72 PROBLEMS 24 2.2 2.3 2.4 25 2.6 27 28 29 ‘An 80-m-long wire of 5-mm diameter is made of a steel with E = 200 GPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 400 MPa. Ifa factor of safety of 3.2 is desired, determine (a) the largest allow. able tension in the wire, (b) the corresponding elongation of the A steel control rod is 55 fe long and must not stretch more than 0.04 in, when a 2-kip tensile load is applied to it. Knowing that 29 X 10° psi, determine (a) the smallest diameter rod that should be used, (b) the corresponding normal stress caused by the load “Two gage marks are placed exactly 10 in, apart on a }in.-diameter alumisum rod with E = 10.1 X 10" psi and an ultimate strength of 16 ksi, Knowing that the distance between the gage marks is 10,009 in, after a load is applied, determine (a) the stress in the rod, (b) the factor of safety. An 18-m-long steel wire of 5-mm diameter is to be used in the manufacture of a prestressed concrete beam. It is observed that the wire stretches 45 mm when a tensile force P is applied. Know- that E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the magnitude of the force B, b) the corresponding normal stress in the wit. A polystyrene rod of length 12 in, and diameter 0.5 i, i subjected to an 00-B ten load: Knowing that E = 045 % 10" pi deter rine fa) the elongation of Uhe rad, (b) the normal stress in the ro [A nylon thread is subjected to & 85-N tension foree. Knowing that E = 33 GPa and that the length of the thread increases by 1.1%, determine (a) the diameter of the thread, (b) the stress in the thread “Two gage marks are placed exactly 250 mm apart on a 12-mm- diameter aluminum rod. Knowing that, with an axial load of {6000 N acting on the rod, the distance between the gage marks is 250.18 mm, determine the modulus of elasticity of the aluminum used in the rod. ‘An aluminam pipe must not stretch more than 0.05 in, when it is subjected to a tensile load. Knowing that E = 10.1 X 10" psi and that the maximum allowable normal steess is 14 ksi, deter mine (a) the maximum allowable length of the pipe, (6) the required area of the pipe if the tensile load is 127.5 kis. ‘An aluminum control rod must steeteh 0.08 in, when a 500-b tensile load is applied to it. Knowing that oar ~ 22 ksi and E 10.1 X 10" psi, determine the smallest diameter and shortest length that ean be selected for the rod2.10 2.11 212 213 244 2.15 A square yellow-brass bar must not stretch more than 2.5 mm when itis subjected to a tensile load, Knowing that E = 105 GPa and that the allowable tensile strength is 180 MPa, determine (a) the maxi ‘mum allowable length of the bar, (b) the required dimensions of the cross svetion if the tensile load is 40 KN. A dum-long steel rod must not stretch more than 3 mm and the normal stress rmust not exceed 150 MPa when the rod is subjected to 4 10-KN axial load. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, determine the required diameter of the rod. ‘A nylon thread isto be subjected to a 10-N tension, Knowing that E = 3. GPa, that the maximum allowable normal stress is 40 MPa, and that the length of the thread mast not increase by more than 1%, determine the required diameter of the thread. ‘The 4-mmediameter cable BC is made of a steel with E = 200 GPa. Knowing that the maximum stress in the cable must not exceed 190 MPa and that the elongation of the cable must not cexcced 6 mm, find the maximum load P that can be applied as shown. ‘The aluminum rod ABC (E ~ 10.1 X 10® psi), which consists of ‘two cylindrical portions AB and BC, is to be replaced with a cylin ical steel rod DE (E = 29 X 10° psi) of the same overall length Determine the minimum required diameter d of the steel rod if its vertical deformation is not to exceed the deformation of the aluminum rod under the same load and if the allowable stress in the steel rod is not to execed 24 ks 28 ips 28 ips Fig. P2.14 ‘A 4ft section of aluminum pipe, of eross-seetional area 175 in? rests on a fixed support at A. The fin.