programming Examples, using the G76-Thread Cutting Cycle _______________________ 83
15.7 G76 Thread Cutting, Multiple Repetitive, Multi Start _______________________________ 85
15.8 G92 Thread Cutting ___________________________________________________________ 86
15.9 G92 Thread Cutting, Taper_____________________________________________________ 88
16 Canned Cycles for hole machining (G80 Series) _________________________________________ 89
16.1 G83 Z-axis Peck Drilling Cycle __________________________________________________ 89
16.2 G84 Z-axis Tapping Cycle ______________________________________________________ 90
17 Miscellaneous Settings ______________________________________________________________ 92
17.1 Instructions for Setting the Work-Zero Point on Lathes with Fanuc 18T 21T, Or 30 Series
Controls. ___________________________________________________________________________ 92
17.2 Work-offset setting procedure for lathes equipped with Q-setter. ______________________ 94
17.3 Work-offset setting procedure for lathes without Q-setter ____________________________ 94
17.4 How To Set the 2nd reference point (G30) on the Fanuc 16/18/21-T/ and 30 Series controls _ 95
17.5 Changing Parameters on 16/18TC and 30 Series Controls ___________________________ 96
18 Operator's Control Panel ____________________________________________________________ 97

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 Meaning of addresses

Function Address Meaning of address

Program number O(EIA / ISO) Program number

Block sequence number N Sequence number

Preparatory function G Specifies a motion or function

X, Z Command of moving position (absolute type) of each position

U,W Instruct moving distance and direction (incremental type)

Dimension word I, J, K Designation of circular center of Axis (I=X, J=Y, K=Z)

R Radius of circle, corner R, edge R

Feed function F Designation of federate and thread lead

Auxiliary function M Miscellaneous function (On / Off)

Spindle speed function S Designation of spindle speed

Tool T Designation of tool number and offset number

Dwell P, U, X Designation of dwell time

Number of repetitions L Repeat of auxiliary program

Parameters A,D, I, K Parameter at fixed cycle

Designation of program No P Used for calling an auxiliary program

Designation of sequence No P, Q Calling of a repeat cycle and end number

One block is composed as follows:

N G X Y F S T M :

Sequence Preparation Dimension Feed Spindle Tool Function EOB

Auxiliary Function Word Function Speed Function Auxiliary
No. Function

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Tool Number Designation

T Function is used for the designation of tool numbers and tool compensation.
T Function is a tool selection code usually made of 4 digits.

T 02 02

Designation of tool offset compensation number

Designation of tool number

Example: If the T number is designated as (T0202)

0 2 Calls the tool number (turret position) and 0 2 is the tool offset number to use.

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2 Introduction to NC-programming
To write a program for the NC means to translate all of the action that
is required for machining a work piece into a language format that the
control can understand. NC programming is done in an internationally
standardized language that consists of coded text.

In NC programming code Words are used. A NC-word always consists of a

letter and a number. A NC-word represents a command. All of the words
that are needed for doing a machining process are compiled in the form
of a text file called a NC-program.

A sample program is shown below.

Program Text Translation

O4513(SAMPLE PROGRAM) O = Program registration,

4513=program number
T0101 Get tool #1 and offset #1
S1200 M3 P11 Spindle speed 1200 RPM, turn ON
the main spindle
M8 Turn ON the coolant
G0 X2.1 Z0 Tool approach, rapid move
G1 G99 X-.063 F.005 Cut the face of the part
Z0.05 Relieve the tool
G0 X4. Z4. T0100 Retract the tool and cancel the
tool offset
M5 P11 Main Spindle stop
M9 Coolant OFF
M30 M30=End of program and rewind

The sketch below shows the tool path for the program shown above.

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The program-text is input to the NC-memory by using the keypad as
provided on the system. It is also possible to upload a program text
file that has been created on a personal computer by connecting a PC to
the RS-232 communication interface device at the NC unit.

The FANUC 18-I, 21-I and 30i Series controls are equipped with a PCMCIA-
card slot, allowing uploading / downloading of NC-programs using a flash
card or a compact flash card (commonly used in digital cameras) with a
PC Card Adapter.

A NC-program begins with the program file number followed by several

lines of coded text that instruct the machine step-by-step what to do.
In Auto Operation-Mode, the control reads and executes the commands
one line at a time, line by line. The program ends with a special code
that resets or rewinds the program. After the reset and rewind command,
processing stops. The automatic process is now ready to be repeated
over, again.

2.1 Program Registration

The first line of a program must specify the letter O, followed by the
program number. The range of this number is normally between zero and
9999. When a program number is input into the control memory it
establishes a new file name which is the same as the program number.

For example: O4512 4512 is the program file name

For purpose of detailed directory display and program identification it

is helpful to include text set between parenthesis on the same line with
the program number. Text in parenthesis is limited to 25 characters,
maximum.

For example: O4513 (PROGRAM BY JIM SMITH)

When a program is registered as shown above the directory display will

list the program as illustrated, below. When no text is inserted the
program number only is displayed.

NC-PROGRAM DIRECTORY DISPLAY

Only the program number
O0001 appears when no text is
O0002 included on the same line
O4512
O4513 (PROGRAM BY JIM SMITH)
O4514
O7000 Program number and text
O9999 for identification appear
in the directory when text
is included

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2.2 How to key-in a program on a FANUC control

1. Switch the mode selector to EDIT-mode

2. Memory-protect key in OFF position
3. Press the PROGRAM-key. Now, either the program TEXT of an existing
program is displayed or the program DIRECTORY is displayed. Pressing
the PROGRAM-key again will toggle the display. Either one of the two
displays permits program registration.
4. Key-in the letter O followed by the program number, then push the
INSERT-key. No other characters are allowed at this time
5. Now, all remaining text is keyed in
6. To start a new line, press EOB, then press the INSERT-key

2.3 Notes on program registration

Upon registration of a program the new file is displayed on the CRT

immediately. The text of an existing program shown on the CRT just
prior to inserting a new program disappears into the background.
Nothing has been deleted. The DIRECTORY page lists all of the files
that exist in the memory by file number.
A file number that already exists cannot be entered again. The control
will not overwrite an existing file.
Files need not necessarily be entered in numerical order. The program
directory sorts the file numbers in ascending numerical order, not in
the order of registration.
When inserting a program via keypad the text in parenthesis cannot be
inserted together with the program number. The program number by
itself must be inserted first, then the text.
Text that is set in parenthesis is not regarded as a NC-word or a
command.
The character ; (semicolon) marks the end of a line. On the key- pad
of the control the semicolon-key is marked as EOB. This stands for
END OF BLOCK.

2.4 Notes on writing a program on a PC

When a NC-program is created on a PC, please note the following:

The percent sign % must stand at the head of the program and on
the tail end on a line by itself.
Semicolon (EOB character) must not be added at end of a line. Pressing
the enter-key at the end of line or end of block starts a new line.
NC programs must be saved in Text Format. This allows uploading the
file to a FANUC control directly. For details how to upload a program
to the NC system, please consult the operation manual.

3
3 List of Commands used in NC-Lathe programming
This chapter provides an overview of the basic commands and function
codes that are used in NC-programming.

3.1 Addresses

A NC-address consists of a single letter that addresses an assigned

function on the control system. The table below explains the function of
addresses typically used in NC programming. A number always follows an
address.

Function Address Application / Use

O1234;
Letter O followed by a 4-digit
Program number O
number registers a program in the
NC-memory.
N1234;
Line-number or sequence number. The
Sequence number N
use of line numbers allows manual
and automatic line-search function.
G1 through G99;
Control function. (See the G-code
Preparatory function G
list for detailed description of the
G-codes)
X1.2345;
Coordinate addresses for axis
Coordinate address X,Z,U,W
position command.

R1.2345;
Coordinate address R Arc or corner radius specification.

I-0.1234;
Used for defining the location of an
Coordinate address I,K
arc center point. Also used for
chamfering function.
F0.0005;
Specifies motion distance per
Feed function F spindle revolution, or thread lead,
or motion speed in units of inches
per minute.
S2000;
Spindle speed specifications in RPM-
Spindle speed function S
units or surface speed in units of
feet per minute.
T0101;
Tool function T Tool selection & tool offset command

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 Function Address Application / Use

M8;
Used for activating various machine
Machine function M functions, such as spindle, coolant,
etc.
(See M-code list for details)
Used for sub program call M98P_ and
Search function P for sequence number search command
M99P_.
Dwell command.
Dwell function P,U G4 P1= Dwell-time =1 millisecond
G4 U1. = Dwell-time =1 second.
Number of times to repeat a sub
Repetition function L,P program. M98 P1234 L100 , or M98
P1001234
These addresses when used together
Canned cycle function I,K,P,Q,R with canned cycles have functions
other than as outlined, above.

3.2 Words

The programmer must translate an action or a task that the machine is

asked to do into a command, called a NC-word. An address from the table
above, combined with a number forms a word.

For example: X2.5 -This is a word. X is the address, 2.5 representing

the coordinate position on the X-axis.

A NC-word consists of an address followed by a number.

More than one word may be required at the same line in order to execute
a task.
For example: G0 X2.5 Z.1 M8. This command instructs the machine to
position a tool at the coordinates X2.5, Z.1 and to turn on the coolant.

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3.3 Blocks

One or more words make up a command-line that is referred to as a block.

A block may contain as many words as is required in order to specify
different types of commands at the same time.
This is a block:

G1 G99 G96 X-.063 F.005 S500 P11;

When the data is processed by the control the whole block is read at
once. All of the commands in a block are executed immediately. Upon
completed execution of every command a completion signal is sent back
from the machine to the control. Then the next block is processed, and
so on.

3.4 End of Block Character

The character ; (semicolon or EOB) is placed at the end of each

block or at the end of a line. The End of Block needs to be inserted
when the program text is manually keyed into the control. It separates
one line or block from another.

When a program is created on a PC, semicolon is not required. Pressing

the Enter key on the keyboard produces the CR and LF characters
that is interpreted by the control as a semicolon or end of block (EOB).

3.5 Range of input data

Numbers or data used in programming must fit a certain range. The data
range varies depending on type of address, unit of measurement and
machine type. The data range in the table below is applicable for most
NC lathes. Maximum data range shown for coordinates is the theoretical
upper limit. Actual maximum range is lower, depending on size and type
of machine.

Data range

Address Inch system Metric system

Min. Max. Min. Max.
X,Z,U,W,R,I,K +/-0.0001 +/-99.9999 +/-0.001 +/-999.999
F 0.000001 99.9999 0.00001 999.999
G 0 99 0 99
S 1 32767 1 32767
T 0 1232 0 1232
L 1 999 1 999
M 0 99(999) 0 99(999)
N 0 9999 1 9999
O 0 9999 0 9999

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3.6 The use of decimal fractions in programming

In words with addresses G, L, M, N, O, P, Q, S, T the use of a decimal

point is prohibited. Whole numbers must be commanded only.

Example: P1. Cannot be commanded. Command P1

S499.5 P11 cannot be commanded. Command S499 P11 or S500 P11

In words with addresses F, I, K, R, U, W, X, Z the use of decimal

fractions is permitted:

Example: X2.5 =2.5" diameter on the X axis

F.018 =0.018" feed rate
Z-1.125 =1.125" in the negative direction on Z axis
X1. =1" diameter in X axis

Any coordinate word can be written as an integer (Integer = a number

without a decimal point).

Example: The word X1.0 can be expressed as X10000

CAUTION: X1.0 cannot be expressed as X1
The number 1 is interpreted by control as 0.0001

For an address that allows the use of decimal fractions, the

decimal point must not be omitted accidentally.

When the decimal point is omitted with an address that permits the use
of decimal fractions, the system reverts to the least input increment as
shown in the table, below.

Least input increment

Program Command input System output

X1 X0.0001
X10 X0.0010
X100 X0.0100
X1000 X0.1000
X10000 X1.0000

Applicable for addresses I, K, P, Q, R, U, W, X, Z

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3.7 Suppression of Leading or trailing Zero

Data format on older NC systems (prior to around 1982) used to require a

fixed number of digits for NC-words. Systems manufactured after around
1982 do not require this type of format any longer. It is not necessary
to place a zero in front or at the end of a number or in front of a
decimal point.

For example instead of typing: G01, M01, T0001, F0.1000 and so on it

is acceptable to type: G1, M1, T1, F.1 The actual value of the number
must remain unchanged, of course.

For example: The accuracy of the number 1.0000 is the same as that of
the number 1.

When zero is part of a whole number or part of a decimal fraction the

zero cannot be suppressed, of course.

3.8 The use of Sequence Numbers in the program

A sequence number can be placed at the beginning of each block if

desired. This is the address N with a number from 1-9999.

On older, tape operated controls it is mandatory to place a sequence

number on every line. On most FANUC controls in use at this time
sequence numbers are required only in connection with certain types of
canned cycles. Selective use of sequence numbers is helpful with
regards to simplification of search functions.

Placing a sequence number at the beginning of a new operation

rather than at the beginning of every block is recommended.

For example:
N10 (DRILL HOLE)
;
N20 (ROUGH TURN OUTSIDE)
;
N30 (FINISH BORE)
;

The format shown above establishes good overview and organization within
a program. Sequence numbers should be placed in logical order. The
numbers can be spaced in increments of 10, as shown in the example.
Comments that provide clues with regards to operation details, tools,
etc can be placed just after the sequence number. This practice is
helpful for communication between the programmer, setup and machine
operator personnel.
The order of processing is not influenced by the numerical order of
sequence numbers.

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3.9 Optional Block Skip Character, / Slash

Placing a slash / at the beginning of a block allows optional skipping

(not executing) of the commands specified on that block.

A switch located on the operation panel controls the skip function.

Switch ON = skips the block, switch OFF = executes the block.

This function is used for various purposes. Here is one example:

N70 M54;
/N80 M99; - Block skip function
N90 M30

In the above example, the control will ignore the block N80 when the
"Optional Block Skip" switch turned on.

The slash must be placed at the start of the block so that the whole
block of information is subject to the skip function. If it is placed in
random order in the block the control will read & execute the block
information up to the /. Words on the right of the / will be
ignored.

3.10 Feed Command

A numerical value following the address F sets the feed rate. There
are two different feed modes available. The feed-mode is selected by
these G-codes:

G98 = IPM-Mode = Inches per minute mode

G99 = IPR-Mode = Inches per revolution mode

G99 is the standard feed mode on a NC-lathe. In G99-mode the command F

0.005, for example, sets a feed rate of 0.005 per spindle revolution.
The feed motion is dependent on the spindle rotation. Without spindle
rotation no feed motion can occur. The feed rate or feed amount to be
used depends on machining application. Caution must be used in selecting
the feed rate.

On control power-up, the G99-command mode is selected by the

system automatically. For normal machining the feed rate is
always specified in units of Inches per spindle rotation (IPR).

For bar pulling and for broaching operations where the spindle is not
allowed to rotate the Inches per minute feed mode must be commanded.
In G98-mode the command F 20. for example, sets a feed rate of 20 per
minute.

Note that the G-codes G98 and G99 as well as the feed rate command F
is modal. The meaning of modal is that a command remains active until
it has been cancelled or replaced by another command related to the same
family or group of commands.

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For example:

Once G98 has been commanded the inches per minute feed mode remains
active in every block. Its not necessary to repeat the command. The
G99 command cancels the G98-mode.
Once a specific feed rate has been commanded it remains active until
replaced with a different feed rate.

Upon completion of an operation that uses the G98-feed mode

the G99 command together with an applicable feed rate command
must restore the normal feed mode, without fail.

For example:
When the command G1 G98 Z-1.25 F20.0 has been used for
bar pulling. Upon completion of this operation, the
instructions for the machining operation to follow just
after the bar pulling operation must include the
commands G99 with an applicable feed rate, without fail.
Suppose the spindle runs at 3000 RPM at the time. If the
feed rate of 20 is still active and the G99-mode has
been command the feed is now 20 per revolution or about
83 feet per second just under 60 miles per hour.

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3.11 Spindle Command

A numerical value following the address S sets the spindle speed.

There are two different types of spindle control modes available. The
spindle control mode is set by these G-codes:

G96 = Constant surface speed control mode

G97 = RPM control mode

On control power-up, the G97-command mode is selected by the

system automatically.

The command: G97 S2000 M3 P11 runs the spindle at 2000 RPM.
M3 or M4 command the direction of spindle rotation, forward or reverse.
The M5 command stops the spindle.

