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Quantifying Biodiversity
Introduction
One of the challenges confronting biologists who study biodiversity is how to measure and
quantify diversity. In 1982, Terry Erwin used a kill em and count em method to estimate
insect diversity in a tropical forest. As shown in the powerpoint, the current method is to
use field measurements combined with mathematical models; this is the technique used in
this activity.

Outline
Exercise 1: Practice calculating diversity with diversity indices.
Exercise 2: Testing the effect of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity.

Be sure to complete all calculations, show work, and answer all questions on the lab worksheet.

Exercise 1: Practice calculating diversity with diversity indices.

Background: Imagine a section of marsh that contains 43 species of plants. In terms of numbers of
species, it is more diverse than a neighbouring section that contains only 26 species. Suppose, however,
that in the section with 26 species, the species were all roughly comparable in numbers of individuals; and
in the section with 43 species, a few species were prevalent and the rest were rare. Which section would
then be most diverse?

Ecologists have used various indices as a means to quantify biodiversity. One simple index is the
Simpson Index.

To calculate this Simpson Index, we need to know the number of individuals for each particular species
(n) and the sum of all the numbers of each species (N):

D = SUM (n/N)2

For example, in a community of three species where one species has 6 members, a second has 12, and a
third has 42:

D = (6/60)2 + (12/60)2 + (42/60)2 = 0.54

So when we are calculating D, we are summing the squares of the proportion each species makes to the
total.

D actually is inversely related to diversity. When D = 0 (its theoretical minimum), there is infinite diversity.

When D = 1 (its maximum), there is no diversity as all of the individuals are from just one species. Ecologists
will often use the reciprocal of D, 1/D. This figure actually has meaning in that it is the effective number of
species in the area.

In the case above, the effective number of species is 1/0.54 or 1.852. Although there are three species in this
area, because one species is common and the other two are relatively rare there is less diversity than there
would be if there were two equally frequent species. Two equally numerous species would have a D of 0.5 and
1/D of 2. The maximum number of effective species is equal to the actual number of species and is achieved
only when all species are equally abundant.
Exercise 1: Cont

Activity: Work in your small groups to answer the following questions:

1. Calculate D and then the effective number of species in a community (1/D) that consists of the
following:
Species A 35
Species B 26
Species C 13
Species D 6
Species E 4

2. How does D for this scenario compare to the numbers worked out in the example? How does this
population compare to the example population with three species where one dominates (i.e., is it more
diverse, less diverse, or about the same)?

Exercise 2: Testing the effect of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity.

Background: Habitat loss and fragmentation are considered by many to be the leading threat to
biodiversity around the world. When people alter natural areas, for example, through agriculture or urban
sprawl, the habitats needed to sustain native species are often eliminated. The remaining natural areas
are left isolated. This process is referred to as habitat fragmentation. This problem is one of the major
concerns of conservation biologists.

In this exercise, you will compare the diversity of spiders to test the effect of habitat fragmentation on
biodiversity. Spiders are a highly species rich group of invertebrates that exploit a wide variety of niches
in virtually all the earths biomes. Some species of spiders build elaborate webs that passively trap their
prey whereas others are active predators that ambush or pursue their prey. Spiders represent useful
indicators of environmental change and community level diversity because they are taxonomically
diverse, with species inhabiting a variety of ecological niches, and they are easy to catch.

These spiders were captured by a biologist travelling along transects through the patches and striking a
random series of 100 tree branches. All spiders dislodged that fell onto an outstretched sheet were
collected and preserved in alcohol. They have since been spread out on a tray for you to examine. Two
forest patches were sampled. Forest patch 1 is a large undisturbed patch of mature forest covering an
area of approximately 5 square miles and is protected as part of a state park complex. Forest patch 2 is
located in the centre of a subdivision. This patch is only 0.75 square miles and is isolated from any other
forested habitat by development.
Exercise 2: Cont

Activity: Your first task is for you to sort and identify the spiders. To do this you have to identify all the
specimens in the collection. To classify the spiders look for external characters that all members of a
particular group of spiders have in common but that are not shared by other groups of spiders. For
example, leg length, hairiness, relative size of body segments, or abdomen patterning and abdomen
shape all might be useful characters.

1- Assign each species a working name, preferably something descriptive. For example, you might
call a particular species "spotted abdomen, very hairy" or "short legs, spiky abdomen." Just
remember that the more useful names will be those that signify to you something unique about the
species.
2- Construct a table for each forest patch listing each species and the number of occurrences of the
species in the collection.
3- Use the data in this table to calculate 1/D for forest patch 1 and forest patch 2.

(Attach data table and calculations page to lab before submitting.)

Conclusion Questions:
1. What is the diversity index for each forest patch?

2. Which forest patch is more diverse?

3. How might the impacts on the forest patches differ between the two sites? How might this lead to
the differences in diversity you have observed?