Reactive Power Flow Control of Grid Tie Inverter to

Enhance the Stability of Power Grid

Kai Lok Cheng Xiao Luo Chi Kwan Lee
Senior Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong, China
Email: [email protected]

AbstractThis paper studies the reactive power compensation Nowadays, grid tie inverters are connected between the
schemes using grid tie renewable energy inverters for future power grid and the renewable energy source to transform the
power grid with substantial renewable energy power generation. format (i.e. form DC to AC) and to transfer the electrical
A traditional grid tie renewable energy inverter becomes a energy to the power grid. In general, the control of the grid tie
dynamic reactive power compensator. The objectives of the
compensator are 1) to regulate the output voltage of the inverter
inverter adopts the well established classical vector control
and 2) to enhance the grid frequency stability. We propose a techniques. Vector control scheme oriented with the grid
coordinated control scheme for the inverter to automatically voltage decouples the AC line currents into d- and q-axis
select either voltage control or frequency control operation components in the synchronous reference frame, which
modes depending on the power grid conditions. The control corresponds to active and reactive powers, respectively.
scheme is tested in a microgrid system using Matlab/Simulink Control of instantaneous active and reactive powers is then
simulation. The performance is compared with the inverter achieved by regulating the decoupled d- and q-axis converter
without reactive power control and inverter with reactive power currents using PI regulator [7].
control for output voltage regulation. Simulation results show
It is important to note that the majority of design engineer
that a proper coordinated control scheme can improve both the
voltage and frequency stability of the power grid.
assumes the inverter connected to a stiff power grid. Thus, their
design does not consider the power grid stability. The inverter
Index TermsGrid tie inverter, renewable energy, microgrid, only adopts a single active power control loop and only
voltage control, frequency control. delivers active power to the power grid. The AC power factor
of the inverter is always controlled at the unity power factor [8-
I.INTRODUCTION 11]. If the inverter system does not equip battery energy
With the increasing public awareness of environmental storage or the battery is fully charged, the instantaneous output
pollution reduction and climate change mitigation, renewable active power has to follow the fluctuating renewable energy
energy sources such as small-scale wind turbines and rooftop source. Frankly, when there is a substantial electrical power
photovoltaic systems have become more popular. The Global generated from the renewable energy sources, the change of the
Wind Energy Council predicts that global wind power capacity active and reactive power flow could cause the voltage and
could reach 2,300 GW by 2030, providing nearly 20% of the frequency instability [12-13]. Recently, an additional reactive
world's electricity needs [1]. In addition, in 2013 the power control loop is proposed for grid tie inverters [14-15].
cumulative global capacity of installed solar photovoltaic While the inverter is operated below full load condition, it
systems exceeded 100GW [2]. The increase in the use of provides reactive power to stabilize the voltage at the local
renewable energy sources and more distributed generation to feeder.
replace conventional centralized coal-fired and nuclear power The paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the voltage
plants have posed new challenges of power system control and and frequency instability problems due to the renewable energy
operation. Since, these renewable energy sources have been power generation will be briefly introduced. The modelling of
connected directly to the distribution grid through inverters, the a microgrid using Matlab/Simulink will be explicitly described
distributed and changing nature of the renewable energy in section III. Afterwards, we propose a coordinated control
sources makes the power system operator difficult to control scheme to manage the grid voltage controller and grid
the total power generation and to predict the total load demand. frequency controller. The performance of the control scheme is
As a result, the supply and demand cannot be balanced evaluated using computer simulation. The advantages and
instantaneously, causing grid instability [3]. Many research disadvantages of the scheme will be discussed. At the end of
reports have highlighted that the intermittent nature of the the paper, we will give the concluding remarks.
renewable energy sources could potentially cause voltage and
frequency instability in the power system [4-6].
 III. TIME DOMAIN SIMULATION
II. VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY INSTABILITY ISSUES
The impacts of the intermittent renewable energy sources to
the microgrid are explicitly investigated using computer
simulation. A microgrid composed of steam turbine
synchronous generator, transformer, resistive loads and
photovoltaic PV farms is modelled in Matlab/Simulink.