The command: G96 S500 M3 P11 runs the spindle at a constant surface
speed (circumference speed) of 500 feet per minute. In this mode the
control automatically calculates the spindle RPM, based on the diameter
that is machined, at any given time. The following formula is applied
for calculation of the RPM:

Where:
12 x V
RPM = V = Cutting Speed (feet/minute)
D x 3.14 D = Work piece diameter (inch)

3.82 x V
OR: RPM =
D
For example:

According to this formula, when a cutting speed (V) of 5oo feet per
minute G96 S500 P11 has been commanded the spindle will run 1910
RPM when machining is done on a 1 diameter part.

When machining is done on 0.1-inch diameter the control will

command the spindle to run at 19100 RPM. The maximum RPM available
on a CNC Turning Center is usually less than 6000 RPM. On larger
machines a spindle speed over 1500 RPM may cause hazardous
operating conditions.

For safety the maximum spindle RPM must be clamped at a safe speed.
Suppose the maximum permissible spindle speed is 1200 RPM, the command
G50 S1200 must be included in the program.

When constant surface speed control is used the command G50 S-(maximum)
must stand at the beginning of a program, prior to any other spindle
command.

11
The G50 S-command is valid only during G96-mode. G50 S1200 P11 does
not override a G97 S2000 P11 -command. The G50 S-command is modal.

3.12 Tool Command

A tool command consists of the Address T followed by a number ranging

from 0 to around 1232. The upper limit of the range depends upon the
number of turret positions and the number of offsets available on a
system. Two different functions are combined in this number. Separate
functions are assigned to the lower two digits and to the upper two
digits of the tool command number, as shown, below.

TOOL OFFSET NUMBER

TURRET POSITION OR TOOL NUMBER

The upper two digits represent the turret position or the tool number
command. The lower two digits represent the tool-offset number command.

When the lathe is equipped with a turret a tool is indexed or rotated to

the cutting position by commanding the turret position number of that
tool using the first two digits of the T-command.

For example:
T0100 = Turret position #1 (or tool #1).
This command takes care of tool selection only. The tool-offset must be
commanded, additionally.

3.13 Tool-offsets

The need for tool-offsets is due to the fact that it is very difficult
to physically attach a tool to the machine so that the tool-tip lines up
precisely with a desired point in the coordinate system.

A tool offset is applied to make up for the difference that exists

between the actual location of the tool tip and the theoretical point
where the tip should be located in relation to the coordinate system.
Once a tool has been firmly attached to the machine the difference
between tool tip and coordinate system is measured and recorded on a
data table called the Tool-Offset Register.

At the time when a tool is commanded into cutting position the

compensation data for that tool must be activated. This is done by the
tool-offset command.

The tool-offset command instructs the control to get the data from the
offset register and compound it to the coordinate system.

Tool Offset Register

12
 NO. X Z R T
offset # X axis Z axis Tool nose Tool nose
offset offset radius vector
01 1.75 -.025 .0312 3
02

Tool offsets are important for size control of the part to be machined.
After a part has been machined and inspected for dimensional accuracy,
any size correction that might be needed is manually keyed into the
tool-offset register. The next machined part will reflect the size
correction that has been input.

3.14 Tool-Offset Command

Every tool must use tool-offset compensation in order to cut a specified

dimension correctly on size. A specific tool offset number in the tool-
offset register is assigned to every tool number. For example, the
offset compensation data for tool #1 is recorded in tool-offset register
#1, for tool #2 the offset data is in offset register #2, and so forth.

In a standard tool command the tool number and tool-offset number is

always commanded at the same time.

The complete tool command for tool #1 is T0101 = Tool #1 and offset #1

Alternate tool-offsets.

A tool can be commanded using different offsets.

For example:
T0101 = Tool #1 and offset #1 -primary offset
Or: T0121 = Tool #1 and offset #21 -alternate offset

Tool offsets are not stacked or compounded on top of one another. When
T0121 has been commanded after T0101, then tool-offset #21 only is
effective.

Offset command, only

It is possible to command a tool offset number only, without a tool

number. Once a tool has been placed into the cutting position on the
turret the tool-offset command can be used just by itself.

For example: T0021 = Tool-offset #21

Typically, on a gang-type lathe where all the tools are arranged in a

position ready for cutting, no tool call is needed. The tool is already
in place. The upper two digits of the tool command are never used in
this case. Only the lower two digits are used for calling the tool
offset.

13
4 Tool Nose Radius Compensation
Most carbide turning tool inserts employ a tool nose radius at the tool
tip for the purpose of increasing tool life. Standard radii range from
1/64" up to 3/32" in 1/64th increments, typically. In some cases, radius-
grooving tools are used for machining.

In writing a NC-program the tool nose radius must be considered. When

machining is done parallel to X or parallel to Z tool nose radius
compensation is not required, regardless of tool nose radius size.
Machining of tapers or arcs requires tool nose radius compensation.

Tool nose radius compensation can be solved in two different ways:

1. Compensating for the tool nose radius in the tool path geometry in the
NC-program. This method produces the best results. However, without
the use of a PC equipped with CAM software, the calculation of the
tool path geometry can become very cumbersome and time consuming.

2. Utilizing the tool nose radius compensation function that is available

on the NC control, by including the TNR-COMP commands (G41, G42 and
G40) in the program.

4.1 G40, G41 and G42 Tool Nose Radius Compensation Function Commands

G40 = Cancel the tool nose radius compensation function

14
G41 = Tool nose radius compensation left
G42 = Tool nose radius compensation - right

Geometry of a tool path that has been programmed using the actual part
dimensions can be produced correctly when the automatic tool nose radius
compensation function is applied.

Rules to apply in the use of the tool nose radius compensation function

1. Tool nose radius and tool nose vector must be registered in the tool-
offset tables under the offset number to be used for a given tool.
(See next page for more details)
2. The TNR compensation code (G41 or G42) must be commanded together with
an axis move command, (G0 or G1) one block before actual machining on
the part begins. This is called a RAMP-ON-move. The axis move must
not be smaller than twice the TNR in X or not smaller than the
actual TNR when ramping ON in Z direction.
3. RAMP-ON moves should be done to a point in the Z direction that is at
least 1 x R clear of the first surface to be machined and X on the
diameter to be machined whenever possible.
4. The TNR compensation command is modal. When a program is interrupted
during TNR COMP, G40 must be commanded at the program start up.
5. When G40 is commanded together with an axis move (RAMP-OFF), the
move distance must be at least twice the TNR in X, or at least one TNR
in Z.
6. G40 must not be commanded during actual machining on the part. It will
produce errors on the part geometry.
7. Arc command (G2 or G3) for inside radii that are smaller than the tool
nose radius is not allowed.
8. Small steps at an inside corner or undercuts, smaller than the TNR are
not allowed.
9. In TNR-COMP mode, the cutting direction must never be reversed 180.
10. In TNR-COMP mode, not more than one block without an X or Z
command is allowed.

15
4.2 Tool Nose Radius Compensation Data

Tool nose radius compensation is stored in the tool-offset tables under

the columns R and T. The tool offset that stores the TNR COMP data
for the tool in use must be activated by the tool command, otherwise no
compensation is possible.

Tool Offset Register

NO. X Z R T
offset # X axis Z axis Tool nose Tool nose
offset offset radius vector
01 1.75 -.025 .0312 3
02

1. The R column must contain the actual tool nose radius.

2. The T column must contain the tool vector, which is selected from
the sketch as shown below.

NOTES:
1. Turning tools are touched off the normal way. TNR-Compensation only
covers the 90-sector in which the TNR is located.
2. Compensation for radius grooving tools covers the 180-sector in which
the TNR is located. When TNR-COMP is used with radius grooving tools,
they must be touched of as follows:
Vector 5 and 7: touch off Z the normal way, touch off X at the
center of the radius
Vector 6 and 8: touch off X the normal way, touch off Z at the
center of the radius
Vector 0: touch off X the and Z at center of the radius

5 G-Codes

16
G-codes activate various types of control functions or set modes of
operation. G-codes are subdivided into groups or families, by function-
type as shown in the table, below.

Special Notes on G-Codes

The following G-codes are active upon initial power-up of the control:
G0, G18, G22, G40, G54, G80, G97, and G99.

G-codes from different groups can be commanded at the same time or in

the same block.

One G-code only from the same group can be commanded in a block. When
more than one G-code from the same group is commanded the last G-code
from within a group specified is activated.

A G-code that is currently active is replaced by commanding another G-

code from within the same group or family.

G-codes of group 00 are classified as single-shot G-codes, meaning

that the G-command remains active only on the block in which it is
specified. They are also called Non-modal G-codes.

G-codes of all other groups are Modal, meaning that once the G-code
has been commanded it remains active until replaced by another G-code
from within the same group or family.

Commanding a G-code alone may or may not be sufficient for executing a

function. Programming examples shown later in this manual explain
detailed application of G-codes.

The standard G-codes used for NC-lathe programming are somewhat

different from G-codes used in Machining Center programming. G-code
System A is mostly used for NC-lathe programming. G-code systems B
and C are more closely related to G-codes used in machining Center
programming. System B and C are optional equipment on certain types of
controls.

17
5.1 G-Code List (G-code system A, partial listing)

G Code Group Modal Function

G00 01 Yes Rapid traverse
G01 01 Yes Linear interpolation
G02 01 Yes CW Circular interpolation
G03 01 Yes CCW Circular Interpolation
G04 00 No Dwell
G10 00 Yes Data Setting
G11 00 Yes Data Setting cancel
G17 16 Yes X-Y Plane select
G18 16 Yes Z-X Plane select
G19 16 Yes Y-Z Plane select
G20 06 Yes Inch data input
G21 06 Yes Metric data input
G28 00 No Return to home position
G30 00 No Return to 2nd reference point
G31 00 No Skip function
G32 01 Yes Thread cutting
G40 07 Yes Cancel tool nose radius compensation
G41 07 Yes Tool nose radius compensation left
G42 07 Yes Tool nose radius compensation right
G50 00 No Spindle speed limit in G96 mode
G50 00 No Coordinate system setting
G53 00 No Machine coordinate system
G54 14 Yes Work coordinate system 1
G55 14 Yes Work coordinate system 2
G56 14 Yes Work coordinate system 3
G57 14 Yes Work coordinate system 4
G58 14 Yes Work coordinate system 5
G59 14 Yes Work coordinate system 6
G70 00 No Finishing cycle
G71 00 No Roughing cycle, multiple repetitive
G72 00 No Face roughing, multiple repetitive
G73 00 No Pattern repeating, for castings
G74 00 No Z axis chip breaking (drilling)
G75 00 No Grooving, X axis
G76 00 No Thread cutting, multiple repetitive
G90 01 Yes ID/ OD box cycle
G92 01 Yes Thread cutting cycle
G96 02 Yes Constant surface footage programming
G97 02 Yes Continuous RPM programming
G98 05 Yes Feed rate per minute
G99 05 Yes Feed rate per revolution

18
6 Miscellaneous Functions, M -codes
Please note that M-codes may vary from one machine tool builder to
another. Most of the M-codes shown on the list shown below are generally
valid for PUMA Turning Centers only. M0 through M9 may apply for other
brands of turning centers, as well.

One M-code only is allowed in a block. M-codes can be executed in the

same block with other NC-commands, such as G-codes, spindle, tool and
axis commands.

6.1 M-Code List

M-Code Description Spec.

M0 Program Stop
M1 Optional Stop
M2 Program Reset or Rewind and Reset
M3 Spindle Forward
M4 Spindle Reverse
M5 Spindle Stop
M7 High Pressure Coolant Option
M8 Coolant On
M9 Coolant Off
M10 Parts Catcher Advance Option
M11 Parts Catcher Retract Option

M14 Main Spindle Air Blow Option

M15 Main Spindle Air Blow Off Option
M17 Machine Lock ON
M18 Machine Lock OFF
M19 Main Spindle Orientation Option
M24 Chip Conveyor Run Option
M25 Chip Conveyor Stop Option
M30 Program End With Rewind and reset
M31 Interlock by-pass (for Spindle & Tailstock)

M34 C1-AXIS SELECT OFF

M35 C1-AXIS SELECT ON
M38 Steady Rest Right Clamp Option
M39 Steady Rest Right Unclamp Option
M40 Gear Change Neutral
M41 Gear Change Low
M42 Gear Change Middle
M43 Gear Change Middle High
M44 Gear Change High
M46 Tailstock Body Unclamp. & Traction-Bar engage. Option
M47 Tailstock Body Clamp. & Tract-Bar Retract.
M48 Override Invalid
M49 Override Valid
M50 Bar Feeder Command 1 Option

19
M-Code Description Spec.
M51 Bar Feeder Command 2 Option
M52 Splash Guard Door Open Option
M53 Splash Guard Door Close Option
M54 Parts Count Option
M58 Steady Rest Clamp Option
M59 Steady Rest Unclamp Option
M61 Switching Low Speed
M62 Switching High Speed

M66 Main CHUCKING LOW PRESSURE Option

M67 Main CHUCKING HIGH PRESSURE Option
M68 Main-Chuck Clamp
M69 Main-Chuck Unclamp
M70 Dual Tailstock Low Advance Option

M73 TOUCH PROBE OFF

M74 TOUCH PROBE ON

M76 Q SETTER SWING ARM UP

M77 Q SETTER SWING ARM DOWN
M78 Tailstock Quill Advance
M79 Tailstock Quill Retract
M86 A AXIS Torque Skip Active
M87 A AXIS Torque Skip Cancel

M89 C-AXIS clamp or, Spindle Clamp for non C-axis machines
M90 C-AXIS un-clamp or, Spindle Un-Clamp for non C-axis machines
M91 External M91 Command Option
M92 External M92 Command Option
M93 External M93 Command Option
M94 External M94 Command Option
M98 Sub-Program Call
M99 End of Sub-Program

20
7 Coordinate Systems

7.1 Basic Coordinate System

Shown below is a standard two-dimensional coordinate system where the X-

axis runs in horizontal direction and the Y-axis in vertical direction.
X is the first and Y is the second axis in the basic coordinate system.
In NC-lathe programming a different coordinate system is used, as shown

on the sketch, below.

7.2 NC Lathe Coordinate System

In two-axis NC-lathe programming a coordinate system is applied that

uses the first axis (X) and the third axis (Z) of the three-dimensional
coordinate system. X-axis coordinates are specified in diameter.
The Y-axis shown here is used when the lathe is equipped with a Y-axis.

21
The sketch below shows the standard two-axis NC-lathe-coordinate system
in a two-dimensional view in which the X-axis runs vertically and the Z-
axis horizontally. The point X0, Z0 is called the ORIGIN or ZERO-POINT
of the coordinate system.

X-axis coordinates represent diameters on a part. Z-axis coordinates

represent length dimensions.

DIAMETER PROGRAMMING is applied so that a diameter dimension from a

part drawing can be entered directly into the program as an X-axis
coordinate. Blue print dimensions are easily identified when looking at
the text of a NC-program. This simplifies programming and program
editing.

The size of a cylindrical object is normally specified as a diameter not

as a radius. Using calipers or a micrometer for measuring a circular
shaped object on the diameter is much easier than on the radius.

Radius programming (Using radius dimensions for X-axis coordinates) on

a NC-lathe is possible but it is not recommended.

X-axis coordinates represent diameters on a part. Z-axis

coordinates represent length dimensions.

22
7.3 Machine Coordinate System
The origin or zero point of the machine coordinate system is normally
located at the intersection of the main-spindle center axis (X0) and the
spindle flange face (Z0). This point serves as a hard reference for
calibration of the turret HOME-position. The machine coordinate system
origin is the base point for all other coordinate systems. However,
machine coordinates are normally not used for programming of a part.

The sketch below shows the machine coordinate system-grid with the
location of MACHINE ORIGIN and MACHINE REFERENCE POINT. The coordinates
as shown in this example: X10, Z10 are for illustration purpose only.
Actual machine coordinates are different depending on size of machine.

Machine Coordinate System Grid

23
7.4 Work Coordinate System

The ORIGIN of the coordinate system used for programming is established

at a specific point on the part to be machined. This is called the WORK
ZERO POINT. The coordinate system used in a NC-program is called the
WORK COORDINATE SYSTEM.

The X-axis work zero point on a NC-lathe is always set at the center
axis of the spindle. This is also the center axis of the work piece. The
origin of the X-axis work coordinates is always the same as the origin
of the X-axis machine coordinates.

Before programming a new part the programmer must decide the location of
the work zero point along the Z-axis. Placing the Z-axis zero point at
the right end face of the part to be machined is recommended. However,
this is at the programmers discretion.

Suppose the work zero point has been decided on the right face of the
part as shown above. During machine setup the distance between machine
zero point and the work zero point along the Z-axis is measured and
recorded in the work offset register. (See sketch, below)

24
7.5 Work Offsets & Work Coordinate Systems

Older NC-lathes are equipped with a single work offset register, known
as the WORK SHIFT. The work-offset distance is entered into the work
shift register. This will set the origin of the Work Coordinate System
or the program zero point. Setting the work zero point on the machine is
the responsibility of the setup person.

At the instant when the work zero point is set the ABSOLUTE POSITION-
display on the machine is updated automatically.

Modern turning centers are equipped with six work-offset registers that
make up six different work coordinate systems.

Work coordinate systems are selected or commanded by G-codes, as

follows:

G54 - Work coordinate 1 G57 - Work coordinate 4

G55 - Work coordinate 2 G58 - Work coordinate 5
G56 - Work coordinate 3 G59 - Work coordinate 6

G54 serves as the default coordinate system on power-up. When no work

coordinate system has been commanded Work coordinate 1 (G54) is selected
automatically.

25
7.6 Work Coordinate System Grid

The sketch below shows a coordinate system grid that is applicable for a
turning center equipped with a turret. The turret is located on the top
right hand side of the spindle, or on the opposite side of the spindle
center as seen from the operator. On this type of turning center all of
the cutting tools are located on the X and Z positive side of the
coordinate system. The machining is normally done at the positive side
on the X-axis only.

The sketch below shows half a cross-section of the part to be machined.

For programming purposes the part drawing is placed onto the coordinate
system grid with the right face and the center aligned with the work
coordinate zero point. The intersecting points on the contour of the
part represent the actual coordinates used in the NC-program.

26
7.7 Absolute Coordinate Command

A distance measured from the zero point to any point in the coordinate
system is called an ABSOLUTE Dimension. Once the work zero point has
been established the coordinates used for programming are referenced to
that point.
For programming of the tool path that cuts the shape of the part as
shown in the sketch below, the X and Z coordinates at the intersecting
points P1 through P5 of the contour must be known.

The sketch shows ABSOLUTE dimensions. All of the dimensions are

referenced to the origin of the coordinate system X0, Z0.

Addresses X and Z specify absolute dimensions. Address X specifies

diameter.

The table below shows the points on the tool path, using absolute
dimensions.

POINT diameter length

P1 X.6 Z0
P2 X.6 Z-.3
P3 X.8 Z-.35
P4 X.8 Z-.7
P5 X1.6 Z-.8

7.8 Incremental Coordinate Command

27
An incremental dimension is a distance measured from a point in a
coordinate system to another point.

Dimensioning found on a shop drawing is not always convenient for use in

NC-programming. When absolute coordinate commands (X, Z,) are used all
dimensions need to be referenced to the origin of the part. For the
programmers convenience, NC-systems allow programming using both
absolute and incremental dimensions.

Address U specifies an incremental coordinate command along the X-axis.

It represents an increment on diameter (not on the radius).

Address W specifies an incremental coordinate command along the Z-axis.

The table below shows incremental coordinate commands for the tool path
that cuts the part shown above. Absolute coordinates are used only for
the start point (P1).

POINT diameter length

P1 X.6 Z0
P2 U0 W-.3
P3 U.2 W-.1
P4 U0 W-.3
P5 U.8 W-.2

28
7.9 Absolute & Incremental Command in same Block

Absolute & incremental coordinates can be specified together in the same

block.

For example: X3.395 W-3.0 Or: U1.625 Z-3.459

8 Positioning

8.1 G0 Positioning in the Work Coordinate System

Format G0 X (U) Z (W) Rapid traverse-move. (Modal)

This command moves the turret or tools from the current position to a
point specified by X, Z, U or W in the work coordinate system.

Positioning is used for moving a tool near to the part where machining
starts or for retracting the tool away from the machining area. The
positioning speed is up to 1000 inches per minute.

For example: Suppose a tool is located at the position X10, Z5

The tool needs to be positioned at X 6, Z 1

Absolute command: G0 X6.0 Z1.0

Incremental command: G0 U-4.0 W-4.0

Either one of these commands will position the tool as shown, below.

Notes:
29
As illustrated in the sketch, positioning is not necessarily done in a
straight line from point A to point B. Positioning speed of both axis
servos is about the same. In this case the travel distance along the X-
axis is shorter than along Z. X arrives at the destination before Z.

In order to avoid collision between turret and Tailstock it is best to

command the Z-axis move first then X-axis on the next block.

8.2 Positioning in the Machine Coordinate System

Format G53 X_ Z_ - Rapid traverse-move. Non modal

This command moves the turret or tools from the current position to a
point specified by X, Z, in the machine coordinate system.

In the example as shown on the sketch, above:

A tool is located at the position X5, Z0 in the work coordinate

system. The tool is to be positioned at X 7, Z 8 in the machine
coordinate system.

Command: G53 X7.0 Z8.0 (Tool moves from A to B)

Notes for G53 Command:

Incremental commands U and W are not valid with the G53-command

G53 is a one-shot G-code, non-modal.
Tool offset is not compounded to the coordinates
The G53 command cannot be used for any other purpose other than as
outlined, above.
G53 can be used as a tool exchange point

30
9 Interpolation Function

9.1 G1 - Linear Interpolation

Format = G1 X (U) Z (W) F - This commands a linear move at a feed rate.

Linear interpolation means that both axes, X and Z will arrive at the
commanded point at the same time.

The tool path as shown above is accomplished by linear interpolation

commands as follows:

Absolute dimensions Incremental dimensions

(Start point is X0, Z0).
G1 X3.0 F 0.005 G1 U 3.0 F0.005
X5.0Z-2.5 U2.0 W-2.5
Z-3.5 W-1.0

For linear interpolation, please note the following:

When G1 is commanded a feed rate must be commanded as well or a feed

rate must be active (modal).
Linear interpolation starts from the current position of the tool. The
commanded position in the G1-block represents the end position.
When the end point is specified for one axis only a move parallel to
that axis is produced.
When a 2-axis move is commanded by G1 a straight line at an angle is
produced.
G1 remains modal. G0, G2, G3,cancels G1

31
9.2 G2 - Circular Interpolation Clockwise

Format = G2 X (U) Z (W) R_ F_ -Circular move (CW) at a commanded feed

rate.

Start-point of arc: X1.0 Z0

Circular interpolation command: G2 X5.0 Z-2.0 R2.0 F0.005

Or: G2 U4.0 W-2.0 R2.0 F0.005

9.3 G3 - Circular interpolation Counter Clockwise

Format = G3 X (U) Z (W) R_ F_ -Circular move (CCW) at a commanded feed
rate.

Start-point of arc: X1.0 Z0

Circular interpolation command: G3 X5.0 Z-2.0 R2.0 F0.005

Or: G3 U4.0 W-2.0 R2.0 F0.005

32
For circular interpolation in general, please note the following:

Feed rate must be commanded or a feed rate must be active (modal) when
G2 or G3 is commanded.

G2 and G3 are modal.

Circular interpolation starts from the current position of the tool.

The commanded position in the G2 or G3-block represents the end- point
of the arc.

The start-point and end-point of an arc must be located geometrically

accurate ON the arc within of 0.001.

The R-command can be applied for any arc when observing the
following rules:
Positive R command is used for arc of 180 degrees or less.
Negative R command is used for arc of more than 180 degrees.

For Example:

When an arc is larger than 180 degrees the R-command must be negative:
G3 X__ Z__ R (negative) - produces the correct tool path as shown in
Figure 1.

When a positive R command is used for an arc larger than 180 degrees:
G3 X__ Z__ R (positive) an incorrect tool path as shown in Figure 2 is
produced.

Figure 1

Figure 2

33
9.4 Circular Interpolation using arc center point specification
Format: G3 X (U) Z (W) I_ K_ F_

Arc shown in the sketch: Start-point of arc: X5.0 Z0

G3 X6.0 Z-4.0 I-1.75 K-2.25 F0.005

Notes:

I and K specify the location of the arc-center relative to the

start point of the arc.

I represents a radial distance (not diameter) measured parallel to

X (positive or negative) from the start point of the arc to the arc
center point. When the distance is equal zero it can be specified as
I0 or it can be omitted.

K represents a distance measured parallel to Z (positive or

negative) from the start point of the arc to the arc center point.
When the distance is equal zero it can be specified as K0 or it can
be omitted.

I and or K replace the radius command R. When I and or K is

specified, R must not be specified.

For an arc less than 360 degrees R can replace I and or K. R is

calculated by the following Formula: R = (I + K)

I and or K specify a full circle, when start and end point

coordinates X, Z both are the same. (This is normally used on lathes
with milling capability only)

34
9.5 Chamfering & Corner Rounding Function (using Addresses C , R )

A 45-degree chamfer or a 90-degree arc can be produced when a surface

parallel to X and an adjacent surface parallel to Z is machined in two
consecutive blocks during G1-mode. The chamfering or corner rounding
function is not available on surfaces at an angle other than 90 degrees
to either X or Z.

In the examples shown below, either C for chamfer or R for corner

rounding can be inserted in the block containing the X coordinates.

Chamfering Corner Rounding

G1 X(end point) C-(chamfer size) G1 X(end point) R-(radius size)
G1 Z(end point) G1 Z(end point)

Outside Chamfering Example

G1 X0 Z0 (start point)
G1 X1.0 C-0.1 F.005
G1 Z-0.5

Outside Corner Rounding Example

G1 X0 Z0 (start point)
G1 X1.0 R-0.1 F.005
G1 Z-0.5

35
9.6 Chamfering Function (using Addresses I , K)

A chamfering function similar to the function described in the previous

chapter is available, using the addresses I or K.

A 45-degree chamfer can be produced when a surface parallel to X and an

adjacent surface parallel to Z is machined in two consecutive blocks
during G1-mode. The chamfering function is not available on surfaces at
an angle other than 90 degrees to either X or Z.

For this chamfering function the following rules apply:

In the block that commands an X-axis move, use address K for

defining the size of the chamfer.
In the block that commands an Z-axis move, use address I for
defining the size of the chamfer.

External Chamfer Example

G0 X1.0 Z0
G1 Z-.4 F.008
X2.4 K-.2
Z-1.3 I.2
X3.2

Internal Chamfer Example

G0 X3.7 Z.1
G1 Z-.9 I-.2 F.007
X1.8 K-.2
Z-1.6
X1.5

The chamfering function described above is dependent upon setting of

parameter #3405, bit 4 setting = 0.

36
9.7 Thread Cutting Function (G32)

The G32-command is used for various types of thread cutting

applications. This thread cutting function works similar to the linear
interpolation function, G1, except that in G32-mode the rotation angle
of the main spindle and the starting of the feed motion are
synchronized. Feed rate and spindle override in thread cutting mode is
disabled.

Single-Point Threading is normally applied for cutting a thread on a

lathe. A form-tool that matches the shape of the thread is used. Due to
the relatively weak structure of the thread-cutting tool and the high
chip-load that is encountered, a thread cannot be cut in a single pass.
Several cutting-passes at different depths along the entire length of
the thread are usually required.

Principle of Single Point Threading

A rectangular shaped pattern as shown in the sketch below is used for

the tool path that cuts the thread. The pattern is repeated at different
cutting depths until the full depth of the thread is established.

G32 Format:

G32 X (U) Z (W) F (Thread Lead)

The G32-command is modal. (The commands: G0, G1, G2, G3, and some others
cancel G32)
37
In the block with the G32-command the feed rate F specifies the Lead
of the thread in inches per revolution.

Inch-Standard threads are normally specified by thread size and by the

Pitch of the thread. Pitch, meaning the number of threads per inch,
abbreviated TPI.
For a thread specified by threads per inch (TPI) the feed rate F is
calculated as follows:

F=1/TPI
For best LEAD-accuracy, F can be specified by up to 6-digits after the
decimal point.

In G32-mode the synchronization between spindle rotation angle and

starting of the feed- motion is automatic. This allows the tool to
follow the path of an already existing thread lead on every subsequent
cutting pass.

The sketch above shows (4) thread cutting passes. When the tool is to
follow the lead of the first pass, each of the subsequent passes must
start from the same Z-axis position as the first pass. The program would
look something like this:

G0 X1.1 Z.1 (START POSITION)

X.980 Comments
G32 Z-.75 F.083333 (1ST PASS)
G0 X1.1 The program shown on the left shows
Z.1 four-passes on a 1-12 UN OD-thread.
X.960 The thread length = 0.75.
G32 Z-.75 (2ND PASS)
G0 X1.1 The feed rate: 1/12=0.083333 per rev.
Z.1 The feed rate is modal.
X.940
G32 Z-.75 (3RD PASS) The Z axis start-position in the block
G0 X1.1 prior to the G32-command always starts
Z.1 from Z.1
X.920
G32 Z-.75 (4TH PASS)
G0 X1.1
Z.1

The program shown above represents a simplified example, plunge cutting

the thread.

38
Programming of a thread requires some machining skills and experience.
The following important factors must be considered when programming a
thread:

Type of material to be cut

Thread shape or form
Thread lead and thread height
Mechanical strength of the work-piece

Selection of the cutting tool, spindle speed and thread cutting method
is made based on the above factors.

The sketch below shows three different thread cutting methods that can
be applied for V-shaped threads such as common screw and pipe threads.

Plunge cutting

In plunge cutting the cutting tool is fed into the material

perpendicular to the Z-axis. When a V-shaped thread is plunge cut, the
tool is contact with the material at the tool tip and on both flanks.
This cutting method works OK for plastic material, brass, bronze or
cast iron. For V-shaped threads the chip forming action obtained by
plunge cutting is not suitable when tough materials are cut. For
square shaped thread forms, plunge cutting is the only cutting method
available. In plunge cutting the G32-command is repeated always from
the same starting position on the Z-axis. When V-shaped threads are
plunge cut, the depth of cut should be reduced progressively with each
pass. This will provide for constant chip-load.

39
 Leading edge cutting

Leading edge cutting means that after the first pass only the left
edge of the tool does the cutting. This is accomplished by shifting
the Z-axis start position of the tool toward the thread with every
pass. For V-shaped thread forms the leading edge cutting method works
best, especially for materials with tough chip forming
characteristics.

The G32-command can be applied for cutting of straight threads and

tapered threads, internal or external. It can be used for scroll-threads
or spirals that are located on the font face of a part.

The G32-command provides great flexibility in programming of the cutting

pattern. Typically, the G32-command is utilized by most CAM systems.
Using the G32-command when a thread is to be programmed manually can be
labor-intensive and cumbersome.

Here is a sample program showing several threading passes for a leading edge-cutting cycle.

The thread is a 1-12. Normal thread angels are 29 degrees, and a safe approach distance is 4 threads.
With this information we can calculate the Z start at about .4 and the incremental Z shift to .0047 by using
the formula below.

TAN 29 x depth of pass = Z distance

Calculate the difference between the X diameters block N110 and N150 (0.9812 - 0.9461) / 2 = 0.0085.
Multiply this radius value by the tangent of 29 degrees (0.0085 x TAN 29 = 0.0047). This is the incremental
distance in Z between block N100 and N140 (0.400 - 0.0047 = 0.3953).

By using G32 you can control the exact depth and distance of each machining pass. Even if a CAD/CAM
system provides the code, with a few simple calculations you can better understand the program and the
machining process.

N100 G0 X1.2 Z0.400 start point

N110 G1 X.9812 F.0833 1ST pass depth
N120 G32 Z-2. 1ST pass length
N130 G0 X1.2 retract in X
N140 G0 Z.3953 start point 2nd pass
N150 G1 X.9642 2ND pass depth
N160 G32 Z-2. 2ND pass length
N170 G0 X1.2 retract in X
N180 G0 Z.3911 start point 3rd pass
N190 G1 X.9491 3RD pass depth
N200 G32 Z-2. 3RD pass length

FANUC-controls offer canned threading cycles that simplify programming

of threads. For example, the use of threading cycles G92 or G76
substantially reduces programming time and simplifies program editing on
the shop floor. Please refer to the section covering the canned cycles
in this manual.

