Electronics/PHCET Control systems and Electrical Machines

EXPERIMENT NO.1
STUDY OF ON/OFF CONTROLLER TRAINER

Aim: To study ON/OFF controller, its characteristics & control action.

Apparatus:
a) ON/OFF Controller trainer.
b) Stop watch.
Precautions:
1) Ensure mains is 230 VAC, 50 Hz 1 phase.
2) Trainer is intact & Acrylic safety cover is in place.
Procedure:
1) Connect the trainer to 230V AC mains supply.
2) Turn on the mains switch, observe the switch illuminates.
3) Ensure temp indicator turn ON & display normal room temp.
4) Set the set point i.e press & hold the red push button on the controller facia. The display
indicates set point temp.
5) Change the preset till the display indicates you the desired set point temp.
NOTE:
A) THE DISPLAY INDICATES THE SET POINT WHEN PUSH BUTTEN IS PRESS
& ACTUAL PROCESS TEMP ON RELEASE OF PUSH BUTTON.
B) USE PROPER TOOL TO CHANGE PRESET.
6) Release the push button display immediately indicates the process temp sensed by temp
sensor.
7) Observe that the relay turn ON turning the heater ON, If the process temp less than that of
the set point else the heater is turn OFF.
8) Observe & note down the process temp indicated every minute till the process temp
approximates to set point.
9) Change the set point vale i.e repeat step 4&8.
10) Repeat the set of reading from 400C to 4000C in incremental step of 250C
11) Plot the graph of process value against time

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Set point Time in minutes Process temp in

0
0
C
in

500 1

10

Result:

________________________________

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
STUDY THE RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER SYSTEM

AIM: To study response of second order system.

APPARATUS: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, CRO & DMM.
THEORY:
Every practical system takes finite time to reach its steady state & during this period it
oscillates or increase exponentially. Type of closed loop poles in S plane decides behaviour of
system. Closed loop planes are dependent on selection of parameter of system. Every system
has tendency to oppose oscillatory behaviour of system, which is called damping. This tendency
controls type of closed loop poles and hence nature of system.
This damping is measured by a factor or ratio called as damping ratio of system. It
explains how much dominant the opposition is to oscillation in the output. In some system it
will be low where the system will oscillate but slowly i.e. with damped frequency. In some
systems it may be so high that output will oscillate & will take away very little time to reach
steady state. Damping ratio is denoted,
By, (zeta)
if = 0, system will oscillate with maximum frequency freely without any opposition. This
frequency of the oscillation is called as natural frequency of oscillation of system denoted by,
Wn (rad/sec.)
Transfer function of a second order system,

T.F. = C(s Wn2.

R(s) S2+2WnS+Wn2

For Given LCR circuit,

T.F. = eo(s) = 1 .
ei(s) LCS2+ RCS+1

= 1/ LC .
S2+R/LS+ 1/LC

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TIME DOMEN SPECIFICATIONS:

1) DELAY TIME (td):

It is a time required to reach 50 % of final value.
td = 0.12 + 0.6 +1
Wn
2) RISE TIME (tr):
It is the time required to reach 10 % to 90 % of final value.
tr = - tan-1 (1-2/)
Wn1-2
3) PEAK TIME (tp):
It is the time required for the system response to reach its first peak value. It is the first
peak time.
tp = /Wn1-2

4) SETTLING TIME (ts):

It is the time required to reach response and stay within given tolerance
band.
ts = 4 .. 2 % tolerance
Wn

5) PEAK OVERSHOOT (Mp):

It is the amount by which the output shoots its reference steady state values
during first over shoot.
% Mp = e-/1- 2 X 100
Circuit Diagram:

L = 10 mH R = 10 K

ei C
eo
0.01f

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1) OVER DAMPING SYSTEM: 2)CIRTICALLY

DAMPED SYSTEM:
(1<< ) ( = 1)

C(t) C(t)

t t
3) UNDERDAMPED SYSTEM: 4) UNDAMPED
SYSTEM:
( 0<< 1 ) ( = 1)

C(t) C(t)

1 1

t t

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PROCEDURE:
1. Set the 1 kHz, 5 V square wave signal on function generator.
2. Give Function Generator output to the input of Second Order System.
3. Connect the Second Order Systems output to the CRO.
4. Observe the response on CRO.
5. Vary the input signals & see the output response.

OBSERVATIONS:
1) C = -------- f
2) L = -------- mH
3) R = --------

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Observed Calculated

Parameter
No. Value (ms) Value (ms)
1 Delay Time (td)
2 Rise Time (tr)
3 Peak Time (tp)
4 Peak Overshoot (Mp)
5 Settling Time (ts)

Result:

_________________________________________________

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EXPERIMENT NO. 3
POTENTIOMETER AS A ERROR DETECTOR
AIM:- To study the Pot as an error detector.

APPARATUS:-
Pot as error detector trainer,
Digital multimeter
Theory:

Potentiometer is the basic & very important Electric component widely used in
Electronics.Potentiometer is variable resistance which varies proportional to the angular
displacement, Depending upon the type of potentiometer its resistance vary either linear or
logarithmic to the angular position of its shaft . In logarithmic potentiometer the change in
resistance is the log value of the angle. Types of potentiometer are depending on its size,
material of construction, manufacturing process, power (wattage) etc. The potentiometers used
for sensing purpose are very accurate & precise. Normally a potentiometer has mechanical
angular displacement from 00 to 2700 for single turn & 0- 3600 for multi-turn pot. Multi-turn pot
can take up to 10 turns & gives much more better accurate sensing.

PROCEDURE:-
a) Precautions :- 1) Use the trainer delicately & carefully.
2) Ensure pot minimum is at zero degree
3) Use proper selection on DMM.
b) Experimental Procedure:-
Pot Characteristics
1) Check & ensure the pot as error detector trainer is proper.
2) Ensure the DMM works on volt range.
3) Connect the trainer to mains 230 V AC
4) Ensure the pot A position is at 00
5) Select 2VDC range on DMM
6) Connect DMM at GND ( Black banana) & O/P( green banana ) terminal of pot A.
7) Turn on the trainer

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8) Measure the output on DMM

9) Displace the pot by 100& repeat step 7.
10) Repeat step 8 for various pot position @ 100 increment
11) Draw pot characteristics
12) Repeat entire procedure for other pot B.

Digital Display of Pot Position: (Optional)

1) Connect the Pot output to the digital display input. Ensure Pot Ground (Black
banana) is connected to In(Black banana) and Pot variable output is connected to
in+ ( Red banana) of digital display.
2) Set pot position to 1800 and observe digital display indicates pot position. If
required Calibrate display to 180.0 by adjusting calibration pot at back facia.
3) Place pot position at any position and digital display will show the angular position
of pot.
Pot as error detector
1) Select any pot position for pot B ie 1000
2) Place pot A at 0 position.
3) Measure the error signal between two variable pointsie differential outputs of pot A &
pot B.
4) Change pot A o/p position in increments of 100
5) Observe the differential o/p between pot A & pot B( green banana).
6) Repeat experiment for various pot position
7) Measure the o/p when both pot are at 1000
8) Repeat exercise even for pot position beyond 1000
9) Observe the error signal.
10)Change the pot B to 2000 & repeat the expt.

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Observation Table
Pot Characteristics
Sr. Angle Output of POT A Output of POT B
No in Degree In Volt In Volt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
-
20

Result:

___________________________________________

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EXPERIMENT NO.4
FIND THE ROOT LOCUS OF TRANSFER FUNCTION

Aim: To find the root locus of the Given transfer function using SCI LAB

Apparatus: SCI LAB

Theory: Rules to construct the root locus

a) Rule 1: the root locus is symmetrical about real axis

b) Rule 2 : each branch of root locus originates from an open loop pole at k=0 & terminates
at = (m=n) i.e the no of open loop poles minus no of zeros
c) Rule 3: segments of real axis having an odd no of real axis open loop plus zero to their
right are plot branches of root locus.
d) Rule 4: The (n-m) roots locus branches that tends to infinity this so long st line a
symptoms making angles with real axis is given by;
a = 180( 2q+1) / n-m q= 0,1,2. (n-m-1)
e) Rule 5: the point of intersection of the asymptotes with the real axis is at s= -6A
Therefore,
6A= real part of poles - real part zeros / n-m
f) Rule 6: The breakaway point of the RL are determined from roots of dk/as =0
k becomes of R.C which meets at point; breakaway at an angle of 180/n.
g) Rule 7 : The angle of departure from an open loop is given by ;
p= 180 (2q+1)+Q q= 1,2,3,..
h) Rule 8 : The intersection of root locus branches with imaginary axis can be determined
by one of routh criterion
i) Rule 9: The open loop gain R is pole zero for at any point. so an root locus is given by:

A
| || j |
K=
j 1 | 0 Z1 |
j 1

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Procedure:
1) Write the program in sci lab note pad
2) Copy the program in scilabsonsole& execute it

Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO: 5

BODE PLOT USING SCILAB

Aim: To plot bode plot using SCILAB

Apparatus: SCILAB Tools

Theory: There are 2 plots 1) magnitude

2) Phase versus frequency on logarithmic scale limitation of time
domain analysis
a) Time domain approach become difficult to analyze response as order of system increases.
b) In design problems, there is lack of a unified approach for finding design solution that
satisfies rise maximum overshoot etc.

Phase margin (pm):

Its measure of relative stability, let be the Phase angle of system of unity gain. The phase
margin then at unity is 180+. The frequency at which gain is unity, is called gain cross over
frequency.
let the system open loop transfer function be such as,
| G(j).H(j)| / = 1 = |1| oc
The phase margin is 180+ .

Gain margin : the frequency w, where Phase angle of TF is 180 is called phase cross over
frequency. The gain margin s given by,

1/ ( | G(j2).H(j2) |)

The phase margin indicates how much system angle can be increased to cause system to become
unstable from stable condition.

Result: _________________________________________

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EXPERIMENT NO: 6

NYQUIST PLOT USING SCILAB

Aim: To find the Nyquist plot of the Given transfer function using SCI LAB

Apparatus: SCI LAB Tools

Theory: Nyquist Plots are a way of showing frequency responses of linear systems. There are
several ways of displaying frequency response data, including Bode' plots and Nyquist plots.

Bode' plots use frequency as the horizontal axis and use two separate plots to display
amplitude and phase of the frequency response.
Nyquist plots display both amplitude and phase angle on a single plot, using frequency as a
parameter in the plot.
Nyquist plots have properties that allow you to see whether a systemis stable or unstable. It
will take some mathematical development to see that, but it's the most useful property of
Nyquist plots.

Nyquist Plots were invented by Nyquist - who worked at Bell Laboratories, the premiere
technical organization in the U.S. at the time. He was interested in designing telephone
amplifiers to be placed in ocean-floor cables. In those days, between the first and second world
wars, undersea cables were the only reliable means of intercontinental communication.

Undersea telephone cables needed to be reliable, and to have a constant gain that did not
change as the amplifier aged. In those days, electronic amplifiers were constructed with tubes,
and tubes had gains that could change dramatically as they aged. The solution to the aging
problem was to design feedback amplifiers. However, those amplifiers could become
unstable. One morning - going to work on the Staten Island ferry, before the Verrazano
Narrows bridge - Nyquist had an inspiration, and wrote his work, literally, on the back of an
envelope as he rode. Today, millions of control system students are tortured by instructors
making them apply the Nyquist Stability criterion, and it is widely used in control system
design.

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Procedure:

1) Write the program in sci-lab note pad

2) Copy the program in sci-lab & execute it

Result:

_______________________________________

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EXPERIMENT NO: 7

RESPONSE OF SECOND ORDER SYSTEM USING SCILAB

Aim: To plot Response of second order system for different values damping factor using
SCILAB.
Apparatus: SCILAB Tools.

Theory:
Every practical system takes finite time to reach its steady state and during this period it
oscillates.Type of closed loop poles in S plane decides the behaviour of the system.Closed loop
planes are dependent on selection of parameter of the system.Every system has tendancy to
oppose oscillatory behaviour of system,which is called damping
This damping is measured by a factor or ratio called as damping ratio of system. It
explains how much dominant the opposition is to oscillation in the output.In some system it will
be low where the system will oscillate but slowly i.e. with damped frequency.In some system it
may be so high that output will oscillates and will take away little time to reach steady state.
Damping ratio is measured by .

Transfer function of second order system ,

T.F. = C(s Wn2.

R(s) S2+2WnS+Wn2
When =1,there is a double root which is real.The system is said to be critically damped.
When >1,the system is over damped
When 0<<1, is complex and system is under damped

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Procedure:

1) Write the program in scilab note pad.

2) Copy the program in scilab and execute it.

Result:

______________________________________________________________________

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EXPERIMENT NO: 8

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To obtain speed control of DC shunt motor by

a. Varying armature voltage with field current constant.

b. Varying field current with armature voltage constant

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
1250, 0.8A Wire
3 Rheostats Each 1
50, 3.5A Wound
4 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Field Rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position at the time of starting
and stopping the motor.
2. Armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the motor.
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the maximum position of armature rheostat and minimum position of
field rheostat, DPST switch is closed

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(i) Armature Control:

1. Field current is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by varying the armature
rheostat, speed is noted for various voltages across the armature.
(ii) Field Control:
1. Armature voltage is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by adjusting
the field rheostat, speed is noted for various field currents.

2. Bringing field rheostat to minimum position and armature rheostat to maximum

position DPST switch is opened.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

(i) Armature Voltage Control:

If1 = If2 = If3 =

Armature Speed Armature Speed Armature Speed
S.No.
Voltage N (rpm) Voltage N (rpm) Voltage N (rpm)
Va ( Volts) Va ( Volts) Va ( Volts)

(ii) Field Control:

Va1 = Va2 = Va3 =

Field Speed Field Speed Field Speed
S.No.
Current N (rpm) Current N (rpm) Current N (rpm)
If (A) If (A) If (A)

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MODEL GRAPHS:

If1

Speed N (rpm)
Speed N (rpm)
If2

If3

Va1
Va3 Va2

If (Amps)
Va (Volts)

RESULT:

Thus the speed control of DC Shunt Motor is obtained using Armature and Field control
methods.

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EXPERIMENTNO: 9

LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM: To conduct load test on DC Series Motor and to find efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
(0-3000)
3 Tachometer Digital 1
rpm
4 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The motor should be started and stopped with load

2. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the load condition, DPST switch is closed and starter resistance is
gradually removed.
3. For various loads, Voltmeter, Ammeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are
noted.
4. After bringing the load to initial position, DPST switch is opened.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

Spring Balance Reading Input

Voltage Current Speed Torque Output Power
Power Efficiency
S.No. V I (S1 S2)Kg N T Pm
Pi %
(Volts) (Amps) S1(Kg) S2(Kg) (rpm) (Nm) (Watts)
(Watts)

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FORMULAE:

Circumference

R = ------------------- m

100 x2

Torque T = (S1 S2) x R x 9.81 Nm

Input Power Pi = VI Watts

2NT

Output Power Pm = ------------ Watts

60

Output Power

Efficiency % = -------------------- x 100%

Input Power

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MODEL GRAPH:

y3 y2 y1

T
Torque T (Nm)

Speed N (rpm)
Efficiency %

Output Power (Watts)

RESULT:

Thus load test on DC series motor is conducted and its efficiency is determined.

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EXPERIMENTNO: 10

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SIGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM: To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase induction motor
by performing the no- load and blocked rotor tests.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. Equipment Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1 no
2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1 no

3 Wattmeter Dynamo-type (0-300)V LPF(0-10)A 1 no

4 Wattmeter Dynamo-type (0-150)V UPF(0-10)A 1 no

5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required

PROCEDURE:
No load Test:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Be sure that variac (auto transformer) is set to zero output voltage position before
starting the experiment.

3. Now switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch.

4. The variac is varied slowly, until rated voltage is applied to motor and rated speed
is obtained.

5. Take the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter and wattmeter in a tabular column.

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6. The variac is brought to zero output voltage position after the experiment is done,
and switch OFF the supply.
Blocked Rotor Test:

1. To conduct blocked rotor test, necessary meters are connected to suit the full load
conditions of the motor.

2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

3. Before starting the experiment variac (auto transformer) is set to zero output
voltage position.

4. The rotor (shaft) of the motor is held tight with the rope around the brake drum.

5. Switch ON the supply, and variac is gradually varied till the rated current flows in
the induction motor.

6. Readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter, and wattmeter are noted in a tabular column.

7. The variac is brought to zero output voltage position after the experiment is done,
and switch OFF the supply.

8. Loosen the rope after the experiment is done.

Calculation for No-Load Test:

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Calculation For Blocked Rotor Test:

OBSERVATIONS:

For NO-Load Test:

Sl no. Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading

Vo Io Wo

For Blocked Rotor Test:

Sl no. Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading

Vsc Isc Wsc

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Initially rheostat is set at maximum resistance position.

3. Switch ON the supply, and vary the rheostat gradually and note down the readings
of ammeter and voltmeter

4. For the corresponding values, average of r1 is taken.

Circuit diagram for measurement of R1 :

To find stator Resistance:

S.No I (A) V (volts) V

R= ()
I

Average Value: Rdc Rac Rdc =

RESULT:______________________________________________________________

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