-diameter steel rod BC hangs from a rigid bar that ests on the top ofthe pipe at B. Knowing that the modulus of elasticity is 29 X 10° psi forsteel and 10.4 X10" psi for aluminum, determine the deflection of point © when a 15-kip force is applied at C Problens 73TA Shess ond Srain—Axil loading | Si nn S75 mm od || 2mm diameter osm 60-mm diameter Fig. P2.19 and P2.20 2.16 217 2.19 2.20 ‘The brass tube AB (E = 105 GPa) has a cross-sectional area of 140 mm and is Btted with a plug at A. The tube is attached at B to a rigid plate that is itself attached at C to the bottom of an aluminum eylinder (E = 72 GPa) with a cross-sectional area of 250 mm, The eyinder is then hung from a support at D. Tn order to close the eylinder, the plug must move down through 1 me Determine the force P that must be applied to the eyinder. ‘A 250-mm-long aluminum tube (E = 70 GPa) of 36-mm onter diameter and 28-mm inner diameter ean be closed at both ends bby means of single-threaded serew-on covers of 1.5-mm pitch With one cover screwed on tight, a solid brass rod (B = 105 GPa) of 25.mm diameter is placed inside the tube and the second cover is serewed on. Since the rod is slightly longer than the tube, iis “observed that the cover must be forced against the rod by rotating it one-quarter of a tum before it can be tightly closed, Determine {a) the average normal stress in the tube and in the rod, (b) the deformations of the tube and ofthe rod. 36mm 28mm {| 3 La on | Fig. P2.17 ‘The specimen shown is made from a I-in-diameter eylindrical steel rod with two L5-in-outer-diameter sleeves bonded to the rod as shown. Knowing that E = 29 X 10° psi, determine (a) the load so that the total deformation i 0.002 in, (b) the corresponding, deformation of the central portion BC. Fig. P2.18 Both portions of the rod ABC are made of an aluminum for which E = 70 GPa, Knowing that the magnitude of P is 4 kN, determine (a) the value of Q so that the deflection at A is zero, (b) the cor responding deflection of B. ‘The rod ABC is made of an aluminum for which E = 70 GPa, Koowing that P = 6 KN and Q = 42 KN, determine the deflection of (a) point A, (b) point B.2.21 Members AB and BC are made of stel (E, = 29 X 10° px) with Pelens 75 ‘cross-sectional areas of 0.80 in® and 0.64 in’, respectively. For the loading shown, determine the elongation ‘of fa) member AB, (b) member BC. 2ships — Wstkips 2.21 2.22 The steel frame (E = 200 GPa) shown has a diagonal brace BD with aan area of 1920 mm#. Determine the largest allowable load P ifthe change in length of member BD is not to exceed 1.6 man Sm. 2.22 2.23 For the steel truss (F = 200 GPa) and loading shown, determine the deformations of members AB and AD, knowing that their cross-sectional areas are 2400 mm? and 1800 mm, respectively. 228 kN 2.24 For the steel truss (E = 29 X 10° psi) and loading shown, deter ‘mine the deformations of members BD snd DE, knowing that their cross-sectional areas are 2 in® and 3 in®, respectively.76 Strats ond Sroin— Axial loading 2.25 Each of the links AB and CD is made of slaminum (E = 10.9 x 10° pa) and has a crose-sectional area of 02 in. Knowing that they support the rigid member BC, determine the deflection of point E J oon I" Win Fig. P2.25 2.26 ‘The length of the Sin-diameter steel wire CD has been adjusted so that with no load applied, @ gap of # in, exists between the end. B of the rigid beam ACB and a contact point E. Knowing that E 29 X 10° psi, determine where a 50-Ib block should be placed on. the beam in order to cause contact between B and E. tia Fig. P2.26 2.27 Link BD is made of bras (E = 105 GPa) and has a ero sectional area of 240 mm*, Link CE is made of aluminum (E = 72 GPa} and has a cross-sectional area of 300 mm. Knowing that they support rigid member ABC, determine the maximam force P that can be applied vertically at point A if the deflection of 4 is not to exceed 0135 mm, a 225 mm Prat. z Lo ioe Fig. P2.272.28 Each of the four vertical kinks connecting the two rigid horizontal members is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPs) and has a uniform rectangular eross section of 10 X 40 mm. For the loading shown, determine the deflection of (a) point E, (b) point F, (c) point G. 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 ‘The vertical load P is applied at the center A of the upper section of ahomogencous frustum ofa eirlar cone of height hx radius a, and maximum radius b. Denoting by E the modulus of clasticity of the material and neglecting the effect ofits weight, determine the deflection of point . Fig. P2.29 ‘A homogenous cable of length Land uniform cross section is sus pended from one end, (a) Denoting by p the density (mass per unit volume) of the cable end by £ its modulus of elasticity, determine the elongation of the cable due to its own weight. (b) Show that the same elongation would he obtained if the cable were horizontal and. if a force equal to half ofits weight were applied at each end, ‘The volume of a tensile specimen is essentially constant while plastic deformation occurs, Ifthe initial diameter of the specimen is dy, show that when the diameter is d, the tre strain is = 2 In(dh/d), Denoting by the “engineering strain” in a tensile specimen, show that the true strain is €, = ln(l + 6) Problens 7PROBLEMS Bam 2.33 An axial force of 200 kN is applied to the assembly shown by means Bras ore of rigid end plates. Determine (a) the normal stress in the alumi- E105 GPa ‘num shell, (b) the corresponding deformation of the assembly. 2.34 The length ofthe assembly shown decreases by 0.40 mm when a axial force is applied by means of rigid end plates. Determine {a) the magnitude of the applied force, (b) the corresponding stress in the brass core T ‘= 200m Aluminium sel 2.85 A 4. concrete posts reinforced with four steel bars, each with an E=70ch diameter. Knowing that E, ~ 29% 10" psi and E, = 36 X 10° psi, determine the normal stresses in the steel and in the concrete when 4 150-kp anal centre force P is applied tothe post. aa 72.33 and P2.34 2.36 A 250-mm bar of 150 X 30mm rectangular eross section consists ‘of two aluminum layers, 5 mam thick, brazed to a center brass layer of the same thickness, IFit is subjected to centrie forces of magni tude P = 30 kN, and knowing that E, = 70 GPa and F = 105 GPa, determine the normal stress (a) in the aluminum layers, (b) in the brass layer Fig. P2.36 2.37 Determine the deformation of the composite bar of Prob. 2.36 if it is subjected to centri forces of magnitude P= 45 kN. 882.38 Compressive centric foroes of 40 kips are applied at both ends Fblens of the assembly shown by means of rigid end plates. Knowing that E, = 29 X 10° psi and Ey = 101 X 10" psi, determine (a) the normal stresses in the steel core and the aluminum shell, (b) the deformation of the assembly: 2.39 Three wires are used to suspend the plate shown, Aluminum wires diameter are used at A and B while a steel wire of # diameter is used at C. Knowing that the allowable stress for aka minum (E, = 104 X 0 psi) is 14 ksi and that the allowable stress for steel (E, = 29 X 10° psi) is 18 ksi, determine the maximum load P that can be applied Fig. P2.39 2.40 A polystyrene rod consisting of two cylindrical portions AB and BC is restrained at both ends and supports two 6-kip loads as shown, Knowing that E = 0.45 X 10® psi, determine (a) the reactions at Aaand C, (b) the normal stress in each portion of the rod. 2.41 ‘Two cylindrical rods, one of steel and the other of brass, are joined at C and restrained by rigid supports at A and E. For the loading shown and knowing that E, = 200 GPa and E, = 105 GPa, deter: mine (a) the reactions at A and E, (6) the deflection of point C. Dimensions mm fF a 4 & ol E| [fax 4 40-m0n dim, 90 dm, 2.42. Solve Prob, 2.4, assuming that rod AC i made of bras and rod (CE is male of see! L [ 7 | poh 2.43 The rigid bar ABCD is suspended from four identical wires. Deter rine the tension in each wire caused by the load P shown. Fig, P2.4390 Strats ond Sroin— Axial loading 2.46 Links BC and DE are both made of steel (E 2.44 ‘The rigid bar AD is supported by two steel wires of Zin. diameter (E = 29 X 10° psi} and a pin and bracket at D. Knowing that the ‘wires were inital taut, determine (a) the additional tension in ceach wire when 120-B load P is applied at B,(b) the correspond- ing deflection of point B. 2.45 The steel rods BE and CD each have a 16-mm diameter (E = 200 GPa); the endl of the rods are single-threaded with a piteh of 25 mm. Knowing that after being snugly fitted, the nut at C is tightened one full turn, determine (a) the tension in rod CD, {b) the deflection of point € of the rigid member ABC. ce 29 X 10° ps) and aze + in, wide and Fin, thick. Determine (a) the force in each link ‘when a 60-Ib force P is applied to the rigid member AF shown, {b) the comesponding deflection of point 2.47 ‘The concrete post (E. = 36 X 10° psi and a = 5:5 X 10-°°F) is reinforced with six steel bars, each of j-in diameter (E, = 29 10" psi and a, = 6.5 X 10"'PF), Determine the normal stresses induced in the stee! and in the concrete by a temperature rise of 65 Fig. P2.47 2.48 The assembly shown consists of an aluminum shell (Ey = 10.6 10° psi, a, = 129 X 10°%°F) fully bonded to a steel core (E, 29% 10" psi, @, = 65 X 10-"/°F) and is unstressed. Determine {a) the largest allowable change in temperature if the stress in the aluminum shell is no to exceed 6 ksi, (6) the corresponding change ngth of the assembly.2.49 The aluminum shell is fully bonded to the brass core assembly is unstressed at a temperature of 15°C. Considering asial deformations, determine the stres in the aluminum when the temperature reaches 195°C 2.50 Solve Prob. 2.49, asuming that the core is made of steel (E, = 200 GPa, a, = LLT X 109°C) instead of bras, 2.51 Ard consisting of two cylindrical portions AB and BC is restrained at both ends. Portion AB is made of steel (E, = 200 GPa, a = 11.7 X 109°C) and portion BC is made of brass (E ~ 105 GPa, ‘4 = 20.9 X 10°C). Knowing that the rod is initially unstressed, determine the compressive foree induced in ABC when there is a temperature rise of 50°C, 250 sn 300 mm Fig. P2.51 2.52 A steel nilroad track (E, = 200 GPa, a, = 1L7 X 109°C) was laid out at @ temperature of 6°C, Determine the normal stress in the rails when the temperature reaches 48°C, assuming that the rails (a) are welded to form a continuous track, (b) are 10 m long with 3-mm gaps between them, 2.53. A-rod consisting of two cylindrical portions AB and BC is restrained at both ends. Postion AB is made of steel (E, = 29 X 10° psi @ = 65 X 10°F) and portion BC is made of aluminum (Ey 104 X 10° psi, a, = 133 X 10-%F). Knowing that the rod is iniilly unstressed, determine (a) the normal stesses indeed in portions AB and BC by a temperature rise of 70°F, (b) the corte: sponding deflection of point B. atin p in| ats aga damier "i. dameter Fig. P2.53 2.54 Solve Prob, 2.53, assuming that portion AB of the composite rod is made of aluminum and portion BC is made of steelStrats ond Sroin— Axial loading Fig. P2.56 0a, nn —— i? 15% 10°psi e=Rxwrr «= 129% 10rF Fig. P2.58 and P2.59 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 ‘A brass link (Ey, = 105 GPa, a, = 20.9 x 10°90) anda steel rod (E, = 200 GPa a, = 117 x 100) have the dimensions shown at a temperature of 20°C. The steel rod is cooled until it its freely {nto the link. The temperature of the whole assembly is then raised to 45°C. Determine (a) the final normal stress in the ste! rod, {b) the inal Iength of the stee! rod. 4 ns Sn a 375mm onen{-sonm-l ean aun = Stl La sens ig. P2.55 ‘Two steel bars (F, = 200 GPa and a, = 11.7 X 10°9°C) are used. to reinforce a brass bar (By = 105 GPs, a, = 209 x 10°%/°C) that is subjected to a load P = 25 KN. When the steel burs were fabri cated, the dstance between the centers of the holes that were to fit ‘on the pins was made 05 mm smaller than the 2 m needed. The steel bars were then peel in an oven to increase their length so that they ‘would just ft on the pins. Following fabrication, the temperature in the stel bars dropped back to room temperature. Determine (a) the ‘ncrease in temperature that was required to fit the steel arson the pins, () the stress in the brass bar after the load is applied to it Determine the maximum load P that can be applied to the brass bar of Prob, 2.56 if the allowable stres in the steel bars is 30 MPa and the allowable stress in the brass bar is 25 MPa Knowing that a 0.02-n, gap exists when the temperature is 75°F, determine (a) the temperature at which the normal stress in the aluminum bar will be equal to ~11 ksi, (&) the corresponding exact length of the aluminum bar Determine (a) the compressive force in the bars shown after a temperature rise of 180°F, (b) the corresponding change in length of the bronze bar. At room temperature (20°C) a0.5-mm gap exists between the ends of the rods shown. At a later time when the temperature has reached 140°C, determine (a) the normal stress in the aluminum rod, (b} the change in length of the aluminum rod, 05 mm ep — 190 GPa e178 10°C 23x 164°C Fig. P2.60PROBLEMS 2.61 ‘A 600-Ib tensile load is applied to a test coupon made from in. ‘at steel plate (E = 29 X 10" psi,» = 0.80). Determine the result- ‘ng change (a) in the 2-in. gage length, (b) in the width of portion AB of the test coupon, (c) in the thickness of portion AB, (d) in the cross-sectional area of portion AB. Fig. P2.61 108 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 Hin, In a standard tensile testa steel rod of 22-mm diameter is sub jected toa tension force of 75 KN. Knowing that » = 0.3 and 200 GPa, determine (a) the elongation