A. Microgrid
Fig. 1. A grid tie inverter. Fig. 3. shows the simplified single line schematic of a
microgrid. In the high voltage side, the nominal voltage is 10
Fig. 1. shows a grid tie inverter (eg. solar energy) kV. A 2 MVA synchronous generator is installed. The energy
connected to a microgrid. The grid consists of a fossil fuel is transmitted to a substation transformer via a 1 km
generator, a distribution line and an aggregated consumer load. distribution line. The substation transformer converts the
The voltage at the receiving end of the distribution line Vs is voltage from 10 kV to 380 V. In the low voltage side, the
fundamentally associated with the impedance of the power energy is distributed to four identical sub-circuits through four
cable and the amount of active Pg and reactive Qg power 250m distribution lines. Each sub-circuit consists of a local PV
transmission. Equation (1) shows the receiving end voltage Vs farm and one aggregated load. The apparent power of each PV
is farm is 0.4 MVA. The distance between the PV farm and the
P R Qg X local feeder is 100 m. The loads of the consumers are
Vs Vg g (1)
aggregated and represented using a 0.4 MW resistive load. The
Vg
key parameters of the microgrid are summarized in Table I.
where Vg is the generator output voltage. R and X are The configuration parameters of the synchronous machine,
respectively the resistance and reactance of the distribution line. synchronous machine voltage regulator and transformer
It is important to note that the intermittent nature of the models can be found in the Appendix.
renewable energy source causes a variation of active and
reactive power transmission from the generator to the load. As
a consequence, Vs fluctuates with the intermittent power
generation from the renewable energy source.
Further, the changing of the active power transmission also
affects the frequency stability of the grid. In rotational motion,
power is the product of the torque and angular velocity. While
the instantaneous mechanical power Pm and electrical power Pg
of the machine is imbalance, the difference between the
mechanical torque Tm and electromechanical torque Te
generates an acceleration torque Ta causing angular
acceleration or deceleration of the machine rotor. As a result,
the power grid frequency follows the variation of the speed of
the machine. The relationship of the mechanical power Pm, Fig. 3. A schematic diagram of the microgrid.
electrical power Pg and rotor angular velocity r of an electric
machine is illustrated in Fig. 2. Mathematically, the dynamic of Table I. Key parameters of the microgrid
the rotor speed can be described using a swing equation Steam turbine synchronous generator
d r frequency Apparent power Terminal voltage
Pm Pg J r (2) 50 Hz 2MVA 10 kV
dt
where J is the rotor moment of inertia kg-m2. PV farm
In an electrical power system, the generator adopts a speed Area Apparent power Terminal Voltage
governing control system to regulate the angular velocity of the 1600 m2 0.4MVA 380 V
machine rotor. However, the response time of the mechanical
Transformer
control system is long. It is not capable to cope with a rapid
changing power of the renewable energy source. Configuration Apparent power WindingImpedance
10 kV/380 V, Delta/Star 2 MVA

Distributionline
Impedance per kilometer (R+JX) 0.11 + j0.39
L1 L2 - L5 LB2- LB5
1 km 0.25 km 0.1 km
Fig. 2. Dynamic of the rotor dynamic.
Load (R1 - R4)
Constant Resistive Load 0.4 MW 380 V
B. Modelling the Frequency Dynamic of Generator [16] transmission from the generator to the load. In addition, the
Fig. 4(a) shows the block diagram of a steam turbine voltage at the PV farm is as low as 197 Vac because of the
electric generator. It comprises two parts a steam turbine with voltage drop along the distribution line. An increase in the
speed governing control and a synchronous generator with output current of the grid tie inverter to maintain the same
excitation control. On the steam turbine side, the machine rotor output power may lead to increase the power losses in the
speed is sensed and subtracted from the reference rotor speed, inverter and conduction loss along the distribution line. As a
of which the error is applied to a speed regulator to generate consequence, it declines the overall efficiency of the PV power
the control signal for the gate servomotor. The mechanical generation. The rapid ramp-up and -down of the active power
power of the steam turbine is controlled by the steam valve also causes the grid frequency oscillation. The mechanical
through the gate servomotor (see Fig. 4(b)). The machine rotor input power and electrical output power of the steam turbine
speed determines the frequency of the electricity supply. On electric generator are captured as shown in Fig. 8. The
the generator side, a standard two-pole three-phase imbalance between mechanical and electrical power is plotted
synchronous generator with a salient-pole rotor is used. The in Fig.9. As the solar power decreases at t = 2 Sec, the demand
excitation system provides field voltage to the synchronous load on the generator increases and the machine rotor speed
generator to maintain a constant output voltage Vg. starts to slow down. Conversely, the machine rotor starts to
speed up at t = 20 Sec when the solar power increases. It is
Steam Turbine Synchronous generator important to note that the mechanical speed governing control
Steam system takes approximately 5-10 seconds to stabilize the grid
Valve frequency.
Turbine
Electrical Active
and Reactive
Gate opening Power Pg, Qg
signal Mechanical
Power Pm Field voltage Vf
Generator
Governor Excitation terminal voltage
control system Rotor speed System Vg