40
9.8 Tapping

In theory, the G32 thread-cutting function can be applied for tapping

when the optional canned cycles for tapping (G84 and M29-rigid tapping
option covered in a different section in this manual) are not available.

When using the G32 function for tapping a floating tap holder is
required that provides freedom of movement to the tap in axial
direction. Spindle speed must be kept below 300 RPM to prevent excessive
coasting.

Tapping Example: 3/8-16 UN, 0.625 deep. Material: Steel 1018

Program Text Explanation

O4513(TAPPING 3/8-16 UN)

T0505 Get tool #5 and offset #5
S250 M3 P11 Spindle speed 250 RPM, CW
G0 Z0.15 M8 Tool approach & Coolant ON
X0 Tool at center of spindle
G32 Z-.625 F0.0625 Tapping 0.625 deep
M4 P11 Reverse the spindle
G32 Z0.15 Retract tap clear from hole
G0 X5.0 Retract tool
Z6.0 M9
M30 M30=End of program

NOTE: This program must not be run in single block mode tap will break
at the bottom of the hole when spindle keeps running forward.

10 Reference point return functions

10.1 G28- Reference Point Return (Rapid traverse)

The reference point, also called Home Position represents a fixed

position in the machine coordinate system that is located near the
travel limits of X and Z in the positive direction.

During manual zero return-mode the reference point is established by the

system electronically. Switches attached to the X and Z-axis slides send
signals to the control when the slides enter the area near the plus
limit of travel. When the signal is received the Reference point is
established. At this point all of the coordinate systems are preset by
the control with dependable accuracy of within 0.0001 or 0.001mm.

The reference point can be used as a Safe-position or as a tool-

exchange point.

The program command: G28 U0 W0 returns the X and Z-axis from any point
in the work coordinate system directly to the reference point, in
rapid traverse mode, as shown in the sketch, below.
The program command: G28 X7.0 Z1.0 returns the X and Z-axis from any
point in the work coordinate system to a specified intermediate point.

41
 See point B shown in the sketch below. Subsequently the move to the
reference point is done in rapid traverse mode.
Caution must be used with the G28 X__ Z__ (absolute command). The
point X, Z, as specified must be clear of the work piece.

10.2 G30 - 2nd Reference Point Return (Rapid traverse)

A second reference point can be set by system parameter #1241. A metric

distance measured from the machine origin that specifies the location of
the second reference point for X and Z is entered at this parameter.
Please refer to section 12.4 for setting the second reference point
before using the G30 command in your programs.

The 2nd reference point offers an advantage in that it can be set at any
desired point in the machine coordinate system. Once set the position is
always at the same location. It is not influenced by tool offsets or by
changes in the work coordinate system.

The 2nd reference point can be used as a Safe-position or as a tool-

exchange point in same way as the machine reference point.

The program command: G30 U0 W0 returns the X and Z-axis from any point
in the work coordinate system directly to the 2nd reference point, in
rapid traverse mode, as shown in the sketch, below.

The program command: G30 X6.0 Z0 returns the X and Z-axis from any
point in the work coordinate system to a specified intermediate point
in the work coordinate system at first. (See point B shown in the
sketch below). Subsequently, the turret is moved from that point to
the 2nd reference point. Both moves are done in rapid traverse mode.

42
 Caution must be used with the G28 X__ Z__ (absolute command). The
specified point X, Z, must be clear of the work piece, without fail.

11 Standard Program Format

O1234;
LETTER O FOLLOWED BY A 4 DIGIT PROGRAM NUMBER
G50 S-----;
SETS A MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CHUCK RPM IN G96 MODE

N100 T0101 M8;

N100 = FIRST CUTTING SEQUENCE
N200 = SECOND CUTTING SEQUENCE
N300 = THIRD CUTTING SEQUENCE

G40 M42;
G40 = CUTTER COMP CANCEL
M41 = FIRST GEAR
M42 = SECOND GEAR
M43 = THIRD GEAR
M44 = FOURTH GEAR
NOTE: M-CODES M41-M44 NOT TO BE USED WHEN MACHINE HAS NO GEARBOX
G96/97 S_____ M3/M4 P11;
G96 = CONSTANT SURFACE FEET
G97 = CONSTANT R.P.M.
S_____ = VALUE OF G96/97
M3 P11= SPINDLE FORWARD
43
 M4 P11= SPINDLE REVERSE

G00 X_____ Z_____ G41/42;

RAPID UP TO PART AND ADD CUTTER COMP.

-------------------------------------------------------------------
MACHINING INSTRUCTIONS
-------------------------------------------------------------------

G00 G40 X_____ Z_____ ;

RAPID BACK TO THE TOOL CHANGE POSITION CANCELS THE CUTTER COMP.

M1;
OPTIONAL STOP

M30;
END OF PROGRAM, REWIND TO BEGINNING

44
12 Sub Programs
Programs can be created for various types of operations or routines that
can be used repetitively. For example: Sub programs for operations such
as bar pulling or bar feeding, repetitive grooving, contouring or hole
drilling routines, etc. can be stored in the NC-memory. Whenever the
need arises, a sub program can be conveniently called for execution.

The format of a sub program is no different from a normal NC program,

except in that it ends with an M99-command instead of the M30-command at
the bottom of the program.

12.1 Sub Program Call

A sub program can be called or activated from any active program or from
MDI mode by the following command:

M98 P____ (Call any program number stored in memory that ends with
M99)

M98 = Call or get a subprogram, P = Program number.

At the M98 P__ command, processing of the current program is halted and
the sub program is processed, immediately. Upon completed execution of
the sub program the M99 command returns processing back to the main
program, resuming operation just at the line below the M98 P2 command,
in the case as shown below.

01(MAIN PROGRAM) O1234(SUB-1234)

M98 P1234

M30 M99

When a program number is called that does not exist in the memory, the
alarm: NUMBER NOT FOUND occurs.

45
12.2 Sub program Repetition
When a routine needs to be repeated several times consecutively, the
letter L specifies the repetitive count. When L is omitted, the sub
program is executed once only.

For example:

M98 P1234 L5 (L5= Repeat program # 1234, 5 times)

Some older controls such as FANUC 0T use the following repetition

format:

M98 P0051234 (P0051234 = repeat program # 1234, 5 times)

Please note that the first three digits specify the repetitive
count, while the last four digits specify the program number.

12.3 Nesting of sub programs

A sub program can be called or activated from other sub programs, up to
four levels deep. This is called Nesting.

Please review the table shown below:

0100(MAIN PROGRAM) O1(SUB-1) O2(SUB-2) 03(SUB-3)

M98 P2 M98 P3 M98 P4

M30 M99 M99 M99

In the case shown above, program 100 calls sub program 1 at first.
Next, program 1 calls program 2, then 2 calls 3.

The M99 command on each sub program returns processing back to the
program that called the sub program. Processing of the program that
called the sub resumes at the line just below the M98 P__ command.

46
13 Simple Canned Cycles for turning (G90)
The G90 canned cycles perform a box pattern consisting of in-feed,
retract and returning the tool back to the initial start position by
specifying one block of information only.

13.1 G90 Canned Turning and Boring

G90 is a straight box turning cycle that will permit cutting along the Z
axis, the syntax is as shown:

G90 X(U) Z(W) F

X = X axis endpoint (order point) coordinate (absolute)

(U) = X axis incremental distance, start point to order point
Z = Z axis endpoint (order point) coordinate (absolute)
(W) = Z axis incremental distance, start point to order point
F = feed rate

The tool must first be positioned to the start point of the cycle, after
that the G90 command will instruct the correct tool path & feed rate.

Tool path of G90 cycle:

1) Rapid traverse-move to the finish diameter (X-axis)

2) Feed to finish point on Z-axis
3) Feed out to start point diameter
4) Rapid to Z-axis start point

47
Notes on using G90 canned cycles for turning and boring

O. D. Turning I.D. Turning

Positioning, G00 to X axis .2" larger X axis .2" smaller
start point than stock diameter than bore diameter
Z axis in front of Work piece by .1000"
G90 turning/boring Cutting diameter is Cutting diameter is
cycle smaller than larger than starting
starting diameter diameter

48
It is possible to use the G90 command and vary your endpoint of the Z-
axis.

The cycle time can be reduced by commanding a G0 with the X axis .05
larger than the cutting diameter. This will let the tool rapid back to
its starting position in Z.

G0 X4.1 Z.1
G90 X3.8 Z-1.4 F.015

49
G0 X3.85
G90 X3.6 Z-1.4 F.015
G0 X3.65
G90 X3.4 Z-1.4 F.015 Here the X axis is commanded to a
G0 X3.45 point .050 larger than it's start
G90 X3.2 Z-1.4 F.015 diameter and will rapid back it's
G0 X3.25 starting position.
G90 X3. Z-1.4 F.008
G0 G40 X12. Z8.
M1

Please note that the G0 will cancel the G90 making it necessary to
command G90 each time as shown

50
13.2 G90 Canned Cycles for Taper Turning and Boring

Taper cutting can be specified using the G90 cycle by the following
syntax:

G90 X__ (or U) Z___ (or W) R___ F___;

In the above example the new variable is R, this is used to specify the
direction and amount of taper, the taper is specified radial as the
difference in diameter from front of the taper to back of the taper.
This value is signed + or - depending on if the taper increases or
decreases in diameter.

51
13.3 G94 Canned Facing

G94 is a box turning cycle that will permit the programmer to execute
facing cuts on the part. The syntax is as follows:

G94 X(U) Z(W) F

X X coordinate of order point relative to X0

(U) Incremental dimension of order point relative to the start position
on X axis
Z Z coordinate of order point relative to Z0
(W) Incremental dimension of order point relative to the start position
on Z axis

The tool must first be positioned to the start point of the cutting
cycle then G94 should be programmed.

Tool path of G94 cycle

1) Rapid to order point on X & Z axis

2) Feed to order point diameter
3) Feed out to order point of Z-axis
4) Rapid back to start point diameter

52
Notes on using G94 facing

Positioning - G0 To X axis, approximately .2" larger than

Start Point the work piece
Z axis, approximately .1" in front of
the work piece
Facing cycle, G94 Order point at smaller diameter than at
start point

53
13.4 G94 Canned Cycles for Facing on a Taper

The G94 can be programmed to execute a taper cutting action, the syntax
for doing this is as follows:

G94 X(U) Z(W) R F

In the above example the new variable is R, this is used to specify the
direction and amount of taper, the taper is specified as the difference
in Z-axis position from the top of the taper to the bottom of the taper.
This value is signed + or - depending on if the taper increases or
decreases the its depth in the Z axis.

54
14 Multiple Repetitive Cycles
Multiple repetitive cycles allow the programmer to write programs for
complex shapes while keeping the number of program lines down to the
absolute minimum. The programmer will typically write a line that
contains various cutting parameters and after that will write the
machine code that specifies the finished shape of the part. The control
will automatically guide the machine in its various movements from the
outside of the material to the finished shape performing repetitive
cutting until the finished shape is complete.

14.1 G70 Finishing

This cycle is used after using one of the multiple repetitive roughing
cycles (G71, G72 and G73). The G70 command will allow the contour to be
finish turned with the stock allowance of the X & Z-axis being machined.
The F & S functions specified in the contour description are active and
will be used. The syntax is as follows:

G70 P(NS) Q(NF)

P is the start of the contour

Q is the end of the contour

Note that the finishing tool must be positioned to start cutting at the
same start point as the roughing tool.

55
14.2 G71 Turning Boring Roughing Cycle

G71 permits the rough machining of a contour along the Z-axis from a
solid blank of material leaving a allowance of stock on the X & Z-axis
to be finish machined afterwards. The syntax is as follows:

G71 U R
G71 P Q U W F
U = the depth of cut for each roughing pass, this is to be designated
radial and without the use of a decimal point. .125" = 1250, .250" =
2500.
R = is the size of the 45 degree pullout during each roughing pass.
P = the sequence number for the start of the program contour.
Q = the sequence number for the end of the program contour.
U = will allow the programmer to specify the amount of stock left on the
X-axis for finishing this is to be specified radial. This value must
be signed negative (-) when doing ID work.
W = will allow the programmer to specify the amount of stock left on the
Z-axis for finishing.
F = roughing feed rate

Note that the shape of the part must increase or decrease in diameter
and move from right to left. If the part goes from a larger to smaller
and back to a larger diameter you must have the Type 2 option. As of
June 98 standard.
The finishing feed rates should be inserted in the finish part
description. This will allow you to change feed rates according to the
surface finish requirements.

56
Tool path of G71 Cycle

1) Rapid from start point of tool towards the diameter specified in P by

the stated depth of cut.
2) Feed parallel to the spindle axis to a point in the programmed
contour minus the value W.
3) Retract the tool at a 45-degree angle to clear the tool out of the
cut, the amount of retraction is specified by parameter 5133.
4) Rapid back to the start point position in the Z-axis.
5) Positioning at new depth of cut.
6) Feed parallel to the spindle center axis to a point in the programmed
contour minus the value W.
7) Retract the tool at a 45-degree angle to clear the tool out of the
cut, the amount of retraction is specified by parameter 5133.
8) The above process is repeated until such time that the entire
programmed contour has been rough turned.
9) Feed the tool over the contour profile leaving the material for
finishing.
10) Return back to the start point of the cycle.

Finishing allowance U & W

The finishing allowance U will be signed as a negative (-) integer when

ID work is performed.

57
 Notes on using G71 turning - boring

OD Turning ID Boring

Rapid Positioning X axis to the largest X axis to the smallest

G00 diameter to be turned diameter to be turned
Z axis .1" in front of Z axis .1" in front of
Work piece Z0 Work piece Z0
First Line Of Rapid move in X to the Rapid move in X to the
Contour Description smallest diameter of largest diameter of
the contour the contour
Command finishing SFM Command finishing SFM
Second Line Of Feed towards chuck, Feed towards chuck,
Contour G1, G2, G3 G1, G2, G3
Description Command finishing FPR Command finishing FPR
During Contour X axis must not decrease X axis must not
Description in diameter increase in diameter
Z axis motion must be towards the chuck
All F & S functions in the blocks from P to Q
are ignored during G71 execution
All linear & circular interpolation, corner
rounding & chamfering may be used to
describe the contour

58
59
14.3 G72 Facing

G72 permits the rough machining of a contour along the X-axis from a
solid blank of material leaving a allowance of stock on the X & Z-axis
to be finish machined afterwards. The syntax is as follows:

G72 W R
G72 P Q U W F
W = the depth of cut for each roughing pass, this is to be designated
radial and without the use of a decimal point. .125" = 1250, .250" =
2500.
R = is the size of the 45 degree pull out.
P = the sequence number for the start of the program contour.
Q = the sequence number for the end of the program contour.
U = will allow the programmer to specify the amount of stock left on the
X-axis for finishing this is to be specified radial. This value must
be signed negative (-) when doing ID work.
W = will allow the programmer to specify the amount of stock left on the
Z-axis for finishing.
F = roughing feed rate

Note that the shape of the part must decrease or increase in diameter,
the control will not pocket.

The finishing feed rates should be inserted in the finish part

description. This will allow you to change feed rates according to the
surface finish requirements.

60
Tool path of G72 Cycle

1) Rapid from start point of tool towards the diameter specified by R

stated depth of cut.
2) Feed perpendicular to the spindle centerline to a point in the
programmed contour minus the value W.
3) Retract the tool at a 45-degree angle to clear the tool out of the
cut.
4) Rapid back to the start point position in the X-axis.
5) Rapid to the next Z-axis position by the depth of cut.
6) Feed perpendicular to the spindle axis to a point in the programmed
contour minus the value W.
7) Retract the tool at a 45-degree angle to clear the tool out of the
cut.
8) The above process will be repeated until such time that the entire
programmed contour has been rough turned.
9) Feed the tool over the contour profile leaving the material for
finishing.
10) Return to the cycle-start point.

Finishing Allowance U & W

The finishing allowance U will be signed as a negative (-) integer when

ID work is performed.