of the rod in @ 200-mm gage length, (b) the change in diameter of the rod. ‘A 20-mmediameter rod made of an experimental plastic is sub- jected to a tensile force of magnitude P = 6 KN. Knowing that an elongation of 14 mm and a decrease in diameter of 0.85 mm are ‘observed in a 150-mm length, determine the modulus of elasticity, the modulus of rigidity, and Poisson's ratio for the material ‘The change in diameter of a large steel bolt is carefully measured as the nut is tightened. Knowing that F = 29 X 10" psi and 0.30, determine the internal force in the bolt, ifthe diameter is observed to decrease by 0.5 X 10" in, — Fig. P2.64 A.25-m length of a steel pipe of 300-mm outer diameter and. 15-mm wall thickness is used as a column to camry a 7O0-KN centric axial load. Knowing that E = 200 GPa and v = 0.30, determine {a) the change in length of the pipe, (b) the change in its outer diameter, (c) the change in its wall thickness. ‘An aluminum plate (F = 74 GPa, v = 0.33) is subjected to a cen- ‘ric axial load that causes a normal stress ¢ Knowing that, before loading, a line of slope 2:1 is seribed on the plate, determine the slope of the line when = 125 MPa, ig: P2.662.67 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71 “The block shown is made of « magnesium alloy for which B = 45 GPa Feblens 109 and y = 035. Knowing that o, = ~180 MPa, determine (a) the magnitude of , for which the change in the height of the block will be zero, (b) the corresponding change inthe area ofthe face ABCD, (©) the corresponding change inthe volume of the block. 3, = 0 MPa Fig. P2.67 A.30-mm square was seribed on the side of a large steel pressure vessel. After pressurization the biaxial stess condition atthe square {sas shown, For E = 200 GPa and v = 0.30, determine the change in length of (a) side AB, (b) side BC, (c) diagonal AC. Fig, P2.68 ‘The aluminum rod AD is fitted with a jacket that is used to apply « hydrostatic pressure of 6000 psi to the 12-in. portion BC of the rod. Knowing that E = 10.1 X 10° pst and v = 0.86, determine {a) the change in the total length AD, (b) the change in diameter at the middle of the rod. For the rod of Prob. 2.69, determine the forces that should be applied to the ends A and D of the rod (a) ifthe axial stain in portion BC of the rod is to remain zero as the hydrostatic pressure is applied, (b) sf the total length AD of the rod is to remain unchanged, In many situations physical constraints preven strain from occurring in a given direction. For example, ¢, = 0 in the ease shown, where longitudinal movement of the log prism is prevented at every point. Plane sections perpendicular to the longitudinal axis remain plane and the same distance apart. Show that for this situation, which is Town as plane strain, we can express 6, andl a8 follows a= a, + 0) 15 cE = Pe, 00 + ey) Ma. vas = Poy — 001 + Yor]110 Stes: ond Sroin—Asil loading fui = OE =e Fig. P2.72 ANE Fig. P2.75 and P2.76 2.72 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76 277 Tn many situations it is known that the normal stress in a given direction is zero, For example, ¢, = 0 in the ease ofthe thin plate shown, For this case, which is known as plane stress, show that if the strains €, and ¢, have been determined experimentally, we ean expres @,, @, und €, a8 Follows: For a member under axial loading, express the normal strain «" a direction forming an angle of 45° with the axis of the load in terms of the axial strain ¢, by (@) comparing the hypotenuses of the triangles shown in Fig. 2.50, which represent respectively an clement before and after deformation, (b) using the values of the corresponding stresses a” and «, show in Fig. 1.38, and the gen- eralized Hooke’s law. ‘The homogeneous plate ABCD is subjected to a biawial loading. as shown, Itis known that a = oy and that the change in length of the plate in the x direction must be zero, that is, e, ~ 0. Denoting by E the modulus of elasticity and by v Poisson’ ratio, determine (a) the required magnitude of a, (b) the ratio oo/e [A vibration isolation unit consists of two blocks of hard rubber bonded to a plate AB and to rigid supports as shown, Knowing that 4 force of magnitude P = 25 KN causes a deflection 8 = 5 mm of plate AB, determine the modulus of rigidity of the rubber used. A vibration isolation unit consists of two blocks of hard rubber with 4 modulus of rigidity G = 19 MPs bonded to a plate AB and