(a)
Mechanical
Rotor 1 1 1 power Pm
speed _ KP K1
s 1 sTG 1 sT
+
Rotor speed Speed Gate Gate Turbine
reference ref regulator position servomotor
limit
KP = 10 KI = 20 TG = 0.2 T =1
(b)

Fig. 4. (a) Block diagram of a steam turbine electric generator. (b) Steam
turbine model.
Fig. 5. Intermittent power generation of a PV farm.
C. Modelling the Renewable Energy Generation
Real solar irradiance data is used to model the intermittent
power generation of a PV farm. We use 1-second global
horizontal irradiance data measured by National Renewable
Energy Laboratory at Oahu, Hawaii [17]. A section of the solar
irradiance profile recorded from 12:17:18 to 12:17:48 on 2nd
October 2011 is selected. The area and efficiency of the solar
panel in each PV farm are 1600m2 and 20% [18,19]. All solar
panels are assumed to be identical and under the same solar
irradiance. Fig. 5 shows the active output power generated by a
single PV farm. It can be observed that the output power could
have significant jumps or ramps over a very short period of
time due to the clouds effect.
D. Simulation Results
The grid voltage at the PV farm V and grid frequency f is
measured. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 respectively plot the voltage and Fig. 6. Grid voltage measured at the PV farm.
frequency variation in the grid. It can be observed that the grid
voltage fluctuation follows the variation of the solar irradiance.
It is because the intermittent power generation from the PV
farm causes the variation of active and reactive power
 IV. REACTIVE POWER CONTROL SCHEME
A. An Overview
A grid tie inverter can utilize both active and reactive power
control to regulate the voltage at the connection terminal and
enhance the frequency stability of the power grid. Fig. 10
shows a simplified control block diagram of a grid tie inverter
including both active and reactive power control. The control
block diagram comprises four parts: active power controller,
reactive power controller for output voltage regulation, reactive
power controller for frequency regulation and operation mode
selector. We propose a coordinated control scheme to manage
the grid voltage controller and grid frequency controller. Based
on the control strategy and the instantaneous power grid
conditions, the operation mode selector will select the most
Fig. 7. Grid frequency. appropriate reactive power controller for the inverter.
Reactive Power Controller for Output Voltage
or Frequency Regulation
f , df
dt
Operation Mode Selector
V , dV
dt

df _ ref 0
dt
Enable
+
df Grid Frequency
dt - Controller To Power
Grid
Vref
Enable
+ + Iq_ref
Grid Voltage +
V
- Controller
CT
I
Vdc_ref
+ Id_ref
Active Power Internal
Vdc
- Controller Inverter
Control
Fig. 8. Mechanical input power (Pm) and electrical output power (Pg) of the
steam turbine electric generator. +
abc to - PI VdR, VqR
dq0 Regulator Solar
I I d, I q Vdc Energy

Fig. 10. Simplified control block diagram of a grid tie solar inverter.

