PROJECT PHASE I INVESTIGATION IN ENGINEERING

PROJECT

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

By
Dr SATHISH KUMAR SELVAPERUMAL

Final Year Project Manager &

School of Engineering
Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Technology
Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation
 Outline for Project Phase I
(Investigation)
Project title and scope of coverage
Problem Statement
Aim & objectives
Justification for this research
Literature review
Concept Design and Research Methodology
Sustainable development and Environmental considerations I
Ethical consideration and Moral professionalism
Project Management, Finance and Entrepreneurship I
Oral (Mid-Point) Presentation

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 LO PO Covered
LO2
Investigate research problems and methods
through literature review. (PO4,C4)
PO covered:
PO4 : Ability to investigate complex engineering problems
using research techniques.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature review
2.3 Summary

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
Give a brief background about the chapter.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Literature Review

What is a Literature review?

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Researchers almost never conduct a study

in an intellectual vacuum: their studies are
undertaken within the context of an already
existing knowledge base. Researchers
generally undertake a literature review to
familiarise themselves with that knowledge
base.
(Polit and Hungler, 2000)

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

What is Literature review?

A literature review is a description of
the literature. A literature review is a
survey of everything that has been written
about a particular topic, theory, or
research or it may stand on its own. Much
more than a simple list of sources, an
effective literature review analyzes and
synthesizes information about key themes
or issues.
EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

What is Literature review?

The literature review is the process of
consolidating the various strands of past
research into a single narrative describing
the evolution of the research domain

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Why do we literature?
A literature review gives an overview of the field of inquiry:
what has already been said on the topic,
who the key writers are,
what the prevailing theories and hypotheses are,
what questions are being asked, and
what methodologies and methods are appropriate and useful,
What each source contribute to the topic,
What is the relationship between the various contributions.
critical literature review shows how prevailing ideas fit into the
thesis, and how the thesis agrees or differs from them.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

What counts literature?

Literature covers everything relevant that is written on a topic:
Journal articles,
Conference papers,
Text Books,
theses and dissertations,
newspaper articles,
historical records,
government reports, , etc.
The important word is 'relevant'. Check with your
supervisor or tutor when in doubt.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Good sources of literature review?

Journal Papers
Conference Papers
Textbooks
Other Books
Company Whitepapers
Company Websites
Blogs
Wikis

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Literature Review - Research
papers
A typical research paper (from a conference or journal)
consists of the following parts;
- Title,
- Abstract,
- Introduction,
- Methodology,
- Results and
- Bibliography.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 How Many References to look?

This actually depends on the level or stage at

which the studies are:
Normally, the following is recommended:
Undergraduate review: 5-20 titles
Honor's dissertation: 20+ titles
Masters thesis: 40+ titles
Doctoral thesis: 50+ titles

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Writing a Review

Having gathered the relevant details about

the literature, next is to write the review.
The kind of review to write, and the
amount of detail, will depend on the level
of studies.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Writing a Review

1. Research - to discover what has been

written about the topic
2. Critical Appraisal - to evaluate the
literature, determine the relationship
between the sources and ascertain what has
been done already and what still needs to
be done
3. Writing - to explain what has been found

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Critical Appraisal - EXAMPLE

By critically reviewing the literature, the

following items identified
Some researchers have been worried only about particular characteristics
of CPV and they have conducted their researches only on specific
parameters and not all. Although it doesnt address the weaknesses of the
research, but it can be concluded that for an optimal data acquisition system
all the important parameters discussed so far must be acquired and
monitored.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Critical Appraisal - EXAMPLE

Different methodology of database systems have been introduced for

datasets storage(solar radiation, cell temperature, output current and
output voltage), depends on the objective of the research project. For
instance, for storing larger amount of variables/data, PC hard disk is
preferred rather than EEPROM. However by directly storing data into the
EEPROM there will be no requirement of dedicating one PC with proper
software (such as LABVIEW) to do the same job and add up cost to the
system.