to "gid supports as shown, Denoting by P the magnitude ofthe force applied to the plate and by 6 the corresponding dellection, deter mine the effective spring constant, k = P/6, of the system. ‘The plastic block shown is bonded to a fixed base and to & hori zontal rigid plate to which a force P is applied. Koowing that for the plastic used G = 55 ksi, determine the deflection of the plate when P = 9 kips gsc e2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82 2.83 "2.84 12.85 ‘A vibration isolation unit consists of two blocks of hard rubber bonded to plate AB and to rigid supports as shown, For the type and grade of rubber used ra: ~ 220 psi and G = 1800 psi. Know- ing that a centric vertical force of magnitude P = 3.2 kips must cause a 0.1-in, vertical deflection of the plate AB, determine the smallest allowable dimensions @ and b of the block. ‘The plastic block shown is bonded to a rigid support and to a verti cal plate to which a 35-kip load P is applied. Knowing that forthe plastic used G = 150 ksi, determine the deflection af the plate. agi 45in Din Fig. P2.79 What load P should be applied to the plate of Prob, 2.79 to pro duce a yin, delection? ‘Two blocks of rubber with a modulus of rigity G = 12 MPa are bonded (o rigid supports and to a plate AB, Knowing that ¢ ~ 100 am, and P= 45 RN, determine the smallest allowable dimensions a and bof the blocks # the shearing stress in the rubber is not to exceed 14 MPa and the defleetion of the plate isto be at least 5 mm, ‘Two blocks of rubber with a modulus of rigidity G = 10 MPa are bonded to rigid supports and to a plate AB. Knowing that b = 200 mm and ¢ = 125 mm, determine the largest allowable load P and the smallest allowable thickness @ of the blocks ifthe shearing stress in the rubber is not to exceed 1.5 MPa and the deflection of the plate is to be at least 6 mm. e change in volume of the 200-mm length of the rod shown if (a) the rod is made of steel with E = 200 GPa and v = 0.30, (b) the rod is made of aluminum with E = 70 GPa and » = 0.35. Determine the change in volume of the 2in. gage length segment AB in Prob. 2.61 (a) by computing the dilatation of the material, {b) by subtracting the original volume of portion AB from its final volume. ‘A Gin- sw Fig. P2.129 2.129 Members AB and CD are If 2.128 The brass strip AB has been attached to a fixed support at A land rests on a rough support at B, Knowing that the coeffi cient of frition is 0.60 between the strip and the support at B, determine the decrease in temperature for which slipping wil, impend, Fig. P2.128 in-diameter steel rods, and members BC and AD are j-in-diameter steel rods. When the turnbuckle is tightened, the diagonal member AC is put in tension. Knowing that E = 29 X 10° psi and h = 4 ft, determine the largest allowable tension in AC so that the deformations in members AB and CD. do not exceed 0.04 in 2.130 The 1.5.m concrete post is reinforced with six steel bars, each with 4 28mm diameter. Knowing that E, = 200 GPa and E, = 25 GPa, determine the normal stresses in the steel and in the concrete when 44 1550-KN axial centre force P is applied to the post 2.131 The brass shell (ay = 116 X 10~/°F) is fully bonded to the steel core (a, = 6.5 X 10-*°F). Determine the largest allowable increase in temperituce ifthe stress in the steel core is not to exceed 8 Ks. ea Soe Stel core B= 29% 10 psi ras shell B= 15x 10 ps 125m, Ml J \ ‘ Fig. P2.1312.132 A fabric used in air-inflated structures is subjected to a biax: Review Problems 1377 ial loading that results in normal stresses @, = 120 MPa and , = 160 MPa. Knowing that the properties of the fabric ean be approximated as E = 87 GPa and v = 0.34, determine the ebange in length of (a) side AB, (6) side BC, (e) diagonal AC. 133 An clastomerie bearing (G = 0.9 MPa) is used to support a bridge girder as shown to provide flexibility during earthquakes. The ‘beam must not displace more than 10 mm when a 22-kN lateral load is applied as shown, Knowing that the maximum allowable sheuring stress is 420 kPa, determine (a) the smallest allowable dimension b, (}) the smallest required thickness a Ls me Fig. P2.133 2.134 Knowing that P = 10 hips, determine the maximum stress when (a) r= 0.50 in, (6) r = 0.625 in, 2.135 The uniform rod BC has eross-seetional area A and is made of a id steel that can be assumed to be elastoplastic with a modulus of elasticity F and a yield strength oy. Using