In the output voltage control mode, inverter output voltage is

sensed and subtracted from the reference voltage, of which the
error is applied to a controller to generate the reactive power
control signal for the inverter. As a consequence, the inverter
provides dynamic reactive power compensation to the grid,
improving the voltage stability. In the frequency control mode,
the variation of grid frequency is sensed and subtracted from
the reference, of which the error is applied to a controller to
generate the reactive power control signal. In this operation
mode, the inverter output voltage may vary according to the
instantaneous power unbalance. As a result, the power
Fig. 9. Power imbalance between the mechanical input power and electrical
consumption of the consumer's loads (active- or reactive-power
output power (Pm - Pg). or both) will vary according to the supply voltage, the
consequence of which will be that demand follows power
generation. Indeed, the frequency of the electricity supply is
determined by the machine rotor speed which is controlled by
the speed governing control system. The key objective to
achieve using the proposed frequency controller is to reduce
the rate of rise or fall of the demand load on the generator. The
generator therefore approaches a new equilibrium condition in
a smooth controlled manner.
B. Coordinated Control Scheme
It can be observed that there is a contradiction between
voltage control and frequency control modes. In voltage
control mode, the reactive power is injected into the power grid
to tightly regulate the grid voltage to a nominal value. In
contrast, frequency controller manages the reactive power to
vary the grid voltage, in which the instantaneous power
imbalance and the rate of change of demand load on the
generator can be reduced. For this reason, two control modes
cannot be activated concurrently. A diagrammatic
representation of the proposed coordinated control scheme is
shown in Fig. 11.
The objectives of reactive power compensation in a
distribution network are to offer local voltage support and to
reduce the reactive power losses in the distribution lines.
Therefore, the voltage control mode will be given priority to Fig. 11. Flow chart of the coordinated control scheme.
control the reactive power to regulate the voltage at the
consumer terminals within the tolerance band Vtol (ie. In Hong V. IMPACT OF CONTROL SCHEME ON THE VOLTAGE AND
Kong is 6% from 207~233 Vac). Then, the frequency FREQUENCY STABILITY
controller is only allowed to operate within this tolerance band The proposed coordinated control scheme is implemented
until the frequency reaches the steady-state conditions. in the grid tie solar inverter. Its effectiveness to stabilize the
Afterwards, the frequency control is not required. The reactive voltage and frequency fluctuation is evaluated in a microgrid
power controller operates in the voltage control mode to tightly system described in Section III. Time domain simulation is
regulate the voltage to the nominal value. A steady-state carried-out using Matlab/Simulink. In addition, the same
condition function for the grid voltage SS(V) is given as simulation is carried-out on the inverter only with output
V voltage control scheme. Their performances are compared.
1 when V Vref Verr _ L , mL
t Solar inverter adopted the proposed coordinated control
V (3) scheme is labeled as "QV-F". Symbol "QV" denotes the solar
SS (V ) 0 when V Vref Verr _ H , mH
t inverter only adopted the output voltage control scheme. Fig.
no charge otherwise 12, Fig 13 and Fig. 14 show the microgrid frequency, output
voltage and output reactive power of the PV farm, respectively.
where V , V and Vref and are the inverter output voltage, The mechanical power of the steam turbine and electrical
t power of the generator are recorded and shown in Fig. 15.
rate of change of output voltage and nominal grid voltage (i.e. Their difference is plotted in Fig. 16.
220 Vac), respectively. To avoid bouncing back and forth, At t = 0, it is clear that both control schemes are able to
Verr_H and Verr_L are defined as the upper and lower hysteresis regulate the output voltage at the nominal value (i.e. 220Vac)
limit of the voltage error between the measured value and because both control schemes utilize reactive power to
reference value. Meanwhile, mH and mL are the upper and compensate the voltage drop along the distribution line. At t =
lower hysteresis limit of the rate of change of output voltage. 2 sec, the decrease of solar power leads to increase the demand
Similarly, the steady-state condition function for the grid load of the generator. As a result, the frequency of the grid
frequency SS(f) is given as decreases. Afterwards, it can be observed that the coordinated
f control scheme responses to the drop of frequency and
1 when f f ref f err _ L , t nL decrease the output voltage accordingly. To reduce the grid
f (4) voltage, the inverter reduces the injection of capacitive reactive
SS ( f ) 0 when f f ref f err _ H , nH
t power to grid. The decrease of grid voltage results in automatic

no charge otherwise load shedding of the consumer's loads to mitigate the frequency
drop. Fig. 12 shows that the grid frequency is recovered at
49.92 Hz. In contrast, the output voltage is tightly regulated at
where f , f and fref are respectively the measured grid
t the nominal value while the inverter only adopted the output
frequency, rate of change of grid frequency and nominal grid voltage control scheme. Under this control scheme, the
frequency (i.e. 50Hz). ferr_H and ferr_L , nH and nL are performance of the frequency regulation is mainly relied on the
respectively the upper and lower hysteresis limit of the slow response time of the generator speed governing control
frequency error and rate of change of frequency. system. Nevertheless, the grid frequency significantly drops to
49.82 Hz.
 As shown in Fig. 15, the proposed coordinated control
scheme significantly decreases the rate of rise of the generator
demand load during the suddenly drop of solar power. The
instantaneous power balance between the power generation and
demand is improved. The imbalance between the mechanical
and electrical power is shown in Fig.16. It is important to note
that the coordinated control scheme also helps to damp the
active power oscillation during the disturbance. At t = 10 sec,
the frequency is stabilized. The coordinated control scheme
operates in the voltage control mode again. The inverter
increases the injection of capacitive reactive power, thereby the
output voltage is slowly regulated to the normal value. Fig 17
shows the reactive power controller of the inverter operates
back and forth between the voltage control and frequency
control modes to fulfill the requirements of both voltage and
frequency regulations. Fig. 13. Grid voltage measured at the PV farm.
At t = 20 sec, the solar power increases. As a consequence,
the grid frequency increases. The coordinated control scheme
performs well following the dynamic changing of the solar
power. It controls the inverter to further increase the injection
of capacitive reactive power. The grid voltage is temporary
stepped up and the power consumption of the consumer load is
increased. The maximum frequency overshoot is controlled at
50.18 Hz. Without consideration of the frequency stability, the
grid tie solar inverter tightly regulates the grid voltage at the
nominal value. As a result, the grid frequency ramps to 50.3 Hz
as shown in Fig. 12.

Fig. 14. Reactive Power generated by the PV farm.

Fig. 12. Grid Frequency.

Fig. 15. Mechanical input power (Pm) and electrical output power (Pg) of the
steam turbine electric generator.
 VII. APPENDIX

TABLE A1 SIMULINK MODEL CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS -

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE.
Synchronous Machine
Rotor Type Salient-pole
Nominal power, line to line voltage and
[ 2e6, 10e3, 50 ]
frequency [ Pn(VA), Vn(Vrms), fn(Hz) ]
Reactances [ 1.305, 0.296, 0.252, 0.474, 0.243,
[Xd, Xd, Xd, Xq, Cq, Xl] (pu) 0.18 ]
d axis time constants Open-circuit
q axis time constants Short-circuit
Time constants [Tdo, Tdo, Tq] (s) [ 4.49, 0.0681, 0.0513 ]
Stator resistance Rs (pu) 0.0045
Inertia coefficient, friction factor, pole
[ 3.7, 0, 1 ]
pairs [H(s), F(pu), p()]
Initial conditions
Fig. 16. Power imbalance between the mechanical input power and electrical [dw(%), th(deg), ia,ib,ic(pu), [ 0, -120, 0, 0, 0, -120, -240, 0, 1 ]
output power (Pm - Pg). pha,phb,phc(deg), Vf(pu)]

TABLE A2 SIMULINK MODEL CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS -

GENERATOR VOLTAGE REGULATOR.
Excitation System
Low-pass filter time constant Tr(s) 20e-3
Regulator gain and time constant [Ka() Ta(s)] [300, 0.001]
Exciter [Ke() Te(s)] [1, 0]
Transient gain reduction [Tb(s) Tc(s)] [0, 0]
Damping filter gain and time constant [kf() Tf(s)] [0.001, 0.1]
Regulator output limits and gain
[-11.5, 11.5, 0]
[Efmin, Efmax (pu), Kp()]
Initial values of terminal voltage and field voltage
[1.0 1.28]
[Vt0 (pu) Vf0(pu)]

TABLE A3 SIMULINK MODEL CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS -

TRANSFORMER.
Transformer
Windings connection Delta (D1) Star Ground
Saturable core No
Nominal power and frequency [Pn(VA), fn(Hz)] [ 2e6 50 ]
Fig. 17. Control signal of the operation mode selector. Winding 1 parameters [V1 Ph-Ph(Vrms), R1(pu),
[ 10e3 0.06/100 0.06 ]
L1(pu)]
Winding 2 parameters [V2 Ph-Ph(Vrms), R2(pu),
[ 380 0.06/100 0.06]
L2(pu)]
Magnetization resistance Rm(pu) 500
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND REMARKS
Magnetization inductance Lm(pu) 500
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