61
Notes on using G72 turning - boring

OD Turning ID Boring

Rapid Positioning X axis approximately .2" X axis approximately .2"

G00 larger than the smaller than the stock
stock diameter diameter
Z axis .1" in front of Z axis .1" in front of
Work piece Z0 Work piece Z0
First Line Of Rapid move in Z to the Rapid move in Z to the
Contour Description furthest point on the furthest point on the
Z axis Z axis
Command finishing SFM Command finishing SFM
Second Line Of Feed towards spindle Feed towards spindle
Contour centerline centerline
Description Command finishing FPR Command finishing FPR
During Contour X axis must not increase X axis must not
Description in diameter decrease in diameter
Z axis motion must be away from the chuck
All F & S functions in the blocks from P to Q
are ignored during G71 execution
All linear & circular interpolation, corner
rounding & chamfering may be used to
describe the contour

62
63
14.4 G73 Turning - Boring, Pattern Repeating

The G73 cycle permits the removal of stock in a fixed pattern cycle
leaving a specified amount of stock for a finish pass. This is most
often used with a casting or forging. The contour will be generated in a
number of passes determined by the programmer. The syntax for this
command is as follows:

G73 U W R
G73 P Q U W F
U (first line) = the thickness of stock to be machined on the X-axis.
W (first line) = the thickness of stock to be machined on the Z-axis.
R = (first line) = the number of roughing passes.
P = sequence number for the beginning of the contour.
Q = sequence number for the end of the contour.
U = direction and radial amount of finish allowance on the X-axis.
W = direction and amount of finish allowance on Z-axis.
F = roughing feed rate.

64
Tool path of G73 Cycle

OD Turning ID Boring
X-axis to the largest X-axis to the smallest
Rapid Positioning diameter to be turned diameter to be turned
G00 Z-axis .1" in front of Z-axis .1" in front of
Work piece Z0 Work piece Z0
Rapid move in X to the Rapid move in X to the
First Line Of smallest diameter to largest diameter to
Contour Description be turned be turned
Command finishing SFM Command finishing SFM

Second Line Of Feed towards spindle Feed towards spindle

Contour Description centerline centerline
Command finishing FPR Command finishing FPR
X-axis must not decrease X axis must not
in diameter increase in diameter
Z-axis motion must be Towards the chuck.
During Contour
Description All F & S functions in the blocks from P to Q are
ignored during G73execution
All linear & circular interpolation, corner rounding
& chamfering may be used to describe the contour

65
14.5

66
 G74 Peck Drilling & Face Grooving (trepanning) On The Z Axis

The G74 command can be used both as a peck drilling cycle (to break
chips) and as a face grooving cycle (to "pocket out" a groove area
larger than the groove tool).

The syntax for peck drilling is as follows:

G74 R
G74 Z Q F
R (first line) = retraction amount after each peck, no decimal, this
setting will over ride parameter #5139
Z = the total depth to be drilled on the Z axis
Q = the length of each peck, no decimal point
F = the feed rate of the drill

Tool path of G74 peck drilling cycle:

1 - Rapid to X & Z axis order point, typically X0, Z.2

2 - Feed into work piece at rate "F", to the depth specified by "Q"
3 - Rapid back by amount "R"
4 - Feed back into work piece
5 - Continue until dimension "Z" is achieved

Example of G74 peck drilling:

N100 T202 M8
M42 (as needed)
G97 S1400 M3
G0 X0 Z.2
G74 R500 (this first line is optional)
G74 Z-2. Q2000 F.007
G0 G40 X10. Z10. T200
M30

67
The syntax for G74 trepanning is as follows:

G74 R
G74 X Z P
R (first line) = retraction amount after each peck, no decimal, this
setting will over ride parameter #5139
X = final diameter (note 1)
Z = depth of groove
P = step over amount, no decimal point
Q = depth of each peck, no decimal point

Example:
G00 X5.1 Z.1
G74 X3.95 Z-.2 P1100
G0 G40 X9. Z5. T900
M1

Note 1: in order to obtain the X axis coordinate of this point you must
add the desired diameter to the tool thickness multiplied by two.

68
Example #2

G0 X3.5 Z.1
G74 2.3 Z-.5 P3000 Q1000
G0 G40 X(. Z5. T900
M1

69
14.6 G75 Peck Grooving on the X Axis

The G75 command can be used both as a peck drilling cycle (to break
chips) and as a face grooving cycle (to "pocket out" a groove area
larger than the groove tool).

The syntax for peck grooving is as follows:

G75 X Z P Q F
X = bottom of groove dimension (diameter)
Z = length of groove in Z axis from Z0
P = depth of each peck
Q = step over amount on the Z axis
F = feed rate

Tool-path of G75 Cycle

1- rapid tool over material to be grooved, clear part by .1 radial in X.

(before G75)
2- feed tool into material down to its programmed diameter in a pecking
motion described by P.
3- rapid out to X axis start point.
4- shift tool by value Q.
5- feed tool into material down to its programmed diameter in a pecking
motion described by P.
6- repeat above procedures until Z length of groove is obtained.
7- rapid back to start point.

Example #1

G00 X2.9 Z-.525 (note 1)

G75 X2.1 Z-.9 P.1 Q.110 F.002
G0 G40 X8. Z6. T900
M1

Note 1: Z-.525 = .4 + .125

70
Example #2

G00 X2.9 Z-.625

G75 X2.2 Z-2.175 P.1 Q.45 F.002 (note 1)
G0 G40 X7. Z6. T900
M1

Note 1: Z-.625 = .5 + .125

71
15 Thread Cutting Cycles
By programming a single point tool to feed axially over the same point
again and again a thread will be cut. Three thread cutting cycles are
provided: G32, G92 and G76. When these are used, each tool path will
start out at the same point. Threading must be done in G97 mode only.

G32- Each axial pass requires the input of four blocks of data.

G92- Each axial pass requires the input of one block of data.

G76- One block of data is required to cut the whole thread, automatic
in-feed and compound cutting are provided.

15.1 Thread Cutting Limitations

Due to the response delay in the servo system there is a limit to how
fast the threading tool can be programmed to move. This limit is on the
maximum allowable RPM with respect to the pitch of the thread.

The following formula will apply:

RPM * PITCH = <160

The above means that the feed rate must not exceed 160 inches per minute

The maximum allowable RPM in threading can be calculated as follows:

160 IPM / PITCH

72
15.2 Imperfect Thread Calculation

When threading it is important to take into consideration the distance

needed for the acceleration and deceleration of the cutting tool while
it is in the work piece.

The cutting tool should be positioned far enough in front of the start
of the thread to allow enough distance for acceleration before it enters
the material (d2). At the end of the thread, there should be enough
distance allowed for deceleration of the tool (d1).

RPM x Pitch
d2 = d1 = d2 x 3.605
1800

Notes on threading:
1) Do not use G96, use G97
2) Do not exceed the maximum allowable RPM in threading
3) Calculate the Imperfect Thread Portion and position tool accordingly.
4) Feed rate override is held at 100% during the threading operation.

73
15.3 G76 Thread Cutting, Multiple Repetitive

The G76 command is a two-line call out the same as all multiple
repetitive cycles. However by setting certain parameters you can
eliminate the first line. However the program will then not dictate
these values the parameters will. If you need to change these values
for each part you are better served to put them in the program. The
program overrides the parameters.

The first line is as follows:

G76 P (m) (r) (a) Q (d min) R (d)

P is a six digit character, two digits each for m, r, and a
(m) = number of finishing passes
(r) = chamfering amount
(a) = included angle of the tool tip
(d min) = sets the minimum cutting depth
(d) = finishing allowance.

Standard values for each modifier m, r, a, dmin, and d are normally

preset, their parameters and initial values are as follows:

Modifier Parameter # Standard Value

M 5142 1
R 5130 10
A 5143 60
Dmin 5140 20
D 5141 10

The above parameters are for the 16/18/21 control and are to be set as
desired for the thread/machining conditions on hand

74
The correct syntax for the second line is as follows:

G76 X Z P Q F
X = for OD threads, the minor diameter, for ID threads, the major
diameter.
Z = the endpoint of the thread in the Z-axis.
P = height of a complete thread, radial, no decimal point (note 1)
Q = depth of first cutting pass, no decimal point (note 1)
F = feed rate of tool, this is the same as the thread pitch

Calculation of either the number of passes or the depth of the first

pass is possible by applying one of the formulas as shown below:

Where D = the depth of the first pass.

P = the radial height of a single thread.
N = Number of passes (minus spring passes).

Note 1: .001 = 10, .01 = 100, .015 = 150

75
Tool-path of G76 cycle, OD thread:

1- Rapid to major diameter, minus 2*D

2- Thread to Z axis dimension, first pass
3- Rapid out to start point diameter
4- Rapid to start point Z
5- Rapid to diameter for second pass
6- Thread to Z-axis dimension.
7- Sequence is repeated until thread reaches it's programmed depth
(minor diameter)
8- Repeat one pass without any additional in feed, this is a spring pass
9- Return to start point of cycle in X & Z.

76
Example of two line G76

Thread = 2 18 Pitch = .0555

Major Diameter = 2.0 Number of Finish Passes = 3
Minor Diameter = 1.9302 Chamfer Amount = 0 (pull
Radial Height of Thread = .0349 straight out)

G0 X2.1 Z.2 rapid to clear stock

G76 P030060
G76 X1.903 Z-.8 P349 Q120 F.0555
G0 X9. X5. T500

Notes on using G76 threading cycle:

OD Threading ID Threading

Rapid move to X axis approx. .1" X axis approx. .1"

start point larger than major thread smaller than minor thread
diameter diameter
Z axis, in front of thread by at least 2 threads
G76 Threading Cycle Order point is smaller Order point is larger
than start point than start point

77
15.4 G76 Thread Cutting, Multiple Repetitive, Taper

By adding address R to the standard G76 line along with a numerical

value taper threads can be generated.

G76 X Z R P Q F

R = is the difference in diameter from the Start point of the tool at

the beginning of the tapered thread to the end point of the tool at
the end of the tapered thread. It is preferred to start at least .2
off the beginning of the thread and where possible to continue
passed the end of the thread. The distance at the beginning and at
the end must be part of the calculation. This value is expressed
radial. The value is signed depending on the direction of the taper.

All other addresses relative to G76 are in effect.

78
15.5 G76 THREADING CYCLE TWO LINE FORMAT (FS 0,16,18,21T,31i,32i, -FORMAT)
(Applicable with Fanuc Controls, T series, systems 0,16,18,21,31i,32i.
Also: Mitsubishi 500L, 50, 64)

FIRST COMMAND LINE: G76 P021060 Q05 R10 (See detailed explanation,
below)

P 02 10 60 Specify P, followed by a six digit number. Translation is

shown, here:

02 =Number of finish passes at the bottom of the thread (02 means 2

Passes) (Sets PAR 5142 see note 1)
10 =Chamfer-width or pullout-width at the Z end position of the
thread. Chamfer size is expressed in1/10th fractions of the lead.
10: means the chamfer-width equals one lead. 05: means the chamfer
width equals of lead. 00: means no chamfer. See note 3, below.
(Sets PAR 5130)
60 =The included angle between the thread flanks. of the angle as
specified is applied for the in-feed angle. Normally, 60 is used
for standard threads. Other angles, such as: 80, 60, 55, 30, 29
or 0 can be specified (Sets PAR 5143)

Q05 =Minimum cutting depth (depth of cut becomes progressively smaller,

after each pass. Remainder, smaller than Q is discarded
(Sets PAR 5140).
R10 =Material allowance for finishing passes at bottom of thread (Sets
PAR 5141)

SECOND COMMAND LINE: G76 X__ Z__ P100 Q200 R300 F0.038461 (See detailed
explanation, below)

X =Diameter of the thread. For an external Thread specify the minor

diameter.
For an internal Thread - specify the major diameter. In case of
taper threads, specify the diameter at the opposite end from
the start point.

Z =End position of the thread.

P =Height of the thread. Calculation: Major diameter minus minor

diameter, divided by 2 (Radius value, without decimal point) See
note 2, below.

Q =Depth of the first cut. If P and Q are the same, then the
thread is `cut in a single pass. (Radius value without decimal
point) See note 2, below

R =Taper. (Radial height difference of taper slope, per side)

Specify a negative value for OD taper thread.
Specify a positive value for ID taper thread).

F = Lead: distance between two threads. (1 divided by the pitch), six

digits allowed after the decimal point.

NOTES:

79
1.) Upon execution of the G76-cycle all data contained on the first
G76-command line is automatically stored in the parameter tables.

2.) Values for P and Q to be specified without decimal point for

all Fanuc Controls.
For example:
0.0001=1, 0.001=10 0.01=100 0.1=1000 1.0=10000

3.) Specifying a chamfer (pullout distance) reduces possible damage to

the last thread lead near the Z-end position.

80
81
G76 THREADING CYCLE - SINGLE LINE FORMAT - (FS 15T-FORMAT)
(Applicable with Fanuc Controls, T series, systems 10, 11, 12 AND 15T)

This format can also be used with Fanuc Controls, T series, system 0,
16,18,21 and 30 series, when the tape format setting option is
available. I this case, please display the SETTING PAGE, then check
the TAPE-F -setting. When TAPE-F is set = 0, the two-line format
is valid (see previous page). When it is set = 1, the single-line format
is valid. This setting will affect all G70-series canned cycles, not
just the threading.

Cycle Format: G76 X__ Z__ I__ K__ D__ F__ A__ P__ Q__

X =Diameter of the thread. For an external Thread specify the minor

diameter.
For an internal Thread - specify the major diameter.
In case of taper threads, specify the diameter at the opposite end
from the cutting start point.

Z =End position of the thread.

I =Taper: Radial height difference of taper slope. Calculate the

height difference of the slope using the entire Z-axis moving
distance, including the Z-clearance at the start of the thread.
Specify a negative value for OD taper thread. Specify a positive
value for ID taper thread.

K =Height of the thread, radius value. Calculation: Major diameter

minus minor diameter, divided by 2.

D =Depth of the first cut (Radius value). If K and D are the

same, then the tread is `cut in a single pass.

F =Lead: distance between two threads. (1 divided by the pitch), six

digits allowed after the decimal point.

A =Tool nose angle or angle between thread flanks (Range: 0 to 120

degrees, in 1-degree increments) If A is omitted it is regarded
as 0, straight in-feed is applied (In case of a V-shaped tool,
both edges will cut at the same time)

P =Cutting method:
P1=constant chip load, single edge cutting
P2=constant chip load, zigzag in-feed, alternating cutting edges
P3=constant cut depth, single edge cutting
P4=constant cut depth, zigzag in-feed

Q =Spindle rotation shift angle. Data range is from 0 to plus or

minus 360000 (360 degrees = 360000, without decimal point) This
function is used for cutting of multiple-Lead threads. For example:
in case of a 3-start thread the shift angle is 120 degrees between
each thread. Hence, the first thread lead is cut, using Q=0, the
second at Q=120000 and the third at Q=240000, where the Z-axis
start position remains the same for each thread.

82
15.6 Programming Examples, using the G76-Thread Cutting Cycle

Example 1: Cutting a 1-10 UNS -external thread:

Action Program
1. Enter modal commands G0 G18 G40 G97 G99
2. Enter the tool and tool offset command T0101
3. Enter the Spindle command G97 S100 M3 (M4)P11
(Always use G97, NEVER G96)
4. Turn ON the coolant M8
5. Move the tool to the start position of G0 Z0.125
the thread X1.075
For Z, allow 125 % of the Lead for
start-up clearance away from the
thread
Move Z fist, then X.
For X, allow 0.05 ~ 0.1
diametrical clearance above the major
diameter (OD)
6. Enter the thread cutting cycle G76 P020560 Q05 R0
G76 X0.875 Z-1.0 P625 Q250
F0.1
7. Return the tool to the tool exchange G0 X___
point G0 Z___
Move the X-axis first, then Z M1
Optional stop

83
Example 2: Cutting a 1-10 UNS -internal thread:

Action Program
1. Enter modal commands G0 G18 G40 G97 G99
2. Enter the tool and tool offset command T0101
3. Enter the Spindle command G97 S100 M3 (M4)P11
(Always use G97, NEVER G96)
4. Turn ON the coolant M8
5. Move the tool to the start position of G0 Z0.125
the thread X0.800
For Z, allow 125 % of the Lead for
start-up clearance away from the
thread
Move Z fist, then X.
For X, allow 0.05 ~ 0.1
diametrical clearance below the minor
diameter (I.D.)
6. Enter the thread cutting cycle G76 P020560 Q05 R0
G76 X1.0 Z-1.0 P500 Q150 F0.1
7. Move the tool out of the bore, clearing G0 Z___
the face
8. Return the tool to the tool exchange G0 X___
point G0 Z___
Move the X-axis first, then Z M1
Optional stop

Note: Source for thread dimensions used in the thread cutting cycles
shown above: Machinerys Handbook (Twentieth edition).

84
15.7 G76 Thread Cutting, Multiple Repetitive, Multi Start

Multiple start threads are possible in the G76 mode, you have to shift
the starting point for the extra threads by 1/n of the pitch.

Example

Cut 5" - 4TPI, 3 start

G0 X5.1 Z.15 rapid to start of thread

G76 X4.9633 Z-1.4 P1534 Q250 F.25 cut first thread
G0 W.0833 shift by 1/n of pitch
G76 X4.9633 Z-1.4 P1534 Q250 F.25 cut second thread
G0 W.0833 shift by 1/n of pitch
G76 X4.9633 Z-1.4 P1534 Q250 F.25 cut third thread
G0 X9. Z5. T900

Procedure:

1- Cut first thread starting in front of thread by at least d1

2- Shift starting point by 1/n of pitch (this is the starting point of
the second thread)
3- Cut second thread
4- Shift starting point by 1/n of pitch (this is the starting point of
the third thread)

The shift amount (W) is determined as follows:

W = (1 inch / # of starts) x Pitch

In this example W = (1/3) x .25

W = .0833

85
15.8 G92 Thread Cutting

The G92 command will drive the cutting tool in a "box" pattern.

Straight threads can be cut using the following command:

G92 X Z F Q

X = the diameter that you are cutting the pass at

Z = the endpoint of the threading pass
F = the feed rate (pitch) of the thread
Q = the

The tool must first be positioned to the start point of the cutting
cycle. The G92 command will then specify the diameter (order point) to
thread at and the pitch.

Tool path of G92 cycle, OD thread:

1 - Tool rapids to cutting diameter (order point)

2 - Thread to Z axis dimension (order point)
3 - Rapid out to start point diameter
4 - Rapid to start point Z

86
Notes on using G92 threading cycle

OD Threading ID Threading
X axis approx. .1" larger X axis approx. .1"
Rapid move to start than major thread diameter smaller than minor thread
point diameter
Z axis, in front of thread by at least 2 threads
G92 Threading Cycle Order point is smaller Order point is larger
than start point than start point

Example of G92

Thread = 2 18 Pitch = .0555

Major Diameter = 2.0 Minor Diameter = 1.9302
Minor Diameter = 1.9302 Radial Thread Height = .0349

G00 X2.1 Z.2 rapid to stock

G92 X1.976 Z-.8 F.0555 1st pass
X1.966 2nd pass
X1.9584 3rd pass
X1.952 4th pass
X1.9464 5th pass
X1.9412 6th pass
X1.9366 7th pass
X1.9322 8th pass
X1.9303 9th pass
X1.9303 spring pass
G0 X9. Z5. T500 tool change position, cancel G92 &
offset

G92 is modal, it is not necessary to repeat the command for each block,
just change the X-axis order point. When you are finished with this
cycle cancel it out with the G0 command.

If the thread does not run into a relief groove it is suggested that
chamfering pullout be applied. This will be done at a 45-degree angle
and is controlled by parameter #5130. The chamfering distance is set
from .1 - 12.7 of pitch. 1 = .1 pitch of chamfer, 10 = 1 pitch of
chamfer.

87
15.9 G92 Thread Cutting, Taper

By adding address R to the standard G92 line along with a numerical

value taper threads can be generated.

G92 X Z R F

R = is the deference in diameter from the beginning of the tapered

thread to the end of the tapered thread. This is expressed radial. The
value is signed depending on the direction of the taper.
All other addresses relative to G92 are in effect.

88
16 Canned Cycles for hole machining (G80 Series)
Canned cycles for hole machining are optional equipment. Most of the
older FANUC controls are not equipped with this option.

On a 2-axis turning center, the following canned cycles can be used:

1. G83 (Z-axis Peck Drilling Cycle)
2. G84 (Z-axis Tapping Cycle)

On a turning center equipped with live tools, the following additional

canned cycles can be used:
3. G87 (X-axis Peck Drilling Cycle)
4. G88 (X-axis Tapping Cycle)

16.1 G83 Z-axis Peck Drilling Cycle

FORMAT: G83 Z___ Q___ F___ R___ P___

Z = End position at depth of hole

Q = Peck distance, number without decimal point
F = Feed rate
R = Distance from initial point (Z) to R-level
P = Dwell time at bottom of hole, in milliseconds, without decimal point

NOTES:
1. Position the tool at X0 and Z at the desired clearance point first.
Then specify the G83-command.
2. When R is used, it is to be specified as an increment (positive or
negative) from the initial level, not as an absolute position.
3. It is recommended not to use R at all.

89
EXAMPLE 1: G83 (Z-axis Peck Drilling Cycle)

Program Text Explanation

O4513(DRILL DIA .3125 x .75 DEEP)

T0303 Get tool #3 and offset #3
G97S750 M3 P11 Spindle speed 750 RPM, CW
G0 Z0.15 M8 Tool approach & Coolant ON
X0 Tool at center of spindle
G99G83 Z-.750 Q2500 F0.005 Peck drilling 0.75 deep, 0.005 IPR
Pecking depth 0.25
G80 G0 X5.0 Cancel canned cycle, Retract tool
Z6.0 M9
M30 M30=End of program

16.2 G84 Z-axis Tapping Cycle

FORMAT: G84 Z___ Q___ F___ R___ P___

Z = End position at depth of hole

Q = Peck distance, number without decimal point
F = Feed rate
R = Distance from initial point (Z) to R-level
P = Dwell time at bottom of hole, in milliseconds, without decimal point

EXAMPLE 2: G84 (Z-axis Tapping Cycle)

Program Text Explanation

O4513(TAPPING 3/8-16 UN)

T0404 Get tool #4 and offset #4
G97S250 M3 P11 Spindle speed 250 RPM, CW
G0 Z0.15 M8 Tool approach & Coolant ON
X0 Tool at center of spindle
G99G84Z-0.625 F0.0625 Tapping 0.625 deep, 16 TPI
G80 G0 X5.0 Cancel canned cycle, Retract tool
Z6.0 M9
M30 M30=End of program

EXAMPLE 3: G84 (Z-axis Rigid Tapping)

Note: Never pre-start spindle in rigid tapping mode. (M03, M04 etc.)

Program Text Explanation

O4513(TAPPING 3/8-16 UN)

T0404 Get tool #4 and offset #4
G0 Z0.15 M8 Tool approach & Coolant ON
X0 Tool at center of spindle
G97S250 M29 P11 Spindle speed 250 RPM, Rigid Tap
G99G84Z-0.625 F0.0625 Tapping 0.625 deep, 16 TPI
G80 G0 X5.0 Cancel canned cycle, Retract tool
Z6.0 M9
M30 M30=End of program

90
G87 X-axis Peck Drilling Cycle with Live Tools

FORMAT: G87 X___ Q___ F___ P___

X = End position at depth of hole (X-Diameter)

Q = Peck distance, number without decimal point
F = Feed rate
P = Dwell time at bottom of hole, in milliseconds, without decimal point

NOTES:
1. Position the tool in X and Z at the desired clearance point above the
part where the hole is to be drilled or tapped. Note that the working
direction is parallel to the X-axis. Use diameter dimensions for X.
Then specify the G87 or G88-command.
2. It is recommended not to use R at all.

EXAMPLE 1: G87 (X-axis Peck Drilling Cycle)

Program Text Explanation

O4513(DRILL DIA .3125 x .75 DEEP)

T0303 Get tool #3 and offset #3
G97 S750 M03 P12 Spindle speed 750 RPM, CW
G0 Z-1.0 C0 M8 Tool approach & Coolant ON
X2.1 Tool at clearance point at OD
G99 G87 X1.0 Q2500 F0.005 Peck drilling 0.75 deep, 0.005 IPR
Pecking depth 0.25
G80 G0 X5.0 Cancel canned cycle, Retract tool
Z6.0 M9
M30 M30=End of program

91
17 Miscellaneous Settings

17.1 Instructions for Setting the Work-Zero Point on Lathes with Fanuc 18T 21T, Or
30 Series Controls.
Every CNC-lathe has one basic coordinate system that remains fixed and
cannot be changed. This is known as the Machine Coordinate System. The
origin or zero point of the machine coordinate system is normally
located at the intersection of the main-spindle center axis (x0) and the
spindle flange face (z0).

For NC-programming purposes a Work-Zero Point is utilized whose origin

is located on the actual work-piece. Modern CNC-lathes are equipped with
six different data registers known as Work Coordinate Systems. NC-
program commands G54 through G59 activate one of the six work
coordinate systems available. G54 serves as the default coordinate
system.

Before executing a NC program the zero point of the work coordinate

system to be used must be established. The distance between machine
coordinate zero point and work coordinate zero point is called the
Work-Offset. The actual distance along the z-axis only, between
machine zero point and work zero point must be entered at one of the
work-offset registers (G54 through G59) as in the picture, below. The x-
axis on all work-offset registers must remain zero.

92
Depending upon programming method applied the work zero point Z0 may
be located at an arbitrary point along the z-axis of a work-piece, while
X0 is always located at the center axis of the spindle. Thus, the X-
register for all work offsets must always remain zero.

The work zero point, also referred to, as the Program-Zero Point is
normally located at the right end-face of the work-piece. The data
entered into the work-offset registers (G54-G59) Z represents the
actual distance between machine zero point and work zero point along the
Z-axis.

93
17.2 Work-offset setting procedure for lathes equipped with Q-setter.

1. Every tool attached to the turret must be touched-off at first, using

the automatic tool setter (Q-setter), before setting the work zero
point.
2. The raw material for the work-piece to be machined is placed into the
chucking device and clamped.
3. The turret is moved to a safe position for indexing. Select a tool
that is capable of cutting the face on the right-end of the part to be
machined by manually indexing the tool around.
4. Set the mode selector switch to MDI-mode. Press the Program-key then
press the MDI software-key.
5. When the G54 coordinate system is selected and tool #1 is the tool to
be used for Touching-off key-in G54 T0101 EOB (G55 T0707 EOB, if
G55 and tool #7) then push INSERT. Push CYCLE START several times,
until the command line disappears from the screen.
6. Move the tool near the face of the part. You may cut the face of the
part, if you wish. Or you may position the tool as close as possible
to the raw face of the part. When positioning of the tool has been
completed press the OFFSET-key, then the software-key WORK. Now
the screen as shown on page 1 above will appear.
7. Move the yellow cursor onto the Z-data field on the G54 -work
offset. Press the Tool Measure-Key on the operation panel for two
seconds.
8. Now, key-in the z-coordinate value at which the tool is positioned at
this time. For example, when the tool is positioned at the finished
face, key-in Z 0 then press the MEASURE-software key. For example,
when the tool is positioned at the raw face, key-in Z 0.025 if you
want to remove 0.025 from the raw face, then press the MEASURE-
software key.
9. After pressing the MEASURE-key the work-offset is entered,
automatically. If you are not sure that the setting is right repeat
step 7 and 8 again. If the work offset value remains the same the
procedure has been executed correctly.

17.3 Work-offset setting procedure for lathes without Q-setter

1. Cutting tools attached to the turret that already have a valid tool
offset in the tool offset registers from a job done previously need
not to be touched-off anew, when setting the work-offset.
2. The raw material for the work-piece to be machined is placed into the
chucking device and clamped.
3. The turret is moved to a safe position for indexing. Select a tool
that is capable of cutting the face on the right-end of the part to be
machined by manually indexing the tool around.
4. Set the mode selector switch to MDI-mode. Press the PROGRAM-key then
press the MDI software-key.
5. When the G54 coordinate system is selected and tool #1 is the tool to
be used for touching-off key-in G54 T0101 EOB (or G55 T0707 EOB,
if G55 and tool #7 is used) then push INSERT. Push CYCLE START
several times, until the command line disappears from the screen.
6. Move the tool near the face of the part. You may cut the face of the
part, if you wish. Or you may position the tool as close as possible
to the raw face of the part. When positioning of the tool has been

94
 completed press the OFFSET-key, then the software-key WORK. Now
the screen as shown on page 1 above will appear.
7. Move the yellow cursor onto the Z-data field on the G54 -work
offset. Press the Tool Measure-Key on the operation panel for two
seconds.
8. Now, key-in the Z-coordinate value at which the tool is positioned at
this time. For example, when the tool is positioned at the finished
face, key-in Z 0 then press the MEASRE-software key. For example,
when the tool is positioned at the raw face, key-in Z 0.025 if you
want to remove 0.025 from the raw face, then press the MEASURE-
software key.
9. After pressing the MEASURE-key the work-offset is entered,
automatically. If you are not sure that the setting is right repeat
step 7 and 8 again. If the work offset value remains the same the
procedure has been executed correctly.

17.4 How To Set the 2nd reference point (G30) on the Fanuc 16/18/21-T/ and 30
Series controls

Machine coordinates for the G30 position are stored in parameter #1241.
The easiest way to calculate the G30 position is by physically moving
the turret to the desired tool exchange point. Please make sure that all
tools are clear of the part and the chuck. Then display the position
screen and write down the machine coordinates, (not absolute or
relative).

To set the data, proceed as follows:

Select MDI mode.

Press the Offset/Setting Function key.
Choose the Setting Software-key.
Change the Parameter enable key to 1 and press input.
Press the System function key.
Choose the Parameter Software-key.
Key in 1241. (Do not press input)
Press the Number Search Software-key.

Parameter 1241 will look like this:

1241 Ref point #2 X

Z

Note 1: The parameter data must be set in metric units. If the

machine coordinate display is in inch units, then you must calculate the
metric equivalent for the G30 position.

Note 2: When the G30-command is used, neither X or Z data on

parameter 1241 must be set zero. This would set the 2nd reference point
at the spindle centerline and the spindle face. (CRASH!). If in doubt,
use the same settings as shown in Parameter 1240. This will set the G30
at the home position.

95
17.5 Changing Parameters on 16/18TC and 30 Series Controls

1- Select mode push button for MDI

2- Set program protect key to OFF
3- Press <OFFSET /SETTING> key on panel until <SETTING HANDY> screen is
displayed
4- At Parameter Write Enable, key in <1> and press <input>. Alarm #100
will occur, this is normal
5- Press the <SYSTEM> key on panel
6- Press the <Parameter> soft key
7- Press <OPRT> soft key
8- Key in the parameter number to be changed and press the <NO SRCH>
soft key
9- Use the arrow right or left keys on the keypad to move to the correct
bit or data set to be changed.
10- Key in value then press <INPUT>
11- Press the <OFFSET / SETTING> key on panel until the <SETTING HANDY>
screen is displayed
12- At Parameter Write Enable, key in <0> then press <INPUT>
13- Press the <RESET> key on the panel, clearing the alarm

NOTE:
Be sure to know the exact consequences of changing a specific parameter
setting. After changing the setting of certain types of parameters, re-
booting of the system may be required. Normally, the system displays a
message when power OFF and rebooting is required.

96
18 Operator's Control Panel
The machine is controlled by the various keys and switches located on
the operation panel.

MODE PUSHBUTTON SWITCHES - Use this to select the desired operating mode

Edit Mode - Edit mode is used to enter a new program into memory
whether by keyboard or downloading process, edit an existing
program or searching for data.

Auto Mode - Auto mode is used to run a program from memory.

Tape Mode - Tape mode is used to run a program from a tape reader.

MDI - MDI mode is used in order to execute commands to the machine

without putting them in program form.

Reference Point Return - Also known as the machine "home" position. This
is a spot the machine must be made to travel to upon power up in order
for the machine to know its position. Until this operation is performed
you cannot run a program or perform MDI commands.

Jog - Permits the turret to be moved in the X & Z-axis using one of the
jog-feed direction buttons along with the rapid button.

Handle X & Z - Allows you to move the turret in just the X or Z-axis
using the manual pulse generator.

<CYCLE START> - Starts program execution when mode selector is in AUTO

mode or with an active command in MDI mode.

<FEED HOLD> - Halts execution of a part program until <CYCLE START> is

pressed again.

<MACHINE READY> - Must be pushed as last part of power up procedure.

<EMG. RELEASE> - If you overrun the stroke limit of either axis, push
this and one of the Jog Feed Direction buttons at the same time to bring
the turret head back to within its limit.

<EMERGENCY STOP> - This button should be pressed to immediately halt the

operation of the machine. This button has to be unlocked (by rotating
clockwise) prior to pressing <MACHINE READY>

Handle Feed Dial -There are three positions. When used in conjunction
with the manual pulse generator and in handle mode, you may move the
turret in the following increments:
X1 = .0001 X10 = .001 X1 = .01

Manual Pulse Generator - Rotate this dial in order to move the turret.

Rapid Override Dial - You may select the rate at which the machine
travels in rapid traverse. AT the F0 setting the rapid traverse moves at

97
a relatively slow speed as set by parameter #1421. F25 will move at 25%
speed, F50 will move at 50% speed and F100 will enable 100% of the rapid
feed rate as set by parameter #1420.

Feed rate Override Dial - While the machine is in operation, you may
alter the current programmed feed rate. You can stop the feed entirely
with 0% or override up to 150% of the programmed feed rate.

Jog Feed Direction Buttons & <RAPID> - There are 4 button switches
arraigned around a <RAPID>, while you have the mode selector switch set
to "JOG" you may press any of these keys and move the turret in that
key's direction. Each button corresponds with one of the machine's axial
movements. By pressing <RAPID> at the same time that you press one of
these buttons you make the machine move at the rapid traverse rate.

Spindle Override Dial - While the machine is in operation you may elect
to alter the spindle speed taking it from 50% to 120%.

<START> - When the mode selector switch is in "JOG" or HANDLE mode you
may manually start the spindle by pressing this button. When no spindle
speed command is active the spindle will not rotate.

<STOP> - This button will manually stop the spindle.

Low, High, FWD, RVS, JOG Dial (Spindle Mode Selector) - This dial
controls the direction of the spindle when operating it manually, the
Low/High LED's indicate the gearbox position (not all machines have this
indicator as not all machines have a gearbox).

Spindle Load - This meter shows the percentage of spindle horsepower

used during a cut.

Alarm - This display shows the alarm codes of the machine as different
situations arise.

M02/30 LED - This LED will blink upon the control reading M02 or M30 in
the program.

Chuck LED - This LED will light up when the chuck is clamped. The
machine will not normally start a cutting cycle unless this is lit up
(See: chucking key switch).

Single Block Pushbutton - When turned on will allow the control to

execute one block of information at a time.

Optional Stop Pushbutton - When turned on will permit the execution of

M01.

Optional Block Pushbutton - When the "/" character is inserted at the

start of a block you may turn this switch on and the control will ignore
that block of code.

Dry Run - When this Pushbutton is turned ON the rapid traverse speed and
feed rate move at jog speed. Dry run must not be used during actual
machining because the feed rate will be too high and tools may break.

98
The feed override switch controls feed velocity in dry run mode. Use DRY
RUN for tool path verification only, without actually machining a part.

<Tool Measure> - Press this first when setting Tool Offsets and the Work
shift Zero (see sections 14 & 15).

Coolant Pushbutton - Allows you to control the coolant, in the Manual

position the coolant is always on, in Auto the coolant is waiting for
M08 & M09, Off turns the coolant off.

Machine Lock Lamp (LED) Machine lock is used for tool path
verification, using the graphics display. When M17 has been commanded
the Machine Lock status lamp (LED) will light up. When a program is
executed in machine lock mode the spindle and coolant will run normally.
The turret will index at the tool command. Only the (X, Y, Z, B) axes
are locked. The M18 command followed by manual Zero Return of all axes
will restore normal operation.

Program Protect Switch - When turned to the left and the key is removed
editing of programs, changing of geometry offsets, work offsets and
other data entry is disabled.

Chucking Switch - Selects inward / outward clamping confirmation of the

chuck. For OD chucking turn the key to the left. For ID chucking turn
the key to the right.

Door Interlock Switch - This switch is a safety feature and should not
be tampered with (altered). When the switch is set to the left and the
door is opened during machining the coolant and turret feed rate will
stop, the spindle will continue to rotate.

99
 NC Programming for Turning Centers
For 30 Series Control single path machines
Equipped with
Live Tools & C- Axis

100
 ROTARY AXIS FUNCTIONS

When machining with live tools a rotary-axis allows angular positioning of the work piece
between zero and 360 degrees. The CNC system converts one of the lathe spindles into a
rotary axis.

C - Axis
PUMA Turing centers equipped with a turret and driven tools normally employ a rotary axis,
called the C-axis. The main spindle motor drives the rotary axis. A position-encoding device
attached to the spindle provides for positioning of the rotary axis at 0.001-degree resolution.
Linear interpolation with the rotary axis, together with any other axis is possible. For circular
interpolation between a rotary axis and a linear axis, special control functions such as polar
coordinate interpolation or cylindrical interpolation is applied. The rotary axis is switched ON or
OFF by M-codes, alternating between normal spindle operation and C-axis operation.

Rotary Axis Mode

M-code M35 switches the C1-axis (rotary-axis).ON

Main Spindle Mode: M-code M34 switches C1-axis, OFF

Reference Return Command: G28 H0, (or G30 H0)

C-axis positioning Command: G0 C180.000 Absolute command, degrees
G0 H180.000 - Incremental command, degrees

Work offsets G54 through G59 or the coordinate system setting command G50 sets the work
coordinates for the rotary axis. System parameter 1240 & 1250 sets the reference point (Home
position) for the C-axis.

Linear Interpolation command:

G98 G1 C___(H___) F___ (F = degrees of rotation per minute)

G99 G1 C___(H___) F___ (F = degrees of rotation per tool revolution)

C-axis locking function

During machining with live tools, locking of the C-axis can provide improved stability.

High-pressure clamp M89 (fixed at maximum hydraulic system pressure)

Both, rapid positioning axis interpolation are disabled while M89 is active.

Unlock command M90

101
Front view of Lynx 220LM

Feed Rate Calculation for the Rotary Axis

The feed rate for a rotary-axis is specified in units of angular velocity, either in degrees
per minute or in degrees per tool revolution.

To convert the tangential feed rate on the circumference of a circle that is defined by the radius
R from inches per minute (IPM) into degrees per minute (PM), the following formula is applied:
F per minute =F (IPM) x 57.296 / R

To convert a feed rate from inches per revolution (IPR) into degrees per tool rotation (/ REV)
the formula is the same:

F per revolution =F (IPR) x 57.296 / R

The above formulas calculate the feed velocity for moving the rotary axis alone, not together
with another axis.

For example: Suppose that machining is done on the OD of a 1.5 diameter part, rotating the C-
axis only. The tangential feed rate desired is 5 per minute. What is the required feed rate in
degrees per minute?

Answer: Feed rate required=5 x 57.296 / 0.75=382 degrees per minute

102
Feed Rate Calculation for Linear Interpolation with Rotary Axis
Caution concerning the feed rate must be applied when linear interpolation between the rotary
axis and the Z-axis is done. The tangential feed rate along the tool path becomes high when the
arc length of the rotary axis move is relatively short in comparison to the travel distance along
the Z-axis. The feed rate must be reduced, accordingly. It can be calculated as shown in the
example, below.

Example: Machining is done on the OD of a 1.5 diameter part, rotating the C-axis Angle = 30
while moving the Z-axis minus 1, at the same time.
The desired feed rate along the tool path F = 5/minute.
Calculate the feed rate to be used for the interpolation command: G1G98 H60. W-1.0 F___?

Steps for calculation of the tangential feed rate:

1. Calculate the length of the 30 arc segment on the periphery of a 1.5 diameter circle: Arc
length=2Rx/360x60=2x0.75x3.14/360x30=0.392

2. Calculate the length of the tool path: L= Square root of (0.392+1)=1.07

3. Calculate the time it should take for the 1.07 long cut, applying the feed rate of 5 per
minute. Time = 60/5x1.07=12.84 seconds.
4. Calculate the feed rate in degrees per minute that is required for a rotation of 30 degrees
in12.8 seconds: F=30/12.8*60=141 degrees per minute.

Or apply the following formula, where: F = feed rate in inches per minute,
A= C-axis rotation angle

L = Length of the tool path

F per minute =F (IPM) x A / L

Feed rate in degrees per minute =5 x 30 / 1.07=141 degrees per minute

Command line for above example: G1G98 H60.0 W-1.0 F141.

103
SPINDLE MODE AND ROTARY AXIS MODE COMMANDS

For PUMA Lathes, equipped with a C-axis, the program commands as shown below apply.
Commands are shown for turning mode and for live tool mode, separately.

Main Spindle Mode (C-Axis Disconnected)

For turning operations on the main spindle, the commands as shown in the table, below are
applicable. These commands may be used at the initial program start-up in Turning-Mode or
when switching from Live Tool-Mode to Turning-Mode.

Command Explanation
M5,M3 or M4 These commands are normally used for starting or stopping the
spindles. The designation of P__ Selects which spindle

P11 = Main Spindle, P12 = Live Tool, P13 = Right Spindle

G0 G18 G40 Use these G-codes at the beginning of any program segment where
G80 Canned cycles G81through G88 or cutter compensation G41, G42
is used. G18 (X-Z Plane select, default on power up)

G99 IPR-feed mode should always be used for turning. (G99-mode is set
as default on power-up)

G96 S__ Constant surface speed control command is used for turning only. Not
to be used for drilling, tapping, milling or thread cutting.

G97 S__ Constant (RPM) control command. Use G97 for drilling, tapping
milling or thread cutting. (G97-mode is set as default on power-up).

Rotary axis mode (C-Axis connected)

For Live Tool operations, the commands as shown in the table, below are applicable. These
commands may be used at the initial program start-up in Live Tool-Mode or when switching
from Turning-Mode to Live Tool Mode.

104
Command Remarks
M05 P12 Live tool spindle rotation-stop command .

G0 G40 G80 Use these G-codes at the beginning of any program segment where
Canned cycles G81through G88 or cutter compensation G41, G42 is
used.

M90 C-axis unclamp-command. Use at the beginning of any program

segment where C-axis clamp function (M88 or M89) is used.

G28 H0 C-axis Reference-point-return command. This command should be

used always after the C-axis has been newly activated.

G50 C__ G50 C only! No other axis. This may be used to pre-set the C-axis
coordinates, at the reference point, if desired.

G97 S__M3 P12, Constant (RPM) control command must be used always when C-axis
is active. (G97-mode is set as default on power-up).

Note: The G96 command must never be used in Live Tooling

Mode.

M206 Allows simultaneous spindle rotation of more than one spindle at a

time. It will keep the live tool spindle running.

M3 P12 Live tool spindle-forward rotation command.

M4 P12 Live tool spindle-reverse rotation command.

M89 C-axis high pressure clamp. Use only when necessary.

G99 IPR-feed mode may be used for any live tool operation, except on
machines built before 1998. (G99 set default on power-up).

G98 IPM-feed mode may be used for any live tool operation. Preferably,
the IPR (G99) feed mode should be used, if possible. For machines
built before 1998, the IPM-feed mode must be applied for Live-Tooling
operations.

105
ANGULAR POSITIONING FUNCTION FOR SPINDLES
Angular positioning function for spindles can be utilized for machining with live tools. Angular
positioning is applied typically on the sub spindle for the PUMA MS-series turning centers.

Spindle orientation
When the spindle orientation option is provided the command M19 S0 P11 is used for
positioning the main spindle at a preset rotation angle. Spindle orientation is used for
applications such as bar pulling of polygon shaped stock, in-feeding of polygon shaped bar
material from a bar feeding device, positioning of the chuck for loading of work pieces, etc.

Parameter Settings related to Spindle Orientation

Entering data at system parameter 4077 does setting of the orientation reference angle.

Main Spindle: #4077 S1

Data range for parameter setting: zero ~ 4096, positive or negative value.
One full rotation (360 degrees)=4096 units. One unit equals 0.088 degrees. (360/4096=0.088
degrees) One degree equals 11.3636 units.

(4096=1000 Hexadecimal value, or 4096=Bit 12 =1 Binary value (1000000000000)

Caution: Parameter 4077 S2 must not be changed. This parameter sets the live tool spindle
orientation position that is critical about alignment of the drive coupling.

Angular spindle positioning

On machines where the spindle positioning option is available, positioning at a spindle rotation
angle is possible in angular increments of 0.1 degrees. This function cannot do interpolation
with another axis.

Angular positioning of the main spindle

The command for spindle positioning is as follows:

Zero-degree angle: G97 S0 M19 P11

180-degree angle: G97 S1800 M19 P11 (multiply positioning angle by 10)

Any angle: G97 S3599 M19 P11 (not to exceed 3600 units)

106
Once commanded, the spindle is held in position under power by the spindle motor. The M3, M4
or M5-command cancels spindle positioning.

System parameter 4077 S-1 sets the reference angle for the main spindle.

107
DRILLING AND TAPPING WITH LIVE TOOLS ON THE C-AXIS

Canned cycles for hole machining with the C and Z-axis

Z-axis peck drilling, C-axis positioning

G83 C___Z___Q___ P___F___

Z-axis tapping

G84 C___Z___F___

Notes: C = C-axis position, X = X-end position, (diameter), Q = peck distance (No decimal point
allowed with the Q. Repeat Q on each subsequent line), P = Dwell, F = Feed Rate.

C-axis clamping command M89 is optional. It can be added to the cycle, as shown in the
example, below.

Example: Drilling and Tapping on the Front Face of a part

Drill (4) Holes, diameter 0.201 on the front face equally spaced on a 1.5 Diameter circle, 0.45
deep. Peck depth is 0.125. Clamp the C-axis during drilling. Tap the 4 holes, -20-UN, and
0.35 deep.

Peck Drilling Program Tapping Program (Rigid Mode)

G0G40G80G99 G0G40G80G99

M90 M90

M35 M35

G28 H0 G28 H0

T0707 T0808

G97S2500M3 P12 G0C0Z.5

108
G0C0Z.5 X1.5 M8

X1.5 M8 Z.1

Z.1 G97S1000M29P12

G83C0Z-.45.Q1250F.005M89 G84C0Z-.35F.05M89

C90.Q1250M89 C90. M89

C180.Q1250M89 C180. M89

C270.Q1250M89 C270.M89

G0G80Z.5M90 G0G80Z.5M90
X8.Z4.M5P12 X8.Z4.M5P12

M1 M1

109
Canned cycles for hole machining with the C and X-axis

X-axis peck drilling, C-axis positioning

G87 C___X___Q___ P___F___

X-axis tapping

G88 C___X___F___

Notes: C = C-axis position, Z = Z-end position, Q = peck distance (No decimal point allowed
with the Q. Repeat Q on each subsequent line), P = Dwell, F = Feed Rate.

C-axis clamping command M89 is optional. It can be added to the cycle, as shown in the
example, below.

Example: Drilling and Tapping on the OD of a part

Drill (4) Holes, diameter 0.201, located at Z (minus)-0.5. Holes equally spaced around a 2 OD.
Drill through into the 1.5 diameter bore. Peck depth is 0.125. Clamp the C-axis during drilling.
Tap (4) holes -20-UN, 0.35 deep from the OD.

Peck Drilling Program Tapping Program (Rigid Mode)

G0G40G80G99 G0G40G80G99
M90 M90
M35 M35
G28 H0 G28 H0
T0909 T1010
G97S2500M3P12 G0C0Z.5
G0C0Z.5 X2.25 M8
X2.15 M8 Z-.5
Z-.5 G97S1000M29P12
G87X1.3C0Q1250F.005M89 G88X1.3C0F.05M89
C90.Q1250M89 C90. M89
C180.Q1250M89 C180. M89
C270.Q1250M89 C270.M89
G0G80X2.15 G0G80X2.2
Z.5 Z.5
X8.Z4.M5P12 X8.Z4.M5P12
M1 M1

110
POLAR COORDINATE INTERPOLATION FUNCTION G12.1

On a Turning Center that is equipped with a C-axis

(rotary axis), interpolation between the linear axis X and
the rotary axis C is possible by use of the G12.1-
function. This function simplifies programming of shapes to be
machined on the front face of a part, such as the
rectangular shape with rounded corners as shown here.

Machining of such shapes is accomplished by use of an end

mill that is attached to a Z-axis live tool attachment, with
the end mill pointing toward the front face of the part.

Programming with the G12.1-function is done on the X-C coordinate system plane. In this
coordinate system plane the Caxis is regarded as a linear axis instead of a virtual rotary axis.
Programming is done similar to the way it is
done on a basic X-Y plane. Linear or circular
interpolation can be done. Cartesian
coordinates are used for defining either the
part shape or the tool path geometry. In the
G12.1-mode the control converts
Cartesian coordinates to Polar
coordinates, automatically.

111
Layout of the X-C coordinate system plane

The diagram above shows the X-C coordinate system plane as viewed when looking at
the front face of the main spindle.
The address X defines a point by the distance from origin horizontally on diameter
(Positive or negative value). On diameter means: twice the actual distance from origin.
The address C defines a point by the actual distance vertically from origin (Positive or
negative value). C is defined in linear units of measurement, not in angular units.

Notes on programming with the G12.1 function

Plane selection
The G18-plane select command must be active in G12.1-mode. On turning centers the
X-Z coordinate system plane (G18) is set as the default plane. System parameter
settings related to the G12.1-funtion are normally set to allow polar coordinate
interpolation in the G18-plane.

Coordinate system origin

The Origin of the X-C coordinate system is fixed at the center of the revolving work
spindle. The origin (X0, C0) must not be shifted.

Angular orientation of the X-C coordinate system plane

Angular orientation is set by the absolute C-axis (angle) that exists at the time when
entering the G12.1 mode. For example: when G0 C60.0 has been commanded before
entering the G12.1-mode, the X-C coordinate system plane is set on a 60 angle relative
to both the horizontal and vertical axis.

112
 Positioning command
G0 cannot be used in G12.1-mode. Positioning is done in G1- mode, using a feed rate
of around 30 to 60 per minute, depending on application.

Feed command
In the G12.1-mode the feed velocity can be specified either by units of linear distance
per minute (G98-mode) or by units of linear distance per spindle revolution (G99-mode).
Use of excessive feed rate can adversely influence the accuracy of a machined shape.
Recommend range of feed rates for polar coordinate interpolation is from 1 to around
10 per minute, depending on application. Feed rate must be reduced in case when
circular interpolation is done near the X-C zero point. Velocity of the rotary axis may
become excessive and as a result, servo errors or servo overload may occur.

Incremental axis move command

Address U can be used for incremental move command along the X-axis. U= horizontal
distance from a current point to the next point on diameter.

Address H can be used for incremental move command along the C-axis. H= vertical
distance from a current point to the next point.

Linear interpolation command

G1 X__C__F__ (absolute) or: U__H__ F__ (incremental)

Interpolation between X and Z or between C and Z cannot be done. Z-axis move

command must be specified in a separate block, not together with X-axis or C-axis
commands.

Circular Interpolation command

(G2 or G3) X__C__R__F__ (absolute) or: U__H__R__F__ (incremental)

Addresses X and C define the end point of an arc. The address R defines the radius of
an arc when the included angle of the arc segment is 180 or less.

Addresses I and J can be used for defining the arc center.

Address I specifies the actual distance and direction (+/-) from the start point of the arc
to the arc center along the X-axis.

Address J specifies the actual distance and direction (+/-) from the start point of the arc
to the arc center along the C-axis.

113
 Command for arc of less than 360: (G2 or G3) X_ C_ I_ J_

Command used for full circle: (G2 or G3) I_ or: J_

Cutter compensation function

In polar coordinate interpolation the cutter compensation function should always be
used, regardless of programming method. Size control on a machined shape is done by
use of the cutter compensation function, not by changing the X-offset data.

G40 must be active at the time when entering the G12.1-mode.

G41 or G42 must be commanded after the G12.1- command.

G40 should be commanded before canceling the G12.1-mode.

Cutter compensation commands should be done together with a G1-command, moving

the tool onto the part or away from it. For example:

G1 G41 X_ or C_ F_ (Ramp-ON)

G1 G40 X_ or C_ F_ (Ramp-OFF)

When ramping ON or OFF along the X-axis the moving distance must be greater than or
equal to twice the R-data. When ramping ON or OFF along the C-axis the moving
distance must be greater than or equal to the R-data.

Cutter compensation data setting

Cutter compensation data (R-offset) must be set under column R located in the tool
offset data tables. Data setting depends on the programming method that has been
used:

a) When the program-coordinates represent the geometry of the tool center-path, the
R-data is set at zero, initially.
b) When the program-coordinates represent the geometry of the actual part shape, the
actual cutter radius must be input on the R-data.

The Tool nose type- data (located at the column T at the tool-offset tables) is part of
the cutter compensation data. On the offset number that is used for a milling cutter the
T data must be set = 0.

114
 Tool offset data, including the R and T-data are activated by the tool offset command.
(The D-command, such as used in machining center programming cannot be used).

Adjusting the part size

Suppose that an external hexagon shape was machined over-size by 0.005
(measurement across the flats). Under the condition that the cutter compensation
function has been properly applied in the program, size adjustment on this part can be
done by reducing the R-data in the tool offset table by the amount of -0.005. Size
control cannot be accomplished by adjusting the X-axis offset.

Tool types to be used / touching-off tools

Machining in the G12.1-mode is normally done by use of a flat bottom end mill that is
pointing toward the end-face of the part. This tool must be touched off (along the X-axis)
at the cutter center, not at the periphery of the tool. Once the X-axis tool-offset for a
given tool has been established accurately, it must not be modified later in attempting to
control the size of the machined part. (Please refer to paragraph above). Erroneous tool
offset data causes faulty part geometry.

In polar coordinate interpolation, a flat bottom end mill that is pointing toward the OD of
the part cannot produce an acceptable part shape. On some applications, a ball-nose
end mill that is pointing toward the OD of the part can be used. This type of tool must be
touched off along the X-axis at the center of the ball-nose.

Programming the Tool approach point

Caution must be used when positioning the milling cutter near the OD of a part. The X-
axis tool offset data is based on the cutter center, not the periphery. The tool approach
point for the X-axis is calculated as follows: X= Part OD + Cutter diameter + clearance.

115
Programming example

The figure above left shows two flat surfaces to be machined on the front face of a 1.25
diameter part. A clearance diameter of 1.300 that intersects with both of the flats has been
added to the figure on the right. The coordinates (X 1.0, C0.4153) located at the upper right
corner and (X1.0, C-0.4153) located at the lower right corner will be used for preparing the
machining program. The axial depth of the flats is assumed to be at Z-0.375 from the front face.
A diameter end mill is used for machining the two flats.

Hints on programming and machining with the polar coordinate interpolation function

Before programming the part, a simple part layout should be prepared. An end-view of
the part should be drawn, showing the part just the way it is held by the chuck as viewed
when looking toward the face of the chuck on the main spindle. In this layout the X-
coordinates run horizontally and the C-coordinates run vertically. X-plus direction runs to
the right of X0, C-plus direction runs from zero to 12 oclock. The X-coordinates are
specified on diameter, C-coordinates are specified as actual distance. Radii are
specified as actual distance.
For programming purposes it is assumed that the cutter approaches the part always
from the 3 oclock position (X- axis plus side) on your layout. When deciding the cutting
start point it is recommended placing it at the plus-side of the X-axis.
During machining of the flat surfaces as shown in the above example, the cutter does
not actually move in a vertical direction. In the G12.1-mode, machining of a contour
shape is accomplished by moving the cutter horizontally along the X-axis and by rotating
the C-axis, synchronously.
When negative X-axis coordinates are commanded in the program the cutter center will
not actually travel past the minus side of X0. Instead, the C-axis is rotated around
automatically so that machining on the negative quadrant is accomplished with the cutter
always remaining on the plus-side of the X-axis.

116
Deciding the machining method

The milling operation on this part can be programmed in various different ways. Examples for
three different programming methods A, B and C are shown.

Programming Method A

The figure on right shows

programming of the tool center-
path. The cutter to be used is on
diameter. The X and C coordinates
must be calculated, considering both
the part geometry as well as the
cutter radius. This programming
method is used mostly by CAM
software programming systems.

Both surfaces are being machined by

use of a continuous tool path. No actual machining is done on the 0.650-radius. The cutter will
clear the 1.25 part diameter. Hence the cutter can be moved around the arc at a high feed rate.

The cutter compensation function should be applied, always. However the cutter radius amount
entered in the tool-off data should be set either at zero or at a small (plus) amount which will
make the part come out slightly oversize, initially.

Programming example, using programming method A

M5P11 Stop the main spindle

M35 C-axis select command
G40 Cutter comp cancel command
G13.1 Polar coordinate interpolation cancel command
G30 U0 W0 Tool exchange point
G28 H0 Zero return C-axis
T0808 (3/4 DIA. CUTTER) When the cutter center path is programmed the R-
offset for the tool is set = 0, initially. After inspecting
the first part, adjust the R either plus or minus, as
needed for size control.
When
G97 S2000 M3P12 Live tool spindle ON
G0Z.1 C0 M8 Z-approach, C-axis at zero degrees
X2.15 X-approach (1.3+0.75+0.1=2.15)

117
G12.1 Polar coordinate interpolation ON
G1 G98 C.5339 F60. C-axis position at the first point of the contour shape,
use IPM - feed mode, if desired (Note: the C-command
at this time represents a linear dimension not
degrees)
G1 G41 X1.75F7. (1) Cutter comp ON
X-axis position at the first point of the contour shape
Z-.88 Move the Z-axis to the desired depth on the part
G1 C-.5339 (2) C-axis position at the second point of contour
G2 X-1.75 R1.025 F60. (3) X-axis position at the third point of the contour (No
cutting is done on the arc, a high feed rate is used for
the arc move )
G1 C.5339 F7. (4) Fourth point of the contour
G1 G40 X-2.15 F60. Cutter comp OFF
The X-axis must move at least two times the R-value
that is used in the tool offset
G13.1 Polar coordinate interpolation OFF
G99 G0 X2.5 Retract X-axis & switch back to IPR- feed mode
Z.1 M5P12 Retract Z-axis and stop milling spindle
G30 U0 W0. M9 Second reference point return
M1 Optional stop

Programming Method B

By this method, both surfaces are being machined in one

continuous path similar to example A, above. However, in this
case the X-C coordinates used for programming are the same
as the actual part geometry, as shown on the figure on right.
The cutter compensation function must be applied in this case,
without fail. The cutter radius amount entered in the tool-off
data must be the same as the actual cutter radius to be used,
or slightly larger to produce a slightly oversized part.

Programming Method C

By this method, each one of the flats is

programmed separately. One of the
surfaces is machined at 0-degree angle
first as shown on the left figure. Next, the
part is rotated 180 then the other surface
is machined as shown on the figure on
right. The cutter compensation function
must be applied in this case, without fail.

118
Preparing the machining program for methods B and C

Climb Cutting is done in both cases. Hence the cutting start point coordinates in both cases
are at X1.0 C0.4153. The automatic cutter compensation function G41 is applied. The cutting
start point is located on the top right corner on each of the figures shown. The part dimensions
as shown on the sketches can be plugged directly into the program.

Programming Method B Programming Method C

NC Program machining both of the flats in NC Program doing each flat separately,
one continuous path, using a 1/2-diameter using a 1/2-diameter cutter.
cutter.

N100 (MILL TWO FLATS CONTINUOUS N100 (MILL TWO FLATS)

PATH) G40
G40 G13.1
G13.1 T0101
T0101 M5P11
M5P11 M35
M35 G28 H0
G28 H0 G97 S1000 M3P12
G97 S1000 M3P12 G0 Z.1 C0
G0 Z.1 C0 X1.8
X1.8 G12.1 (FLAT #1)
G12.1 G1 G98 C0.4153 F20.
G1 G98 C0.4153 F20. G1 G41 X1.0 F5.
G1 G41 X1.0 F5. Z - .375 (depth of cut)
Z - .375 (depth of cut) C-0.4153
C-0.4153 G40 X1.8 F20.
G2 X-1.0 R.650 F60. G13.1
G1 C0.4153 F5. G0 Z0.1
G40 X-1.8 G0 C180.
G13.1 G12.1 (FLAT #1)
G0 Z0.1 G1 G98 C0.4153 F20.
G0 XZM5P12 G1 G41 X1.0 F5.
M34 (C-Axis Off) Z - .375 (depth of cut)
M1 C-0.4153
G40 X1.8 F20.
G13.1
G0 Z0.1
G0 XZM5P12
M34(C-Axis Off)
M1

119
CYLINDRICAL INTERPOLATION

Principle of Operation
The cylindrical interpolation function G7.1 allows circular interpolation between the Z-axis
and a rotary axis. Programming is done using Cartesian coordinates for the Z-axis and
degrees of rotation for the rotary axis. Arc specifications are given in units of linear
measurement. Typical applications for this function include engraving operation for lettering or
for milling of cam shapes on the circumference of a cylinder.

Layout of the Z-C Coordinate system

The sketch below shows the Z-C coordinate system.

Programming Notes
Plane Select Command: G18

G7.1H < 0 or G7.1 C < 0 activates the cylindrical interpolation function. An H-value or a C-
value greater than zero specifies the radius of the cylinder to be machined.
For example: Cylindrical interpolation mode is set by this command:

G1 G18 W0 H0 followed by G7.1 H0.75 in separate block.

G7.1 H0 or G7.1 C0 cancels the cylindrical interpolation function.

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 Z-coordinates specify absolute dimensions parallel to the length of the cylinder. The letter
W can be used for incremental specification along the Z-axis.
C- axis rotation is specified as an absolute angle in degrees. The letter H for incremental
angle specification can be used, instead.

X-coordinates specify absolute dimensions on the OD of the cylinder. The letter U can be
used for incremental specification along the X-axis.

Positioning G0 cannot be done when cylindrical interpolation mode is active.

Linear interpolation G1 is possible with all three axes, simultaneously.

Circular interpolation (G2, G3) between Z-linear coordinates and C- angular coordinates is
performed automatically by the control using the G7.1-function. Circular interpolation
between X and C axis cannot be done.

Arc radius specification. The letter R must be used for arc specifications. Letters I J or K
cannot specify an arc radius in cylindrical interpolation.

Cutter Radius Compensation Functions (G40, G41and G42) can be applied. The cutter
radius as registered under R on the tool-offset tables is applied for cutter radius
compensation automatically.

Tool path: For programming purposes, the surface on the circumference of a cylinder is laid
out in the shape of a rectangle whose length is equal to the cylinder diameter times pi. The
height equals the height of the cylinder. The tool path is then projected onto this rectangle.
Horizontal dimensions are to be converted from linear to angular C axis coordinates. The
Vertical dimensions represent Z-axis coordinates. The zero point of the coordinate system
can be decided at an arbitrary location.

Formula for converting the length of an arc to degrees of rotation

The use of RADIANS can simplify conversion from linear units to degree-units. To convert the
length of an arc for a segment of a circle into degrees of rotation, the following formula is
applied:

C = Degrees of rotation, L = linear distance

C = L / R x 57.29578
R = radius of the circle, 57.29578 = one radian.

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When diameter D is used to define the circle,
use this formula: C = L / D x 114.59156

114.59156 = two radians.

Cylindrical Interpolation Example

The letters J and R to be engraved around the OD of a 2.9-diameter part, using cylindrical
interpolation-function G7.1 A 1/32-radius ball-nose end mill is used for engraving the letters. In
order to define the tool path, coordinates X, C and Z for every point on the entities are required.

Layout of tool path

In order to simplify programming the cylindrical surface of the part to be machined is
represented in form of a flat sheet that measures the equivalent of the parts circumference
vertically and the parts length in horizontal direction.
Orientation of the part is the same as viewed looking down from the operators side of the
machine when the part is clamped in the chuck.

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Converting linear coordinates to degrees of rotation

For the sample part at hand the factor for converting linear units into degrees is calculated as
follows: 1 / 2.9 x 114.59156 = 39.514331 per 1 of linear distance

C = L x 39.5143

The table below shows the start-points and end-points for the lettering

X Z C
Start point of letter J 2.9 - 0.7 0.4 * 39.5143 = 15.806
End point of letter J 2.9 -.45 15.806
Start point of letter R 2.9 -0.3 -0.1 * 39.5143 = -3.951
End point of letter R 2.9 -.3 -0.4 * 39.5143 = -15.806

N100 (ENGRAVING LETTERS J & R )

G0G80G40G18
M35
G7.1H0
G28H0
T1111
G97S4000M3P12
G0Z-.7
G0X3.1.C15.806 M8
G1G98
G18W0H0
G7.1H1.45
X2.9F5.
C3.951
Z-.45
G3Z-.45C15.805R.15
G1X3.5F200.
Z-.3C-3.951
G1X2.9F5.
Z-.7
C-10.8664
G3Z-.45C-10.866R.125
G1C-3.9514
C-10.866
G1Z-.3C-15.8057
G1X3.1F200.
G7.1H0
G30U0M5P12
G30W0
M34
M1

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