Display of data acquired on the site performed by either using LCD

connected to the microcontroller or interfacing the DAQ board to the
computer. The advantage of using LCD along with the microcontroller is that
the readings can be done by anyone presented at the site.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Critical Appraisal - EXAMPLE

Development of DAQ system using imported boards (such as National

instrument) is an imported technology for most developing countries and
meaning a high cost and a barrier to the dissemination of such a system in
CPV technology. Therefore, offering an alternative for commercial systems,
which are more expensive, usually imported and have proprietary software
is an outstanding proposal to solve this problem.

Mutually, all the researchers pointed at the effect of temperature on the

efficiency and life-span of the semiconductor material used in CPV within
their experimental result. Thus, the significance of this parameter urges to
add an extra feature to the system to be able to indicate a signal for
temperature rising above threshold.

Design and development of a microcontroller-based DAS system is

influenced by the programming language such as assembly and C which is
developed for the system.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Contents of a Literature
Review

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Literature Review - Introduction

The introduction should include:

the nature of the topic under discussion
(the topic of your project)
the parameters of the topic (what does it
include and exclude?)
the basis for the selection of the literature

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Literature Review - Conclusion
The conclusion should include:
A summary of major agreements and
disagreements in the literature.
A summary of general conclusions that are
being drawn.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Literature Review - Body
The body paragraphs could include relevant paragraphs on:
Findings by others,
Limitations and problems of the research by others,
Gaps in the topic,
Contribution to the body of knowledge that is relevant to the research problem,
How it compares and contrasts with the positions developed by other researchers,
Similar Systems,
Design/methodology developed by the researchers,
current mainstream versus alternative theoretical or ideological viewpoints, including
differing theoretical assumptions, differing political outlooks, and other conflicts,
definitions in use,
current research studies,
current discoveries about the topic,
principal questions that are being asked,
general conclusions that are being drawn,
methodologies and methods in use.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Plagiarism
To appropriate of pass off (the ideas or
words of another) as ones own1
Growing problem with internet
An academic offence
Citing the reference at the end of a copied
(or mostly copied) phrase/paragraph is still
plagiarism
Use your own words

1The New Penguin English Dictionary, Penguin, 1986

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
 References

Cite the original reference, not the

reference that cited the original reference
Go to the source article so that it is clear
what it said
Be current and go back in time!!!

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Creswells 5 steps to Conduct a
Literature Review

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Creswells 5 steps to Conduct
a Literature Review
Step 1: Identify Key Terms or
Descriptors
Extract key words from your title
(remember, you may decide to change
the title later)
Use some of the words other authors
reported in the literature

Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Creswells 5 steps to Conduct
a Literature Review (contd)
Step 2: Locate Literature
Use academic libraries, do not limit your
search to an electronic search of articles
Use primary and secondary sources. A
primary source is research reported by the
researcher that conducted the study. A
secondary source is research that
summarizes or reports findings that come
from primary sources

Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Step 2: Locate Literature
(contd)
It is best to report mostly primary
sources
Search different types of literature:
summaries, encyclopedias, dictionaries
and glossaries of terms, handbooks,
statisticalindexes, reviews and
syntheses, books, journals, indexed
publications, electronicsources,
abstract series, and databases
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Creswells 5 steps to Conduct
a Literature Review (contd)
Step 3: Critically Evaluate and Select
Literature
Rely on journal articles published in
national and international journals
and conferences.
Prioritize your search: first look for
refereed journal articles, then, non-
refereed articles, then books, then
conference papers, dissertations and
theses and then papers posted to
websites
Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Creswells 5 steps to Conduct
a Literature Review (contd)
Step 4: Organize the Literature
Create a file or abstract system to keep
track of what has been read. Each article that
have been read should be summarized in one
page containing
Title (type the title so that it could be later copy-
paste this into the References section of the
report)
Source: journal article, book, glossary, etc.

Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Step 4: Organize the
Literature (contd)
Research problem: one or two lines will suffice
Research Questions or Hypotheses
Data collection procedure (a description of sample
characteristics can be very handy as well)
Results or findings of the study
Sort these abstracts into groups of related
topics or areas which can then become the
different sections of the review

Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Creswells 5 steps to Conduct
a Literature Review (contd)

Step 5: Write a Literature Review

Types of Reviews:
Thematic Review: a theme is identified and studies
found under this theme are described. Major ideas
and findings are reported rather than details.

Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Step 5: Write a Literature
Review
(contd)
Study-by-study Review: a detailed summary of
each study under a broad theme is provided. Link
summaries(or abstracts) using transitional
sentences. Must be organized and flow coherently
under various subheadings. Avoid string
quotations(i.e., lengthy chunks of text directly
quoted from a source)

Creswell, J.W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and
Qualitative Research

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Carol Mohrbachers - Literature
Review

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Literature Review - Prewriting
Stages
Formulate problem or primary research question which
topic or field is being examined and what are its
component issues?

Choose literature find materials relevant to the subject

being explored and determine which literature makes a
significant contribution to the understanding of the topic .

Analyze and interpret note the findings and

conclusions of pertinent literature, how each contributes
to the field opted.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Literature Review -
Organizing/Outlining
Methods for organizing the Literature Review

By subject (if it covers more than one subject)

Chronologically

By theme, idea, trend, theory, or major research studies

By author

By argumentative stance

In all methods, relationships between elements (e.g., subject,

theme, author, etc.) must be shown.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Writing the Literature Review

Ongoing housekeeping strategies and tips

Immediately document and cite source from where the information is

taken.

Bookmark online sources.

Bookmark hard copy. Use post-it notes to mark pages with relevant
information.

Keep track of page numbers of paraphrases and quotations.

Note any connections between sources in separate notebook or on

post-its on pertinent pages.

If information comes from a class lecture, interview, or conference,

note details immediately.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Beginning the Writing

Introduce the Literature Review by

- Defining or explaining the primary problem addressed by the thesis and

thus, by the sources chosen
OR
- Explaining main conflict(s) in the literature

OR
- Explaining the time frame in which review is done

OR
- Offer a rationale for the choice of source material OR
- Using all or some of the points above.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Body of the Literature Review

Use subheadings if dividing the Literature Review topically,

thematically, according to argumentative perspective, or according
to time period.

Be sure to show relationships between sources.

Make explicit connections between reviewed sources and thesis.

Discuss sources significant contributions.

Do not develop ideas or use sources that are irrelevant to your

thesis overall.

References to prior studies should be in past tense; references to

narrative or text other than studies should be in present tense.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Concluding the Literature Review

Summarize ideas, conflicts, themes, or

historical (or chronological) periods.
Contextualize the thesis topic within the
summary.
Point out gap(s) in scholarship and, show
how the research helps to fill the gap(s)
Transition to your next chapter.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Revising the LR: Questions to
Ask Yourself
Have I accurately represented the authors views?
Is source material research current and relevant to thesis
topic?
Have I shown relationships between sources?
Is there a clear connection between thesis topic and the
Literature Review?
Are all sources documented accurately?
Have I used effective transitions from idea to idea,
source to source, paragraph to paragraph?
Is my analysis of sources well developed?
Have I represented all conflicts or argumentative sides
fairly?

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Topics covered, including the year, the industry, the

country and/or region, and the following:
Findings by others
Limitations and problems of the research by others,
Gaps in the topic
Contribution to the body of knowledge that is relevant to
the research problem,
How it compares and contrasts with the positions
developed by other researchers.
Similar Systems
Design/Methodology developed by the researchers

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Styles and Samples of doing
Literature Review
Title
Intro
Problem Statement

Methodology

Limitation
Results
Reference
Citation

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Styles and Samples of doing
Literature Review
Title Author Gripping Method Advantage Disadvantage

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 1-Author

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 2- Authors

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 3 Author More than
3 Author

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Table and Figure Formatting

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.3 Summary
Summarize the entire chapter

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Further Enquiry

FYP Co-ordinator 5180 (Extn)

Available at Level 5 School of Engineering
Email [email protected]
Note: Check the FYP Bank online
system and / or webspace for all the
forms.

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 Q&A

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

 THANK YOU

EE016-3-3-PPI CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING