A Ceramic Sequence For The Piura and Chira Coast, North Perú

A CERAMIC SEQUENCE
FOR- THE 1PIURA AND

CHIRA COAST,
NO-RTH PERU-
BY /
EDWARD P. LANNING
UNIVERSrTY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN

ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY
Volume 46, No. 2, pp. 135-284, 9 maps, 33 plates, 23 figures in text
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES
1963
A CERAMIC SEQUENCE
FOR THE PIURA AND
CHIRA COAST,
NORTH PERU
BY
EDWARD P. LANNING

BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES
1963
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY
EDITORS (BERKELEY): R. F. HEIZER, W. R. BASCOM, E. A. HAMMEL
Volume 46, No. 2, pp. 135-284, 9 maps, 33 plates, 23 figures in text
Submitted by editors May 21, 1962
Issued October 18, 1963
Price, $4.00

BERKELEY AND Los ANGEL
CALIFORNIA
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON, ENGLAND
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

PREFACE
THIS STUDY is based in small part on materials collected by me on the Bay of Piura
in 1957, and in large part on collections made by Miss Ynez Haase in 1958 along
the whole coast line of Peru from the Illescas Peninsula at the south of the Bay
of Piura to Talara at the north of the Bay of Paita.
While serving as field assistant to Dr. Fr6d6ric Engel, I had opportunity to
spend a few days in the Piura area in June, 1957. On June 1, I visited two shore
sites, Casita 1 and 2, just south of the Paita Peninsula. At each site, surface sherds
were collected which represented a previously unknown or undefined ceramic
style, free of paddle-stamped decoration. The style at Casita 1 is based on simple
painted designs, at Casita 2 on incised designs.
At my suggestion, Miss Haase and Dr. David Kelley of Texas T'echnological
College visited these two sites on May 14-15, 1958. From February to May, 1958,
Kelley and Miss Haase surveyed the shore of the Bay of Piura from the Illescas
Peninsula to the village of Tortuga, just north of the Casita sites, visiting some
sites jointly and others independently. In June and July of 1958, Miss Haase
surveyed the Paita Peninsula and the shore north to T'alara, and visited a few
inland sites in the Piura and Parifnas valleys, making valuable sherd collections
at each stop.
Miss Haase has very generously allowed me to study her sherd collections and
has provided me with copies of her excellent field notes and sketch maps, which
chronicle both her own survey trips and those conducted jointly with Kelley. The
present study is based on the analysis of her collections and of the sherds col-
lected by me at the Casita sites. To her generosity, her skill in the selection of
sherds to be collected, and her ability to write comprehensive and intelligent field
notes, I owe the existence of this paper. In reality, though signed by a single au-
thor, it is a joint study; the silent partner did the field work.
My gratitude is also due to Dr. John H. Rowe, who freely offered valuable advice
during the course of the analysis, read and corrected the draft of this report, and
made the drawings of the sherds from Paita and Lagunitas. In his dual role as
archaeological advisor and artist, he advanced the study and improved the final
product.
Dr. Donald Collier, in a discussion by mail of the relationships between Piura
and the Cafnar Valley, contributed to my understanding of South Ecuadorean
archaeology and tempered my desire to rewrite Cafnar archaeology. Though we
have not reached agreement on the latter subject, the hypotheses in Appendix I
are presented with somewhat more confidence because of the modifications which
he inspired in them.
Dr. Dorothy Menzel gave me valuable leads for cross-dating the phases of the
Piura style with the Middle Horizon and Late Horizon styles of the north Peru-
vian coast. Sr. Felix Caycho of the Museo de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de
San Marcos, Lima, made painstaking drawings of the sherds from the Casita sites.
Finally, Miss Ruth Miller drew the reconstructed jars from the Negritos sites and
inked most of the other drawings. To all these persons, my thanks for their aid
and encouragement.
[iii]
iv Preface
Sherds from forty-one archaeological sites have been analyzed during the course
of this study. Of these sites, two were discovered by me, two by Ross T. Christensen
in 1950, twenty-five by Miss Haase, and twelve jointly by Miss Haase and David
Kelley. The last-named category comprises San Pedro North 1, ten sites in the
series San Pedro North A-1 to A-22, and Tortuga. The decision to include in the
study these twelve sites, in which Dr. Kelley has a half interest, was not easily
reached. However, Miss Haase's collections from all twelve sites are small, and
provide only supplementary informatio'n on a few phases which are defined more
fully from other sites. Accordingly, I decided that they could be included in the
analysis without detracting from any study to be published by Kelley on the basis
of his much larger collections from the same sites. Furthermore, since Kelley has
made full use of my collections from Casita 1 and 2 without citing me as the col-
lector (Kelley MS., pp. 2, 4), I have concluded that it is not unreasonable for me
to utilize Miss Haase's sherds from these twelve minor sites.
A preliminary paper read at the Semana de Arqueologia Peruana in Lima in
November 1959 (Lanning 1960b) dealt briefly with the period from Paita phase
B to Sechura phase B. The present larger study deals with the entire ceramic
sequence of the Piura and Chira coast. I have simplified the terminology of styles;
the terminology of the two papers corresponds as follows:
Preliminary Final
Colan Sechura B
San Pedro Sechura A (some sherds Paita D)
Paita Paita C and D
Casita Paita B
In addition I have reclassified a number of sherds, thanks to the realization that
the collection from Lagunitas represents a later phase of the Paita style than
does that from Paita.
E.M.L.
CONTENTS
Introduction .135
History of research .137
Archaeological sites studied .139
Methods .149
Styles, phases, and periods. 151
Negritos Style .152
Paita Style .153
Sechura Style .165
Piura Style .176
Simbila Style .189
Evidence for the Seriation . 190
Temporal Relationships to Other Regions .199
Absolute Dating .204
Conclusions .205
Appendix I. An Alternate Interpretation of the Ceramic Sequence of the
Ca-nar Valley, South Ecuadorian Highlands .215
Appendix II. Radiocarbon and Obsidian Dates for Southern Ecuador and
Northern Peru .220
Appendix III. Piura-Chira Sites Visited by the First University of Tokyo
Scientific Expedition to the Andes .223
Bibliography .225
Figures .229
Plates .249
Identification of geometric stamped designs .250
A CERAMIC SEQUENCE FOR THE PIURA
AND CHIRA COAST, NORTH PERU
BY
EDWARD P. LANNING
INTRODUCTION
THIS STUDY deals with the archaeology of the Peruvian coast line along the mouths
of the Piura and Chira rivers and the Quebrada Parifnas. The area studied in-
cludes, from south to north, the Illescas Peninsula, the Bay of Piura with the
mouth of the Piura River, the Paita Peninsula, the Bay of Paita with the mouth
of the Chira River, Punta Parinias, and the mouth of the Quebrada Parinmas
(map 1). In addition, the study includes collections from two sites in the Piura
Valley proper near the city of Piura, and one in the upper Quebrada Parifnas.
This portion of the coast and its hinterland lie in the largest area of barren
desert on the Peruvian coast, crossed by the three rivers mentioned above. Though
the headwaters of the Piura River approach those of the Lambayeque system, the
lower part of the river and the bay are cut off from the Lambayeque region to
the south by an immense stretch of waterless territory, marked only by clumps
of mesquite and, in occasional years when there is a little rain, by sere grass. The
Illescas Peninsula, at the south of the Piura Bay, is rocky and inhospitable. Along
the shore of the two bays innumerable sand dunes have accumulated, and nothing
is to be seen but sea, sand, and archaeological sites. The only inhabitants, other
than a few fishermen, are equally few hardy foxes and lizards. North from the
Chira River, the desert is broken only by a few insignificant creeks, including the
Parin-as, until one reaches the Tumbes River and the southern limit of the wet
tropical coast.
Along the Piura Bay the narrow shore is backed by a high bluff edging the
tabtazo, a desert tableland which extends from the Chira to the Piura valleys and
takes up again south of the Piura Valley. The shore, especially in its wider por-
tions, is choked with sand dunes. Along the Paita Bay, the shore is somewhat
wider, extending inland to the La Brea Hills, and is clogged with an immense
number of sand dunes, many of which show signs of human occupation.
Of the three rivers, the Parifnas, to the north, is an intermittent creek which
somehow supported an aboriginal population of fair size (Lothrop 1948, p. 53).
The Chira and Piura rivers are permanent, and each supports a long, irrigated
valley. The Chira River is the second largest of the Peruvian coastal rivers in the
amount of water which it carries and the largest in the size of its valley (Kroeber
1930, p. 76).
Occasionally there is enough rain in this region to induce the growth of vege-
tation in the desert. I was fortunate enough to see this phenomenon in 1957. The
eastern side of the Sechura Desert was covered with waist-high grass after the
rains. Farm laborers from the mountains and the nearby coastal valleys had
moved into the desert with their goats to raise small crops of maize and take ad-
vantage of the pasture. The situation did not last long, but I assume that they
harvested the maize before the grass dried out too much to serve as goat pasture.
[135 ]
136 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn.
Talara
&aritos
3
4t rt
C-)
2, Puerto Rico 1-4; 3, Negritos South 1; 4, Negritos South 2; 5, Laganitas; 6, Vichayalito; 7,

(3ol&n; 8, Paita; 9, Tierra Colorada, Punta Nermete 1; 10, Punta Nermnete 2; 11, Punta Nermete
South 1-2; 12, Yiasila 1-3; 13, Tortuga; 14, S3an Pedro North A 20, 22; 15, San Pedro North A
18; Casita 1-2; 16, S3an Pedro North A 16; 17, San Pedro North A 13-14; 18, San Pedro North
A 9; 19, S3an Pedro North A 5; 20, S3an Pedro North A 1-3; 21, San Pedro North 1; 22, Chusis;
23, S3echura 1-2; 24, Coscomba; 25, TacalA; 26, Nunura 2-4; 27, Nunura 1.
Lanning: A Ceramic Sequence for the Piura and Chira Coast 137
Other than farming in the irrigated valleys and this occasional small-scale
farming of the desert, the principal economic activities in this region today are
fishing and extracting petroleum. As always on the Peruvian coast, the sea is
rich in fish, small edible sharks, rays, and shellfish, by their abundance compen-
sating for the scarcity of arable land. The great number of archaeological sites
lining the shore testify that the ocean's resources were used in the past as in the
present, and the presence of sea-lion and shore-bird bones on these sites implies
a fuller utilization of these resources than can now be found.
As to how man adapted to this environment, I can do no better than to cite
Miss Haase's acute observations, made with reference to the shore of the Piura Bay:
Travel on the tablazo was good and as soon as we were out of the sand dunes ... we were on
very firm ground. But on the beach shelf proper footing was bad. In most cases it was full of sand
dunes and in spots very soft drift sand.... The wind along here blows continually, rising in
velocity during the afternoon and evening hours and dying down somewhat during the early
morning hours....
At present there is no evidence of fresh water along this coast.... I would guess that either
the lagoons were fresh water lagoons or that water was hauled as it is done today for San Pedro,
Sechura, Matacaballo and the rest of the fishing villages.... It is not uncommon in this area to
haul water by burro from distances greater than ten miles. . .. the old people had no burros, but
they may have had the llama. Walking distances to these people mean nothing. On my last trip
to San Pedro... we were approached by an old man who wanted a ride to "Los Gringos" road....
when we came upon him again he was half way to the road. We gave him a lift. He got out at the
road and took off across the desert for Piura 40 kms. away. I have seen women and girls carrying
jugs and gourds of water on their heads for 3 to 4 miles. Fresh water used in the present fishing
villages along the coast is only for making chicha and for cooking their thick soups. Washing,
cleaning fish, bathing, etc. are done in the sea. I have never seen an Indian along here drink
water.... I don't think water was a problem to [the] old people. It doesn't seem to be with the
present [people]. These old people were shell-fish eaters, as the mounds show.... The pottery
fragments ... show ... that they must have been carrying something that needed a "water-tight"
container. There doesn't seem to be any agriculture among these people, so again one could cross
out the problem of water.
... the thing that might have really driven the people inland was the [moving] sand or ...
contact [with white man's] disease.... Sechura might be the last remnant of this very large
community for it sits on a site as does San Pedro, and directly in back of the fishing villages south
of Sechura [i.e., Matacaballo and Chulliyachi] lay shell mounds....
At present there is no habitation north of San Pedro, except one house on the beach opposite
site no. NA-5 and one house (... La Casita) at the end of the beach shelf.
... limestone ... is the base rock around here and can be mined very easily at the edge of the
tablazo. Although now the water line is dry, there is evidence that water could have been obtained
just below the limestone layer on the tablazo [at site A-17]. At present a few bushes grow along
here. So even now there is, apparently, some water seepage that can afford vegetation.
[North of Tortuga] we stopped to watch 186 balsa rafts and seven boats.... I had never seen
this many before in the water. Each balsa had only one man and his net. The use of the paddle
was the old familiar way-used at the back of the balsa as a center board and paddle. All the
balsas were going south, quite possibly to Tortuga. They were all very near the shore just beyond
the breaker line.
(Haase MS., pp. 8-9, 13-14.)
HISTORY OF RESEARCH
The Peruvian coast north of Lambayeque is archaeologically one of the least-known
areas of the Central Andes. Though several archaeologists have visited the Piura-
Chira region, there has been little systematic survey or excavation, and most of
that little remains unpublished. Samuel Matthewson Scott visited the Chira Valley
in 1893-1894 and excavated a number of graves (Scott 1895). Philip Ainsworth
Means conducted a brief survey in the Piura and Chira valleys in 1917 and pub-
lished illustrations of several vessels in local collections, of which the most inter-
esting is a tall blackware stirrup spout vessel from Morropon with appliqu6 and
incised decoration, related to the Cupisnique style of Chicama (Means 1931, pp.
179-181, Figs. 79, 110-121). Max Uhle, whose visit to the area took place in 1919,
published a rather poor photograph of specimens that were included in a local col-
lection (Uhle 1920).
C. Barrington Brown surveyed along the coast from Tumbes to the Paita
Peninsula in 1924, discovering the first preceramic sites known in Peru. Most of
his sites yielded only stone flakes with occasional rough retouch, but one site in
the Mancora Valley, inland from Cabo Blanco, produced an assemblage of un-
usual stone axes, mortars and pestles, large numbers of retouched flakes, and a
few other artifacts of stone and shell (Brown 1926).
In 1925 Alfred L. Kroeber published a page of photographs of Piura vessels
in the Peabody Museum (Kroeber 1925a, P1. 69), but no further systematic field
work was done in the region until 1941. In May of that year, Samuel K. LIothrop
surveyed sites from Cabo Blanco to Piura. Though his collections are undoubtedly
of the greatest importance for the understanding of Piura-Chira archaeology, he
has published only a preliminary paper which contains brief descriptions of sev-
eral sites in the Parifnas and Chira valleys and comments on pottery in local
collections (Lothrop 1948).
In their discussion of paddle-marked pottery in Lambayeque, Kroeber and Jorge
C. Muelle made reference to the frequency of the technique in Piura (Kroeber
and Muelle 1942, p. 23). Kroeber returned his attention to Piura in 1944, de-
scribing a group of eight vessels in the University of California Museum of An-
thropology (now the Robert H. Lowie Museum) (Kroeber 1944, pp. 138-139,
P1. 41A).
Since Lothrop's survey, archaeological field work in the Piura-Chira region has
proceeded at an increasing tempo, but has not yet resulted in the publication of
more than brief preliminary reports. In 1950, Ross T. Christensen did some site
surveying in the Piura Valley and on the Bay of Piura, and excavated at the site
of Chusfs near the mouth of the river (Christensen 1951, MS.). Though he con-
sidered the Chusis site to be contemporary with the assemblages of paddle-stamped
pottery so common throughout the region (Christensen MS., pp. 324-331), his
excavation was of great value exactly because it isolated a ceramic style of an
earlier period, before the invention of paddle marking as a means of decorating
pottery.
Some time during or before 1955, Leo6n Kostritsky discovered looted preceramic
graves at Punta Aguja and Punta Nunura on the Illescas Peninsula. His illus-
trations of carved stone bowls, netting, and looped textiles provide valuable
documentation of an obviously ancient and important preceramic culture (Kos-
tritsky 1955).
The next archaeological field work in the region was my brief visit in June
1957, followed by David Kelley's survey of sites on the Illescas Peninsula and
south of San Pedro late in the same year. From February to May of 1958, Kelley
and Ynez Haase surveyed the shore of the Piura Bay; Miss Haase discovered
new sites at Nunura on the Illescas Peninsula, and Kelley surveyed selected in-
land areas and visited a few shore sites in the neighborhood of Colan. Kelley
has distributed a brief analysis of his collections (Kelley MS.). Miss Haase con-
tinued her work through July 1958, making collections of first-rate importance
at sites on the Paita Peninsula and north to Talara. She also visited a few inland
sites in the Piura and Parifnas valleys.
Most recently, in late 1958 and early 1959, Paul Tolstoy revisited Kelley's
sites, making larger surface collections. Accompanied by James A. Ford, he also
surveyed further in the Piura Valley.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES STUDIED
In all, Miss Haase visited seventy-eight archaeological sites, collecting sherds at
forty-six of them. To these is added Casita 2, which she did not visit. My collec-
tion from Casita 1 supplements hers from the same site. Sherds were thus avail-
able for study from forty-seven sites. Of these, six were rejected because the
sherds could not be classified by ceramic style owing to their extreme erosion.
The remaining forty-one sites are described below and shown on maps 1-9.
SITES OF THE ILLESCAS PENINSULA
(Map 2)
Nunura 1. A large area of sand and sherds. Beside a small rock outcrop was a
pottery dump, a solid mass of potsherds two feet thick and about 15 by 7 feet in
area. Phase E of the Piura style is isolated at this site.
Nunura 2. A small habitation zone with surface sherds, about 50 by 50 feet in
area, on the tablazo. The small sherd collection belongs to the Piura style, but
cannot be classified by phase.
Nunura 3. A small shallow cave, possibly a burial place, with a few sherds on
the surface. Piura style, not classified by phase.
Nunura 4. A small area of surface sherds on the tablazo. The two sherds col-
lected are Piura style, phase unclassified.
SITES AROUND PIURA
(Map 1)
Coscomba. A low sand mound about 5 meters high and an acre in area, on the
grounds of the Hacienda Coscomba. The mound stands on the edge of the hacienda
cotton fields, about three kilometers from the Paita-Piura road. The road from
Piura to the Hacienda San Jacinto cuts through it. Sherds and snail shells are
abundant. Miss Haase's collection belongs to Piura phase C.
Tacala. This site, on the grounds of the Hacienda Tacala, is not described in
Miss Haase's notes, but she located it on the map and made a sherd collection
which includes twenty sherds of Piura phase B and 3 of Sechura phase E.
SITES AROUND SECHURA

(Map 3)
Sechura 1. The modern refuse dump of the town of Sechura, located on the
southeast edge of the town. The deep midden contains abundant sherds of the
modern Simbila style, and at its base may go back to Piura F (colonial) or earlier
times. Miss Haase collected four representative sherds here.
Sechura 2. A large area of refuse on the south side of the modern Sechura ceme-
tery. Sherds belong to phase D of the Sechura style. This site was discovered and
described by Christensen (MS., pp. 111-113) and subsequently visited by Kelley
and Miss Haase.
Pta Blanco
Quebrada kQ
Pta Shade
Map 2. The Ml1esea Peninsula, showing sites Nunura 1-4.

Chusis. The site excavated by Christensen in 1950. It is located on the edge of
the tablazo just north of and above the Hacienda Chusis headquarters. The site
covers about two acres of ground and is made up mostly of sandy refuse and
rectangular house foundations of field stones, adobes, and packed clay. A small
modern chapel is built on top of a small ancient pyramid mound (Christensen
1951, pp. 46, 51; MS., pp. 176-178). Phase E of the Sechura style was isolated
v\r ~~~
in Christensen's excavation, but there are a few slightly later stamped and molded
sherds on the surface. Miss Haase's collection includes one of the latter and sixty-
four Sechura E sherds.
N
a Hacienda Chusis
%. -
Sech~~~Seh
s_ u Q Scchuhur
I
a,t &Dunes
Map 3. Archaeological sites in the vicinity of Sechura.

SITES ON THE BAY OF PIURA
(Map 1)
Sites from the mouth of the river to the Paita Peninsula. The numbered sites
on the beach (San Pedro North 1 to 8, San Pedro North A-1 to A-13) represent
a selection of refuse areas within an almost continual double line of archaeological
dune sites which run northwest-southeast along the edges of a dry lagoon bed.
San Pedro North 1. The village of San Pedro lies near the southern end of the
lines of sites mentioned above. The sites to the south of the one large house in
the village, where Miss Haase did no collecting, are Kelley's San Pedro 1 to 8
sites. Those immediately to the north of the large house are designated San Pedro
North 1 to 8 by Miss Haase. San Pedro North 1 is the first site, just north of the
house (map 4). All sixteen of the sites are sand dunes with shells and a few
-N
@00
000noa 67
Si 2 3 4 5 6 7 N1284
San Pedro
Tide Line
*Archaeological Site
oHouse
Old Beach Line GSand Dune
Map 4. Archaeological sites in the vicinity of San Pedro.
sherds scattered through at least the upper portion. The collection from San
Pedro North 1 consists of a number of badly eroded sherds, the better preserved
of which can be identified as Piura phase B.
San Pedro North A-1. A dune site like San Pedro North 1, 6.6 kilometers north-
west of San Pedro, in the landward row of sites. The site is small, about 30 feet
in diameter and 10 feet high, and yielded a few Piura-style sherds which cannot
be assigned to a specific phase.
San Pedro North A-2. Another dune site, west of San Pedro North A-1 and in
the seaward line of sites. The sherds are Piura style, phase unclassified.
San Pedro North A-5. A dune site in the seaward line, three kilometers north-
west of A-2. The sherds from this site, badly eroded, belong to Piura phase B.
San Pedro North A-9. A dune site in the seaward line, five kilometers north-
west of A-5. The sherds are Piura style, phase unclassified.
San Pedro North A-13. Approximately 19 kilometers northwest of San Pedro,
A-13 is at the northern end of the dune sites on the beach. It consists of four
dunes with the usual shells and sherds, and has been partly destroyed by the
drilling of an oil well by the International Petroleum Company. The well is now
dry, and is the terminus of a dirt road which runs up onto the tablazo. The sherds
from site A-13 are of the Piura style, phase unclassified.
San Pedro North A-14. Beginning with A-14, the Piura Bay sites are all up
on the tablazo, which here drops off in a 15-to-20-meter bluff to the beach. The
beach itself narrows down and pinches off opposite site A-16. Site A-14 is an area
of refuse about one-fourth of a mile back from the edge of the tablazo, at the south
end of a prominent sand hill. The sherds from the site, though not badly eroded,
bear a particularly heavy glossy patina due to wind erosion. This patina, some-
times called "desert varnish," is typical of the sherds from most of the sites along
the edge of the tablazo. The sherds from site A-14 belong to Piura phase C.
San Pedro North A-16. Nine kilometers northwest of site A-14, A-16 is a scat-
tered refuse deposit about 100 feet from the edge of the tablazo. The two sherds
collected here are of the Piura style, but cannot be attributed to a particular phase.
Casita 1 (San Pedro North A-17). This site is located about 7 kilometers north-
west of site A-16, 32 kilometers northwest of San Pedro, 40 kilometers northwest
of Sechura, and 4 kilometers southeast of the fishing village of Tortuga. The site
consists of a series of small deposits near the edge of the tablazo, with a total
area of about 200 by 100 meters. The surface is covered with broken shell, pieces
of quartz, and large numbers of red and brown potsherds. There are the weathered
remains of a series of rectangular houses, possibly semisubterranean, now repre-
sented by partially buried wall foundations of limestone blocks. Miss Haase's
sketch plan of these house foundations is appended (map 5). A few small, re-
-~~ '0
C= Stone House Foundation

--Limit of Midden
) O\(( Vandal's Excavation
Rock Outcrop
Map 5. Sketch map of Casita 1 (San Pedro North A 17), showing limestone house
foundations. Not to scale.
144 U'niversity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn.
cently excavated holes bear witness to a vandal's unsuccessful attempt to locate
graves and give a view of a refuse deposit made up of densely packed clam shells
and an enormous quantity of sea-lion bones. Our combined collections include a
large sample of Sechura B sherds and a very few sherds of the Paita style. A
piece of a redware stirrup spout-the only one seen by either of us in our col-
lecting-was inadvertently left behind. A metal fishhook, three end-notched cobble
sinkers or net weights, several plain and perforated sherd discs, and a number of
cobble hammerstones and abrading stones were recorded.
Casita 2. Located about 200 meters north of Casita 1, this site is a small sand
hill, about 10 meters high and from 75 to 100 meters in diameter, which stands
out prominently in the flat landscape. The surface is covered with fragments of
quartz, dark colored stones, and scattered sherds and shells. Decorated sherds
are very abundant. Fifty-three Paita B sherds, four Paita C, and one in Piura
style were collected, together with a fragment of a pressure-flaked projectile point
of gray chert.
San Pedro North A-18. This site is an area of stones and sherds immediately to
the west of Casita 2. Like Casita 2, it may have been a campsite. The sherds col-
lected here belong to phase A of the Paita style.
San Pedro North A-20. Northwest of site A-18 the edge of the tablazo forms a
series of three points jutting out to the west, on each of which there are one or
two archaeological sites. Site A-20 is located on the second of these points. It is
an area of shell refuse with a good deal of broken stone and pottery on the sur-
face, on the edge of the tablazo. Miss Haase's small collection from this site (13
sherds) is the only sample of Sechura phase C in her entire collection.
San Pedro North A-22. This site is located on the edge of the tablazo on the
north side of the third (northernmost) point, separated from Tortuga village by
a deep quebrada. Like Casita 1, site A-22 is an area of shell refuse on which rec-
tangular house foundations of limestone can be seen. The small sherd collection
belongs to Sechura phase D.
SITES ON THE PAITA PENINSULA
(Map 6)
Tortuga. This is the largest site visited by Miss Haase, covering an area of
about 2 by 11/2 kilometers around the modern cemetery of Tortuga, just east of
the village. It is a habitation site, again with rectangular limestone house founda-
tions. White quartz is common on the surface. The small collection includes ten
Sechura B and 3 unidentified sherds.
Yasila 1. This is a small area of surface sherds, measuring at most 20 by 30
yards, on the edge of the tablazo looking down on the village of Yasila. The few
sherds belong to Paita phase A.
Yasila 2. A still smaller area of surface sherds, 30 feet in diameter, to the north
of Yasila 1 on the edge of the tablazo overlooking Yasila. The sherds, of the Piura
style, cannot be classified by phase.
Yasila 3. Another small surface site immediately east of Yasila 2. The stones
on the surface of this site have been pushed together to form a small pattern of
intersecting lines. The sherds are Piura A.
Punta Nermete South 1. This site lies some 6 kilometers southwest of the Port
of Paita and nineteen kilometers north of Tortuga. It is on a shale outcrop on the
edge of a short, shallow quebrada, just west of the Yasila-Nermete road but not
visible from the road. A donkey trail to Paita passes directly south of the site,
which is very small, about 12 meters in diameter and 3 meters high. The deposit
is composed of shale, white quartz and sand, with a little animal bone and a few
Tierra Coloroada
Pta. Nermete Pata
21.Pa Nermete SouJth
Silla de Paita
La Tortuga
-Road
a Town
* Archaeological Site
Map 6. Archaeological sites on the Paita Peninsula.
weathered sherds, but no shell. It has been disturbed by vandals. The small col-
lection includes both Paita C and Sechura B sherds.
Punta Nermete South 2. In the quebrada just below the previous site, Punta
Nermete South 2 lies on a small rise of land just above the quebrada floor. In an
area of about 300 by 100 feet, the surface stones have been collected into low lines
about six inches high, forming a pattern of enclosed areas (map 7). A few sherds
occur on the surface but no shell. Ten Sechura B sherds and one Paita C sherd-
the latter perhaps derived from Punta Nermete South 1-were collected by Miss
Haase.
Punta Nermete 1. Six kilometers west of the Port of Paita, Punta Nermete 1 is
an area of shale and slate outcrop crossed by the road which runs west to the
rookery on Punta Nermete. The surface of the site, which is about half an acre in
size, is sandy, and contains many sherds and sea-lion bones and a little shell. It has
been thoroughly dug up by vandals. The site is remarkable because it shows evi-
dence of a much longer occupation than any other studied. The sherds collected
include one of the Negritos style, four Paita C, twenty-six Sechura A, nine Sechura
Map 7. Punta Nermete South 2, pattern of stone alignments.
B, forty-four Sechura D, eight Piura A, four postconquest glazed sherds, and

four which cannot be identified.
Punta Nermete 2. This is a very small site to the west of the preceding one, at the
junction of the same road with the trail which leads to the Punta Nermete rookery.
The few sherds found by Miss Haase are of the Piura style, phase unclassified.
Tierra Colorada. On the north fork of the Punta Nermete road, this site lies on
the edge of the tablazo just above the Tierra Colorada whaling factory. It has been
largely destroyed by bulldozers. Among abundant white quartz fragments, a few
Piura A sherds and a little shell were found.
Paita. This important site is located just northeast of the Port of Paita, on the
edge of the tablazo immediately west of the modern Paita cemetery (map 8).
..Paito
Map 8. Location of the Paita site relative to the modern Paita cemetery.
The deposit is made up of rock and sand, with some bone and very little shell. It
has been looted, and the Peruvian army has dug defense ditches along the tablazo
edge of the site. Sherds are abundant and exhibit a high frequency of decorated
specimens. The phases represented are Paita B (15 sherds), Paita C (135 sherds),
Paita D (2 sherds), and Sechura A (1 sherd).
SITES ON THE BAY OF PAITA

(Map 1)
Colan. The Colan site is bisected by the Paita-Colan road, just at the point where
the road drops down from the tabtazo to the village of Colan on the south edge of
Paita Bay. The site is a large one, about an acre in area, spilling down the sides
of the tablazo. It is made up mostly of sand and stones, with little shell and
abundant potsherds. Phase A of the Piura style is isolated here.
Lagunitas.' North of the outlet of the Chira River lies an old shelf line some
15 kilometers long and 4-5 kilometers wide. On the southern portion of this line,
sand dunes march north-south in three orderly lines, whereas in the northern
portion they form an unorganized mass. Many of the dunes have traces of human
occupation. The Lagunitas site, however, is a genuine refuse mound 13.5 meters
high and 180 meters in diameter, described in Miss Haase's field notes as "the
largest site in this part of the country" and "an honest to goodness site from top
to bottom." It lies a few kilometers west of Miramar and south of Portachuelo.
Well no. 4842 of the International Petroleum Company (hereafter cited as IPC)
is located on the west edge of the site, part of which was bulldozed away during the
drilling operation, exposing deep stratified midden. Miss Haase collected sherds
from various strata in this cut face, acquiring a collection which should be of
great value in establishing the time relations of the Paita and Sechura styles. Un-
fortunately, this collection was not available for study. The surface sherds include
three Paita C, seventy Paita D, and five Sechura A, with several unidentified.
Negritos South 1. This is a series of six sand dunes surrounding IPC well no.
4090. The dunes are low, from two to six meters high, and show traces of human
occupation in the form of shells, weathered potsherds, and occasional stones. The
area has been looted, and the collections include a reconstructable Paita D jar as
well as 32 Paita D sherds, one Paita C sherd, and a group of 12 sherds which
define the Negritos style.
Negritos South 2. This is another dune site similar to Negritos South 1, and
probably represents a looted cemetery area. Six dunes in the neighborhood of IPC
well no. 4400 had potsherds on the surfaces, representing a mixed collection of
Paita phases C and D. The collection includes one nearly complete Paita C jar
and the upper half of a Paita D jar. Sherds from a single vessel were collected
from as many as three different dunes, where they presumably had been scattered
by vandals.
SITES IN THE LOWER QUEBRADA PARINAS
(Map 9)
These sites are all located in the vicinity of Puerto Rico Pool.
Puerto Rico 1. A dune site about 1/4 mile east of the main water station for
Puerto Rico Pool. The dune is about 50 feet in diameter and from 10 to 15 feet
high, with sherds and a few stones on the surface. The pottery collected is late
Piura B.
I This term, apparently referring to lagoons to the north of Portachuelo, has the improbable
spelling "Lagunitos" on the Peruvian army map.
Puerto Rico 2. A dune site of the same size and nature, immediately east of
Puerto Rico 1. Piura B sherds were collected here.
r
Puerto Rico 3. Another dune site of about the same size, just south of the other
two. Piura B is again the phase represented in the collection.
Puerto Rico 4. A larger dune site to the east of the last three, largely destroyed
by road building. This dune measures 200 by 50 feet and stands 5 feet high, with
two feet of shell midden on top of it. The sherds collected here are early Piura B.
Lobitos
EPuerto Rico Sites

N
[Nicaragua
\ A ~~~Puerto Rico
\ ~~~~Road
\ -~~~~~Pipeline
\ a ~~~House
* Archaeological Site
Map 9. Archaeological sites in the vicinity of Puerto Rico Pool.
SITE IN THE UPPER QUEBRADA PARINAS

(Map 1)
Quebrada Coyonitas. This last site is a small area of sherds and shells on an old
beach line of the dry Coyonitas River, which once was a creek tributary to the
Pariinas. An oil company road ascends the quebrada, and the site is at fifteen
minutes' walking distance beyond the end of the road. The small collection includes
sherds of both Piura B and Piura C style.
METHODS
In collecting sherds, Miss Haase and I followed the same principle of selection.
We kept rim sherds and decorated sherds, left plain body sherds behind unless
they showed some special feature, and intentionally avoided collecting "random"
samples. These selected samples have been seriated according to the method out-
lined by Rowe and called by him similiary seriation by features and themes (Rowe
1961). When applied to selected surface collections, this method requires the
following steps:
1) Determine, through comparison and degree of variation, which collections
represent sites occupied only briefly (single-phase sites) and which represent
longer occupation or discontinuous occupations (multiphase sites). For example,
the sherds from Paita include many thin specimens with brushed surfaces and
red-line designs. There are no such sherds at Casita 1, where instead we find some-
what thicker ware, white-painted designs and over-all slipping, and wiped or
polished surfaces. When, at Punta Nermete 1, we find both kinds of sherds together
with new variants of both of them, it is a fair assumption that the occupation at
the latter site was much longer than those of the former sites.
2) By studying the collections from single-phase sites, define phases and deter-
mine what features of style occur only in each phase and what features may be
found in two, three, or more specific phases.
3) Study the collections from multiphase sites, assigning the sherds individually
to their respective phases, in order to amplify the definition of the phases.
4) Determine, by any means whatever, which phase is the oldest and which the
most recent. In the case of Piura the most recent phase is represented by the
pottery manufactured today at Simbila. The Negritos style was placed as oldest
partly by seriating back in time from a fixed intermediate point (Sechura C) and
partly because of its similarity to the earliest ceramics of the south coast of
Ecuador (Valdivia) and the north coast of Peru (Early Guafnape).
5) Align the remaining phases in temporal order between the oldest and the most
recent on the basis of their degree of similarity to one or the other. The degree of
similarity may be assessed by studying the features shared by more than one phase,
and by studying progressive changes in patterns whereby one style is converted
into another. The former procedure is fully illustrated in Table 21. The latter
technique may be shown by an example: in phase A of the Piura style we find a
bulging jar neck with a short everted rim and strap handles connecting it to the
jar body. In Piura B this form has a longer everted rim, while in Piura C it has the
longer rim, is thickened at the bulge, and lacks the strap handles. These three
variants of a single form are isolated at different sites, which indicates that they
were not contemporary with each other. Since the Piura B form is stylistically in-
termediate between the equivalent forms in Piura A and C, it may be assumed that
it is also temporally intermediate. This stylistic sequence does not in itself prove
the temporal order of these three phases, but it is buttressed by several similar
pattern progressions which also place Piura B as transitional between Piura A and
C. In addition, Piura B shares some traits only with Piura A and others only with
Piura C.
Certain features of this method are to be noted. First, it rests on the assumption
that stylistic change is gradual, yet sufficiently definite that a vessel belonging to
one phase may be distinguished on sight from one of the next earlier or later phase.
This assumption has been borne out repeatedly in controlled seriational studies of
Peruvian pottery by John H. Rowe, Lawrence E. Dawson, Dorothy Menzel, and
others. Second, the method works by tracing changes in features of style, not by
classifying the pottery into types. Thus a single sherd may be used in analysis not
just once as a member of a type, but repeatedly as a bearer of various stylistic
features. In the tables accompanying this study, for example, some sherds are
listed as many as four or five times, if they show that many of the features being
tabulated.
Another important aspect of the method derives from its use of style features as
the units of analysis. Because decorated sherds show more features than do plain
sherds, style change is faster and more readily observed on decorated than on plain
specimens. Accordingly, the value of a sherd sample for analytical purposes
depends, not on the total number of sherds in the sample, but on the number of
decorated specimens and on the degree to which they can be used to visualize
decorated whole vessels. A sample of 50 decorated sherds of a single phase is far
more useful than a sample of 1000 sherds, only 10 of which are decorated. In fact,
50 representative decorated sherds make an excellent sample for analysis because
of another aspect of the method: phases are defined, not by the frequency of
particular features at particular times, but by their presence or absence. Because
it does not stress frequencies of occurrence, the method can operate without the
large samples needed to make accurate estimates of frequency.
Because similiary seriation of this type is so different in approach and results
from the "statistical" seriation in vogue among many Peruvianists, a brief com-
parison of the methods is in order. The latter method-similiary seriation by type
frequencies-has been best defined and most fully utilized by James A. Ford in
his seriation of surface collections from the Viru' Valley (Ford 1949, especially pp.
34-52). In this method, a "random" sample is collected in the field and the investi-
gator refrains insofar as possible from applying a principle of selection in his col-
lecting. The collected sherds are sorted into ceramic types, and the frequency of
each type in the collection from each site is determined as a percentage figure. The
frequencies of the various sherd types from a single site are presumed to approxi-
mate their frequencies in the region at a particular point in time, the point being
defined as the "mean cultural date" of the site. The sites are then arranged on a
chart in such a way that the frequencies of the various types, when presented
vertically on the chart, form the smoothest possible curves of increase and decrease.
The order of the sites on such a chart is assumed to be the temporal order of the
"mean cultural dates" of the sites. Like seriation by features and themes, the
"statistical" method assumes gradual change of style, but it does not assume that
individual vessels from different phases can be distinguished from each other by
style.
Both Bennyhoff (1952) and Rowe (1961) have pointed out numerous weak-
nesses in the method of "statistical" seriation; the reader is referred to their
papers. Similiary seriation by features and themes faces some of the same pitfalls,
as Rowe has pointed out (Rowe 1961, pp. 328-329), but it avoids most of the weak-
nesses of the "statistical" method. Thus, in seriation by features and themes, very
small samples can be used for analysis, because relative frequencies within the
sample are not used as criteria for dating. In fact, sample size is a problem only
because rare features may not appear in small samples, and this problem may be
solved by relying on the more common features as time markers.
Similarly, in seriation by features and themes, the relative length of occupation
of different sites is used as a key to the analysis, rather than hidden by a fictive
"mean cultural date." Breaks in the succession can be detected and distinguished
from foreign influence by the degree to which most of the features being studied
are either interrrupted or continue with minor changes. Above all, the method
results in a series of statements about the differences between vessels pertaining
to relatively brief phases. When a large collection of pottery with archaeological
associations is seriated by features and themes, the resultant definitions of phases
may then be used to date single vessels or even single potsherds.
STYLES, PHASES, AND PERIODS
The materials available for this study consist almost exclusively of potsherds.
Accordingly, I make no pretense of writing a general treatise on Piura-Chira
archaeology. Rather, the analysis is intended to elaborate a basic ceramic chronol-
ogy for the region, insofar as it is possible with the materials in hand, and to
propose a few hypotheses about cultural relations which can be inferred from pot-
sherds with site associations.
Of the forty-one archaeological sites studied, twenty-two are single-phase sites,
or produced at most one sherd of a different phase; six are two-phase sites; and
three were occupied through three or more phases. Small collections from the
remaining ten sites belong to the Piura style, but cannot be attributed to particular
phases. In all, seventeen phases are recognized and grouped into five named
ceramic styles according to the degree of similarity between them. TWo of the
phases are not represented in Miss Haase's or my collections, but are known to
exist on other evidence. The proposed sequence, with its equivalents in Kelley's
terminology (Kelley MS.), is as follows:
Phase Kelley Equivalent Phase Kelley Equivalent
Simbil& Sechura e
Piura F Matacaballo Sechura Cechura
Piura E Sechura B CoUn
Piura D Sechura A San Pedro
Piura C Chuchales (also Virrili Paita C
Piura A| and M6danos?) PaitaB Casita
Sechura E Chusis Paita A Martin
Negritos
The Negritos style, represented by only a handful of sherds, is characterized by
a coarse tempered brown-to-purple ware, flat finger-pressed fillets, and incised
decoration oriented in vertical bands. The Paita style is distinguished from others
by its thin, brush-smoothed, oxidized ware made by coiling; very short jar necks;
rarity of bowls; incised decoration based on groups of parallel lines; small notched
fillets; dented jar lips; and rows of hollow protuberances. In Paita phases A and B
the incised decoration is most frequent and there is no definite evidence for the
use of paint in any form. In Paita C and D, red slip-painted designs occur
abundantly and the incised decoration is minor.
In the Sechura style, white design painting replaces red, fillets may be plain as
well as notched, over-all slipping in various colors is common, and a number of new
decorations are found, including negative painting and notched bowl rims. Sechura
A and B form a distinctive group characterized by coiled manufacture of vessels,
white painting on red slip, engraved decoration, small fillets, incurved bowls, and
annular base bowls, while in phases D and E we find paddle and anvil manufac-
ture, white painting on unpigmented surfaces, large fillets, jars with tall decorated
collars, vessels with "market basket" handles, and ware without visible temper.
Phase C is intermediate between these two groups in most respects.
The most characteristic decoration of Piura style pottery is paddle marking,
made by carving geometric designs in the paddles with which the pottery was
made. Press-molded decoration, fine burnished blackware, and crude white band-
ing are also common features of the Piura style. Phases A and B share a number of
distinctive features, including pedestal base bowls, incised handles, a variety of
decorative lugs, large fillets of Sechura D-E type, relatively neat white band
designs, and a distinctive style of press-molded decoration which features large
human figures. Phase E, again, has a distinctive press-molded style in which small
birds and fish are the outstanding designs.
Finally, the modern Simbila style continues, in modified form, the Piura stylistic
tradition. Simbila vessels are made with plain paddles and decorated with clay
stamps which bear flower designs and geometric designs derived from those on late
Piura paddle-marked ware.
These five styles make up a long local tradition which shows occasional influence
from south Ecuador and from the southern part of the north Peruvian coast.
Negritos shows some generalized similarities to the earliest ceramics in both these
regions. Both the Paita and Sechura styles are much more similar to early south
Ecuadorian styles than to north Peruvian styles, but north Peruvian influence-
for the first time specifically definable as such-enters in Sechura E, which is
tentatively cross-dated to Moche III late in the Early Intermediate Period. By
Piura A times, the stylistic affinities of the Piura-Chira region were entirely north
Peruvian, and no further south Ecuadorian influence can be found. As a result,
the Piura style phases can be set in the framework of the Peruvian culture periods.
Piura A and B belong to the Middle Horizon, Piura C and D to the Late Inter-
mediate Period, and Piura E to the Late Horizon, the time of the Inca conquest of
the Central Andes. Piura F is Colonial, and Simbila is modern Republican.
NEGRITOS STYLE
A scant dozen sherds from Negritos South 1, and one from Punte Nermete 1, are
of a ware very different from all other sherds in the collection and show peculiari-
ties of design and form which set them apart from the rest. They represent a style
which is so different from others found at the same sites that it may well date from
a different period. This style, provisionally named Negritos, is placed at the begin-
ning of the sequence because it will fit nowhere else, because it is similar to Early
Gua-nape in the Virui Valley and Valdivia of the south Ecuadorian coast, and be-
cause some of its features seem antecedent to those of Paita A and B. This hypoth-
esis is based on the weakest evidence imaginable, and urgently needs to be tested
by a fuller documentation of the Negritos style.
All thirteen sherds are of a poorly fired, heavily tempered ware. Paste and sur-
face colors of this ware are generally dark, but vary greatly in tone, from black
and dark gray to dark brown, reddish brown, and dull red-orange. Many sherds
have a distinctive purple cast on the interior surface. The outstanding feature of
the ware is its temper: very large quantities of poorly sorted, angular quartz and
limestone(?) particles, ranging up to 2.5 millimeters in diameter. In addition, all
sherds contain a moderate quantity of mica particles, pyrites, or both.
The ware is quite soft, ranging from 21/2 to 3Y2 on Mohs's scale of hardness.
Body thickness ranges from 3 to 9.5 millimeters, with most sherds from 4 to 6
millimeters thick. Insofar as there is evidence of the manufacturing process, it
consists of close-set, thumb-sized indentations on the interior of some specimens,
evidently bonding marks where coils were pinched together. Of the thirteen sherds,
six have smoothly wiped surfaces, whereas the surfaces of seven are scored by a
stiff brush. Interior brush smoothing was with a circumferential movement, while
exterior brush marks are vertical or horizontal. In no case were both smoothing
techniques used on the same specimen.
The only rim sherd is a short tapered jar neck, 16 centimeters in rim diameter,
with a strongly everted, ridged lip which is finished off in a very rough manner
(fig. 1; pl. 1, a). Both wiped and brushed surfaces may be decorated. Decoration is
exterior, and consists of hollow ridges, finger-pressed applique fillets, large, deep,
angular punctations, and deeply incised lines. The very few decorated sherds show
a systematic pattern in vertical bands running down from the base of the neck.
Two sherds have vertical finger-pressed fillets associated with alternating vertical
incised lines and rows of punctations (pl. 1, b). The sherd from Punta Nermete 1
has a row of punctations round the base of the neck, below which are vertical
hollow ridges made by pushing out the soft clay with a finger. Each ridge bears two
or three vertical rows of punctations (pl. 1, c). Two other sherds bear small por-
tions of designs of the same types: one a section of vertical finger-pressed fillet, the
other, two large punctations.
PAITA STYLE
The Paita style is represented by sherds from nine sites, at five of which it is
essentially isolated. The best collections come from Casita 2, Paita, and Lagunitas,
but collections from Yasila 1, San Pedro North A-18, and the Negritos South sites
also contribute important information.
Four phases of the Paita style are recognized, on the basis of differences in the
associations of features at different sites. Characteristic of all four phases are thin,
fine-tempered, brush-smoothed red ware; jars with short flared or concave necks;
extreme rarity of bowls, bottles, and other non-jar forms; decoration only on the
exterior of the vessel; incised decoration; and dented vessel lips. Rows and zones of
small punctations, notched fillets, and rows of hollow protuberances are also
typical Paita decorations. Phases A and B are dominated by incised decoration,
phases C and D by red slip-painted designs. In contrast with later styles, decorated
sherds are abundant at Paita sites.
A single basic ware, Thin Red, makes up 94 per cent of the sherds attributed to
the Paita style. Though primarily oxidized, Thin Red sherds are rarely homo-
geneous red in color. The paste core varies in color from light red through dull
reddish brown and dark brown to clear gray and-in phase D-dark muddy gray.
Surface colors show the same range, and include also tan, reddish tan, and yel-
lowish gray. With very few exceptions, the paste of any sherd shows two or more
colors, usually in bands with clear-cut lines of separation between the colors. In
most of the sherds, the color indicative of more oxidation is found on the exterior
surface of the vessel; that is, the usual combinations are red on the exterior and
gray or brown on the interior, or brown on the exterior and gray on the interior.
Apparently, these pots were fired in a mouth-down position in a more-or-less
reducing atmosphere, but were exposed to air briefly during the cooling period, to
produce a reddening of the exterior surface. Sherds which do not show this firing
pattern may be gray at the center of the core and red or brown on all surfaces;
they may have gray exterior surfaces and gray or brown cores; or they may show
homogeneous red or brown pastes.
The paste of Thin Red Ware is rather porous in appearance, but relatively
hard, measuring from 41/2 to 61/2 on Mohs's scale of hardness in phases A to C,
from 31/2 to 61/2 in phase D. Temper, predominantly white, is abundant but finely
ground and sifted, the particles often being so fine as to be barely visible to the
naked eye. Quartz and a soft white substance which may be either limestone or
shell are the standard tempering materials, and may occur alone or in combination.
A few sherds, with rounded quartz particles and a few darker particles, were
tempered with very fine sand. Fine mica particles occur in many sherds, probably
as a component of the clay. Small pyrites are found in some sherds of phase C and
in many of phase D.
Interior surfaces of all vessels were smoothed with a fine brush, with a movement
around the circumference of the vessel. Exterior surfaces were vertically or cir-
cumferentially brushed, but subsequent scraping or wiping has partially obscured
the brush marks on many specimens. A number of sherds show smooth exterior
surfaces without brush marks, but these also may have been brushed before scrap-
ing. The only instance of polishing is on a single pattern-burnished sherd from
Negritos South 2. The interior surfaces of jar necks received the same treatment
as exterior surfaces.
Large body sherds almost always show close-set bonding marks on the interior,
suggesting that all the specimens were made by coiling.
Vessel wall thickness ranges from 2 to 7 centimeters, but the bases of jar necks
may be slightly thicker. Most sherds are from 3 to 4.5 millimeters thick. In phases
B and C, wall thickness does not exceed 6 millimeters, and in phase D most sherds
are over 3.5 millimeters thick. Sherds thicker than 7 millimeters occur in both
phases C and D, but have been classified with the variant wares, rather than with
Thin Red Ware.
Thin Red Ware occurs almost exclusively in the form of short-necked jars, but
does include a flared bowl belonging to phase A and a bottle spout from phase D.
Though most of the sherds from all four phases have been classified as Thin Red,
the ware actually shows temporal change in color, temper, and surface finish. The
changes, as reflected in the sherd assemblages assigned to the various phases, are
gradual, and many undecorated body sherds from all four phases could not be
distinguished from one another. In the phase A collection from San Pedro North
A-18, the typical firing pattern (oxidized exterior surface, reduced interior sur-
face) occurs only once. A few sherds of phase A have purplish gray interiors
reminiscent of Negritos ware. Brown and red-brown surface colors predominate
in phases A and B. In phase C, almost all the sherds have light red exterior sur-
faces, the remainder brown or red-brown. Gray exteriors are very rare in phases
A-C, where they occur only as fire-clouded portions of red vessels. In phase D,
gray sherds are much more common, making up some 20 per cent of the total, and
grayish brown or tan sherds are also more frequent. There may be a genuine
reduced ware in phase D, but it is impossible to distinguish between gray sherds
from gray vessels and those from fire-clouded portions of red vessels.
Changes in tempering, like those in color, are gradual; they are reflected by
differences of proportion within sherd assemblages, rather than by absolute differ-
ences from phase to phase. Quartz temper reaches its maximum frequency in phase
B. Pyrites are found only in phases C and D, and tend to be larger in the latter. In
phase D, many sherds contain very abundant calcitic temper (limestone or shell)
and quite large pyrites. The darker sherds of this type are very similar to the
typical ware of the succeeding Sechura A phase, differing from it only in surface
finish. Another distinctive feature of phase D is a somewhat rougher finish found
on some jar necks.
Other wares associated with the Paita style are variants of Thin Red. A sherd
from Negritos South 2 and a reconstructed jar from Negritos South 1 differ from
Thin Red Ware in having polished exterior surfaces. The sherd bears an over-all
dark red slip, while the jar is the usual plain light red. Both specimens probably
belong to phase D.
A group of eight sherds from Paita, attributed to phase C, are separated on the
basis of their distinctive vessel forms, surface treatment, and decoration. Indi-
vidually, the thinner sherds of this lot might be classified as Thin Red, but as a
group they show some differences. They are therefore treated as a separate ware,
called Paita Variant I. Their temper-fine calcitic particles, mica, and occasional
pyrites-is typical of Paita ware. Paste colors, while within the range of Thin
Red Ware, are systematically dark, with brown predominating. Three sherds of
bowls have irregularly polished interiors, which were scraped smooth-rather than
brushed-before polishing. A fourth sherd has a burnished zone as part of the
decoration. The range of thickness is 4-8 millimeters, and five of the eight sherds
are absolutely thicker than any Thin Red specimen from phase C. Vessel forms
are bevel-lipped flared bowls' (pl. 2, d, e; fig. 2, g-i), a unique thin-rimmed neckless
olla (fig. 2, p), and a unique jar neck (fig. 2, o).
Finally, Paita Variant II comprises a group of fifteen sherds from phase D,
entirely typical of that phase in their paste qualities and surface finish, but dis-
tinguished by their greater thickness and their vessel forms. The selection of this
group as a separate ware was arbitrary: it includes all Paita sherds with body
thickness over 7 millimeters, except those of the Variant I group. This distinction
is meaningful for chronology, because these thicker sherds occur only at phase-D
sites. In addition, Variant II vessel forms are distinctive: taller jar necks (figs.
1, f; 6, d), a unique thick-rimmed olla (fig. 6, g), and a unique flat-lipped flared
bowl (fig. 4, c). Decoration, too, shows some differences, described below. The
maximum thickness of Paita Variant II ware is 10.5 centimeters.
The occurrence of these wares in the collections from the nine sites with Paita-
style pottery is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
PAITA STYLE, DISTRIBUTION OF WARES BY SITE
Site Thin
Red Polished
Variant Variant
I Variant
II
Yasila 1 ...................................... 10
San Pedro North A-18 .......................... 12 .. .. 1
Casita 2 ...................................... 51
Paita ...................................... 144 .. 8
Punta Nermete 1 ................................ 4
Punta Nermete South 1 ......................... 11
Negritos South 2................................ 41 1 .. 4
Lagunitas ...................................... 65 .. .. 8
Negritos South 1................................ 31 .. 2
PHASE A
An early Paita phase is suggested by Miss Haase's small collections from Yasila 1
and San Pedro North A-18, and by Kelley's brief description of his collection from
the latter site (Kelley MS., p. 2). Paita A corresponds to Kelley's "Martin Period."
Except for a Paita Variant II sherd which is obviously out of place in the assem-
blage, Miss Haase's collections from the two sites include 22 sherds. Slight differ-
ences in thickness and in firing pattern at San Pedro North A-18 have been noted
above, but the samples are so small that no suggestion of temporal difference be-
tween the two sites can be made.
Three short jar necks include one concave form (fig. 1, b) and two slightly
flared necks with everted rims (fig. 1, e). A thin-walled flared bowl (fig. 1, c) is
unique in the collection. Kelley reports "an unusual rim like a tea-pot rim, appar-
ently designed to hold a lid" from San Pedro North A-18 (ibid., p. 2).
Only five sherds are decorated. Three incised sherds (pl. 1, e, f) have simple
designs delimited in a zone or band which is marked off by a deeper and broader
incised line-a pattern which does not occur at all in the larger samples from later
phases. The incisions were all made in softish clay by an instrument with a blunt
rounded point. On two sherds, the designs consist of parallel lines, on the third of
running arcs. The concave jar neck is decorated with small indentations around
the lip (pl. 1, g). An angular jar shoulder bears a small notched fillet (pl. 1, d).
Kelley reports "fairly frequent incision" at San Pedro North A-18.
Even though the sample is extremely small, phase A is obviously distinct from
later Paita phases. It is most similar in ware and vessel form to phase B, the
principal site of which is located only a few meters from San Pedro North A-18,
but the distinctive phase-B incised style is absent, and all three phase-A incised
sherds show a pattern not known from any other phase. The thin-walled flared
bowl and "teapot" rims are also distinctive.
PHASE B
Paita B, equivalent to Kelley's "Casita Period" and my preliminary "Casita
Phase" (Kelley MS., pp. 2-3; Lanning 1960a, pp. 57-58; 1960b, pp. 221-222) is
represented by a rather larger collection, though it remains poorly documented in
TABLE 2
PAITA STYLE, COMPARISON OF DECORATED STYLES AND VESSEL
FORMS AT CASiTA 2 AND PArrA
Style Casita 2 Paita
Phase B incised style ......................................... 2312

Short concave neck .......................................... 2 2
Short neck, everted rim ...................................... 2 1
Paita slip painted style ....................................... 794
Phase C incised style ......................................... 10
Short flared neck ............................................ .. 30
many respects. The distinction between phases B and C depends in part on the
assessment of trait frequencies at Casita 2 and Paita. Phase B is characterized by
a distinctive incised style, phase C by a rather different incised style and above all
by red-on-natural-red and black-on-natural-red slip-painted designs. Phase B jar
necks are the same as those of phase A, while a short flared neck is typical of phase
C. The distribution of these decorative styles and neck forms at Casita 2 and Paita
is shown in table 2. The distributions may be interpreted in two ways: Either there
is a small percentage of bichrome painted decoration in phase B, and of the phase B
incised style in phase C; or the occupation of the two sites overlapped in time, there
being a small phase C component at Casita 2 and a small phase B component at
Paita. The choice does not affect the existence of the two phases, but does alter their
definition. I prefer the latter interpretation, defining phase B by its distinctive
incised style and jar necks from both sites, and including the four slip-painted
sherds from Casita 2 in phase C.
The short concave and everted-rim necks do not differ significantly from those in
phase A, except that one of the latter from Paita is larger, 22 centimeters in
diameter (fig. 21, c, d). The only other rim forms known for phase B are unique:
a tall jar neck with everted rim, 13 centimeters in diameter (fig. 1, d); a very
short, strongly concave jar neck with an angular ridge round the exterior of the
lip (fig. 21, b); and a narrow, cylindrical neck with everted rim, 4.5 centimeters in
diameter (fig. 2, a). No bowls occur in the sample. Other features of form are two
angular jar shoulders (fig. 21, g-h) and an indented base (fig. 21, f).
In the phase B incised style, incisions were made in soft paste, and the clay
which piled up on either side of the incised lines was not removed or smoothed
over. The incisions are generally quite deep, though a few are shallow. The incised
lines range from narrow to broad; some were made with a cutting implement, some
with an implement with a broad, squared-off point, and a few with a blunt-rounded
implement. All but two sherds are decorated with groups of parallel lines, some
simple (fig. 21, o, p, u-x, z, aa; pl. 2, k, m-o), some turned (fig. 21, i, j) or set at
angles to each other (fig. 21, m, n, s; pl. 2, 1, p), some associated with crosshatching
(fig. 21, y; pl. 3, a) or incised circles with central punctate dots (fig. 21, k, 1). A
common pattern involves groups of lines round the circumference of the upper
part of a vessel, accompanied by another design on the central portion of the pot.
TWo necks bear incised designs, one a double row of punctations (fig. 21, a, b; pl.
2, q). Two sherds have rows of very fine punctations between incised lines; the
punch was probably a thorn or a small needle (fig. 21, r; pl. 2, n). One sherd has,
together with incised crosshatching, a row of large, scooped-out punctations made
in slightly mounded-up clay (fig. 21, t). Stab-and-drag incision occurs on a sherd
from Paita (pl. 2, c), and Kelley collected two sherds at Casita 2 which show this
technique (Kelley MS., p. 3). All the features and designs above occur in the
collections from both Casita 2 and Paita, except the incised circle-and-dot, scoop
punctation, and punctate jar neck-features which occur only once or twice in the
Casita 2 collection.
Other than the incised sherds, few decorated specimens can be associated with
Paita B. Kelley reports notched fillets from Casita 2 (ibid., p. 3), and my collection
includes a sherd with a hollow protuberance pushed out with the finger. Both fea-
tures occur in phase C context at Paita, but some of the specimens from the latter
site might actually date to phase B. A concave jar neck from Paita has a dented
lip similar to those of phase A. Finally, one sherd from Casita 2 which might belong
to either phase B or C, is covered by a matte white slip, thinly applied and dis-
colored.
PHASE C
Paita C is defined by 135 sherds from the Paita site, including 104 decorated speci-
mens and 38 rim sherds. The small Paita collections from Punta Nermete 1 and
Punta Nermete South 1 belong to phase C, as does a single sherd from Casita 1.
The phase C component at Casita 2 has already been mentioned. A deviant version
of the phase-perhaps a northern local variant-is found at Negritos South 2. Two
sherds from Paita exactly match the style of phase D, as represented at Lagunitas,
and will be described as part of that phase. In turn, the predominantly phase D
collections from Lagunitas and Negritos South 1 contain a total of four sherds
attributable to phase C.
Two rim forms are diagnostic of Paita C. A short flared jar neck with flat or
rounded lip occurs in Thin Red Ware (figs. 2, j-m; 3); and a bowl with flared wall
and thick, outer-bevelled lip is typical of Paita Variant I ware (fig. 2, g-i). Unique
forms include five jar necks and a neckless olla with thinnish flat lip (fig. 2, n-p).
A slight groove round the edge of the lip is a feature commonly found on phase C
vessels. Angular jar shoulders continue from phase B, but sharply curved shoulders
are more common. One sherd shows a constricted waist. The distribution of features
of form by site is shown in table 3.
Decoration in phase C is predominantly slip painted, but includes also an incised
style related to that of phase B, the incised and painted sherds of Paita Variant I,
and a number of other plastic decorations. The distribution of these types of decora-
tion by site is shown in table 4.
Paita C and D sites are easily identified by the distinctive red-on-natural-red
painted style which occurs only in these phases. As always in the Paita style,
decoration is limited to the exterior of the vessel. The red slip used for designs is
TABLE 3
PAITA C, D1STRIB'UTION OF FEATURES OF VESSEL FORM BY SITE
Punta Punta Negritos
Form Paita Nermete Nermete South
1 South 1 2
Short flared neck ............................... 30 1 3 7

Bevel-lipped bowl ............................... 3
Unique jar neck ................................. 1
Neckless olla ................................... 1
Angular shoulder ................................ 2
Curved shoulder ................................ 9 4
Constricted waist ............................... 1
TABLE 4
PAITA C, DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF DECORATION BY SITE
Punta Punta Negritos
Decoration Paita Nermete Nermete South Casita 2
1 South 1 2
Red slip painting ..................... 78 2 1 3 3

Black slip painting .................... 1 .. .. .. 1
Phase C incised style ................. 10
Variant I incised ..................... 6
Hollow protuberances ................. 8 1 2
Notched fillet ........................ 7
Dented rim .......................... 1 ..
Pattern brushing ..................... .
dark, tending to reddish brown, thinly applied, and completely matte. It is applied
on the unpigmented light red or tan surfaces of the pottery. A few red-on-gray
sherds obviously represent fire-clouded portions of otherwise red vessels. Though
darker brown surface colors continue into phase C, they do not bear slip painted
designs. On one sherd from Casita 2 and one from Paita, the red pigment is
replaced by a thinly applied black, perhaps resulting from unintentional inclusion
of organic material in the usual red slip.
In both phases C and D, slip painted designs are based on groups of parallel lines,
which probably occur on all vessels. This composition is carried over from the
incised style, which utilizes such groups of lines in all four Paita phases. There
are systematic differences of design between the painted style of phase C, repre-
sented at Paita, and that of phase D, as at Lagunitas. These differences are sum-
marized in table 5. In addition, phase D designs are almost all painted on darker
reddish tan surfaces than those of phase C, and usually show less contrast between
design and background.
In phase C, designs fall into three general categories: narrow lines (1.5-5 mm.
wide) circling the neck and upper body of the vessel (pl. 4, b, c); designs on the
body of the vessel, done in narrow lines 1-4 mm. wide; and, very rarely, designs
in broad bands over 10 mm. wide. A single sherd differs from these patterns, having
parallel lines that are of varying widths, from 2 to 7.5 cm. (pl. 4, j). There are only
two sherds in the broad band category, one with two parallel bands, the other with
TABLE 5
PAITA STYLE, COMPARISON OF PAINTED DESIGNS AT PAITA AND LAG-uNrrAS
Phase
Design Paita Lagunitas
D C D C
Lines on neck ................................... 7

Lines on body, 1-4 mm. wide .................... . 67 2 1
Lines on body, 4-5 mm. wide .................... . .. 8
Bands, 8-17 mm. wide ............. ............. 12 11
Groups of intersecting straight lines . ............. .5 2
Groups of intersecting curved lines . .............. . 7 .. 1
Crosshatching ............................... .. 5
Hooks, scrolls, etc ............................... 24
Band pendent from base of neck or lip . ........... . .. 6
Bands and dots ................................. 1 1
Bands and hollow protuberances ................. I 3
crossed bands associated with dots (pl. 4, i). The first category (lines on the neck)
is diagnostic of phase C.
The vast majority of the slip painted sherds fall into the second category, which
also contains various features diagnostic of phase C. The design apparently always
involves parallel lines dependent vertically or diagonally from the base of the
neck. These lines may be intersected by a second group set at an angle to them.
Curved lines in this context are limited to phase C (fig. 5, d; pls. 4, a; 5, a, d; 6, b;
7, e), while straight lines (fig. 5, e; pl. 4, d, 1) occur in both phases C and D, though
in phase D the lines are slightly wider, 4_5 mm. in width. All other narrow line
designs probably occurred on the same vessels with the usual groups of parallel
lines, and none is shared with phase D. They include cross-hatching (pl. 4, b, k),
hooks, scrolls and loops (pls. 4, e; 5, c, e, g, h, j, k, m-o), wavy lines (pl. 5, i), and
portions of other curvilinear designs (pl. 5, b, f, 1). On one sherd, the narrow line
design is associated with a hollow protuberance.
It is impossible to reconstruct total designs from the small sherds available.
However, it is likely that all phase C red slip painting was done on jars with short
flared necks, that all designs include either lines pendent from the base of the neck
or circumferential lines on the neck and upper body, and that most vessels com-
bined more than one of the typical design elements. It should always be possible
to distinguish whole painted vessels of phase C from those of phase D, not only by
the neck form but also by the decoration.
The phase C incised style shows some carry-over of features from the phase B
style. The same variety of incising tools was used. Groups of parallel lines continue
to be used in the designs, though there are sometimes only from 3 to 4 lines in the
group. Small punctations also continue, now in single horizontal rows delimited
by incision (pls. 2, b; 3, f). Crosshatching is very similar to its phase B counterpart,
but is associated with notched fillets or hollow protuberances (fig. 2, c; pl. 2, f, j).
New features are incised dashes, often enclosed in bands, and red slip used in
conjunction with incised lines (fig. 2, a, b; pls. 2, a, b, h; 3, b, i). Though not strictly
delimited in zones by the incised lines, the red slip nevertheless covers only part of
the decorated area. It forms an active part of the design, rather than simply being
a background color.
The most noteworthy feature of the phase C incised style is its tendency to
combine different decorations on a single vessel. Red slip with incision, red slip
with incision and punctation, incision with notched fillets, and incision with hollow
protuberances are all combinations which occur. One specimen is a partly recon-
structed small jar with the usual phase C short flared neck, which combines a
dented lip, three rows of hollow protuberances, an incised design of groups of
dashes enclosed within groups of lines, and short notched fillets. The design on this
specimen is laid out in circumferential bands (pl. 6, a). A sherd from another
vessel indicates a different arrangement of the design-groups of incised lines ex-
tending down diagonally from the base of the neck, as in the painted style,
separated by a row of long incised dashes (fig. 2, a).
The decorated sherds of Paita Variant I represent a different incised style, char-
acterized by postfired painting in zones or filling incised lines, more complex de-
signs, and panelled arrangement of the decoration. Forms are unique: bevel-lip
bowls and the neckless olla. Incisions are all broad lines, made with a tool with
squared or blunt rounded end. One bowl sherd has a rectilinear design utilizing
red crusted zones (fig. 2, h), another a design with alternating red and yellow
crusted bands (fig. 2, g). A complex incised design, including punctation and a
hooklike element, has postfired red pigment in the incisions, as does the incised
and punctate-row design of the olla sherd (fig. 2, f; pl. 3, d, f ). A sherd which may
once have borne paint has a rectilinear incised design with alternating polished and
brushed zones (fig. 2, e; pl. 3, c). One sherd has an arrangement of small panels,
each containing a scribbled step-like incised design and a rough incised circle (fig.
2, d; pl. 3, g).
Other decorations in phase C include rows of hollow protuberances used alone,
usually made with the finger but in one case with a narrow implement (fig. 3);
notched fillets circling the curved or angular shoulders of jars, apparently without
accompanying incised designs; and a single case of decorative crisscross brushing
of an exterior surface.
The phase C sherds from Casita 2, Punta Nermete 1, and Punta Nermete South
1 are all entirely typical of the style as defined by the collection from Paita. Also
typical of phase C are two short flared necks and a red-on-natural sherd with inter-
secting groups of curved lines, from Lagunitas, and a type C neck from Negritos
South 1. On the other hand, some specimens from Negritos South 2 deviate from
the pattern found at Paita. The collection from this site contains a mixture of
phases C and D, both aberrant in some respects. Of the sherds assignable to phase
C, seven jar necks and one nearly complete little jar decorated with two rows of
hollow protuberances (fig. 3) would not be out of place at Paita. On the other hand,
three sherds with curved shoulders show less curvature than at Paita. Two sherds
with narrow-line red designs are decorated only by carelessly made wide-spaced
dots and dashes, and a third has an equally odd design, done with paint which is
more orange in tone than any from Paita. One of the sherds painted with dots and
dashes also has a hollow protuberance. Body sherds, some of which must belong to
phase C, show an overwhelming tendency to gray paste cores and surface colors.
Finally, one sherd, which might belong either to phase C or D, shows a simple
design of burnished lines against a brushed background.
PHASE D
Paita D is defined by a group of seventy sherds from Lagunitas, 39 of them
decorated and 33 rim sherds. TWo sherds from Paita and one from San Pedro
North A-18 are also in phase D style, and a deviant version is again found at the
Negritos South sites.
Paste differences in phase D have already been described. Although many sherds
are indistinguishable in paste features from those of phase C, there is a definite
tendency toward thicker, darker ware with heavier calcitic temper and large pyrite
inclusions. In its paste, Paita D ware is fully intermediate between Paita C and
Sechura A, though it retains the typical Paita surface finish.
Jars continue as almost the only vessel form. There is now a greater variety of
neck forms. The most frequent is a short concave flared neck, derived from the
straight flared necks of phase C (figs. 6, e; 7, a, b; 8). Another type closely resembles
the phase C neck in contour but tends to be a little taller and has a thicker rim
which is usually flattened (fig. 6, c). Another is a very short vertical neck (figs.
4, a; 9), and a fourth is slightly flared and much larger than any other Paita style
neck (figs. 1, f; 6, d). As in phase C, flat lips and even some rounded ones are often
grooved. The only forms other than jars are a flared bowl with slightly concave
sides and flat, grooved lip (fig. 4, c), a neckless olla rim (fig. 6, g), and a badly
eroded sherd representing a spout-and-bridge arrangement from a bottle (fig. 6,
f ). The distribution of rim forms by site is shown in table 6.
Curved jar shoulders are scarce in phase D (fig. 8). Angular shoulders, placed
high on the vessel wall, are more common, representing a tradition which goes back
at least to phase B (figs. 5, a; 9).
Decoration shows much the same range of techniques as in phase C, and includes
two new features: designs in organic black pigment probably applied after firing,
and over-all red or white slipping. Table 7 shows the distribution of decorated
specimens by site.
Red and rare black slip painting occur on somewhat darker red ground than in
phase C, and more frequently on fire-clouded surfaces. The pigment has the same
quality as in phase C, but the designs differ. As shown in table 5, band designs are
much more frequent than in phase C, narrow lines (less than 4 mm.) very rare,
and lines varying from 4 to 5 mm. in width, common. Only one design-intersecting
groups of straight lines-carries over from phase C (fig. 5, e), and this is done in
the slightly wider lines characteristic of phase D. Portions of curvilinear designs
(fig. 5, c; pl. 7, a, f) give no hint of the hooks, scrolls, and other designs of phase
C, and the only complete curvilinear design is a chainlike one. Band designs, the
most frequent, consist of parallel bands pendent from the base of jar necks or from
TABLE 6
PAITA D, DISTRIBIUTION OF RIM FORMS BY SITE
San Pedro Negritos Negritos
Form Lagunitas North South South Paita
A-i8 1 2
Flared concave neck .................. 18 4 1 1

Flared straight neck, thick lip ........ 6
Short vertical neck ................... 1
Tall slightly flared neck .............. 1 1
Unique jar neck ...................... 2
Flat-lipped bowl ...................... 1
Spout and bridge ..................... 1
Neckless olla ......................... 1
TABLE 7
PAITA D, DISTRIBUTION OF TYPEs OF DECORATION BY SIrE
Negritos Negritos
Decoration Lagunitas Paita South South
1 2
Red slip painting ................................ 22 1 4

Black slip painting .............................. 1
Incision ...................................... 7
Hollow protuberances ........................... 8 .. 1 2
Notched fillet ................................... 1
Dented rim ..................................... 1 1
Pattern brushing ................................ 12
Over-all slipping ................................ 3 1 1
Organic black painting .......................... 1 .. .. 1
the lip of the bowl sherd (figs. 4, c; 5, b; 7, c; pls. 7, b-d; 9, d). In one specimen, the
pendent bands axe separated by painted discs-a feature which anticipates the
white-painted bands and discs of Sechura A. Another feature peculiar to Paita D
is a tapered band, widest in its central portion (fig. 4, c). Band designs are fre-
quently associated with hollow protuberances.
Four incised sherds from Lagunitas, bearing red paint, represent a continuation
of the phase C incised style, though they differ in detail from those at Paita. One
sherd combines a notched ifilet with zoned punctate step designs and triangles, the
nonpunctate zones above the fillet being slipped red (fig. 6, b). Another has an
angular zone containing incised dashes, at the base of a neck, with the remainder
of the sherd slipped red (fig. 5, f). The other two are slipped red over the entire
surface, one with a zone of short incised dashes, the other with a group of four
parallel lines descending diagonally from the base of a neck (fig. 6, c; pl. 8, b, c).
The distinctive features of this small lot are over-all red slipping; 1-2 incised lines
round the base of jar necks; and punctations and dashes in zones rather than bands
as in phase C.
One sherd with a very rough, blackened surface has three irregular incised lines
and shows traces of postfired red paint (fig. 6, a). Rows of hollow protuberances
occur either with red painting or alone. A partly reconstructed jar with flared
concave neck from Negritos South 2 has two rows of protuberances, one round the
curved shoulder, the other between shoulder and neck (fig. 8). A phase D jar neck
from Lagunitas has a dented rim of the usual Paita type, and one from Paita com-
bines a dented rim with over-all red slip. One sherd from Lagunitas and two from
Negritos South 1 have decorative crisscross brushing of the exterior surface
(pl. 6, e).
Paita Variant II is limited to phase D, as evidenced by its total absence from the
Casita 2 and Paita collections. Decoration of the Variant II ware is varied, and
largely different from the decorations of Thin Red Ware. The only overlap in
decoration is on two Variant II sherds with typical red band designs-one of them
the flat-lipped bowl sherd. One sherd from Iagunitas and one from Negritos South
2 bear designs in organic black against a muddy gray-brown ground. The sherd
from Negritos South 2 may have been done in resist negative technique, but that
from Lagunitas is definitely positive painted (pl. 9, c). Presumably the fired vessel
was painted with a resinous substance and scorched over a fire.
Other Variant II decorations are all from Lagunitas. One sherd bears an over-
all creamy white slip, thickly applied and completely matte. The thickened olla rim
bears a design of triangles pendent from the lip, done with slashing incisions in
soft paste (pl. 11, a). Finally, one large sherd has a flat applique tab, associated
with two incised lines and with an appliqu6 fillet which bears deep punctations
along one side, rather than notches (pl. 10, a).
Except for the Lagunitas collection, only the Negritos South sites have yielded
more than one or two Paita D sherds. In most repects the sherds from Negritos are
of exactly the same style as at Lagunitas, but there are some differences. The aber-
rant red-painted sherds from Negritos South 2 were attributed to phase C, but
could conceivably belong to phase D. The possible negative painted sherd from the
same site has already been mentioned. One sherd from Negritos South 2, with a
hollow protuberance and clearly of the thicker, darker phase D ware, has a smooth,
featureless interior surface. This is the only body sherd without interior brushing
which can definitely be attributed to the Paita style, but six similar plain sherds
from Negritos South 1 could also belong to Paita D.
Finally, two specimens typical of phase D in other respects differ in having
well-polished surfaces. One of these is a large, partly reconstructed jar from Negri-
tos South 1. It has a short vertical neck and an angular shoulder set high on the
body (fig. 9). The ware is polished plain reddish orange. The other specimen, from
Negritos South 2, is a sherd with a polished, thickly applied red slip.
Two fragments of solid clay figurines from Lagunitas are also attributed to
Paita D. One of them is a section of flattened torso, subrectangular in cross section
and almost featureless on the surface. At one end of the fragment there is a de-
pression suggesting the separation of the legs. It bears traces of red slip. The other
fragment is a short leg, stout and bowed. The ball-like foot bears two deep incisions
to suggest the toes (pl. 10, b, c).
SECHURA STYLE
The five identified phases of the Sechura style represent a long period during which
there was marked change in features of paste and vessel form, while decoration
remained fairly constant, with relatively minor changes from one phase to the
next. Throughout the Sechura sequence, decoration consists primarily of white-on-
red slip painting, rare two-color and three-color negative painting, plain and
notched applique fillets, and over-all white and red slipping. Also typical are jars
TABLE 8
SECHURA STYLE, DISTRIBUTION OF WARES BY PHASE
Phase
Ware- _ _ _ _ _-_ _ _ _ _ -
A B C D E
Granular Ware
Coiled Variety ..................... xx x
Paddle-and-anvil Variety . .......... . .. X X X
Fine Red Ware
Line Luster Variety ................. . .. X ..
Plain Variety ...................... . .. .. X X
Coarse Ware .. ....................... X X
with taller necks than in the Paita style, and a much greater frequency of bowls
than is found in Paita. Beginning with an assemblage which is very similar to
Paita D in features of paste, the style comes to an end with the introduction of
paddle stamping, press molding, and unit stamping at the end of the fifth phase.
Altogether, Sechura sherds were collected from eleven sites, at seven of which
the style is isolated. Unlike the Paita style, which so far is known only from beach
sites, Sechura definitely occurs in sites of the lower Piura Valley proper.
There is no single ware which occurs throughout the Sechura sequence, but
rather a progression of wares, with a great deal of change in paste and surface
qualities through the course of the five phases. Three basic wares are recognized,
two of them with multiple variants which have chronological significance. The
temporal distribution of the wares is shown in table 8, and their distribution by
site in table 9.
Granular Ware is a soft, relatively thick, predominantly red pottery, smooth-
surfaced but granular and porous when viewed in cross section. It is tempered with
crushed sherds, quartz, and calcitic material (perhaps crushed limestone or
crushed shell), and contains both mica and pyrites. These ingredients occur in
constantly varying quantities, and any of them may be missing from some sherds.
Sherd temper is rare or absent in phase A. A few sherds are heavily tempered with
large particles; the remainder show relatively little temper, with small particles.
Though the dominant color is red, varicolored pastes-red, brown, gray, and black,
in laminated or patchy combinations-are very common in the earlier Sechura
phases, and large black fire clouds are usual throughout the style. Unclouded sur-
faces range from dark brown to tan or light red, and a very few sherds have
smoked black surfaces.
The ware is much softer than Thin Red Ware, measuring 21/2 to 41/2 on Mohs's
scale. It is also thicker than Thin Red Ware, 2.8-15.2 mm. normal body thickness,
with a definite tendency toward increasing thickness through the course of time.
There are two major varieties of Granular Ware: coiled and paddle-and-anvil
manufactured. The coiled variety, found in phases A-C, shows bonding marks
and brush-smoothing on the interior of jars, as in Thin Red Ware. Jar interiors of
the paddled variety show the large shallow indentations of the anvil, and are other-
TABLE 9
SECHURA STYLE, DISTRIBtrr0N OF WARES BY SrrE
Granular Fine Red
Site Site Coarse - ________ - ______Unclassified
- ________
______ _ __ __ _
Coarse ~~~~Line
Luster
Coiled Paddled Plain Line Luster
Lagunitas .5 .. ..
Casita 1.103 .. 103 ..
Tortuga.10
........ ..
Punta Nermete South 1 4 .. ..
Punta Nermete South 2 11 .. ..
San Pedro North A 20...... 8 5 ..
Punta Nermete 1 .35 12 19 7 5 1
San Pedro North A 22 ....... .. .. .. 3
Sechura 2 .................. 3 3 .. 3
Chusfs ..................... 6 54 .. 4
Tacal4 .................. 1 2
wise smooth and featureless or show a few wiping striations. It is possible that
specimens of this variety were made by coiling and that the paddle and anvil were
used only for thinning the vessel wall. However, today's potters at Simbila manu-
facture their vessels entirely with the paddle and anvil and are unacquainted with
the coiling technique. Since the Simbila techniques represent a continuation of the
ancient tradition, there is no reason to assume that a different method was used
on the archaeological paddled pottery.
Jar exteriors in both varieties of Granular Ware are usually wiped smooth, but
may bear a polished slip. Jar necks were probably made by coiling. When not
slipped and polished, they are wiped smooth. Occasionally in phases B-C, normally
in phases D-E, jar necks show regular circumferential striations, perhaps due to
wiping with a coarse cloth. Bowls are usually polished with a narrow implement.
In the early phases they are more frequently burnished, in the later phases more
often lightly polished with little or no luster. Exterior brush smoothing never
occurs in Granular Ware. Bowls do not show evidence of the manufacturing tech-
nique, but those forms associated with coiled ware are assumed to have been made
by coiling, and those associated with paddle-made jars are classified with the
paddle-and-anvil ware.
There is change through time in Granular Ware, especially in color, thickness,
and tempering. The changes are gradual and sherds of one color or thickness often
come from the same vessel as those of another color or thickness. In phase A, the
color range is largely brown or brownish red; temper is mostly calcitic with a little
quartz and, possibly, rare sherds; pyrites occur abundantly; and body thickness
ranges from 2.8 to 9.2 mm. Coiled sherds from phases B-C tend to greater thickness
(3 to 12 mm.), less emphasis on one particular tempering material, fewer pyrites,
abundant sherd temper, and more frequent red colors. The paddle-and-anvil
variety of phases C-E is systematically red, ranging from reddish brown to purple-
red, with the lightest colors in phase E. It shows more emphasis on sherd temper,
has a good deal of mica inclusion, often excludes pyrites altogether, and is 4.1-15.2
mm. thick.
The other two wares of the Sechura style-Fine Red Ware and Coarse Ware-
are limited to phases D and E. In both wares, jars were made exclusively with the
paddle-and-anvil technique and bowls show no evidence of manufacturing method.
Both wares are basically red, but in each there is a small percentage of deliberately
produced blackware. In both wares, the interior surfaces of jars may be smooth
and featureless except for the anvil indentations, or may show fine striations from
wiping with the hand or with a rough cloth. The exterior body surfaces of jars
may be wiped or lightly polished, and occasionally show considerable luster, though
they are not well burnished.
There is some tendency toward color differences between the two wares, but the
primary difference is in texture and temper. Fine Red Ware has a compact, non-
friable paste, 21/2 to 41/2 on Mohs's scale of hardness. Most specimens have no temper
visible to the naked eye except a scattering of extremely fine mica particles; the
remainder have a few soft white particles of varying size scattered through the
compact clay. The color range of unpigmented surfaces is light brown or tan to
light brownish red, with occasional gray fire clouds. The majority of sherds show
a light gray core with red surfaces; the remainder are red throughout. Fine Red
Ware averages quite thick, ranging from 3.0 to 13.5 mm., with most sherds over 6
mm. thick. Peculiar to Fine Red Ware are nonlustrous, extremely smooth surfaces.
A pattern burnished variant of Fine Red Ware occurs only in the collection from
Punta Nermete 1. Whether it is peculiar to this site, or generally characteristic of
Sechura D, I do not know. It differs from the usual Fine Red Ware in that the
exterior surfaces show widely separated polished lines, which stand out red and
glossy against the usual matte surface. There is no apparent pattern to the lines,
which are laid out more or less at random. Collier and Murra's term, "line luster,"
is well suited to this sort of pattern burnishing (Collier and Murra 1943, p. 48).
Coarse Ware derives its name from its temper, which is coarse unsorted sand
in large quantity. The large sand grains are not only prominently visible in
the core but usually also appear on the surface of the vessel. Surfaces are wiped
or lightly polished, and are never as smooth as in Fine Red Ware. Coarse Ware is
also less well oxidized, showing darker colors in the red-brown and purple-red
range, sometimes discolored to gray. Gray and muddy brown cores occur with red
surfaces on some sherds. On others, the paste is a homogeneous red-brown. Rare
black sherds were probably deliberately smudged, as in Fine Red Ware. Coarse
Ware measures 4.2-13.5 mm. in body thickness, 2/2 to 51/2 in hardness on Mohs's
scale.
PHASE A
Sechura A is Kelley's San Pedro "Period" (Kelley MS., pp. 1-2). The sample of
this phase in Miss Haase's collection is very small and is not isolated from other
phases and styles. Kelley, however, found Sechura A isolated-or perhaps asso-
ciated with a few Paita D sherds-at San Pedro 8. Though Sechura A is most
similar to Paita D in some features of paste, and to Sechura B in form and decora-
tion, it occurs unassociated with the former at Punta Nermete 1 and unassociated
with the latter at Lagunitas. There is no doubt that it represents a real archaeolog-
ical unit. Miss Haase's collection contains 21 decorated and 5 plain sherds from
Punta Nermete 1, 5 decorated sherds from Lagunitas, and one decorated sherd
from Paita.
The only ware in Miss Haase's small collection is Granular Coiled. As indicated
above, there is a tendency in phase A to dark colors, dominant calcitic temper, and
abundant large pyrite inclusions. Many sherds are distinguished from Paita D
specimens only by the neater surface finish. In Sechura A, all bowls are either
burnished brown or slipped red and well polished or burnished. Jars have smoothly
wiped surfaces, or bear a polished red slip.
The common vessel forms are low incurved bowls (fig. 10, h, i), jars with small,
short, slightly flared necks and thin rounded lips (fig. 10, a, b); and thin-lipped
jars with tall flared concave collars (fig. 10, c, g). Unique forms are a deep, concave-
sided bowl (?) and a broad, shallow plate with thickened rim and flat lip (fig.
10, d, f). An annular base from a bowl is 8-9 cm. in diameter, and probably stood
not much higher than 1 cm. (fig. 10, e).
Decoration in Sechura A is partly new, partly a continuation of Paita D decora-
tions. Over-all red slip, which first appeared in Paita D, is now very frequent, and
is distinguished from Paita D red slip by its smooth polished surfaces, which oc-
casionally have a very high gloss. Both bowls and jars are slipped red, though on
the former the slip is sometimes limited to the interior. Small notched fillets also
continue from Paita D, but are now accompanied by plain fillets (pl. 11, b, e). Both
forms probably occur between shoulder and neck on jars, as in Paita D and the
later Sechura phases.
The most important new decorations are the diagnostics of the Sechura style:
white-on-red slip painting and resist negative painting with organic black pigment.
Each type is represented by only one sherd in Miss Haase's collection. The white-
on-red sherd has a broad white line and white discs on the usual polished red slip
(pl. 11, d). Kelley reports white step designs combined with dots, on polished red
slip, from San Pedro North 8. The negative painted sherd, from Lagunitas, has
two broad lines of grayish white slip, between which is a reserved natural orange
disc (perhaps part of a row of discs) against a lightly smoked, brownish black
background (pl. 9, a). From San Pedro North 8, Kelley reports a sherd with two-
color resist negative design of a row of dots between parallel lines (Kelley MS.,
pp. 1-2).
One of the most characteristic of Sechura A decorative techniques is engraving-
incision in hard paste, which produces lines with a scratchy, light-colored quality.
Three sherds of this type in Miss Haase's collection include one from Paita with
a band of diagonal lines around a bowl rim, interrupted by a hatched triangle
topped by a scroll (fig. 10, h; pl. 11, f); one from Lagunitas with a broad band of
crosshatching (pl. 11, g); and one from Punta Nermete 1 with a crudely made step
design (pl. 11, h). Kelley reports engraved pendent triangles from San Pedro
North 8, and zoned punctation done with the engraving technique (ibid., p. 1).
All Sechura A engraving is done on burnished brown bowls.
The only other decorated sherd in Miss Haase's collection is a tall jar rim with
narrow red- and black-slipped lines on the lip. In addition, Kelley's collection from
San Pedro North 8 included one sherd with broad line incision, and one with comb-
impressed dentations (ibid., p. 1).
PHASE B
Sechura B is known from five sites: Casita 1, Tortuga, Punta Nermete 1, and Punta
Nermete South 1 and 2. Casita 1, the first site discovered, yielded a large collection
of sherds of this phase, together with four sherds with Paita-like pastes. Of the
latter, only one-a Paita C bevelled-lip bowl-could definitely be assigned to one
phase of the Paita style. At Tortuga, Sechura B is isolated from all except two
unclassified sherds; at Punta Nermete South 2 it is accompanied by a single body
sherd of Paita Thin Red Ware; at Punta Nermete South 1 it is mixed with a Paita
C component; and at Punta Nermete 1 it occurs with various phases of the Paita,
Sechura, and Piura styles.
Granular Coiled continues as the only ware. As indicated above, there is a ten-
dency to lighter surface colors, fewer pyrites, and less calcitic temper in the ware
of phase B, and sherd temper occurs with considerable frequency. The typical
phase A surfaces-burnished brown, smooth red to brown, polished red slip-
continue, and others are added: solid white and orange slips, fugitive pink slip,
streaky black organic pigment used to cover large zones, and mottled surfaces
resulting from double slipping or from overlaying a slip with a layer of organic
black paint.
Jars with short flared necks no longer occur in the style. The taller concave flared
neck continues from the previous phase and is accompanied by a similar flared
collar with straight rather than concave profile. The latter form sometimes has the
thin lip of the former, and sometimes has a thicker lip curved up from the exterior
(fig. 23, a-c, f, g, t). Other new jar necks are a vertical or tapered form with flaring
rim and thin lip (figs. 23, d, e; 11, a); a very tall collar with a long flared rim
marked by a broad groove on the interior (fig. 23, j, r); a shorter vertical neck,
bulging in the lower part, with a short flared rim and thin rounded lip (figs. 23, b;
11, b); and a small concave sided neck form (fig. 11, c, d).
The incurved bowl form continues from phase A, now slightly more open at the
mouth (fig. 11, e, f). There are two new bowl forms: one with high flared convex
walls and thin lip (fig. 23, h, i) and one with deep rounded bottom and short flared
walls (fig. 23, m, n, s). Ring bases from bowls are found, as in phase A (fig. 23,
p, q). Unique forms are a thickened base, probably from a jar (fig. 23, o); a frag-
ment of a red stirrup spout, inadvertently left behind at the site; and a thin-
rimmed neckless olla (fig. 11, g).
The distribution of the various vessel forms, by site, is shown in table 10.
Decorative traits carried over from phase A are polished red slip, white-on-red
painting in bands and discs, rare resist negative painting, rare engraving, rare
incision, and small applied fillets both plain and notched. New decorations are over-
all white and pink slipping, contrasting slipped zones often separated by fillets,
TABLE 10
SECHuRA B, DISTRIBuTION OF FEATuRES OF VESSEL FORM BY SrrE
Form Casita 1 Tortuga Punta Nermete 1
Concave flared neck ............. .............. 1

Straight flared neck ........................... 9
Vertical neck, everted rim ..................... 5 1 1
Tall collar, flared grooved rim ................. 4
Bulging neck, everted rim ...................... 2
Small concave sided neck ...................... 2
Incurved bowl ................................. 3
High sided flared bowl ......................... 3 1
Short sided, round bottom bowl ................ 4 .. 1
Ring base from bowl ........................... 2
TABLE 11
SECHuRA B, DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF DECORATION BY SrrE
Punta Punta
Decoration Casita 1 Tortuga Nermete Nermete
1 South 1
Red slip ....................................... 13 2 1

White slip ...................................... 1 1
Pink slip ....................................... 3
Contrasting color zones ......................... 8 3
Double slip ..................................... 2
White dots on red or pink slip ................... 5
White bands on natural surface .................. 5
Resist negative ................................. 1
Plain fillet .....................................8.. 1 1
Notched fillet ................................... 5
Indentations on neck ............................ 1 1
Incised or punctate .............................. 3
Engraved .....................................1..
Other decoration ................................ 3 2
double slipping, zones of organic black paint over slipped or plain surfaces, finger
indentations on jar necks, and a few unique plastic-decorated specimens. The
distribution of these decorations by site is shown in table 11.
At Casita 1, the vessel forms inherited from phase A receive exactly the same
surface treatment as in that phase. Thus, the concave flared neck and its phase B
derivative, the straight flared neck, are plain red to brown, and the incurved bowls
are burnished brown or slipped red. Other red-slipped forms are the straight neck
with everted rim, the bulged neck with everted rim, and the small concave sided
neck, the latter, curiously, slipped only on the inside. One bulging neck has an
unslipped rim band about an inch wide, roughened with a brush, with the slip
below. From Tortuga, a straight flared neck and a bowl of the high-walled flared
type are slipped red, the latter only on the interior. The slip, on all specimens, has
the same qualities as in phase A, ranging from brownish red to purple-red, and
from lightly polished to well burnished, but it is never as glossy as the finest phase
A specimens.
The white slip is usually thinly applied, and may be matte or polished. It dis-
colors easily to cream or gray, and is often fugitive. As an over-all coat, it is found
only on jar exteriors. On the other hand, a very fugitive matte pink slip occurs
only on the interior of bowls. Red, white, and pink slips may be used either alone or
in various combinations. A fourth slip, bright orange, is used only in contrasting
zones or as the base in double slipping. It is always solid, thickly applied, smooth
and well polished.
White discs are painted on pink- or red-slipped surfaces, or on black surfaces
which probably represent a discolored red slip. Discs occur in groups of four, or at
random in fields, usually on bowl interiors, once on a jar exterior (figs. 22, a-d;
23, m). This is the only instance of interior decoration other than over-all slipping
in any of the native Piura-Chira styles. White bands, used alone, are painted on
unslipped surfaces, on the inner rims of the tall collars with grooved rims, on the
outer rim of a bulging neck form, on a jar body, and across the mouth of a modelled
face (figs. 22, e, o; 23, j, 1).
Contrasting zones of color utilize the red, white, and orange slips, unslipped
red-to-brown surfaces, and streaky black organic paint. The latter must have been
scorched on after the vessel was fired, and is definitely not a slip. With the streaky
black paint, and with occasional incomplete overpainting of a slip, the surfaces of
these zoned specimens often have a mottled appearance (pl. 12, a, d, e). The color
combinations present in the collection include red and white, red and natural, red
over orange, white and natural, black over orange, black over white, and black and
natural. In some sherds the color zones definitely represent the upper and lower
parts of the vessel, and in several of these the colors are separated by a plain fillet
which evidently circled the vessel between neck and maximum diameter. All sherds
with contrasting color zones are from jars.
A different sort of color combination occurs on two of the round-bottomed bowls
with short sides. This is double slipping, in which the second slip is applied in thin
and streaky fashion so that the underslip shows through. One bowl has this decora-
tion on the interior, with orange underslip and white overslip. The other bowl is
decorated on the exterior, with red underslip and white overslip.
Only two other types of decoration are represented by more than one sherd.
These are applied fillets without paint, and small finger indentations on jar necks.
The fillets usually circle the upper part of the vessel, but one sherd from Casita 1
has a vertical notched fillet on a jar neck, associated with a row of punctations,
and a sherd from Punta Nermete 1 has two fillets arranged in a pattern (fig. 22,
i-m; pl. 12, b, g). The neck indentations (pl. 12, f) evidently formed circumfer-
ential rows.
All other decorations are unique. A sherd from Casita 1 has a whitish band
against a smoked black ground, evidently done in resist negative technique (fig.
22, f). A sherd from Tortuga has a purplish black (slipped?) band round the
exterior rim of a unique variant of the tall collar with grooved rim. One sherd from
Casita 1, already mentioned, has a row of deep punctations on a jar neck, with a
notched fillet (pl. 12, g). A body sherd has two such punctations (fig. 22, p), and
another body sherd has a row of short incised dashes, covered by an over-all white
slip (fig. 22, n). A high-sided flared bowl sherd from Casita 1 has an engraved
design of a head with interlocking ears, but no other features (fig. 23, h).' A jar
neck of the tall, grooved-rim type from Casita 1, with an eye marked by grooving
and two deep gouge marks, could be part of a face neck jar (fig. 23, r). A round-
bottomed, short-sided bowl from Casita 1 has a row of shallow notches cut in the
lip, anticipating the notched bowl rims of phase D (fig. 23, s). A sherd from
Tortuga has a row of applied pellets (pl. 12, h). Finally, a modelled face from
Casita 1 has a low conical nose with deep punctate nostrils, a mouth incised in a
mound of clay, and a broad band of white paint across the mouth and chin (fig.
23,o).
A common trait in Sechura B is the sherd disc, roughly chipped to shape. These
discs measure 3.5 to 5.2 cm. in diameter. They are usually unperforated, but one
fragment shows a biconical central hole. An oblong form, ground to shape from a
potsherd, measures 4.1 by 2.2 cm., and has two biconical perforations (fig. 23, g, h;
pl. 12, c).
Rectangular limestone house foundations are associated with Sechura B at
Casita 1 and Tortuga. Cobble hammerstones, abraded cobbles, and end-notched
cobble net weights are abundant on the surface at Casita 1. Kelley reports the same
range of rough stone tools at San Pedro North 8 (Sechura A) and Colan North 1
(Sechura B), associated with percussion-flaked core tools at both sites (Kelley MS.,
pp.2, 4).
A metal fishhook was collected at Casita 1. Its green oxidation indicates that it is
probably of copper or a copper alloy. No great faith should be placed in its
association, however, because fishermen walk over the site today, and probably
have done so ever since it was abandoned. Since a fishhook-in contrast to a stone
tool, a potsherd, or a house foundation-is a normal thing for a fisherman to drop
and lose, the specimen might be of any age.
PHASE C
Between phases B and D there is a considerable stylistic gap which is filled only by
a lot of thirteen sherds from San Pedro North A-20. These sherds show features
typical of both phases B and D, sometimes on the same sherd, which indicates that
they do indeed represent a separate transitional phase, rather than a mechanical
mixture of sherds of the two phases.
All thirteen sherds are of Granular Ware. Four are of the interior-brushed
coiled variety, and three are definitely paddle-and-anvil made. The remaining
sherds are attributed to one variety or another in Table 9, according to their
similarity in form or design to the coiled pottery of phase B or the paddled pottery
2Kelley assigns this sherd to phase A (his San Pedro "Period"), but the bowl form, together
with its mottled red surface and the fact that the paste contains mica, rather than pyrites, all
contradict this attribution, and make it a typical phase B (Kelley's Colin "Period") specimen
(Kelley MS., p. 2).
of phase D. Vessel forms attributed to the coiled variety are one each of a straight
flared jar neck, a tapered neck with flared rim (fig. 11, j), and a high-sided and
a short-sided flared bowl (fig. 11, h). The bowls are larger and cruder than their
phase B counterparts, whereas the jar neck sherds are exactly like those of phase B.
Two decorated sherds in the coiled ware are one with contrasting white-slipped and
plain brown zones separated by a small plain fillet, and one plain brownish gray
with a large notched fillet (pl. 13, c, e). The latter fillet type is typical of Sechura
phases D and E, the former of phase B.
The only rim sherd attributed to the paddle-and-anvil variety is of a convex-
sided flared bowl with a thickened rim made by adding a band of clay round the
inside. The rim of this specimen is bevelled on the interior, the lip thinned (fig.
11, i). Bowls of this type, derived from the short-sided bowl form of phase B, are
common in phase D, where they are decorated with notched lips. The phase C
specimen lacks this decoration. One sherd of the paddle-and-anvil variety has a
small plain fillet round the upper part of a jar body, which bears mottled orange
slip over the entire exterior surface and on the interior of the neck (pl. 13, a).
Though the decorative traits are strictly of phase B, the combination is unusual,
since orange slip in phase B is used only in conjunction with other slips, not alone.
The other decorated sherds of the paddled ware are one with a very broad-line
curvilinear white-on-red design (pl. 13, b) and one with a zig-zag design incised in
soft clay (pl. 13, d). Both are typical of phase D.
Thus, in spite of the minute size of the sample from San Pedro North A-20,
it is to be considered as representing a separate phase, since phase D traits
occur on the coiled ware of phase B, and phase B traits on the paddled ware of
phase D. It is unfortunate that this period should be so poorly represented, be-
cause the entire transition from coiling to paddle-and-anvil manufacture took place
at this time and was completed by the beginning of phase D.
PHASE D
Sechura C and D make up Kelley's Sechura "Period" (Kelley MS., p. 3). Phase D
is distinguished from phase C by the presence of Fine Red and Coarse Wares,
including the line luster variant of the former (pl. 15, d, e), paddle-and-anvil
manufacture of all jars (and probably all other forms also), and lack of such
earlier traits as small ifilets and contrasting color zones. Phase D is isolated at
Sechura 2 and San Pedro North A-22, but the best sample in Miss Haase's collec-
tion consists of 44 sherds from Punta Nermete 1.
Of the ceramic style at Sechura 2, Kelley says:
The Sechura site shares with Chusis [phase E] a distinctive type of wavy-line incised, and a very
broad-line curvilinear white-painted ware, but the very distinctive specialized feature which
has guided me in setting it up as a separate period... is the presence of several very specialized
cut and modelled elaborated rims on bowls and flattened coil handles for bowls... (Kelley MS.,
p.3).
The "cut and modelled elaborated rims" are present in quantity in the small col-
lections from all three phase D sites. Bowls are wide flared and relatively shallow,
including a short-sided form with thickened inner bevelled rim and notched lip
(fig. 12, a-c), and a form with an S-curve side and flat outer-bevelled lip which
may bear incisions (fig. 12, d, e). Both forms are probably derived from the phase
B short-sided, round-bottomed bowl. Straight flared jar necks are similar to those
of phases B-C (fig. 12, f) and are accompanied by a more nearly vertical neck form
with slightly flared thick rim and rounded lip (fig. 12, g). In addition, there are
a number of sherds from large urn-like vessels with bulging, thickened rims (fig.
12, h). Of several unique and unclassified rims, the most interesting are one from a
neckless olla with thin, slightly upturned rim (fig. 12, 1), one from a large tall
collar like those of phase E but with a thinner everted lip (fig. 12, j), and one
from a jar with short bulging neck and a strap handle attached to the lip (fig. 12, i).
TABLE 12
SECHURA D, DISTRIBUTION OF VESSEL FORMS BY SITE
Form Punta 1
Nermete Sechura
2 San Pedro
North A 22
Bowl, inner bevelled rim ....................... 4 2 1

Bowl, S-curve sides ............................ 4 .. 1
Straight flared neck ........................... 5
Slightly flared neck, thick rim ................. 2
Urn with thickened rim ........................ 6
Unique vessel form ............................ 3 2 1
Another sherd is from a large thick handle, apparently arched from rim to rim
of a vessel, like a market basket handle (fig. 12, k). Uhle illustrates two jars from
Piura with this type of handle (Uhle 1920, La'm. XLVII, near bottom of photo).
The distribution of Sechura D vessel forms by site is shown in table 12.
The small sample of Sechura D decorated sherds obviously does not show the
entire range of decoration in the phase. There are none of the broad line white-on-
red curvilinear designs reported by Kelley, for example, but one bowl sherd has a
design of pendent white lines on natural purple on the inside of the rim (pl. 14, a);
two sherds bear a polished red slip; and one has a possible white slip. Of these
painted sherds, one has a large curved plain fillet (pl. 15, c) and the others have
notched lips.
Notched lips, all on the thickened and inner bevelled bowl rim form, are the most
common decoration in the collection (pl. 14, a, b, d). Large conical lugs occur,
one on the tall jar collar, another bearing punctations and associated with a curved
plain fillet to suggest a snake (pl. 15, a, b). Two rims of the flared S-curve bowl
have incised dashes on the lip, one made before firing, the other after. One sherd
has a zig-zag incised design, rather more elaborate than the one known for phase C
(pl. 14, c), and two sherds bear single broad incised lines which do not seem to
have been part of larger designs. The distribution of these decorations by site is
shown in table 13.
Certain features present in earlier and later Sechura phases are missing from
the phase D collection, presumably because of the small size of the sample. These
are the bulging neck form with short everted rim, finger indentations on jar necks,
negative painting, and orange slip.
PHASE E
Sechura E is Kelley's Chusls "Period," discovered by Ross T. Christensen in his

excavations at Chusis in 1950 (Kelley MS., pp. 3-4; Christensen 1951, MS.). Miss
Haase's collection includes 64 sherds from Chusis, where the phase is practically
isolated, and 3 phase E sherds from Tacala, with a total of 15 rims and 30 decorated
sherds.
Though Christensen conducted extensive stratigraphic excavations at Chusis,
his analysis by ceramic types produced no significant information about chrono-
TABLE 13
SECHURA D, DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF DECORATION BY S1TE
Decoration Punta 1 Sechura San Pedro
North A 22
Decoration Nermete 2
Notched bowl lip .............................. 4 2 1

Incised bowl lip ............................... 1 .. 1
Incised design on body ......................... 2 1
Plain fillet .................................. 2
Large conical lug .............................. 2
White slip ..................................... 1
Red slip ........................................ 2
White on natural purple ........................
logical changes within the excavated material. The most common vessel forms, as
indicated by his descriptions and illustrations, are large globular to elongate jars
with tall concave-sided collars and somewhat everted thick rims, usually decorated;
jars with flared necks; neckless ollas with small mouths and very thin lips; and
deep incurved, hemispherical, and concave-sided flared bowls. A variety of bulging
and composite-profile necks include two forms resembling Piura A necks: a low
bulging neck with flared rim, which in Piura A would have an incised handle to
the jar body; and a taller straight collar with flared rim and flat lip. Small strap
handles resemble those found in Sechura D, as do thick rims from urnlike vessels.
Decoration at Chusis, according to Christensen, consists of white slip painting on
plain red ground, rare design painting in other colors, over-all slipping in various
colors, rare negative painting, and a variety of incision, punctation, notching,
grooving, appliqu6, and modelling. Painted designs, regardless of technique or
color, include discs, dots, bands, and alternating straight and wavy bands or lines.
In all, Christensen refers to 12 slip colors: two reds, white, black, purple, two
browns, tan, orange, salmon, pink, and buff. This is probably a purely descriptive
differentiation of color rather than an analytical list of the number of different
pigments used. Rare combinations are red-on-white, purple-and-red-on-white, and
purple-on-orange. Incised designs are wavy lines, diamonds, and triangles. Rare
incised dashes on bowl lips represent a continuation of a Sechura D type. Large
fillets commonly have large finger indentations, but may be notched as in other
Sechura phases. Tall collars are decorated with fillets, finger indentations, modelled
grooving, hollow protuberances, and incised and punctate faces. There is one
pierced lug at the base of a neck, as in Piura A. (Christensen MS., pp. 195-244).
Christensen reports four very important sherds from the surface at Chusis. TWo
are press molded, one with raised dots and rounded eminences, the other with part
of a bird motif in sunken lines. One is paddle marked with sunken straight and
wavy lines. The fourth is medallion stamped with a flower design "almost identical
with that observed on a pottery stamp at the modern village of Simbila" (ibid., pp.
234-236). All four sherds are of red ware without visible temper, hence must be
attributed to the Sechura style (Fine Red Ware) rather than to the later Piura or
Simbila styles. Since these types occurred only on the surface and not in excava-
tion, they should represent either a very late innovation in Sechura E, or else a
sixth Sechura phase which is barely represented at Chusis. Since there is a marked
stylistic and temporal break after Sechura E and before the next known phase
(Piura A), the latter explanation is perhaps most plausible.
Miss Haase's collection contains several sherds from tall collars, but only one
rim sherd of this form (fig. 13, f). Other identifiable forms, represented by 1-3
sherds each, are moderately flared straight jar necks and slightly concave necks
with thick lips, both carried over from phase D (fig. 13, a-c); thin lipped neckless
ollas (fig. 13, g, h); a straight vertical collar with everted rim and flat lip like those
of Piura A (fig. 13, d); and a "market basket" handle like the Sechura D example
(fig. 13, i).
Decorated sherds show chalky white and orange slips, dark red slip, a white-
slipped zone on natural red background (pl. 17, b), and red-slipped lines and rings
on a clouded, apparently unslipped ground (pl. 17, a). The latter decoration, on
a thin-lipped olla sherd, is unique. Decoration of the tall collars includes large
finger-indented fillets (pl. 16, c, e), a hollow protuberance surrounded by puncta-
tions (pl. 16, a), part of a face with two rows of large round punctations under the
eye (pl. 16, b), and an applique ring set in a finger-pressed circular depression
(pl. 16, d). Other decorated sherds show a notched fillet (pl. 17, f), a punctate
fillet (pl. 17, i), double rows of irregular, angular large punctations on jar bodies
and along the inner lip of a rim sherd (pl. 17, d, e), an applique arm (pl. 17, c),
and a single incised line.
Christensen's discovery of stamped sherds on the surface is confirmed by a
sherd of Fine Red Ware with a flower-like design obviously made with a stamp,
and definitely not incised, press molded, or paddle made (pl. 17, g). This occur-
rence of medallion stamping in the Sechura style is curious, since the technique
does not appear again until modern times.
One specimen from Chusls is a portion of a sherd disc, ground to shape from a
piece of Fine Red Ware, with an incipient perforation in one side (pl. 17, h).
Christensen excavated a limited number of artifacts of stone, bone, shell, and
metal, and a few textile and basketry fragments at Chusis (Christensen MS., pp.
264-277). The metal objects are small tubes and pins of hammered copper and a
gilded copper disc (ibid., pp. 264-265).
PIURA STYLE
The Piura style is represented by a larger sherd sample than any other, derived
from 25 sites. At 23 sites, both along the shore and in the Piura and Parifnas
valleys, the style is isolated from those already described. The principal collections
come from Colan, Coscomba, Nunura 1, and the four Puerto Rico sites, but a
number of other sites give useful information on the distribution of phases and on
local differences of style. Nine sites were rejected for analysis because of extreme
erosion of the sherds or because the collection was small and nondistinctive. A tenth,
Nunura 2, shows several phases mixed in a very small collection. Sherd totals from
these sites are listed in Table 14 but they are not further analyzed. Similarly, the
sherds from San Pedro North 1 and San Pedro North A-5-both Piura phase B
sites-have not been classified by ware because of extensive erosion.
Unlike previous styles, the Piura style has been recognized repeatedly in the
literature, though few specimens have been illustrated. Its dominant character-
istic-the manufacture of vessels with decorated paddles-has been observed by
Kroeber (1925a, p. 228), Kroeber and Muelle (1942, p. 23), Lothrop (1948, p. 60),
and others. Other distinctive features of the style are press-molded decoration,
simple white-slipped band designs on unslipped surfaces, and a general crudeness
of workmanship as compared to earlier styles. The earlier phases are distinguished
by the frequent use of incised handles, lugs, large fillets, and pedestal bowls. Nega-
tive painting no longer occurs, and red slip is limited to phase A.
In spite of the large sample, in some respects the Piura style is less well docu-
mented than either Sechura or Paita, partly because there are at least two major
breaks in the sequence, partly because of the severe erosion of the sherds from
several sites, and partly because the dominant paddle-marked ware shows little
change of design from phase to phase and hence is not a very useful chronological
indicator. Once a paddle-marked design is introduced, it is retained unchanged
through subsequent phases of the style.
Piura ware is uniform throughout the style in colors, surface finish, and manu-
facture, but varies greatly in texture, tempering, and thickness. Because of the
relatively weak documentation of the sequence, a simple arbitrary classification
has been chosen, and ware variations not covered by the classification will be
handled textually. A more complex classification would be desirable but should
be based on a much larger sample of well-preserved sherds with archaeological
associations. In all, four wares are recognized: Coarse Ware, Granular Paddle
Ware, Compact Ware, and Burnished Black Ware. Coarse and Granular Paddle
wares are carried over from Sechura D-E with little change. Compact Ware is a
new local variety. Burnished Black Ware is rare in the collection and undoubtedly
represents a foreign element in the Piura-Chira tradition. The three abundant
wares of native tradition are each subdivided into three color groups: red, gray,
and interior black.
Coarse Ware, Granular Paddle Ware, and Compact Ware all show the same
techniques, colors, vessel forms, and decorations. Most were made by paddle-and-
anvil technique, but a few decorated specimens of each were pressed in multipart
molds. Except for a few burnished red-slipped sherds belonging to phase A, sur-
faces of all vessels were left unmodified after the paddling process, not being
polished or further smoothed. Specimens made with a plain paddle have smooth,
nonlustrous exterior surfaces; those made with a decorated paddle have overlap-
ping geometric designs covering the exterior surfaces. Jar necks and collars were
probably always made by coiling and usually show wiping striations on their
interior and exterior surfaces.
In color these three wares range from purple or purple-red to medium brown to
gray and grayish tan. An arbitrary distinction between red (purple to brown) and
gray wares is useful for chronology but is not an absolute distinction in the style.
Some "red" and "gray" sherds may come from the same vessels. A third color class,
clearly distinguishable, consists of bowls with deeply smudged black interiors and
gray or red exteriors. Though paste cores of homogenous color occur with some
frequency, the red and gray wares are by no means uniformly well oxidized or
reduced. Most sherds show both red to brown and gray colors in the core. Purple
colors, very common in the Piura style, appear only on the surface of the vessels
but are not produced with a pigmented slip.
Granular Paddle Ware is tempered with small calcitic particles, finely ground
sherds, and sometimes fine sand, all in moderate quantities. Fine flecks of mica are
a universal component of the clay. Texture is usually quite granular, as in the
Sechura style, but ranges to nearly as fine as the texture of the Fine Red Ware of
Sechura D-E. The two features which distinguish Granular Paddled from Com-
pact Ware are the presence of sherd temper and of a visible grain to the clay.
Compact Ware, when seen in cross section by the naked eye, appears as a solid
nongranular mass interrupted only by temper particles. Temper is limited to
moderate quantities of small calcitic particles, rare large calcitic particles, occa-
sional small quantities of fine sand, and mica inclusions.
Coarse Ware, a catch-all category which deserves further study and subdivision
when a better sample is available, covers the whole range of texture of the two
wares named above, and is distinguished from them by its abundance of large
temper particles. The temper may be coarse quartz sand, fine gravel composed
mostly of dark-colored rounded particles, or chunks of calcitic material. Sherd
temper also occurs. One, two, three, or all four of these tempering materials may
appear in any one sherd. While certain sites show some tendency to favor one or
two tempering materials, the distinction is not absolute.
Table 14 shows the distribution of these three wares by site and region. Both
regional and temporal differences in frequency are evident, with different se-
quences of ware frequencies at the sites from Nunura to Paita and those in the
Parifnas region to the north. In the southern group-effectively, the Piura-Chira
shore-Granular Paddled Ware dominates in phase A (Colan, Tierra Colorada,
Punta Nermete 1, Yasila 3), Compact Ware is dominant in phase C (Coscomba,
San Pedro North A-14), and Coarse Ware makes up the vast majority of the
phase E collection (Nunura 1). Of three phase B sites, the sherds from two are
too eroded for classification, and the third (Tacala) produced only a small sample.
In the rare Coarse Ware of Phases A-C, sand is the principal temper, and the
texture is fairly granular, while calcitic temper and massive texture are found
most frequently in phase E.
In the large phase B sample from the Puerto Rico sites at the mouth of the
Parifnas River, Coarse Ware is by far the most frequent, but Granular Paddled
Ware occurs in fair quantity. The small phase C sample from Quebrada Coyonitas
is inadequate for comparison but does suggest an increased frequency of both fine
wares at the expense of Coarse Ware. The Coarse Ware at all these Parifnas sites
contains about equal quantities of sand and calcitic temper.
Table 15 shows the distribution of the three color varieties by phase and site.
No regional differences are apparent. The interior black variety, always scarce, is
limited to phases A and B. Red Ware dominates in phases A-C, gray ware in
Phase E.
TABLE 14
PIURA STYLE, DISTRIBUTION OF WARES BY SITE
WARES CLASSIFIED
Site | Granular | Compact | Coa,rsFe Burnished Unclassified

Site Granular Compact Coarse ~Black Gray
Piura-Chira sites
Co1An ............................ 58 2 9 1 1
Tierra Colorada .................... 10
Punta Nermete I ................... 3 2 3
Yasila 3 ............................ 1 2 4
Tacal .............................. 6 9 5
Coscomba .......................... 20 51 7
San Pedro North A 14 .............. 4 10 1
Nunura 1 ........................... 9 2 118 1
Parifias sites
Puerto Rico 4 ...................... 16 1 43
Puerto Rico 3 ...................... 8 2 17
Puerto Rico 2 ...................... 8 3 30
Puerto Rico I ...................... 23 4 48 1 1
Quebrada Coyonitas ................ 8 4 4
WARES NOT CLASSIFIED
Site Total Sherds
Piura-Chira sites
San Pedro North 1 ....................................................... 37
San Pedro North A 5 ..................................................... 11
San Pedro North A 1 ..................................................... 10
San Pedro North A 9 ..................................................... 8
San Pedro North A 13 .................................................... 6
San Pedro North A 16 .................................................... 2
Nunura 2 ........................................................... 10
Nunura 3 .............................................................. 5
Nunura 4 .............................................................. 2
Punta Nermete 2 ......................................................... 5
Yasila 2 ........................................................... 15
San Pedro North A 2 ..................................................... 20
Some temporal differences of hardness and thickness are also apparent in the
three wares under discussion. Altogether, they range in body thickness from 2 to
13 mm., and in hardness from 21/2 to 61/2, on Mohs's scale. In phase A, hardness
ranges from 31/2 to 61/2, in phase B from 21/2 to 61/2, in phases C-E from 21/2 to 5 /2.
Body thickness in phases A-C is from 2.8 to 13 mm., in phase E from 1.8 to 8 mm.
A single sherd from Coscomba, 22 mm. thick, is exceptional.
The fourth ware, Burnished Black, is the only ware other than Sechura A red
slipped ware to show a genuine high-luster burnish. It is thin (2.8-5.8 mm),
hard (51/2 to 71/2 Mohs's), and excellently made. The fine-textured paste bears small
quantities of very fine sand and flecks of mica, and was fired in a reducing at-
mosphere to an even pearl gray. The exterior surfaces are smudged black, per-
fectly smoothed, and burnished to a high gloss. This ware, though perhaps locally
TABLE 15
PIuRA STYLE, DISTRIBUTION OF WARE COLORS BY SITE
Site Interior Black Red Gray
Phase A
Co1,n ................................... 1 63 5
Tierra Colorada ............................. .. 10
Punta Nermete 1 ............................ 8
Yasila 3 ................................. 7
Phase B
Puerto Rico 4 ............................... 48 12
Puerto Rico 3 ............................... 22 5
Puerto Rico 2 ............................... 1 34 6
Puerto Rico 1 ............................... 5 59 11
T acal ..................................... 3 13 4
Phase C
Quebrada Coyonitas .......................... .. 14 2
Coscomba ................................... 70 8
San Pedro North A 14 ....................... .. 12 3
Phase E
Nunura 1 ................................... . . 69 59
made, is clearly foreign to the native tradition and derived from the fine black-
wares of the southern part of the north Peruvian coast.
Two sherds have not been classified above. They show the characteristics of the
three standard wares, but have roughly burnished gray exterior surfaces. These
sherds belong to phases A and B.
PHASE A
Piura A is known only from the vicinity of the Paita Peninsula. The phase is
defined by Miss Haase's collection from Colan. The small collections from Yasila 3
and Tierra Colorada are identified as Piura A by their rim forms, and there is a
component of the phase at Punta Nermete 1-the most recent of the pre-Spanish
phases found at that site. In all, of a total of 96 sherds of phase A, 36 are decorated
and 37 are rims or sherds otherwise indicative of form.
As in all previous styles, jars are more common than bowls. The most frequent
form is a jar with a broad vertical or slightly flared straight collar, everted rim,
and flat lip (fig. 14, a-c). Another form is a similar collar with a ridge of clay
round the exterior of the rounded lip, replacing the everted rim (fig. 14, d, e).
Slightly flared tall jar necks with thinned rims include convex profile necks of
large diameter and concave proffle necks of smaller diameter (figs. 14, e-g; 15, b).
Another jar neck of fairly small diameter has a modelled bulge round the lower
portion and a short everted rim (fig. 15, c, d). This form apparently always has
two small strap handles from body to neck. Bowls with markedly flared, slightly
convex sides and thin rounded lips stand on short pedestals (fig. 15, e, f). Table
16 shows the distribution of these forms by site. Unique forms include a rim from
a large urnlike vessel, like those of Sechura D and E (fig. 15, h).
As described above, the dominant ware in Piura A is Granular Paddled. Diag,
nostic of this phase is the red slipped variant of Granular Paddled and Coarse
TABLE 16
PiuRA A, DISTRIBUTION OF VESSEL FORMS BY SITE
Punta Yasila Tierra
Form Form | GolAn
Col;^n | ~~~~~Nermete 1 3 Colorada
Straight collar, everted rim ..................... 12 2

Straight collar, ridged rim ...................... 3 1 .. 2
Flared convex neck, thin rim .................... 2
Flared concave neck, thin rim ................... 2
Bulging neck, everted rim ....................... 3 2
Convex flared bowl, thin rim .................... 3
Pedestal base of bowl ........................... 3
TABLE 17
PIURA A, DISTRIBUtTION OF TYPES OF DEcORATION BY SITE
Decoration ColAn Punta Nermete 1 Yasila 3
Handle, 3 incised lines .......................... 3

Perforated lug ................................. 5 1 1
Button lug .................................... .. 1
Plain flattened lug .............................. 2
Fillet ........................................ 6
White band decoration ......................... 5
Over-all red slip ............................... 4 2
Modelled ..................................... 3
Press molded .................................. 1 1
Geometric stamped ............................ 3 1
Wares, which continues from Sechura E. The sample also includes one sherd each
of the rare interior black and Burnished Black wares and of the burnished gray
variant of Granular Paddled Ware.
Decoration in phase A is simple but varied, as shown in table 17. The small strap
handles on bulging profile jar necks bear three incised lines and suggest little
four-fingered hands grasping the neck (pl. 18, a). Small lugs are placed at the
base of necks of this form and of the straight collars with flared rims. In phase A,
these lugs are usually flattened, either plain or pierced. The pierced lugs may
bear two incised lines, giving the suggestion of a little animal head. One sherd has
a little button lug which bears a deep incised line. The latter specimen also has a
white painted design (fig. 14, c; pl. 18, b-e). Large plain or notched fillets carry on
from the late Sechura phases. They are located round the upper part of jar bodies
just below the base of the neck. Double fillets may occur (pl. 18, a-c).
Painted decoration is limited to over-all burnished red slip and to white band
designs applied on unslipped red surfaces. As in the late Sechura phases, the white
bands are usually curvilinear, but straight bands also are found. The white pig-
ment is thin and matte, tending to an ivory tone (pls. 18, c; 20, a, b).
Paddle-marked and press-molded decoration is rare in Piura A. Throughout the
Piura style, geometric designs covering the whole vessel are usually applied by
means of decorated paddles but are also found on molded vessels, with the design
carved in the mold. Since it is not always possible to determine whether a specimen
was made and decorated with a mold or a paddle, this type of decoration will be
treated as a unit under the name "geometric stamping." As shown in table 18,
TABLE 18
PiuIRA STYLE, DISTRIBUTION OF GEOMETRIC STAMPED DESIGNS BY SIrE
Que- San
Design Punta Tacal
Colin Nermete Puerto Puerto Puerto brada Pedro Cos- Nunura
1
Rico 3 Rico 2 Rico 1 Coyon- North comba
1 ita A 14
Small squares ............ 2 1 1 3 7 4 5 11 19

Diamonds with dots ...... 1 1 2 1 .. 2 1 .. 3
Squares with dots ..... . .. 3 1 5 1 1 .. 4 4
Small diamonds ..... .. .. 1 .. 3 .. 3 10 8
Zig-zags . ... .. 1 2 .. .. .. .. 6
Wavy lines and dots.. .1.. 2 ..3 8 1
Straight lines and dots. . .. . 2 3 3 8 1
Groups of lines . .... .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. 3 8
Combs .................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 5
Large diamonds ..1 .. 2
. . . . . . . ..........................
... .. .. ..
Lines of triangles. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12
Lines of semicircles. . .. 3
Checkerboard squares.. .. 8
Checkerboard diamonds ..
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 3
Checkerboard triangles.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
.. 1
Steps .................. .. .. .. ... 1
"Cogwheel" ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... 1
Textilelike ................ ... .. . .. ..
the few sherds of this type in Piura A have only two designs: small squares and
diamonds with central dots (pl. 20, d, e). In Kroeber and Muelle's classification
of paddle-marked designs, these are types 2 and 6 (Kroeber and Muelle 1942,
Fig. V).
Another type of decoration occurs only on press-molded specimens and is never
made with paddles. The designs are representational or consist of wavy lines or
fields of small bumps (the well-known "goose flesh" decoration), the latter often
used as background for the figures. There are only two sherds of this type in the
Piura A sample: one from Colan showing the leg of a human figure with a "goose
flesh" background (pl. 20, c), and one from Punta Nermete 1 with a wavy line
design. The latter sherd is probably from a pedestal bowl, the former from a jar.
The only other decorated sherds are a few showing simple modelling. Two sherds
from the base of jar collars show circular indentations which may have been evenly
spaced round the collar. One red-slipped sherd with a modelled ridge may be part
of an anthropomorphic or zoomorphic modelled vessel (pl. 19, d).
PHASE B
Piura B is the phase best represented in Miss Haase's collection. The four Puerto
Rico sites at the mouth of the Parifnas River, San Pedro North 1 and North A-5 at
the mouth of the Piura River, and Tacala in the Piura Valley, provide a total of 99
decorated sherds and 133 sherds of rims or pedestal bases.
Most of the useful information about phase B comes from the Puerto Rico sites.
We have already seen that there is considerable regional difference in paste
features at these sites. However, the few diagnostic sherds from the phase B sites in
the Piura region indicate that the sequence of rims and decorations in the two
regions was not significantly different.
Of the Puerto Rico sites, numbers 2 and 3 are considered typical of phase B.
The sherds from Puerto Rico 4 retain a few features of phase A and those from
Puerto Rico 1 show some features in phase C.
Most features of form and decoration in Piura B are derived from phase A with
relatively minor modifications. Jars with straight vertical or slightly flared collars,
everted rims, and flat lips continued to be made. Most of the collars are now rather
larger and the lips thicker than in phase A, but a number of specimens of this type
cannot be distinguished from their antecedents in phase A (fig. 16, a-c). Jars with
short bulging necks and everted rims also continue, now with somewhat taller rims
above the bulge (fig. 16, e-g). A few sherds from Puerto Rico 4 show the shorter
rims of phase A (fig. 16, d) and a few from Puerto Rico 1 are thickened at the
bulge, as in phase C. Concave flared jar necks are now larger and more flared than
their phase A equivalents (fig. 16, h, i).
Bowls are more varied than in phase A. Except for one specimen from Puerto
Rico 4, bowl pedestals are more flared than previously (fig. 17, a, b, e). Thin-
rimmed flared bowls continue, now with nearly straight sides in contrast to
the convex sides of phase A bowls (fig. 17, a, f). A variant form, probably
also with pedestal base, has a somewhat thicker upturned rim (fig. 17, c, d).
A new kind of vessel is a very large, thick-walled bowl with flared concave or,
rarely, convex sides (fig. 18, a-c, f). The concave-sided form in this strain is
limited to phase B, while the convex sided form continues into phase C. These
large bowls are never decorated.
The distribution of the vessel forms by site is shown in table 19. Of the various
unique and unclassified rim sherds, a few deserve special mention. The odd shape
shown in figure 18, e seems to be a jar neck with a hanging mantle around it. A
burnished black sherd from Puerto Rico 3 is from a bottle spout which had a flat
bridge attached (fig. 18, d). A sherd of a straight collar with a ridge of clay round
the outside of the rim, from Puerto Rico 4, is the only sherd of this type in the
phase B collection and is probably a phase A piece.
Decoration in Piura B is derived from that of Piura A. The small strap handles
which are placed from the neck to upper body of jars are incised in two patterns:
one or two rows of incised dashes, with from four to six incisions in each row; and
two diverging incised lines (pl. 21, e, f). Rare plain handles also occur. Perforated,
plain flattened, and incised button lugs continue from phase A, but not incised
perforated lugs (pl. 21, a-c, h). New lug forms, placed as always at the base of jar
necks, are oval with from 2 io 4 incised lines, plain conical, and plain or perforated
bilobed (pl. 21, a, g). Plain and notched fillets continue and are accompanied by
ifilets incised in a rope-like pattern (pl. 22, a-c).
White painted bands on unslipped surfaces also continue from phase A. The
curvilinear style is no longer found. Rather, there are broad white bands on the
vessel body or neck (pl. 22, d-f). One sherd from Puerto Rico 1 has a phase C
feature: a white-banded jar neck with the lip also painted white. Unique sherds
are one from Puerto Rico 3 with an irregular white zone (pl. 22, b) and one from
San Pedro North A-5 with an over-all white slip. The white slip is always matte
and thinly applied, tending to ivory or grayish white in color. Red slip is never
used after Piura A.
Geometric stamping, done largely with paddles but sometimes definitely by
molding, is now more abundant and varied. There are six common designs: small
TABLE 19
PiuRA B, DISTRIBUTION OF VESSEL FORMS BY SITE
Form
Form Puerto
Rico 4 Puerto
Rico 3 Puerto
Rico 2 San Pedro
North San Pedro Ti
1 North Puerto
Rico 1
A5
Straight collar, everted rim,

thin lip ...................... 8 1 .. .. 1 .. 3
Straight collar, everted rim,
thick lip .................... 16 1 5 6 1 .. 11
Bulged neck, short everted rim. 4 .. .. ..
Bulged neck, tall everted rim... 3 .. 1 .. 1 .. 8
Bulged neck, tall everted rim
(thick bulge) ................ .. .. .. .. 2
Concave flared neck ........... 2 .. .. ..2 .. 2
Straight flared bowl, thin rim.. .. 1 .. .. 1 3
Flared bowl, upturned rim. .... 1 2 .. .. 1 1
Large bowl, concave sides ...... 2 .. 2 .. .. .. 2
Large bowl, convex sides . . .. 1 .. .. .. 2
Pedestal of bowl ............... 6 2 3 .. .. .. 1
squares (Kroeber and Muelle design 2), small diamonds (K-M design 3), squares
with central dots (K-M design 5), diamonds with dots (K-M designs 6 and 8),
zig-zag lines (K-M design 11), and wavy lines with dots (resembles K-M design
15) (pl. 23, a, c, d, f, g). Two rare designs at Puerto Rico 1 are probably part of the
group of phase C features found at that site. They are straight lines and dots (no
Kroeber-Muelle equivalent) and sets of simple lines (pl. 23, e; K-M design 1)
(Kroeber and Muelle 1942, Fig. V). A design of large diamonds, otherwise known
only on two phase E sherds from Nunura 1, is found on one sherd at Tacala (pl.
23, b). Since geometric stamping is rare in phase A and abundant in phase C, it
may be that the three sites where no geometric stamped sherds were found by
Miss Haase (Puerto Rico 4, San Pedro North 1, and San Pedro North A-5) fall
early in phase B, while Tacala and Puerto Rico 1-3 represent the later part of the
phase.
Press-molded decoration, other than geometric stamping, also continues from
phase A. The decoration is found on the exterior walls of pedestal bowls and jars,
and is often delimited in panels. "Goose flesh" occurs alone or as background to
figures, which include one human (pl. 24, c) and one which looks like a bird leg
(pl. 24, a). A fragment of a mold from Tacala has the reverse imprint of "goose
flesh," together with ridges which would appear as depressed lines on the molded
vessel (pl. 25, c).
A new type of incised decoration is represented by three sherds. It consists of
large broad line designs, concentric triangles or triangular zones filled with
diagonal hatching (pl. 24, d, e). The only other decorated sherds are two modelled
fragments from Puerto Rico 1, neither of which is complete enough to indicate its
original form.
Tthe distribution of phase B decorations by site is shown in table 20.
Other artifacts attributed to Piura B include two sherd discs from Puerto Rico 1
and a spindle whorl from Puerto Rico 3. The discs include one thick one of Coarse
Ware, roughly chipped to shape, and a thin one of Granular Paddled Ware ground
to an oval form (pl. 25, b, d). The spindle whorl is large and heavy, with an ir-
regularly smoothed surface. It is elongate with a ridged enlargement at one end
which may have been intended to suggest a phallos (pl. 25, a).
QUEBRADA COYONITAS
The Quebrada Coyonitas collection shows a combination of features which merits
separate treatment. Vessel forms at this site include one each of the phase B
straight collar with thick flared lip, concave neck, bulged neck with a tall rim, and
large concave-sided thick-walled bowl (fig. 18, c), and one of the phase C straight
flared neck. Decorated sherds show some features common to phases B and C
(geometric stamped small squares, squares with dots, and diamonds with dots),
one phase B feature (white bands on plain body), and some which begin in phase C
(white painted lip on white banded jar neck, white painted bands over geometric
stamped designs, geometric stamped design of straight lines and dots). Because
this site is so far from the other sites under consideration, it would be unwise to
assume that the collection spans phases B and C or that it is transitional between
B and C. It could also represent a local variant of phase C with retention of phase B
features.
PHASE C
Piura C is defined by the collections from Coscomba and San Pedro North A-14.
The one difference between these sites which does not seem to be due to sample
size is the presence at San Pedro North A-14 of tall flaring jar collars. It is possible
that the absence of this form at Coscomba is due to a slight chronological differ-
ence between the two sites, but the evidence is insufficient to demonstrate such a
difference, and the two sites will be treated as a stylistic unit.
In the Piura-Chira region, the dominant ware in phase C is Compact Ware. As
in phases A-B, red surfaces are much more common than gray surfaces. Interior
black bowls no longer occur, nor does the rare burnished gray variant of the usual
paddle-made pottery. The common vessel forms are bulged jar necks with long
everted rims, like the phase B form but thickened at the bulge (fig. 19, a, b, e),
straight, moderately flared necks with flat lips (fig. 19, c, d), and large flared bowls
with convex sides (fig. 19, f, g). The latter form is continued from phase B. The
tall flared collars from San Pedro North A-14 (fig. 19, k) have already been
mentioned. There is a single sherd of a bowl pedestal and a corresponding rim
TABLE 20
PiuRA B, DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF DECORATION BY SITE
Decoration Puerto Puerto3 Puerto PuertoI Tacal San Pedro

Rico 4 Rico Rico 2 Rico North A 5
Incised handle ......................... 2 .. .. 3

Perforated lug ......................... 4 3 1
Button lug ............................. 1
Incised oval lug ........................ 1
Plain flat lug .......................... 1 2 .. 2
Plain conical lug . ..... 3
Bilobed lug . .1 1
Fillet, phase A type . . ....... 3 3
Ropelike fillet ......................... 1 1 ..
Incised design ......................... 1 1 1
Modelling . ..... 2
White band decoration ................. 1 3 2 2
Over-all white slip . .......... .. .. .. 1
Press-molded .......................... 1 2 2 2 1
Geometric stamped . ........ 7 10 18 7
sherd of the phase B type thin-rimmed bowl, both from Coscomba (fig. 19, h).
A unique rim sherd from Coscomba is a short angular jar neck, perhaps ante-
cedent to the carinated necks of phase E (fig. 19, i). Handles do not occur in
the sample after phase B.
The principal differences in decoration from phase B are the lack of incised
handles, lugs, fillets, and incised triangle designs, an increased variety of geo-
metric stamped designs, and a somewhat different use of white paint. The lack of
burnished black ware and of press-molded decoration other than geometric stamp-
ing may be due to the small size of the sample, but, as we shall see, there is some
reason to believe that these features were genuinely absent from phase C and
were reintroduced in phase D.
With the disappearance of many forms of decoration there remain only white
painting, geometric stamping, and rare modelling. The latter is confined to rows
of large irregular protuberances pushed out with the finger, giving a wavy ap-
pearance to the vessel wall. Sherds of this type from Coscomba are from the bodies
of thick-walled vessels. The one sherd from San Pedro North A-14 is from a tall
collar which also bears two broad, deep incisions (.pl. 26, a).
White bands on plain jar bodies no longer occur. The usual use of white paint
is in the form of a band round the lower half of jar necks, accompanied by white-
painted lips (pl. 26, c). One sherd has the white lip without the band. Broad white
bands over geometric stamping on jar bodies occur rarely (pl. 26, b).
In the geometric stamped type of decoration, small squares and diamonds, with
or without central dots, continue from phase B (pls. 26, b; 27, a-d, f). The ab-
sence of zig-zag lines and wavy lines with dots may be a function of sample size,
since both occur in phases B and E. New designs, not present at the typical phase
B sites, are straight lines and dots, groups of lines (Kroeber and Muelle design 1),
and a single example of a comblike element (pl. 27, e, g). One of the tall-collar
jars has a body design of squares with dots, made by press molding, in which the
lines and dots are sunken rather than raised (fig. 19, k).
There is no evidence that bowls were ever decorated after phase B.
PHASE D
In the provisional designation of phases presented here, the letter D is reserved
for material not identifiable in Miss Haase's collection. The jar necks of phase E
are so different from those of phase C and the repertory of geometric stamped
designs so greatly expanded that there is obviously a break in the sequence at this
point. Though one phase letter is reserved for the ceramics of this time, they
may prove to constitute two or more phases. Since phase E can be dated to the
Late Horizon, contemporary with the Inca occupation of the area, many of the
Chimui and Chimui-derived vessels illustrated in the literature should be contem-
porary with the missing phase D of the native Piura style.
One archaeological site which may belong to Piura D was visited by Frederic
Engel and me in 1957, though we did not collect sherds. The site is called Vichaya-
lito. It lies on the east edge of the village of San Felipe de Vichayal in the Chira
Valley, and may be the site which Lothrop (1948, p. 59) calls Vichayal. The Piura
style was well represented on the surface in the form of paddle-marked and occa-
sional press-molded sherds, but there was also a good deal of fine burnished black
ware of Chimu' type as well as fine burnished red ware which probably also came
from Chimui-type vessels. The site includes a looted cemetery and two flat-topped
pyramid mounds about 40 meters in diameter and from 7 to 8 meters high. The
latter are built of short, broad, round-topped adobes of the type described by
Kroeber for the Chimiu culture further south (Kroeber 1930, pp. 58-59).
Piura D specimens illustrated in the literature on Piura and Chira-almost all
of them of the Chimu' or Chimui-derived prestige ware-are noteworthy for the high
frequency of Chimui forms done in red ware and painted with white or organic
black pigments, rather than in the typical Chimiu burnished black ware. Kroeber
distinguishes a North Chimiu province, including both Lambayeque and Piura, pri-
marily on the basis of this high frequency of red ware (Kroeber 1930, pp. 97-98).
The distinctive fine red ware may be entirely limited to Piura D, since there was
none of it in Miss Haase's collections. It presumably represents an adaptation of
the Chimui burnished ware to the prevailing red ware tradition of Piura and
Chira.
PHASE E
Piura E is well represented by a sample of 117 decorated sherds and 16 rim sherds,
all from Nunura 1. Unfortunately, since this site is located at the southern end
of the area studied, it is possible that some of its peculiarities of style indicate
local rather than temporal differences. The presence of Piura B-C sherds in the
small mixed collection from Nunura 2, however, indicates that these earlier phases
do occur at Nunura, and that phase E cannot be contemporary with them.
Two noteworthy features of phase E are the dominance of Coarse Ware and
the increase of gray surfaces to frequencies equal to red surfaces. This is the only
time in the entire Piura-Chira sequence when oxidized ware does not dominate
the style, and the first time since Negritos times that a really coarse tempered
ware is dominant in the Piura region proper.
All the phase E rim sherds represent a single form: a short jar neck carinated
at mid-height, with a simple rounded lip (fig. 20, a-e). Other vessel forms pre-
sumably existed, but must have been relatively rare.
Decoration in Piura E includes white painting, press molding, simple model-
ling, and above all geometric stamping. The latter, now done exclusively or almost
exclusively with decorated paddles, involves a much wider range of designs
than in previous phases. All previous designs except diamonds with central dots
continue to be made, together with fret designs (Kroeber and Muelle designs 33
and 35); large diamonds (K-M design 4); lines with attached triangles (K-M
design 23) or semicircles; scrolls, including a figure "9" (K-M designs 28 and
31); checkerboard squares, diamonds and triangles, in which alternate units are
raised or depressed; a simple step design; a "cogwheel" (resembles K-M design
43); and a textilelike patterning (pls. 29-31; Kroeber and Muelle 1942, Figs.
VI-ViI).
White slipping on jar necks continues from phase C, now in a somewhat dif-
ferent form. Most or all of the exterior of the neck is painted white and some-
times the interior as well, and the paint extends to cover a band round the upper
part of the body (pl. 28, a-c). One sherd of this type also has an irregular white
zone on the plain red body of the jar (pl. 28, a). White bands and zones over
geometric stamping are now very common, occurring on 14.7 per cent of the
geometric stamped sherds (pls. 29, d; 30, a, f). Another type of decoration asso-
ciated with geometric stamping consists of rows of hollow protuberances pushed
out with the finger, smaller than the modelled protuberances of phase C and dif-
fering from them in that the latter are not associated with geometric stamping.
This feature in Piura E recalls the rows of protuberances in the Paita style.
Press molded decoration other than geometric stamping is quite common in
Piura E (7 per cent of the selected sherds from Nunura 1). The designs differ
considerably from those in phases A-B. "Goose flesh"-fields of small separated
bumps-is still used as background for some representational designs. When used
alone, however, the bumps are much larger and set closer together (pl. 32, e).
Representational designs include small birds and fish and a large lizardlike ani-
mal (pl. 32, a, b, d). One geometric design looks like a copy of an architectural
fresco (pl. 32, c).
PHASE F
The letter "F" is reserved for the continuation of the Piura style into the Colonial
period. Kelley divides the Piura style into two "periods": Chuchales (Piura A-C)
and Matacaballo (at least in part Piura F). Of the Matacaballo "Period," Kelley
says:
The eharacteristics ... are a considerable increase in the use of paddle-marking [i.e., over Piura
A-C] and the virtual abandonment of all other forms of decoration, accompanied by a great
diminution in the types of paddle-marking, which become virtually restricted to different varieties
of cross-hatching (pseudo-fiber-impressed). A considerable number of Matacaballo sites show
broken bottle glass, goat dung, iron nails, and other indications of persistence to the colonial
period or later. (Kelley MS., p. 6.)
The paddle-marked designs indicated would be those here called small squares
and checkerboard squares, presumably also small diamonds and checkerboard
diamonds, and perhaps also squares with central dots.
Miss Haase's collection does not contain any sherd assemblage attributable to
Piura F. Her small collection from Matacaballo, Kelley's type site, consists of
only a few badly eroded body sherds.
SIMBILJA STYLE
The name "Simbila" is here given to the pottery of the native Piura tradition
manufactured today in the Piura Valley. Christensen has described the manu-
facture of this pottery at the village of Simbil'a (Christensen 1955). The dom-
inant ware, Brick Red Ware, is well fired in an oxidizing atmosphere, homoge-
nous red in color, tempered with large quantities of sand. Manufacture is entirely
by undecorated wooden paddles and cobble anvils, except for jar necks, which
are shaped with the hands from a single large coil of clay. Interior surfaces are
left unretouched. Exterior body surfaces are smoothed with the wet hand, and
necks with a wet cloth. The entire vessel is coated with a wash of red ocher just
before firing. Firing is in an open fire, with the vessels surrounded by large pot-
sherds and dung but not cut off from the circulation of air (Christensen 1955,
pp. 11-13).
Vessel forms, as illustrated by Christensen, include pitchers and cups in Euro-
pean tradition, short-necked cooking pots (ollas de comida), flat-bottomed bowls,
and large storage jars (cantaros, tinajas, and tinajones). The tinaja neck is tall
and straight with an everted rim, like jar necks found in several Sechura and
Piura phases (ibid., fig. 6). Christensen reports decoration impressed with clay
stamps, occasional incision and punctation, and one specimen with a red painted
design. The stamped designs are flowers, spirals, and "massed diamonds of two
varieties" (ibid., p. 12).
The only Simbila specimens available for study are four sherds collected by
Miss Haase at Sechura 1, the modern refuse dump of the town of Sechura, and
an olla de comida purchased by me in the Sechura market. All five are definitely
medallion stamped, rather than paddle marked, the designs being separated
from each other rather than continuous and overlapping. The designs on the sherds
are all of types which occur paddle marked in Piura E (and presumably F):
checkerboard squares, checkerboard diamonds, plain squares, and spirals (pl. 33,
a-d). On the cooking pot, a flower design associated with checkerboard squares is
repeated round the upper portion, as described by Christensen (pl. 33, e). The
ocher, though presumably applied to all these specimens, does not show as an
identifiable red paint. Without Christensen's information I would have described
the surfaces as unpigmented.
Christensen mentions another type of vessel made by the same Simbila potters.
These are press molded, gray- or black-fired copies of Chimu vessels, made for
sale to tourists in Piura. I have seen these vessels on sale in Li'ma. The Museo de
la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos has a good collection of them.
They represent a revival of Piura D-E forms, inspired by the tourist trade. They
differ from Chimui vessels in surface color, which tends to be a patchy gray, and
in burnishing, which is more carelessly done and leaves broader tracks, nearly
a centimeter wide.
As Christensen points out (ibid., pp. 18-19), the Simbila style represents an
indigenous tradition, slightly modified by European concepts of form and de-
sign. It differs from the older Piura style primarily in its pitcher and cup shapes
and flower designs, and in the use of plain paddles and clay medallion stamps
rather than decorated paddles. Noteworthy is the total absence of features trace-
able to the Chimui or Inca styles, except in the tourist ware. This suggests that
these foreign styles did not significantly affect the native pottery tradition-a
conclusion borne out by the lack of Inca influence on the Piura E pottery from
Nunura 1 and by the scarcity of Chimui-like sherds at that site.
EVIDENCE FOR THE SERIATION
In the preceding section, the recognized phases have been presented in presumed
chronological order, without a demonstration of the validity of the sequence. The
evidence for the sequence is presented in summary form in table 21, which is a
listing by phase of the principal distinctive features of ceramic style. The table
speaks for itself: if the seriation were grossly incorrect, many or most of the fea-
tures listed should show split distributions on the chart, rather than the continu-
ous distributions actually seen there. It is to be noted that, in the few cases where
a feature is lacking from a particular phase, but present in earlier and later phases,
the phase from which it is lacking is represented in the collection by a very small
sample, and the absence can justifiably be attributed to statistical bad luck.
In general terms, the styles and phases described here fall into natural groups
which may be seriated as wholes. Thus, there is a grand division between coiled
pottery (Negritos, Paita, Sechura A-B) and paddle-made pottery (Sechura D-E,
Piura, Simbila). Since the paddled pottery is made today, the whole group of
paddle-made phases should be more recent than the phases of coiled pottery.
Sechura C, which uses both techniques, is firmly placed in time between the two
groups, in spite of the small size of the Sechura C sample.
Within the group of paddle-and-anvil phases, Simbila is made today; Piura F
is associated with artifacts of European tradition, and is therefore either Colonial
or early Republican in time; and Piura E shares the important geometric
stamped checkerboard and scroll designs with Piura F and Simbila. The remain-
ing paddle-and-anvil phases break down into two groups: a later one (Piura A-C)
made with decorated paddles and sharing features with Piura E-F, and an
earlier one (Sechura D-E) made with plain paddles and sharing features with
Sechura C. Piura C should be the most recent of these phases, since it shares with
Piura E several features of its geometric stamped style, while Piura A has a few
features-most notably red slip and curvilinear white band designs-charac-
Lanntng: A Ceramic Sequence for the Piura and Chira Coast 191
teristic of the earlier plain-paddle phases. Within the latter group, the time order
is not definite on the basis of present evidence, but the suggested sequence (Se-
chura D earlier, Sechura E later) is probably correct, partly because of the pres-
ence of zig-zag incision and bowls with inner bevelled rims in Sechura D and
pierced lugs in Sechura E, partly because of the few paddle-marked and press-
molded sherds from the surface at Chusis.
In the large group of early phases with coiled pottery, there is a sequence of
incised (Negritos, Paita A-B), red painted (Paita C-D), and white-on-red and
negative painted styles (Sechura A-B). The time order of these three groups is
readily demonstrable, the third group (white-on-red and negative) sharing many
features with the paddle-and-anvil phases, and the second group (red painted)
being intermediate in many ways between the first and third, as shown in table 21.
Within the white-on-red group, Sechura B should be the more recent phase,
because it shares several features of vessel form with Sechura C, while Sechura
A, the earlier, resembles the red-painted assemblage from Lagunitas in the pres-
ence of band and disc designs, zoned punctations, and dark paste with abundant
pyrites. Since these similarities are specifically with Paita D, the latter phase
should be the more recent of those in the red-painted group. Paita C, in turn,
shows a few specific similarities to the earliest group of phases, those character-
ized by incised decoration. These similarities include those listed in table 21
(incised crosshatching, fillets on jar shoulders, and lines of punctations enclosed
in bands), and also the extreme thinness of the ware and the total lack of any
jar necks taller than about 2 cm.
The relative age of the three incised phases is doubtful, primarily because two
of them are represented by only a handful of sherds. The three phases are clearly
distinct from each other, despite the small size of the samples, because of the sys-
tematic stylistic differences from site to site. The suggested order is based on
the few Paita B-C and Paita A-B-C similarities shown in table 21, and on the
fact that Negritos is so different from all other known styles that it cannot be
placed anywhere but at the beginning of the sequence.
Some of the phases, as defined, may overlap in time. This is particularly true
of Paita B-C, Piura A-B, and Piura B-C. However, it is doubtful that any of
the phases might be entirely contemporary with each other. All of them are iso-
lated or nearly isolated from each other at one or more sites. All of the phases
from Paita A to Sechura D are known from sites in the immediate vicinity of
the Paita Peninsula, from Casita to Lagunitas. In such a small region, stylistic
differences between sites should indicate temporal changes rather than local
differences.
Sechura E is known only from the mouth of the Piura River, but its type site,
Chusis, is only a few miles from a Sechura D site, again indicating temporal dif-
ference between the two phases. Piura A, known only from the Paita Peninsula,
should not be contemporary with Sechura E because, as we shall see, the latter
shows some affinity to Moche III in the Early Intermediate Period, whereas
Piura A belongs to the Middle Horizon. In fact, there is a considerable stylistic
and temporal gap between Sechura E and Piura A. Piura B and C are known
from both north and south of the Paita Peninsula, implying that the phases
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of the Piura style succeeded each other over the entire extent of the Piura-Chira-
Parifnas region. Though Piura F and Simbila are little represented in the collec-
tion, they represent respectively the Colonial and modern Republican periods.
The designation "Piura D" is reserved for a period abundantly illustrated in the
literature but not represented in the collection studied.
This leaves Negritos and Piura E as potential problems. It could be argued
that Piura E, known only from the southern edge of the region studied, is actu-
ally a separate southern ceramic style and not part of the Piura style. However,
south of Nunura there is only the rocky Illescas Peninsula, then a vast stretch of
desert without irrigated valleys, while to the north there is easier communication
around the Bay of Piura. It is probable that Nunura was culturally affiliated with
the easily reached, fertile Piura Valley, rather than with the desert to the south.
Furthermore, as we shall see, Piura E, as known at Nunura, is related to the Late
Horizon styles of the north coast, while Piura A-B belong to the Middle Horizon
and Piura C to the earlier part of the Late Intermediate Period. Hence Piura E
also appears as a temporal variant within the Piura-Chira sequence.
Negritos, on the other hand, could actually be a local Parifnas style contem-
porary with Paita A or B, or perhaps an unusual ware locally associated with
Paita D in the Pari-nas region. However, the fact that it does not occur in the
Paita C-D assemblage from Negritos South 2 makes this doubtful, and it is
probably a separate ceramic style earlier than Paita.
The entire sequence proposed here, on the basis of seriation of small sherd
samples, constitutes a hypothesis to be tested in the field. In general, the samples
of decorated sherds examined have been sufficiently large and varied to inspire
confidence that the phases distinguished really are separate time units and that
they follow each other in the order proposed. Even the best documented portions
of the sequence, however, need stratigraphic proof or further seriational evidence.
Field testing would certainly leave the general outlines of the sequence as they
now stand but could well upset it at points where the documentation is now ex-
ceptionally poor. Most subject to question are the time position of Negritos, the
relative time order of Paita A and B, and the relative time order of Sechura
D and E.
TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIPS TO OTHER REGIONS
This study was undertaken in the hope that it would provide concrete evidence
for the cross-dating of north Peruvian and south Ecuadorian sequences. This hope
has been largely disappointed, and what has emerged is a picture of a nearly
independent regional ceramic tradition, showing outside influence from time to
time, but never with simultaneous influences from specific north Peruvian and
south Ecuadorian phases. Even so, there are enough similarities of sequence
between these regions to give a general picture of interregional time relationships.
The early incised phases show general similarities both to Valdivia on the
Guayas coast (Evans, Meggers, and Estrada 1959; Estrada 1958, pp. 21-51) and
to Early and Middle Gua-nape in the Virui Valley to the south (Strong and Evans
1952, pp. 34-39, 277-295), though the sequence of innovations is different in each
region. The unusual flat, finger-pressed fillets of Negritos type are much like
those at Valdivia (Evans, Meggers, and Estrada 1959, Fig. 33a-e), while Paita-
type notched fillets more resemble those of Early and Middle Guafnape (Strong
and Evans 1952, Fig. 46). Incised designs in Valdivia and Middle Guafnape are
largely based on parallel lines, but Valdivia design composition is rather more
reminiscent of Paita A-B incised decoration than is that of Middle Guafnape
(ibid., Fig. 50; Evans, Meggers, and Estrada 1959, Figs. 35, 38, 47, 48). Other
Paita-like features in Valdivia are dented jar lips and rows of hollow finger-
pressed protuberances (ibid., Figs. 29, 50).
These similarities are all rather vague and generalized, and there is no precise
identification of particular phases in the different regions. In general, similari-
ties to Valdivia seem greater than those to Guafnape. Furthermore, the earliest
Valdivia phase (Valdivia A), is characterized by a very coarse tempered ware,
as is Negritos in the Piura-Chira region. Negritos is suggestive of Early Guafnape
in the simplicity and orientation of designs, but the ridiculously small size of the
sample of Negritos decorated sherds makes this similarity almost meaningless.
Both Valdivia and Early-Middle Guafnape are at the beginning of the ceramic
sequences of their respective regions. Their generalized similarity to Negritos-
Paita A-B reinforces the early position of the latter phases in the Piura-Chira
sequence.
While the early incised styles do not seem related to any known highlands style,
the succeeding phases of red painted pottery-Paita C and D-show similarities
in decoration to a widespread stylistic complex of southern Ecuador, which in-
cludes Early and Late Cerro Narrio of the Cainar Valley (Collier and Murra
1943), Monjashuaico and Huancarcuchu of the Cuenca region (Bennett 1946),
Machalilla of the Guayas coast (Estrada 1958, pp. 53-68), and a group of sherds
from Trapichillo in the Catamayo (upper Chira) Valley. The latter group con-
sists of only a few sherds illustrated by Collier and Murra (1943, P1. 12, nos. 7-10)
and is not at present a definable style. Where an adequate sample has been pub-
lished, the styles in this complex all share the following traits:
1. Red slip painting on natural buff, orange, or light red surfaces, with bands,
parallel lines, and small simple geometric figures as prominent design ele-
ments.
2. Incised decoration featuring groups of parallel lines and crosshatching.
3. Zone punctation and line punctation enclosed in bands by incised lines.
4. Small jars with short flaring necks and relatively wide mouths.
5. Very thin ware.
In addition, the highlands styles in this complex feature small notched fillets like
those of Paita C-D, and often have brushed exterior surfaces, but they differ
from Paita C-D in that the red painted lines or areas are burnished over the
brushing.
The similarities between these styles are sufficiently detailed to warrant the
assumption that they are all approximately contemporary with each other. The
center of the complex seems to have been in the south Ecuadorian highlands,
where the Cerro Narrio style is found in abundance on large sites, and goes through
at least three clearly distinct phases: Monjashuaico, Early Cerro Narrio-Huan-
carcucho, and Late Cerro Narrio (Bennett 1946, pp. 54-56). The Ecuadorian
coastal member of the complex, Machalilla, may represent only a brief intrusion
in the coastal sequence (Estrada 1958, p. 55). It is known to date only from the
type site, from a site on the Santa Elena Peninsula recently excavated by Hen-
ning Bischoff (John H. Rowe, personal communication) and from mounds 1 and
3 at La Carolina, Santa Elena (Disselhoff 1949, Taf. I, IV).
In a general sense, the styles in this red-on-buff complex form two chronological
groups: Machalilla, Monjashuaico, Huancarcucho, Early Cerro Narrio, Trapi-
chillo, and Paita C, an earlier group in which narrow parallel lines and small
geometric designs are prominent in the red-painted style; and Late Cerro Narrio
and Paita D, each demonstrably later than the first group in its own region, in
which red bands predominate and the smaller designs play almost no part. The
Chorrera style of the Guayas coast and basin, which should correspond in time
with this later group, is markedly different in style but does use red banding as
a decorative technique (Estrada 1958, p. 92, Cuadro 2). Further evidence sug-
gestive of the contemporaneity of Chorrera and Paita D is the presence in both
of bottles with spout-and-bridge arrangements.
In grouping these red-painted styles as a complex, there is no intention to imply
that they actually represent a single widespread ceramic style. Though they are
linked by the traits listed above, they are distinguished by prominent local dif-
ferences. Thus, for example, the red designs in Machalilla are painted on cari-
nated bowls, while in Paita C-D and the highlands group the red designs appear
primarily on the short-necked jars. The jar necks differ in detail in each style.
Stirrup spouts and polypod vessels occur in Machalilla; annular bases in all the
Ecuadorian styles; negative painting, pattern burnishing, and (in Late Cerro
Narrio) pedestal bowls in the highlands group. All these features are lacking
from Paita C and D, which in turn show such local specialties as matte paint,
post-fired painting, and bevelled lip bowls.
Noteworthy in Paita C is the use of red and yellow resin paints in zones out-
lined by incision, or to ifil incised lines. Though the Paita Variant I sherds bear-
ing this type of decoration are markedly different from other Paita C sherds,
there seems to be no obvious neighboring region from which to postulate diffu-
sion. The most similar specimen is an incised and resin-painted bowl from a
Cupisnique grave in Chicama (Larco Hoyle 1941, Fig. 74; cf. fig. 2, g herein).
This bowl is almost certainly a trade piece in Chicama but, on the basis of Larco's
photo, it is not definitely a Paita C piece. Zoned resin painting is also found in
the Torrecitas style of Cajamarca (Rowe MS; Reichlen and Reichlen 1949, fig.
4, B, E, G). Ubbelohde-Doering illustrates sherds of a zoned polychrome style
from Tecapa on the Pampa de Paijan between Chicama and Pacasmayo, but
does not say whether the paint was applied before or after firing (Ubbelohde-
Doering 1957, Taf. XII-1, 3). At present it is not possible to determine whether
Paita C zoned crusting is related to either the Torrecitas or the Tecapa assem-
blages, though such a relationship is certainly possible.
The Sechura style does not show close similarity to any other style, but in a
general sense it, too, may be included in a widely diffused south Ecuadorian com-
plex, of which the principal unifying features are white-on-red designs of bands,
discs, and dots; two-color and three-color negative painting; and pedestal bowls
(the latter lacking from the Sechura style). Members of this complex are Garban-
zal in Tumbes (Majia Xesspe 1960; Ishida et al., 1960, pp. 423-424); Cashaloma
and Tuncahuan (at least variants A and F) of the Cafnar Valley and Chimbo-
razo (see below, Appendix I; Collier and Murra 1943, pp. 64, 66, 75-78); Tejar
and Quevedo in the Guayas Basin (Evans and Meggers 1957, pp. 240-243; Estrada
1957c); and, at least in part, Guangala of the Guayas-Manabi coast (Bushnell
1951, pp. 22-52).
The similarities between these styles and Sechura are of a more generalized
nature than the traits which link the red-on-buff styles.' The closest similarities
are between Cashaloma, Tejar, and Sechura A-B white-on-red, which resemble
each other not only in design, but also in having the white design on a red slipped
base rather than on the plain clay, and in having some white designs on bowl
interiors.
The later white-on-red and negative-painted phases in each region (Sechura,
Quevedo, Tuncahuan) are less similar to each other, but are linked by a com-
bination of key traits in the pottery excavated by the University of Tokyo ex-
peditions to Peru at Garbanzal, Tumbes. One bowl from this cemetery seems to
be exactly the same as the Sechura D bowl with inner-bevelled rim and notched
lip (Ishida et at. 1960, p. 120, no. 48), while another is of the deep hemispherical
form found in Sechura E (ibid., p. 120, no. 50). A highly distinctive Sechura
D-E form associated with these bowls is the "market basket" handle (ibid., p.
120, no. 41; Mejia Xesspe 1960, Lam. Ii). The "market basket" handle is known
from southern Ecuador and is a potentially useful time marker, but unfortunately
its stylistic relations there are far from clear (Estrada 1957a, Fig. 8; 1957b,
Fig. 62). Pedestal bowls and interior negative painting at Garbanzal indicate
affiliation with the Ecuadorian white-on-red and negative-painted complex (Ishida
et at. 1960, p. 120, nos. 43, 45, 53-57; first color plate), while an incurved bowl
with applique decoration seems to be specifically similar to the cocinas de brujo
of the Quevedo style (ibid., p. 120, no. 40; cf. Estrada 1957c, Figs. 32, 41-47).
Sechura similarities to north Peruvian white-on-red and negative-painted styles
are very vague. Christensen (MS., pp. 368-370) and Kelley (MS., p. 4) point
out similarities between Chusis (Sechura E) and Gallinazo. In a general sense,
such similarities undoubtedly exist, especially in the applique decoration of the
two styles. The other Sechura phases, however, show only slightly less similarity
to Gallinazo, and there is some evidence which suggests a slightly later date for
Sechura E. For the Virui-Chicama region, the specimens which most closely
resemble Sechura E are several jars in a Moche III grave excavated by LThle, now
in the Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology. These jars (4-2854, 4-2867,
4-2868, 4-2869; Grave 10, Moche Site F) have large tall collars bearing incised
and punctate faces. The eyes are done in the peculiar style seen in pl. 16, b, with
an incised line extending out to both sides of a bean-shaped eye. Like Sechura E
faces, too, those of Moche III have double rows of punctations as cheek orna-
ments or "tear bands." Gallinazo neck faces, on the other hand, are totally dif-
ferent in style.
If, nevertheless, Sechura E plastic decoration as a whole should be judged
more similar to Gallinazo than to Moche III, this need not indicate contempo-
raneity with Gallinazo. Ubbelohde-Doering has illustrated very Gallinazo-like
modelled and applique specimens from Moche III graves at Pacatnamu in the
Pacasmayo Valley (Ubbelohde-Doering 1957, Taf. I-IX). Evidently, this tradi-
tion continued as strongly in the northern part of the Moche area as it did in
Viru. On the whole, a Moche III date for Sechura E seems most convincing. This
is the first cross-date to the established north Peruvian sequence which can be
accepted with some confidence.
At this point there is a marked break in the Piura-Chira sequence, filled only
by the few stamped and pressed sherds from Chusis. This period should be con-
temporary with Moche IV-V in the Chicama-Virui region-that is, with the end
of the Early Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Middle Horizon. In
spite of recent valiant efforts by Estrada, there remains sufficient confusion in
the late coastal archaeology of Ecuador so that the styles there cannot profitably
be compared with the latter part of the Piura-Chira sequence.
Beginning with Piura A, the stylistic affiliations of Piura and Chira are all
with the north Peruvian coast. No more connections with Ecuadorian styles can
be found, nor any with the Peruvian highlands. The press molded decoration
of Piura A-B, featuring human figures and decoration on bowl exteriors, forms
part of a molded style which extends as far south as Supe, and which belongs
to the Peruvian Middle Horizon. It is found in the Middle Horizon assemblage
at Site A in Moche (Kroeber 1925a, Pls. 64-65); in the Middle Supe collection
from San Nicolas (Kroeber 1925b, Pls. 71, 75, 78); and at a Middle Horizon
site discovered by Ernesto Tabio in Huarmey (information from Dorothy Menzel).
Many examples of the style, most of them on typical Middle Horizon vessel forms,
have been illustrated by Carrion Cachot (1959) from Huarmey. The principal
difference in the Piura version of this style is that the bowls have pedestal bases,
whereas further south they have simple flat bases.
Another reason for assigning Piura A-B to the Middle Horizon lies in the
distribution of paddle-marked decoration, a technique which presumably orig-
inated in either the Lambayeque or Piura regions and diffused out therefrom.
All known examples of this decoration south of Piura are from Middle Horizon
or later times (Collier 1955, p. 110), which implies at least a comparable antiquity
for the earlier paddle-marked phases in Piura.
Piura A, and perhaps also Piura B, should be contemporary with Tuncahuan
Variant D negative and Elen Pata in Canar (see Appendix I). Just as Piura
A and B show influence from Peruvian coastal Middle Horizon styles, so Tun-
cahuan D has traits suggestive of highland Middle Horizon influence, specifically
from the widely diffused Wari style. In each case, the diffused traits are not
Tiahuanacoid designs, but other features locally associated with Tiahuanacoid
styles respectively on the north Peruvian coast and in the Peruvian highlands.
Piura C, while generically a late north coastal Peruvian style, cannot be specifi-
cally affiliated with any other style. With Piura A-B dated to the Middle Horizon,
however, Piura C should date to the first part of the Late Intermediate Period,
about contemporary with black-white-red geometric and Cursive Modelled in Moche
and Viru. This leaves Piura D, which is not represented in the collection studied,
contemporary with Chimui. Many of the Chimui and Chimui-derived specimens in
the literature on Piura probably date from this time.
Finally, Piura E belongs to the Late Horizon-the time of the Inca conquest.
The evidence is again in the press-molded decoration, which features small fish and
birds such as are found at Site B in Moche (unillustrated specimens from the Uhle
collection in the Robert H. ILowie Museum of Anthropology), at a Late Horizon
site discovered by Tabio in Huarmey (Dorothy Menzel, personal communication),
and on "aryballoi" and other Inca or Inca-associated forms on the north Peruvian
coast (Kroeber 1925a, P1. 68i; 1925b, P1. 70d). The lizardlike figures on one sherd
from Nunura E (pl. 32, d) are repeated almost exactly on a modified "aryballos"
from Tuicume (Kroeber 1930, P1. XXII, no. 6). Finally, globular paddle-marked
jars with carinated necks exactly like those of Piura E also occur in the Late Hori-
zon assemblage from Site B in Moche (Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology,
nos. 4-2487, 4-2488).
In postconquest times, ceramic style at Piura has maintained its relationship to
styles on the rest of the north Peruvian coast. No comparison is possible for Piura
F, but the Simbila style is very similar to pottery made at Morrope in the
Lambayeque region (Collier 1960). The principal differences are that at Morrope
the bottom portion of the vessel is molded over a pot and the upper part worked
with paddles, some of which retain carved designs.
The proposed time relations between southern Ecuador, Piura-Chira, and the
Virul-Chicama region are shown in table 22. There is much guesswork in this table,
especially in cross-dating Paita and Sechura A-D to the north Peruvian coastal
sequence and in reconciling conflicting published and unpublished interpretations
of south Ecuadorian sequences. It will undoubtedly have to be revised as more is
learned about these regions. At the same time, I feel that the sequence of three
early stylistic complexes (incised, then red painted, then white-on-red and nega-
tive) for Piura-Chira and the whole of southern Ecuador is a valid generalization,
supported by convincing if skimpy evidence. Similarly, the cross-dating of the
Piura style to the known north' coastal Peruvian sequence is based on reasonably
sound evidence and will probably suffer only minor corrections as more informa-
tion is gathered.
ABSOLUTE DATING
Very little evidence for the absolute dating of the Piura-Chira sequence is avail-
able, and none of it is derived directly from archaeological sites in the Piura-Chira
region. Many proposed dates for south Ecuadorian and north Peruvian styles are
not based on sufficient evidence to permit their application by analogy to the Piura-
Chira sequence (see Appendix II).
A guess date of 1500 B.C. may be assigned to the beginning of the ceramic
sequence by analogy with the radiocarbon dates for Valdivia and Early Guafnape.
Three radiocarbon determinations made on seashells from Valdivia (phases A and
B) give a consistent series of dates in the range 2000-2500 B.C. (Evans, Meggers,
and Estrada 1959, pp. 87-88), while an excellent series of carbon sample dates from
Huaca Prieta, Chicama, indicate a beginning date of about 1250 B.C. for pottery in
that region (Bird 1951, p. 43).8 This difference in dates implies that the potter's
8 This date may be as much as two hundred years too recent, since the Huaca Prieta determina-
tions have not been adjusted to compensate for the Suess effect or for the recent recalculation of
the half life of carbon-14.
art was diffusing southward from southern Ecuador, so that the beginning of the
ceramic sequence in Piura should date to some time between the earliest dates for
southern Ecuador and Chicama. The choice of 1500 B.C. for Negritos, rather than
2000 B.C., is simply a matter of caution about assigning exceptionally early dates
without more direct and positive evidence.
The next dates which may be assigned are for Sechura D and E and are more
or less contradictory. There are two radiocarbon dates of 655 80 A.D. for Moche
IV in Virui (Broecker and Kulp 1957, p. 1329, L-335A and B; see also Appendix II
herein). Moche III, which is probably approximately contemporary with Sechura
E, could reasonably be dated to around 600 A.D., perhaps a little earlier. At the
same time, a date of 220 70 A.D. for Garbanzal should be applicable to some
point in the Sechura D-E time range (Ishida et al. 1960, p. 518, G-605). If we
assume that the latter date falls near the beginning of Sechura D, the two dates are
perhaps not too incompatible, but the spread between them is a little more than I
would have expected.
The beginning of Piura A should fall around 1000 A.D. or slightly earlier, since
the widespread north coastal press-molded style which appears as a component of
Piura A is later than Moche V and therefore well into the Middle Horizon. The
Inca conquest of the Piura-Chira region evidently came some time in the 1460's
(Rowe 1946, Map 4), so we may take the date 1460 as an arbitrary border line
between Piura D and Inca-contemporary Piura E. There is no way of knowing
whether the ravages of the years after 1532 had an immediate effect on the ceramic
style of the native Piura tradition, and 1550 is perhaps as good a date as any for
the end of Piura E. The following dates are probably fairly close to reality:
Simblla ? -1960
Piura F 1550- ?
Piura E 1460-1550
Piura D 1300-1460
Piura C 1200-1300
Piura B 1100-1200
Piura A 1000-1100
There is so little information about absolute dates for the sequence before
Sechura E that no attempt has been made to indicate a time scale in table 22. The
placement of Negritos in the table reflects the hypothesis of the southward diffu-
sion of ceramics from southern Ecuador to northern Peru, which in turn is based
on the year dates for Valdivia and Early Guafnape. Such dates as can be assigned
to the sequence indicate that the earlier phases represent longer periods of time
than the later ones. Accordingly, more vertical space has been given in table 22
to the earlier phases, but the amount of space allotted to each phase is not intended
to be an exact estimate of its relative duration.
CONCLUSIONS
The ceramics studied here represent, in scanty fashion, some 3500 years of history
on the Piura-Chira coast. Ceramic style during this period was strongly regional
in character but was influenced from time to time by styles in the Ecuadorian
highlands, on the Ecuadorian coast, and on the north Peruvian coast to the south
of Piura. There is a strong local stylistic tradition found from beginning to end
of the sequence, and only rarely was foreign influence strong enough to modify it
TABLE 22
TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIPS OF SOUTH ECUADORIAN AND NORTH PERUVIAN STYTES
Guayas Coast and Basin Caflar-Cuenca Piura-Chira Vird-Chicama
SimbilA
(Piura F)
t (Cashaloma White Slipped) Piura E Inca-Chimd
(Piura D) Chimd
Piura C Cursive Modelled
Piura B
Milagro (Tuncahuin D) Elen Pata Moche Site A
Piura A
Moche V
(Tuncahudn B-C)
Moche IV
Sechura E Moche III
t Quevedo
(Tuncahuan A,F) Sechura D Moche II
Moche I
Guangala Sechura C Gallinazo
Sechura B Salinar
Tejar Cashaloma White-on-Red
Sechura A Cupisnique C
100 BC?
Late Cerro Narrfo Paita D
Chorrera Cupisnique B
Early Cerro Narrio
Machalilla Paita C
Monjashuaico Cupisnique A
t Paita B
Middle Guafiape
Valdivia D Paita A Early Guafiape
Valdivia C Negritos
Valdivia B
Valdivia A
to any extent. Elements of the tradition are the predominance of wide-mouth jar
forms with fairly short necks; the extreme rarity of small-mouthed jars, bottles,
stirrup spouts, neckless ollas, vessel supports, handles, and other features common
in surrounding areas; the simplicity of decoration at all times; the overwhelming
tendency to geometric designs; the importance of plastic decoration throughout
the sequence, whether or not associated with painting; and the lack of a distinc-
tion between decorated wares and cooking wares. This last feature is most unusual
in a larger area where almost every ceramic style is composed of separate "fancy"
wares and utilitarian wares, usually on different pastes, always with different
vessel forms.
There are, of course, a few specimens of "fancy" wares in the Piura-Chira
sequence. These would be the Variant I incised and crusted pieces of Paita C; the
engraved and white-on-red slipped specimens of Sechura A-B; and the rare bur-
nished black ware of the Piura style, incuding the Chimui and Chimui-derived
pieces found in the literature. The latter are definitely of foreign derivation, and
the earlier "fancy" wares are so unusual in the Piura-Chira tradition that they,
too, many be of foreign origin rather than being native developments.
Given the rarity of prestige wares, it is noteworthy that they nevertheless make
up the bulk of the specimens illustrated to date from Piura and Chira. The Mor-
ropon Chavinoid bottle (Larco Hoyle 1941, Fig. 209), the Sullana polychrome
bottle (Rowe 1942), and the numerous Moche-like, Chimui, Chimiu-derived, Inca-
Chimui, and Inca bottles and jars (Kroeber 1925a, P1. 69; Lothrop 1948, Figs. 49-
50, 52-54) are as out of place in the Piura-Chira tradition as they would be in an
assemblage from the other side of the world. Even some vessels considered to
represent purely local types seem strange and foreign in comparison with the
known local tradition. These include red-ware carafes (Kroeber 1925a, PI. 69k-l;
Lothrop 1948, Fig. 48A) and Chimui forms with white or cursive black decoration
(Kroeber 1925a, p. 228, P1. 69d, g-h; Lothrop 1948, Pl. 52B). The very rare
illustrated specimens in the native tradition are Piura paddle-marked jars
(Kroeber 1925a, P1. 69n, probably Piura B; Lothrop 1948, Fig. 51, Piura D?),
Sechura white-on-red jars (ibid., Figs. 53F, Sechura D or E; Fig. 54C), and jars
with "market basket" handles of Sechura D-E type (Uhle 1920, L'am. XLVII, two
jars near bottom of photo).
There are undoubtedly several reasons for the predominance of foreign or
foreign-influenced pieces in the literature. Most important, probably, is the fact
that these pieces come from private collections and are the result of selection of
the specimens considered most beautiful by the collector. F!rankly, there is little in
the native Piura-Chira styles which would appeal to a collector, and every foreign
piece saved may represent hundreds of native vessels rejected. Secondly, the
sherds studied here are almost all from beach sites, which were fishing villages,
temporary fishing camps, and fishermen's cemeteries. Since the foreign-influenced
vessels probably bore high prestige, one would expect to find them primarily in
the more urban sites, rather than among fishermen. Finally, most of the illustrated
specimens are Chimui or Chimui-derived, probably contemporary with Piura D,
which is not represented in Miss Haase's collection.
It is to be noted that the foreign influences on the Piura-Chira coastal tradition
do not include Chavinoid or Tiahuanacoid designs, decorative techniques, or
vessel forms. Except for the Morropon bottle, which could be a trade piece or could
even belong to a separate up-valley tradition, there is no trace of Chavin influence.
The Paita style should be partly contemporary with the Chavin diffusion which
revolutionized ceramic style in other regions of the Peruvian coast. Yet Paita
shows none of the traits of the typical Chavinoid style: feline and eagle designs,
floating eyes, heavy burnished black ware, rocker stamping, dentate rouletting,
combed decoration, prepolish incision, bottles with stirrup spouts of large diam-
eter, and others. Only the bevelled-lip bowls of Paita C suggest Chavinoid forms,
and this trait is too generalized to ascribe to the Chavin diffusion with any
certainty.
The influence of the north coastal Tiahuanacoid style is evident in the press-
molded decoration of Piura A and B. This press-molded style, however, is not itself
Tiahuanacoid but rather a local north coast style, partly of Moche derivation,
associated in the area from Chicama to Supe with Tiahuanacoid polychrome
decoration, goblet forms, and double spout bottles. These Tiahuanacoid features
apparently did not reach Piura, and the only polychrome painted double spout
bottle known from Piura-Rowe's Sullana bottle-does not bear a Tiahuanacoid
design and could be a trade piece from farther south.
A number of other features of the Piura-Chira sequence are worth noting here.
These will be discussed in a period-by-period summary of the sequence.
PRECERAMIC
Preceramic sites are known on the Illescas and Paita Peninsulas and, just to the
north of the region treated in this study, around Cabo Blanco and the Mancora
Valley. The site on the Paita Peninsula is a small one from which only a few
quartzite flakes were collected (Brown 1926, p. 100). The Illescas sites are burial
caves, from which carved stone bowls, nets, and looped textiles have been reported
(Kostritsky 1955). Of the Mancora sites, the most important is El Estero, near
La Breita. Artifacts from this site included curious eared stone axes, stone bowls
or mortars, pestles, retouched flakes, hammerstones, and a few other stone imple-
ments (Brown 1926, pp. 97-99).
T'here is little to indicate the age or nature of these preceramic cultures. The
presence of looped textiles and stone bowls at the Illescas sites suggests affiliation
with the numerous preceramic fishing and small-scale farming villages of the
Peruvian coast. A similar affiliation could be suggested for El Estero, but the
polished stone axes at that site give the assemblage a non-Peruvian quality.
NEGRITOS
Still less is known about what seems to be the earliest ceramic period in the collec-
tion studied here. The Negritos style is represented by only thirteen sherds, dis-
tinctive in their moderately thick, heavily tempered brown coiled ware. They are
decorated with small, flat, finger-pressed fillets like those of the Valdivia style of
Ecuador, long incised lines, and rows of large punctations. Negritos, with the
succeeding Paita A-B phases, forms part of a complex of very early incised styles
which either use no paint or use it only as an over-all red slip. This complex
includes Valdivia to the north and Early and Middle Guafnape to the south.
PAITA A-B
Beginning with Paita A, we find the distinctive Thin Red Ware with its fine
tempering, brushed surfaces, and thin vessel walls. It is presumably related to the
early thin wares of Ecuador, though the incised decoration of Paita A-B shows
little more similarity to Ecuadorian than to Peruvian incised styles. In Paita A
and B, the predominant color of the ware is brown, though light red surfaces occur.
The typical Paita firing pattern-the vessel mouth down, fired in a reducing
atmosphere but exposed to air at the last moment to give a more oxidized exterior
surface-was established in Paita A times and became standard during Paita B.
The only nonpottery artifact associated with the Paita A-B collections is a
single fragment of a pressure-flaked chert projectile point from Casita 2. This is
the only stone projectile point known from the Piura-Chira region.
The preceramic assemblages and the earlier incised styles are known only from
surface sites and looted cemeteries. The earliest sure evidence of village life is the
two-acre refuse deposit at Paita, which dates to Paita B and C times. One may
assume that substantial earlier village sites will be found on the Piura-Chira coast,
as they have been along the entire Peruvian coastline south to Nasca.
PAITA C-D
The outstanding feature of the late Paita phases, their red slip painted decoration,
seems to have been introduced from Ecuador-perhaps from the south Ecuadorian
highlands. Not only was the red-on-buff complex well established there, but there
is a logical route of diffusion down the Catamayo Valley which, in its lower reaches,
is the Chira Valley of Peru. In fact, from Collier and Murra's description, the
small group of red-on-orange sherds from Trapichillo in the Catamayo Valley seems
to be more similar to Paita C than is any of the other red-painted assemblages. The
Paita C incised and resin-painted sherds show some similarity to early stylistic
assemblages from the north coast and highlands of Peru (Tecapa and Torrecitas),
but are not definitely related to them.
Most Paita C pottery has well-oxidized light red exterior surfaces. Such well-
fired red ware is present in Paita A and B, but is overshadowed in those phases by
darker brown tones. In Paita C, on the other hand, while the typical Paita firing
pattern was retained, good red surfaces were systematically achieved. Curiously,
in Paita D there is a return to darker wares fired in a poorly controlled atmos-
phere which could not be described as either oxidizing or reducing. These darker
wares continue into Sechura A, whereafter there is a steady increase in red ware
until Sechura E, when we again find systematically red pottery. This sequence of
events can best be explained as due to a change in firing pattern, followed by a long
period during which the potters learned to control new techniques for the manu-
facture of red ware. The Paita pattern-mouth-down firing, last-minute oxidiza-
tion-reaches its greatest frequency in Paita B and C. The typical red-exterior,
gray-interior sherds are less common in Paita D, and thereafter occur in such
small frequencies that they can be attributed to accident. Insofar as there is a
systematic relationship between dark and light colors in later phases, it is in
Sechura E, where many sherds have light gray cores and light red inner and outer
surfaces. Evidently, then, new ways of firing pottery were introduced in Paita D
times, and these were not fully mastered for the systematic production of red ware
until Sechura E.
The Paita D style in many ways looks like a simplification of Paita C, without
any noteworthy introductions from outside. It shows a development of ware quali-
ties toward those of Sechura A not only in the dark firing, but also in the thicker
ware and in the abundant large pyrites found in the paste. This latter feature is
found in Paita D and Sechura A pottery from the mouth of the Piura River (San
Pedro 8) north nearly to Talara (Negritos 1 and 2), which suggests that the
pyrites were added deliberately as temper, rather than being accidental inclusions
in local clay deposits.
The one clear case of outside influence on Paita D is a sherd of a spout-and-
bridge bottle. This form is common in the Chorrera style, which was presumably
contemporary with Paita D. SECHURA A-B
With the introduction of white-on-red band and disc designs, rare two-color and
three-color negative painting, and engraving, we seem to have another wave of
influence from Ecuador. The annular bases of Sechura A and B, too, may be a
reflection of the Ecuadorian pedestal bowls of this period. It is reasonable to
suppose that these new influences also came down the Catamayo Valley from the
highlands, but the stylistic evidence does not clearly favor the highlands as against
the Ecuadorian coast as a source for these innovations. It is certain, however, that
the stylistic similarities are to the south Ecuadorian, rather than the north Peru-
vian, white-on-red and negative-painted styles.
In its use of engraving and its rather heavy burnished brown ware, Sechura A
pottery resembles Peruvian pottery of the Early Horizon. The designs, of course,
are not Chavin, and the resemblances are vague and probably coincidental. The
influence probably came from the dark engraved wares of Late Cerro Narrio or
Chorrera as part of the Ecuadorian influence on Sechura A.
SECHURA C
With Sechura C, we find changes in style which were probably purely local in
character: replacement of small fillets by large, white painting on unslipped
ground, and, above all, the transition from coiled pottery to paddle-made pottery.
It is unfortunate that the Sechura C sample should be so very small, because this
transition is more deserving of intensive study than any other portion of the
sequence. It represents a very fundamental change in the potters' working habits
and was a necessary step in the development of the paddle-marked pottery of the
Piura style. At present there is no way of knowing whether the period of transi-
tion was long or short, or whether the paddle-and-anvil appeared as a local in-
vention or as an innovation introduced from without. If the latter, one could
expect that it would be associated with other stylistic features of the region from
which it was learned.
The technique seems, on present knowledge, to have originated in Piura-Chira
or in the Lambayeque region. It certainly did not come from the Moche region
proper because Moche pottery was pressed in molds or coiled. Similarly, no
paddle-made pottery has been reported from southern Ecuador nor, to date, from
the north highlands of Peru. When Lambayeque chronology has been elaborated
in detail and cross-dated to that of Piura, it should be possible to single out one
region as the homeland of the paddle-and-anvil technique.
SECHURA D-E
While Sechura D and E belong, in a general sense, with the south Ecuadorian
white-on-red and negative-painted styles, they are much less similar to any
Ecuadorian style than are Sechura A and B. At the same time, Sechura E decora-
tion seems related to the tradition of applique and punctate decoration found in
the region from Virui to Pacasmayo, which lasted from Salinar times at least until
Moche III. Insofar as Sechura E shows the influence of a specific phase farther
south, it is Moche III. Evidently, this was a time when a cultural boundary was
moving northward. At present, there seems always to have been a sharply de-
lineated boundary between the southern Ecuadorian and northern Peruvian
regions across which very little identifiable diffusion took place, at least until the
Inca conquest. In early times Piura was part of the southern Ecuadorian sector
but, beginning with Sechura E, it became affiliated rather with northern Peru.
The process probably continued during the unstudied period following Sechura E
and was completed by the beginning of Piura A.
The first major break in the sequence is in the period of transition to paddle-and-
anvil manufacture of pottery, which is represented only by the thirteen Sechura C
sherds. After Sechura E there is a more complete break, filled only by one sherd in
Miss Haase's collection and four reported by Christensen. The specimens in ques-
tion are the stamped and molded sherds from the surface of Chusis-the first
indication of the geometric stamping which was to become the typical decoration
of the Piura style.
The stamped and molded sherds from Chusis, occurring only on the surface,
probably represent a brief period immediately following Sechura E. If so, we may
assume that press molding and paddle stamping appeared in the Piura-Chira
sequence at about the same time, approximately contemporary with Moche IV.
With the resumption of the sequence in Piura A, we find geometric paddle stamp-
ing scarce but growing steadily more abundant, associated with two rare types of
press-molded decoration. One of the latter makes use of the same simple designs as
the paddle stamping, carving them on the inside of pottery molds rather than on
paddles. The other is the "goose flesh" and representational design tradition. Both
types of press molding are common at least from Lambayeque to Chicama, and the
"goose flesh"-representational type extends as far south as Supe. In Lambayeque,
they are associated with abundant paddle marking, while further south the latter
technique is not so common.
Press molding is found throughout the Moche sequence in Chicama and Moche,
and is therefore older than Piura paddle marking. It is possible that the entire
tradition of paddle marking in Piura and Lambayeque was the result of the north-
ward diffusion of the press-molding technique from the Moche-Chicama region.
The local potters-either in Piura or in Lambayeque-may simply have adapted
the new type of decoration to a ceramic technique with which they were familiar,
transferring the geometric designs to their paddles and, accordingly, stamping
them on the whole vessel rather than pressing them on delimited portions of it. This
transfer very probably took place in the Piura-Chira region, where press molding,
though known, did not take a strong hold on the style. If Lambayeque was the
scene of the innovation, the new techniques probably diffused northward to Piura
together. In either case, once paddle stamping was under way it increased steadily
in the number and variety of its designs, and some of them in turn may have
been transferred back to the press-molding technique.
Collier has pointed out the existence of separate traditions of paddle marking
and press molding, respectively in the northern and southern halves of the north
Peruvian coast. He refers to the common occurrences of press molding in the
Moche style, and states that, "At present the molding tradition of the south is
thought to be older than the stamping tradition of the north, but when the far
North Coast is better knovn archaeologically, the stamping tradition may prove
to be equally old" (Collier 1960, p. 428). The history of pottery stamping in
Lambayeque remains to be investigated, but a tentative answer to this question
can be offered for Piura and Chira. Of the two types of stamping to which Collier
refers, medallion stamping appeared very briefly just after Sechura E (i.e.,
about contemporary with Moche IV), then disappeared from the style until after
the Spanish conquest. Paddle stamping, introduced at the same time, grew in
popularity until it dominated the style throughout the Late Intermediate Period
and the Late Horizon. Neither is so old as Moche press molding. On the other hand,
paddle-and-anvil manufacture of pottery is somewhat older, probably contempo-
rary in its beginnings with Gallinazo or Moche I.
Clay stamps from Lambayeque, bearing typical geometric designs (Kroeber
and Muelle 1942, Figs. I-II) suggest that medallion stamping of Simbila-Morrope
type may have been more strongly established in that region in prehistoric times.
However, it is possible that the Lambayeque stamps date from the Colonial Period.
PIURA A-B
With the establishment of the Piura style, the Piura-Chira region was entirely
within the north Peruvian cultural province and apparently cut off from further
contact with southern Ecuador until both were incorporated into the successive
Inca and Spanish empires. Foreign influences on the Piura A-B style came from
farther south on the Peruvian coast in the form of press molded designs, fine
burnished black ware, and handles on cooking pots. Though the press molded style
which reached Piura at this time belongs to the Middle Horizon, it is not Tiahuana-
coid but rather local north coastal. The one Ecuadorian trait in the rare Piura
version of this style is the pedestal bowl, which may well have been introduced
earlier, during the unstudied period after Sechura E.
The rare burnished black ware of Piura A-B was also introduced from farther
south on the Peruvian coast. Like press molding, it is part of a Moche tradition
which continued into later times. It became very common during the Middle
Horizon in the Moche area and apparently diffused northward at that time. This
burnished black ware of Moche tradition is entirely different from the occasional
black specimens of the Sechura style, which are comparatively thick and soft and
at most irregularly polished, true to the strongly utilitarian tradition of Piura-
Chira pottery.
Piura B is the last phase to retain strong links to the earlier Sechura style.
Curvilinear white-on-plain-red decoration and over-all red slipping disappear
from the style during Piura A, while Sechura-type large plain and notched fillets
continue only through Piura B. Granular Paddled Ware, too, ceased to dominate
the style after Piura B. PIURA C
Little can be said of Piura C, except that it carried on the native tradition with
relatively minor changes, concentrating almost exclusively on geometric stamping
and crude white banding for its decoration. The most noteworthy feature of the
Piura C sample is a negative one: the lack of Burnished Black Ware and repre-
sentational press-molded decoration. The sample is not large and does not assure
that these features were actually lacking from the style at this time. It would be
no surprise, however, if this should prove to be true. Neither type was abundant in
Piura A and B, when the Piura potters were presumably in direct contact with
the potters to the south who had influenced their work. With the falling off of
interregional contacts which took place all over Peru after the Middle Horizon,
the Piura potters or their customers may well have lost interest in these exotic
foreign-type wares.
PIURA D--F
The end of the archaeological record in Piura and Chira comes with the conquest
of the region, in rapid succession, by the kings of Chimor, Cuzco, and Castille.
Piura D, the Chimui period, is not represented in the collection studied. The
Piura E collection from Nunura 1, coming as it does from a fishing establishment
far removed from the nearest important valley center, shows no Inca influence.
On the other hand, the influence of coastal regions farther south is evident in the
new representational press-molded style and in the increased frequency of gray
and black utilitarian ware of native tradition. Piura E is the only phase in the
entire sequence in which reduced ware is found as frequently as oxidized ware. In
Vir u, and presumably in Moche and Chicama as well, reduced-fired cooking ware
was important in the Middle Horizon, and was made nearly to the exclusion of
red ware in the Late Intermediate Period and Late Horizon (Collier 1955, pp. 109-
110). The much later appearance of this tendency in Piura, and its lesser inten-
sity, suggest that the increased frequency of gray ware in Piura E was a function
of renewed contacts with the regions to the south.
Nothing can be said of Piura F at the moment, except that, if we may judge by
Kelley's report, the Piura style continued to be made in Colonial times.
SIMBILi
In the Simbila style, as in the related Morrope style of Lambayeque, we find a con-
tinuation to the present day of the ancient tradition of pottery making. Though
some Simbila vessel shapes and flower designs come from the European tradition,
there is nothing European about the methods by which the pottery is made and
fired, and the stamped decoration is only a slight modification of the paddle-
stamping technique. The remarkable thing about this retention of an aboriginal
ceramic tradition is that it shows so little influence of the three successive con-
quests of the region, though the third conquest has drastically revolutionized life
in Piura and Chira.
After the initial destruction and near depopulation of the region described by
Cieza de Leon (1945, Capitulo LVIII, p. 180), the native population seems to have
continued on, as Indians, into the eighteenth or nineteenth century. Since then,
however, they have become mestizos in language, dress, and other aspects of cul-
ture. Yet their pottery remains basically in the pre-Chimu' stamped red ware
tradition, and other industries, such as weaving, have been little affected by ac-
culturation to the mestizo norms.
FINAL COMMENTS
It is hoped that this study provides a skeletal framework of chronology on which
the body of Piura-Chira archaeology can be built. Based as it is on few sites and
small samples, it has perhaps resulted not in a complete skeleton but in a collection
of bones, some of them firmly articulated, others put tentatively in their places.
Having recently finished the analysis, I am acutely aware of its weak points and of
the need for testing it. The region is an important one for Andean archaeology,
because it lies midway between two great culture provinces and was a member
first of one, then of the other. It is important, too, because it was the locus of a
newly discovered and previously undocumented stylistic tradition, and because it
may have been the homeland of ceramic techniques which were widespread in
northern Peru from Middle Horizon times onward. The region deserves intensive
survey and excavations to amplify the sketchy knowledge presented here, to test
the inferences about chronology and cultural relationships, and to investigate the
problems raised here as well as others which will surely arise during the course of
continuing research.
APPENDIX I
AN ALTERNATE INTERPRETATION OF THE CERAMIC SEQUENCE
OF THE CAfNAR VALLEY, SOUTH ECUADORIAN HIGHLANDS
BECAUSE OF THE IMPORTANCE of the archaeological sequence of the Cafnar Valley
in interpreting chronological relations between Piura and southern Ecuador, a
discussion of some problems of Ca-nar archaeology is presented here.
The one systematic archaeological study of the Ca-nar Valley is that of Collier
and Murra, based on their excavations of 1941 (Collier and Murra 1943). It is this
report-by far the best piece of archaeological analysis for the Ecuadorian high-
lands-which gives Cafnar its importance for interregional comparison. Collier and
Murra's report is outstanding for the quality of its descriptions, for its extensive
illustrations, and for the soundness of its documentation. In fact, it is one of those
archaeological reports-rare for South America-which presents the data with
sufficient thoroughness so that one may disagree with the authors' conclusions and
draw evidence for the disagreement from the report itself.
Collier and Murra, on the basis of stratigraphic excavations at three sites and
a surface collection from a fourth, propose a sequence of three periods, linked by
a single basic ware, Narrio Red-on-Buff. The first period, Early Cerro Narrio, is
characterized by three scarce variants (A, B, C) of Narrio Red-on-Buff, an
abundant especially thin related ware (Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine), a burnished
red-slipped ware (Ca-nar Polished) which may bear engraved or negative painted
decoration, and a coarse utilitarian ware (Granulated Ware). This period is
defined by materials from the deeper levels at Cerro Narrio (Collier and Murra
1943, pp. 49-54, 81).
The second period, Late Cerro Narrio, is represented in the upper levels at
Cerro Narrio, at Shillu and in a surface collection from Quillohuac, and appar-
ently in the lower levels at Cashaloma. It is characterized by a new variant (D)
of Narrio Red-on-Buff, new vessel forms in the standard Narrio Red-on-Buff ware,
a new coarse utilitarian ware (Narrio Gross), and two successive groups of "in-
trusive" wares. The earlier of these, present at all four sites, is Group X, which
includes engraved red and black wares, rare negative painting on glossy red slip,
red-slipped bands with incised outline, and graters made by embedding pieces of
quartz in the interior surfaces of bowls. The later group of intrusive wares, present
only at Cerro Narrio, are identified as trade pieces from Chimborazo Province to
the north, where similar styles are found. They include Elen Pata (incised and
sometimes slip painted), San Sebastian (incised grater bowls with pedestals), and
six varieties of Tuncahuan (two- and three-color negative, white-on-red, red
banded). Other Late Cerro Narrio features are clay drums or seats, and metal
artifacts. (Ibid., pp. 50, 54-66, 74-77, 81-82.)
Finally, the third period occurs at Cashaloma, where it apparently comes from
the upper levels of the site. It includes Narrio Red-on-Buff ware, less well smoothed
and with more extensive areas of red slip, and a number of new types said to be
Inca-influenced. The latter include large crude white-slipped jars with punched
fillets, rough incision, cane stamping, punctation, or brushing of the surface; in-
[ 215 ]
cised flat lugs; polished white-on-red bowls and plates with rim lugs; and white-
on-red bowls, pedestal bowls, and bottles with spouts. (Ibid., pp. 76-78.)
Examination of the evidence presented by Collier and Murra leads me to feel
that there are not three, but six or seven stylistic periods represented in their
material from Canfar, and that the sequence of styles may be rather different from
that which they propose. Comparison with the Piura-Chira and south coastal
Ecuadorian sequences indicates that a revision of the Cafiar sequence is not only
possible, but very likely to be accurate. Without going to great lengths to defend
the sequence outlined below, let me point out that it is an alternate hypothesis,
subject to the possibility of gross error, and requiring testing in the field. Without
further evidence from the field, it should not be considered as either more or less
"true" than the sequence proposed by Collier and Murra.
Two considerations led to the reconsideration of the Cafnar sequence. Given the
similarity of Narrio Red on-Buff decoration to the red painted ware of Paita
C-D, it seemed incredible that Narrio Red-on-Buff could have continued through
2000-3000 years till Inca times with so little change in form and decoration.
Secondly, judging by the illustrated specimens, the C'ashaloma white-on-red style
seemed sufficiently similar to Tejar and Sechura A-B that association with Inca
remains or influence was to be doubted.
In proposing a revised sequence as an alternate hypothesis, several facts re-
ported by Collier and Murra must be taken into account. Firstly, Cerro Narrio
has been subject to looting on a tremendous scale. Though Collier and Murra
found small patches of undisturbed deposit to excavate, as indicated by the
presence of post holes, packed earth floors, and burials, the upper levels of most or
all of their trenches could well be made up of soil moved by vandals. Secondly,
despite the small reported sample of Puruha-Tuncahuan sherds, an unusual num-
ber of whole or partly reconstructed vessels of these types are attributed to the
excavated trenches (ibid., Pls. 36, nos. 1-4; 38, nos. 2 and 5; 40, nos. 1-5; 41, nos.
2 and 7). In addition, the Puruha-Tuncahuan types are reported only from Cerro
Narrio, and are notably absent from Cashaloma, where the deposit spans the
period to which these types are attributed. Also, most of the illustrated Cashaloma
specimens said to show Inca influence (ibid., Pls. 52, nos. 3, 5-6; 53; 54) do not in
fact show any characteristic of the Inca style. The exceptions to this statement are
one of the crude white-slipped jars shaped vaguely like an Inca "aryballos" and
another with a simple zoomorphic lug seemingly of Inca type (ibid., P1. 54, nos. 1
and 5).' Finally, genuine Inca pottery or local copies thereof are reported from
Cerro Narrio, but not from Cashaloma (ibid., P1. 45, nos. 3-5, 7-9).
On the strength of these considerations, I should like to suggest that the entire
group of Puruha-Tuncahuan ceramics from Cerro Narrio comes from disturbed
burials dug into the Late Cerro Narrio midden that blankets the site, and that they
are of later local manufacture. This would explain not only the frequent whole and
reconstructed vessels of these types, but also their absence from Cashaloma. Since
the Cafnar Valley is only a few miles south of the region where they are known to
be native, this hypothesis proposes a slight southerly extension of the Puruha-
Tuncahuan native area.
' Collier informs me that he no longer considers most of these specimens to be Inca influenced.
We are in agreement that the lug shown in his P1. 54, no. 5, is of Inca type, however.
Two additional hypotheses are that the pottery drums and the Group X wares-
whether imported or made locally-are genuinely associated with Late Cerro
Narrio; and that there were three periods of occupation at Cashaloma: Late
Cerro Narrio; a period of white-on-red designs on bowls and pedestal bowls and
modified Narrio Red-on-Buff ware; and a period of crude white-slipped and incised
or stamped jars, some of which may show Inca influence. The first two of these
periods should be earlier than Puruha-Tuncahuan, the third later.
Collier has pointed out that Tuncahuan pottery probably does not represent a
single stylistic unit, and that it should be possible to establish regional and
temporal variants of it (Collier 1948, pp. 81-82). Collier and Murra divide
Tuncahuan into six variants-five from the excavated deposit, the sixth a single
sherd from the surface-and it is reasonable to suppose that some of the differences
between the variants are due to difference in time. With this in mind, the following
revised sequence is suggested for the Cafnar Valley:
1) Early Cerro Narrio. This period, well founded on stratigraphic evidence,
remains as defined by Collier and Murra. The stylistic components are standard
Narrio Red-on-Buff (mostly jars with short flared collars, bearing polished red-
slipped bands, and often pattern burnished); Narrio Red-on-Buff Fine (similar
jars, very thin, with red geometric designs as well as the usual bands, sometimes
pattern burnished); Narrio Red-on-Buff Variants A (shoe-shaped jars with
notched fillets and pattern burnishing), B (small jars with red zones outlined by
white lines and sometimes alternating with fields of small punctations), and C
(jars with incised decoration made up of intersecting groups of parallel lines);
Caniar Polished (mostly bowls, with or without ring bases, with polished red slip
and occasional engraved or resist negative decoration); Granulated Ware; and
occasional anthropomorphic modelling featuring eyes made by setting a flat pellet
in a circular depression.
2) Late Cerro Narrto. This period differs from Collier and Murra's definition in
that it does not include Puruha-Tuncahu'an. Standard Narrio Red-on-Buff con-
tinues, now with shallow bowls and new jar forms, and Variant D of Narrio Red-
on-Buff introduces the compotera or pedestal bowl and lines of punctations en-
closed in bands. Narrio Gross ware is common. Modelled eyes are now of "coffee
bean" type. The Group X engraved, negative, red-banded, and quartz-studded
types occur, along with pottery drums. Collier and Murra illustrate a stirrup-
spout bottle from Azuay with a complex engraved design made up partly of
hatched zones like those on the Group X engraved ware. Though the design may
show some faint Chavin influence, it is definitely not similar to designs in any
Peruvian style; but the bottle has a thick stirrup suggestive of early Cupisnique
stirrups (Collier and Murra 1943, Pl. 10, no. 4).
3) Cashaloma white-on-red. Here are included the modified Narrio Red-on-Buff
ware from Cashaloma, and the white-on-red plates, bowls, and pedestal bowls from
that site, characterized by designs of lines with rows of dots or discs. Some of the
tall-necked white-and-red-zoned bottles are probably also to be included here
(ibid., Pls. 45, no. 6; 46, nos. 1-3; 52, no. 6; 53, nos. 13-21; 54, no. 7). At least one
of the specimens grouped as Tuncahuan Variant D white-on-red may also belong
in this period (ibid., Pl. 40, no. 6).
4) Tuncahuan Variants A, F, and part of Variant D white-on-red. These three
groups are linked by similar vessel forms, and have designs which are very close
to Cashaloma white-on-red designs. Decoration consists of white-on-red lines, discs
and dots, and negative-on-white slip with red slip as a third color. Forms are
pedestal bowls with perforated pedestals and shallow incurved bowls with marked
shoulders (ibid., Pls. 38; 40, nos. 8, 11-13; 41, no. 7; 52, nos. 3, 5). The San
Sebastian incised graters may belong to this period on the strength of their
perforated pedestals, and some of the white-and-red-zoned bottles attributed to
the previous period probably also belong (ibid., Pls. 37, nos. 1-3, 5; 45, no. 6; 46,
nos. 1-3; 52, no. 6; 54, no. 7). Though there must be an associated cooking ware, it
cannot be defined. If the specimens are from looted graves, as suggested, the cook-
ing ware may not have been placed with them.
5) Tuncahuan Variants B, C, and part of Variant D white-on-red. These
groups feature negative painting on pink slip or on unslipped surfaces, with white
lines as the third color, together with a continuation of white-on-red line and dot
designs. Pedestal bowls may no longer occur. Forms are incurved bowls without
shoulders, tall vessels with annular bases and angular shoulders, jars with tall
necks, and double bowls. Simple adornos appear on bowl lips. Unlike previous
phases, decoration is limited to the outside of the vessels (ibid., Pls. 39; 40, no. 7;
41, nos. 1-4). A stirrup-spout bottle of Moche V form (ibid., P1. 46, no. 6) may
be attributed to this period, not because of any similarity of design but because it
should immediately precede the Wari influence seen in the next period.
6) Tuncahuan Variant D negative, Elen Pata. With these groups from Cerro
Narrio may be included several vessels from Zula, a few miles north of the Cafnar
Valley (ibid., Pls. 2, nos. 1-3, 5-7; 35, nos. 1-4; 36, nos. 1-4; 40, nos. 1-5). Negative
painting continues with white as the third color, but now occurs on a red or orange
slipped base, again only on the outside of the vessel. Incised decoration (the Elen
Pata group) is common. Collier and Murra do not report slip-painted and two-
color negative vessels like those from the Elen Pata cemetery in Chimborazo, but
otherwise the assemblage-including the Tuncahuan Variant D negative pieces-
fits well with the material from that site (Jijon y Caama-no 1927, pp. 61-147, Pls.
LIII-CIX).
Incurved bowls in this group are more closed at the mouth, and are accompanied
by tall goblets and jars with tall necks. Rim adornos are now zoomorphic. Both
the incurved bowls and the goblets may have drinking tubes. The drinking tubes,
goblets, and jar forms are all reminiscent of the Middle Horizon Wari style of the
Peruvian highlands, and some of the painted designs (Collier and Murra 1943,
Pls. 2, no. 3; 40, no. 3) also suggest Wari affiliation. Though this is by no means a
Tiahuanacoid style, it does seem to have connections with one.
7) Cashaloma white-slipped- incised. The crude white-slipped jars from Cash-
aloma are entirely different from the preceding styles, and seem to show genuine
Inca influence. In addition, jars of this type were found by Jijon y Caama-no in
Inca association at Joyaczhi (op. cit., p. 77). This group of vessels evidently repre-
sents the ceramic style of the Cafnar Indians. Contemporary with it would be the
Inca pieces from Cerro Narrio, and presumably a painted Chimiu stirrup-spout
bottle and an Inca-Chimu' blackware effigy bottle (Collier and Murra 1943, Pls.
45, nos. 1-5, 7-9; 46, nos. 4-5; 53, nos. 1-9; 54, nos. 1-6).
The copper axe excavated by Collier and Murra, and the copper and gold objects
taken from Cerro Narrio by vandals (ibid., pp. 69-70) cannot be dated in this
proposed revision of the Canar sequence, but presumably all come from the intru-
sive burials (Puruha-Tuncahuan and Inca) at the site. The lack of fragmentary
metal objects in Collier and Murra's excavations suggests that they were not a
component of the midden of the Cerro Narrio periods.
APPENDIX II
RADIOCARBON AND OBSIDIAN DATES FOR SOUTHERN ECUADOR AND NORTHERN PERU
SINCE THE ABSOLUTE dating of the earlier portions of the Piura-Chira sequence
depends entirely on analogies with dated sequences in southern Ecuador and onl
the southern portion of the north Peruvian coast, it is worth while to review briefly
the evidence for dating in those regions in order to select only those dates which
are based on substantial evidence.
The very early dates for Valdivia A and B on the Guayas coast (Evans, Meggers,
and Estrada 1959, pp. 87-88) come from radiocarbon determinations on samples
of sea shells. Shell-sample determinations often give most improbable dates, but
these three dates are remarkably consistent as a series and I can see no reason at
present to doubt their validity.
Evans, Meggers, and Estrada compare the Valdivia dates with shell-sample
dates for Early and Middle Guafnape in the Viru' Valley and conclude that the
latter phases are contemporary with Valdivia (ibid., pp. 89-90). As Lathrap points
out, however:
The use of the [shell-sample] dates of 5750 200 and 4300 200 B.P. for Middle and Early
Guafiape in preference to the much later dates based on vegetal materials implies that the authors
regard as worthless most of the rest of the radiocarbon dates determined in Peru, since most of
the latter, especially the long series of dates from Huaca Prieta, clash hopelessly with these two
extremely early dates (Lathrap 1960, p. 126).
Actually, of six radiocarbon dates for Early and Middle Guafnape in Viru, three
were run on shell and are highly inconsistent among themselves; a fourth (L-122F,
1849 150 B.C.) was run on a carbon sample described as coming from a level
containing both preceramic and Early Guaniape midden; the other two (L-122C,
1149 + 200 B.C.; L-122A, 1199 90 B.C.) are entirely consistent with the excellent
series of dates from Huaca Prieta (Kulp et al. 1952, p. 410).
The only other north Peruvian radiocarbon dates applicable by analogy to the
Piura sequence are those for Moche IV, which should be only slightly later than
Sechura E. The dates are 113 + 90 A.D. (Bird 1951, p. 19, C-619), 655 -+- 80 A.D.,
and 655 80 A.D. (Broecker and Kulp 1957, p. 1329, L-335A and L-335B). The
first of these dates is impossibly early, while the later ones are about what one
would expect for the period just before the beginning of the Middle Horizon.'
For southern Ecuador, there is a large series of dates determined by the measure-
ment of hydration layers on obsidian artifacts (Evans and Meggers 1960, pp.
500-508, 526-532). Evans and Meggers seem to feel that these age determinations
substantiate their guess dates of 1500-500 B.C. for Chorrera, 500 B.C. to 500 A.D.
for Tejar, and 500-1500 A.D. for Milagro. If one could be sure of these dates, they
could be applied by analogy to Paita D and Sechura. Unfortunately, they are
doubtful for several reasons.
To begin with, the obsidian measurements do not date the south Ecuadorian
styles because the time scale on which they are plotted uses the guess date for
5Cf. Broecker and Kulp 1957, p. 1329, L-335F, 756 90 A.D. for Nasca 8 on the south coast,
just before the Middle Horizon.
[ 220]
Chorrera as a major point of reference (Friedman and Smith 1960, p. 488). Thus,
the dates will be substantiated only if they are right in the first place, and a poor
guess would be supported by the obsidian determinations as well as a good guess.
It is no surprise, then, that nearly two-thirds of the 32 Chorrera dates for various
sites are within the estimated range of 1500-500 B.C. On the other hand, only 45
per cent of the 45 listed dates for Tejar and 30 per cent of the 127 Milagro dates
are within the estimated ranges. In fact, nearly half of the "good" Milagro dates
come from a single site, Cambio de la Balsa. From all of the other sites together,
only some 20 per cent of the dates fall within the estimated range of 500-1500 A.D.
for Milagro.
More than half of all of the Ecuadorian obsidian dates listed in the table are
older than the estimated dates, and for Milagro this figure reaches two-thirds.
Evans and Meggers, in an admirable display of caution, suggest several possible
archaeological reasons for the discrepancies, but do not consider the possibility
that either the time scale or the estimated dates, or both, might be incorrect, or that
the source of error might lie in the theory and practice of the obsidian dating
method. All the dates which are considered too old are explained as being due to
the reuse of old artifacts. Such collecting and reuse does, of course, occur, but I
find it incredible that from 50 to 80 per cent of a stone industry could consist of
reused specimens.
Careful reading of the articles by Friedman and Smith and by Evans and Meg-
gers, together with a perusal of their Table 1, convinces me that there are such
serious unresolved problems in the theory that correlates thickness of hydration
layers on obsidian with elapsed time, that the method is not yet near to being a
useful dating tool. For area after area-Alaska, Egypt, the Near East, coastal
Guatemala, the Maya area, and others-half or more of the obsidian dates are far
outside the range of dates calculated by other means. In some of these regions,
especially Egypt, the Southwest United States, and the Maya area, there is no
question but that the estimated dates are close to being true and the obsidian dates
are far off.
As to the guess date for Chorrera on which the Ecuadorian time scale is based,
1500 B.C. seems excessively old and 1000 years an excessively long duration, when
seen from Piura. The early date seems to have been arrived at by two means:
assumptions about the completeness of the Guayas sequence and analogy with the
dates of similar materials in Guatemala. With Valdivia dated at about 2500-1500
B.C., Evans and Meggers assume that Chorrera follows immediately thereafter.
This position, in turn, rests on the assumption that the succession of Valdivia,
Chorrera, Tejar and Milagro represents the entire 4000-year ceramic sequence of
the Guayas region. This seems very little stylistic change for 4000 years of ceramic
history. One could fit Machalilla before Chorrera-as Estrada does-and still have
grave doubts about the completeness of the sequence. Evans and Meggers state
that Machalilla is contemporary with Chorrera (Evans and Meggers 1960, p.
504). However, the known Machalilla sites are in the heart of Chorrera territory.
It would be most unusual for a few villages to maintain such a strikingly distinct
ceramic style in the midst of Chorrera country. Estrada's placement of Machalilla
between Valdivia and Chorrera, which calls for a more recent date for the latter,
seems much more reasonable.
The second method of arriving at a guess date of 1500 B.C. for Chorrera is still
more doubtful. Coe proposes to extend to Ecuador the dating of two early phases
at La Victoria, Guatemala (Coe 1960, Fig. 10). The Guatemalan Oc6s and Conchas
assemblages, to be sure, show marked similarities to Chorrera and Tejar, but Coe's
evidence by no means proves their contemporaneity. Furthermore, the early date
for Ocos (starting 1500 B.C.) is itself derived by projecting backward from a
radiocarbon date of 1052 + 100 B.C. for the presumably contemporary Chiapas I
phase in Chiapas, Mexico (ibid., pp. 366-367). But this analogy, in turn, cannot be
properly evaluated until the full evidence on the La Victoria sequence is published.
Such multiple analogies and projections on the basis of unpublished evidence do
little to enhance confidence in the proposed dates.
Finally, we may consider three radiocarbon dates for the early Bahia de Cara-
quez culture on the central coast of Ecuador. The dates are 212 200 B.C. (Crane
and Griffin 1959, p. 192, M-734), 240 + 240 B.C., and 190 240 B.C. (Rubin and
Alexander 1960, p. 181, W-833 and W-834). According to Estrada, early Bahia.
de Caraquez is not only contemporary with the latter half of Chorrera but also
is nearly identical to it in style (Estrada 1958, pp. 69-71). These dates around
200 B.C. would be very reasonable for Paita D, but again I hesitate to apply them
because of the double analogy involved-that is, dating Chorrera from early Bahia
de Caraquez, then dating Paita D from Chorrera.
It seems best, then, not to attempt to apply all these dates to the Piura sequence,
but rather to limit absolute dating for the moment to those dates which are based on
fairly straighforward evidence. These, as discussed in the text, are 1500 B.C. or
somewhat earlier for Negritos (interpolated between the Valdivia and Early
Guafnape dates), 600 A.D. for Sechura E (by analogy with Moche III), about 1000
A.D. for the beginning of Piura A (well into the Middle Horizon), 1460 A.D. for the
beginning of Piura E (time of the Inca conquest), and 1550 A.D. for the beginning
of Sechura F (shortly after the Spanish conquest.)
APPENDIX III
PIURA-CHIRA SITES VISITED BY THE FIRST UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO
SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO THE ANDES
THE REPORT OF THE first University of Tokyo Scientific Expedition to the Andes
appeared when the present paper was nearly completed. It was possible to include
observations on the Expedition's excavations at Garbanzal in the sections on com-
parison and cross-dating, but there was no opportunity to modify the descriptive
portion of this paper. Since the University of Tokyo's report presents some valu-
able information on sites in the Piura and Chira valleys, some comments on their
materials are added here.
Fifteen sites (nos. 8-22) are reported from the Department of Piura. Drawings
and photos of sherds represent various phases of the Piura style almost exclusively.
One site of especial interest is Paredones, the small ceremonial site described above
under the name Vichayalito (Ishida et at. 1960, pp. 129-130, 426-427). The site
evidently covers two or three phases of the Piura style, rather than being pure
Piura D as I had supposed. Several sherds are Piura B (ibid., p. 130, Figs. 6-9),
while others show carinated necks sufficiently different from those of Piura E that
they can probably be attributed to Piura D (ibid., p. 129, Figs. 3-4). One of the
latter has two small handles from neck to body, as does the possible Piura D vessel
published by Lothrop (1948, Fig. 51), also from Vichayal. This suggests either
that handled cooking pots continued to be made throughout the Late Intermediate
Period, in spite of their absence from Miss Haase's Piura C sample, or that they
were reintroduced in Piura at the time of the Chimiu conquest of the region.
The only site for which convincingly pre-Piura sherds are illustrated is Yapatera,
far up the Piura Valley near Morropon (Ishida et al. 1960, pp. 135-136, 428). In
addition to paddle-marked and handled sherds of Piura style, there are a few
sherds from this site representing Sechura A or a style so similar to Sechura A
that it is certainly contemporary with it. A sherd of an incurved bowl with an
engraved design of scroll-topped hatched triangles seems to be nearly identical
to a Sechura A sherd from Paita (ibid., p. 136, Fig. 8; pl. 11, f herein). Another
sherd has what looks like a punched fillet circling the upper part of a vessel (ibid.,
p. 136, Fig. 6). Exceptionally interesting is a double-spout bottle with short ver-
tical spouts and slightly arched bridge, which bears a design of white discs and
comblike figures on a red-brown background (ibid., p. 136, Fig. 2). The design,
located above the bottle's angular shoulder, fits better in Sechura A than in any
other known style of this region. The form of the spouts and bridge is highly
distinctive and typical of the Nasca 1 style on the south coast of Peru. While
double-spout bottles are known from the intervening area, none of them are close
to this specimen in form. Finally, another bottle has a single short spout and a
broad looped handle to the top of the body. While the form of the spout on this
specimen is similar to the spouts on the first bottle, the total arrangement is more
suggestive of Chorrera spout-and-handle bottles than anything else (ibid., p. 136,
Fig. 3).
If these four specimens form a contemporary unit-as they probably do-then
[ 223 ]
they suggest a slightly later date for Sechura A than that shown on table 22, at
the beginning of the Early Intermediate Period rather than the end of the Early
Horizon. The double-spout bottle looks like the work of a Piura potter who saw
and copied forms produced by southern artists. If so, it cannot be earlier than
Nasca 1 in time. On the other hand, the presence of the Chorrera-like bottle in
this assemblage need not indicate that Chorrera extended into Sechura A times.
Spout-and-bridge bottles were being made in Paita D, and this specimen could
represent simply a local continuation of the form, later than the Chorrera bottles
which were copied in Paita D times.
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FIGURES
*+ ~~b c
Fig. 1. a. Negritos style, Negritos South 1. Rim diameter 16 cm. b. Paita phase
A, San Pedro North A 18. Rim diameter 9 cm. c. Paita phase A, Yasila 1. Rim diam-
eter 22 cm. d. Paita phase B, Paita A. Rim diameter 14 cm. e. Paita phase A, San
Pedro North A 18. Rim diameter 13 cm. f. Paita phase D, San Pedro North A 18.
Variant II Ware. (1649 actual size.)
232 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn
Fig. 2. Paita phase C, Paita site: a-c. Thin Red Ware. d-f. Variant I Ware. g. Variant I
Ware. Rim diameter 30 cm. h. Variant I Ware. Rim diameter 34 cm. i. Variant I Ware. Rim
diameter 30 cm. j. Thin Red Ware. Rim diameter 11 cm. k. Thin Red Ware. Rim diameter 10 cm.
1. Thin Red Ware. Rim diameter 9 cm. m. Thin Red Ware. Rim diameter 10 cm. n. Thin Red Ware.
Rim diameter 11 cm. o. Variant I Ware. Rim diameter 16 cm. p. Variant I Ware. Rim diameter
ca. 10 cm. q. Thin Red Ware. (5/8 actual size.)
0'Q 0 ) .
Fig. 3. Paita phase 0, Negritos South 2. Ht. 18.3 cm.; max.

diameter 21.5 cm.; rim diameter 9 cm. (1/s actual size.)
/ ~~~~~1
W~~~~c"
Fig. 4. Paita phase D, Lagunitas: a. Thin Red Ware. Rim
diameter 13 cm. b. Thin Red Ware. Rim diameter 11.5 cm. a.
Variant II Ware. Rim diameter ca. 39 cm. (% actual size.)
Fig. 5. a-c. Paita phase D, Lagunitas. Thin Red Ware. d. Paita phase C, Lagunitas. Thin Red
Ware. e, f. Paita phase D, Lagunitas. Thin Red Ware. (%3 actual size.)
c d
Fig. 6. Paita phase D, Lagunitas: a-c. Thin Red Ware. d. Variant II Ware. Rim diameter
ca. 23 cm. e. Thin Red Ware. Rim Diameter 13 cm. f. Thin Red Ware. g. Variant II Ware. (%
actual size.)
Fig. 7. Paita phase D, Lagunitas. Thin Red Ware: a. Rim

diameter 13 cm. b. Rim diameter 12 cm. c. Rim diameter ca.
14 cm. (1/s actual size.)
Fig. 8. Paita phase D, Negritos South 2. Max. diameter 25.5 cm.;

rim diameter 12.5 cm. (% actual size.)
Fig. 9. Paita phase D, Negritos South 1. Ht. ca. 25 cm; max. diameter
ca. 31 cm.; rim diameter 8 cm. (' actual size.)
a
e
Fig. 10. Sechura phase A: a. Punta Nermete 1. Rim diameter 8 cm. b. Punta Nermete 1.
Rim diameter 9 cm. c. Punta Nermete 1. Rim diameter 15 cm. d. Punta Nermete 1. e. Punta
Nermete 1. Foot diameter 9 cm. f. Lagunitas. Rim diameter ca. 22 cm. g. Punta Nermete
1. Rim diameter 14 cm. h. Paita. Rim diameter 19 cm. s. Punta Nermete 1. (% actual size.)
C~ ~
b f
Fig. 11. a-g. Sechura phase B, Casita 1: a. Sechura phase B, Casita 1. Rim
diameter 9 cm. b. Sechura phase B, Casita 1. Rim diameter 10 cm. c. Sechura
phase B, Casita 1. Rim diameter 11 cm. d. Sechura phase B, Casita 1. Rim
diameter 8 cm. e. Sechura phase B, Casita 1. Rim diameter 23 cm. f. Sechura
phase B, Casita 1. Rim diameter 25 cm. g. Sechura phase B, Casita 1. Rim
diameter 8 cm. h-j. Sechura phase C, San Pedro North A 22: h. Coiled (?).
Rim diameter 21 cm.s. Paddle-made (1). j. Coiled (1). (Y2 actual size.)
7 I/71
Fig. 12. Sechura phase D: a. Punta Nermete 1. Rim diameter

ca. 30 cm. b. Sechura 2. c. Punta Nermete 1. d. Punta Nermete 1.
Rim diameter ca. 35 cm. e. San Pedro North A 22. Rim diameter
ca. 28 cm. f. Punta Nermete 1. Rim diameter 15 cm. g. Punta
Nermete 1. h. Punta Nermete 1. Rim diameter ca. 32 cm. i. Punta
Nermete 1. j. Sechura 2. k. Punta Nermete 1. 1. San Pedro North
A 22. Rim diameter ca. 10 cm. (% actual size.)
a (1A
C C
Fig. 13. Sechura phase E: a. Chusis. Rim diameter 13 cm. b.

Chusis. Rim diameter 18 cm. a. Chusis. d. Chusis. Rim diameter
21 cm. e. Chusis. Rim diameter 19 cm. f. Tacal. Rim diameter
11 cm. g. Chusis. Rim diameter 9 cm. h. Chusis. Rim diameter 8
cm. i. Chusis. (% actual size.)
) | a 7b
) ~~~~~~C
dl
e
)~~~~~~
Ae
Fig. 14. Piura phase A, Colin: a. Rim diameter 11 cm. b. Rim
diameter 11 cm. c. Rim diameter 13.5 cm. d. Rim diameter 10 cm.
f. Rim diameter 14 cm. g. Rim diameter 11 cm. (% actual size.)
e
Fig. 15. Piura phase A, Colin: a. Rim diameter 8 cm. b. Rim
diameter 7 cm. c. Rim diameter 9 cm. d. Rim diameter 8 cm. e.
Itim diameter 17 cm. f. Rim diameter 18 cm. g. Rim diameter
12 cm. (% actual size.)
d~~~~~
Fig. 16. Piura phase B: a. Puerto Rico 4. Rim diameter 11 cm.

b. Puerto Rico 4. Rim diameter 12 cm. c. Puerto Rico 2. Rim
diameter 13 cm. d. Puerto Rico 4. Rim diameter 11 cm. e. Puerto
Rico 1. Rim diameter 9.5 cm. f. Puerto Rico 2. Rim diameter 13
cm. g. Puerto Rico 1. Rim diameter 12 cm. h. Puerto Rico 4. Rim
diameter 9 cm. i. Puerto Rico 2. Rim diameter 14 cm. ('k actual
size.)
LLXX
b
e
Fig. 17. Piura phase B: a. Puerto Rico 2. (reconstructed from
2 sherds of different vessels). Rim diameter 20 cm.; foot diameter
11 cm. b. Puerto Rico 2. Foot diameter 11 cm. c. Puerto Rico 2.
d. Puerto Rico 1. Rim diameter 17 cm. e. Puerto Rico 4. Foot
diameter 9.5 cm. f. Puerto Rico 1. Rim diameter 14 cm. ('
actual size.)
a c d
f
Fig. 18. Piura phase B: a. Puerto Rico 2. Rim diameter ca.
35 cm. b. Puerto Rico 1. Rim diameter ca. 32 cm. c. Quebrada
Coyonitas. Rim diameter ca. 24 cm. d. Puerto Rico 1. Burnished
Black Ware. e. Puerto Rico 3. Rim diameter 10 cm. f. Puerto
Rico 2. Rim diameter 24 cm. (% actual size.)
i k
Fig. b19. a-j. Piura phase C, Goscomba:
egb
a. Rim diameter 14 cm.
b. Rim diameter 12 cm. o. Rim diameter 12 cm. d. Rim diameter
12 cm. e. Rim diameter 13 cm. f. Rim diameter 23 cm. g. Rim
diameter 30 cm. h. Rim diameter 14 cm. k. Piura phase C, San
Pedro North A 14. Rim diameter 15 cm. (Y3 actual size.)
j .
Fig. 20. Piura phase E, Numura 1: a. Rim diameter 16 cm.

b. Rim diameter 14 cm. c. Rim diameter 15 cm. d. Rim diameter
14 cm. e. Rim diameter 11 cm. ( actual
% size.)
t 1 t ~ ~~~~b // / t
a c d
ef hL
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1234 v L L~~~~
cm. ~ t
Fig. 21. Paita phases B and C, Casita 2: aa. Paita B. bb-dd. Paita C. ee. Chert
projectile point fragment.
c ~~~~~~d
9
f~~~~~~~~
01 2 3 4 5
Cms. _
n 0 p
Fig. 22. Sechura phase B, Casita 1 (San Pedro North A 17).
Xh ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~f 9
Cims. t ,
Fig. 23. Sechura phase B, Casita I (San Pedro North A 17): e. Rim diameter 11 cm. h. Rim
diameter 30 cm. k. Rim diameter 28 cm. I. Rim diameter 11 cm. r. Rim dia.meter 14 cm. s. Rim
diameter 23 cm.
PLATES
IDENTIFICATION OF GEOMETRIC STAMPED DESIGNS
Kroeber- Plate Number

Design Muelle ___ ____ __ ___ _____
Number Piuira Style Simbila Style
Small squares .2 20,e; 23,a; 27,a; 27,b; 29,a; 29,b 33,d
Squares and dots .5 23,c; 26,b; 27,d; 29,e
Small diamonds .3 21,a; 27,c; 29,c; 29,d
Diamonds and dots .6, 8 20,d; 23,d; 27,f
Large diamonds .4 23,b; 30,b
Groups of lines .1 23,e; 27,e; 29,i
Zig-zag lines .11 23,g; 29,f
Wavy lines and dots .15 23,f; 29,g
Straight lines and dots . ... 27,g; 29,h
Comb ............................. 30,a
Fret .33, 35 30,c
Lines of semi-circles . .... 30,d
Lines of triangles .23 30,e
Scroll .28, 31 30,f; 30,g 33,c
Checkerboard squares . ... 31,a 33,a; 33,e
Checkerboard triangles .. 31,b
Checkerboard diamonds .. 31,c 33,b
Step .............................. 31,d
Cogwheel .43
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A Ceramic Sequence For The Piura and Chira Coast, North Perú

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A CERAMIC SEQUENCE

FOR- THE 1PIURA AND

UNIVERSrTY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

2, Puerto Rico 1-4; 3, Negritos South 1; 4, Negritos South 2; 5, Laganitas; 6, Vichayalito; 7,

SITES AROUND SECHURA

Map 2. The Ml1esea Peninsula, showing sites Nunura 1-4.

Map 3. Archaeological sites in the vicinity of Sechura.

C= Stone House Foundation

21.Pa Nermete SouJth

Map 6. Archaeological sites on the Paita Peninsula.

Map 7. Punta Nermete South 2, pattern of stone alignments.

B, forty-four Sechura D, eight Piura A, four postconquest glazed sherds, and

SITES ON THE BAY OF PAITA

EPuerto Rico Sites

Map 9. Archaeological sites in the vicinity of Puerto Rico Pool.

SITE IN THE UPPER QUEBRADA PARINAS

Phase B incised style ......................................... 2312

Short flared neck ............................... 30 1 3 7

Red slip painting ..................... 78 2 1 3 3

Design Paita Lagunitas

Lines on neck ................................... 7

Flared concave neck .................. 18 4 1 1

Red slip painting ................................ 22 1 4

Concave flared neck ............. .............. 1

Red slip ....................................... 13 2 1

Bowl, inner bevelled rim ....................... 4 2 1

Sechura E is Kelley's Chusls "Period," discovered by Ross T. Christensen in his

Notched bowl lip .............................. 4 2 1

Site | Granular | Compact | Coa,rsFe Burnished Unclassified

WARES NOT CLASSIFIED

Site Total Sherds

Straight collar, everted rim ..................... 12 2

Handle, 3 incised lines .......................... 3

Small squares ............ 2 1 1 3 7 4 5 11 19

Straight collar, everted rim,

Decoration Puerto Puerto3 Puerto PuertoI Tacal San Pedro

Incised handle ......................... 2 .. .. 3

~01_~----XX. xxxxxx- . ..xx

~XX XXXXXXXXXx XXX

(X X X X XXX XXX XXXXXXXX XXc-

.7J x xxx XXXxx

*xxx ***x XXXXXX X XXXXX'XXxxxxxxxxx

~~~~~~~~~~4Q ;.- ... 04bd

xx Xxx xxx xxXxX x... . . ......

Fig. 3. Paita phase 0, Negritos South 2. Ht. 18.3 cm.; max.

Fig. 7. Paita phase D, Lagunitas. Thin Red Ware: a. Rim

Fig. 8. Paita phase D, Negritos South 2. Max. diameter 25.5 cm.;

Fig. 12. Sechura phase D: a. Punta Nermete 1. Rim diameter

Fig. 13. Sechura phase E: a. Chusis. Rim diameter 13 cm. b.