the blockand-spring. system shown, itis desired to simulate the deflection of end of the rod as the axial force Pis gradually applied and removed, that is, the deflection of points C and C’ should be the same for all values of P. Denoting by u the coefficient of friction between the block and the horizontal surface, derive an expression for (a) the required mass m of the block, (b) the required constant k of the spring.COMPUTER PROBLEMS program so that it can be used with either SL or US. customary units and in such a way that solid cylindrical elements may he defined by either their diam ter oF their cross-sections area. Element n Element | 2.61. A rod consisting of n elements, each of which is homogeneous and ‘of uniform eros section, is subjected to the loading shown. The length of os J. element jis denoted by L, its cross sectional area by A, modulus of elastic ity by By, and the load applied to its right end by B,, the magnitude P, of this load being assumed to be positive if P, is dieeted to the right and negative otherwise. (a) Weite a computer program that ean be used to deter- mine the average normal stress in each element, the deformation of each clement, and the total deformation ofthe rod. (b) Use this program to solve Probs. 2.20 and 212. Element» Elepnt 2.€2 Rod AB is horizontal with both ends fixed; it consists of m ele- ments, each of which is homogeneous and of uniform erass section, and is subjected to the loading shown. The length of element ‘is denoted by L,, its cross-sectional area by A,, its modulus of elasticity by , and the load applied to its right end by BP, the magnitude B, of this load being Fig. P2.€2 assumed to be postive if, is directed to the right and negative otherwise. {Note that P= 0.) (a) Wiste « computer program that can be used to determine the reactions at A and B, the average normal stress in each clement, and the deformation of each element, (b) Use this program to solve Probs. 2.41 and 2.42 2.€3. Rod AB consists of n elements, each of which is homogeneous and of uniform eross section. End A is fixed, while initially there is a gap 4 between end B and the fixed vertial surface on the right. The length of element i is denoted by Ly, its cross-sectional area by A,, its modulus B | of elasticity by E,, and its coefficient of thermal expansion by a Alter the temperature of the rod has been increased by AT, the gap at B is, closed and the vertical surfaces exert equal and opposite forces on the rod. {a} Write a computer program thet can be used to determine the ‘magnitude of the reactions at A and B, the normal stress in each element, and the deformation of each element. (b) Use this program to solve Probs. 251, 259, and 2.60. Element Element 1 2.64 Bar AB has a length Land is made of two different materials of sven cross-sectional area, modulus of elasticity, and yield strength. The bar is subjected as shown to & load P that is gradually increased from zero until the deformation of the bar has reached a maximum value 8q and then decreased back to zero. (a) Write a computer program that, for each of 25 values of Bq equally spaced over a range extending from 0 to a value equal to 120% of the deformation causing both materials to yield, ean be used to determine the maximum value Py of the load, the maximum normal Ay By oh, ‘Ay Ey Oe stress in each material, the permanent deformation , of the bar, and the Fig. P2.c4 residual stess in each material (b) Use this program fo solve Probs, 2.11] and 2.112, 1382.€5 The plate has s hole centered across the width, The stress concen ‘ration factor for a flat bar under axial loading with a centric hole is rsm-va(G)-am(G) a6) where isthe radius of the hole and isthe width ofthe bar Write computer program to determine the allowable load P for the given values of D, the thickness ¢ of the bar, and the allowable strest oy of the material. Knowing that #= Jin, D = 30 in, and oy = 16 ks, determine the allowable load P for values of ¢ from 0.125 i, to 075 in, using 0.195 in, increments. 2.€6 A solid truncated cone is subjected to un axial force Pas shown, ‘The exact elongation is (PL)/(2nc*B). By replacing the cone by n circular ‘glinders of equal thickness, write a compater program that can be used tocaleulate the elongation of the truncated cone. What is the percentage terror in the answer obtained from the program using (a) n = 6, (5) n = 12, fe) n = 60? Compute Problems 139