Measurement 45 (2012) 384392

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Measurement
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/measurement

3-D measurement and evaluation of surface texture produced

by scraping process
Kuang-Chao Fan a,, Jingsyan Torng b, Wenyuh Jywe c, Rui-Chen Chou a, Jyun-Kuan Ye a
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanya Institute of Technology, Chungli, Taiwan
c
Department of Automation Engineering, National Formosa University, Huwei, Taiwan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The scraping process involves traditional manual work and is an important technique for
Received 25 November 2010 producing at bearing surfaces with lubricating grooves on a sliding surface. In order to
Received in revised form 13 October 2011 meet the requirements of precision engineering, the scraped surface should have an
Accepted 13 November 2011
equally distributed pattern with a required number of high points per unit area while
Available online 23 November 2011
retaining good atness. In the machine tool manufacturers workshop, however, the quality
inspection of scraped surfaces still depends on human eyes. In this study, a 2-D evaluation
Keywords:
system is rst developed using image processing so that the peak points per area of square
Scraped surface
Surface quality parameter
inch (PPI) and the percentage of points (POP) can be quantied as parameters. A vision-
Image measurement system assisted laser focus probe system is then developed to measure the 3-D form of the scraped
Laser focus probe system proles. The laser probe is made of a DVD pickup head based on the astigmatic principle.
3-D topography Driven by an XY stage, the entire scraped prole can rapidly be scanned. The quality of the
scraped surface can thus be interpreted in a more scientic manner. Based on the mea-
sured 3-D data, new evaluation methods are proposed for ve parameters, namely the
PPI, POP, height of points (HOP) or depth of surroundings (DOS), atness, and oil retention
volume. Experiments show that the 3-D system is consistent with the 2-D system. It not
only reveals more surface quality parameters but also uncovers more characteristic surface
phenomena than the 2-D image system.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction The current scraping technique involves the initial applica-

tion of a tinted (blue or red) paste to the contact surface of
The precision of a machine tool is crucial for the nal the guideway during assembly. Secondly, a stretch (or per-
dimensions of a workpiece. For heavy-duty machine tools, fectly at tool) is passed over areas highlighted by the
the guideway of each axis is in direct sliding contact with tinted paste, allowing the engineer to see any areas that
the moving carriage, rather than indirectly via a linear may not be even or level. The tinted marks representing
guideway mounted in between. The two contact surfaces high points are visible from the paste and represent the
must be carefully scraped to create a at bearing prole areas that need to be hand-scraped and properly t to
with lubricating spots in various patterns. It is required ensure geometric alignment of the machine tool. The
that the relative motion of the two sliding surfaces is scraping process requires highly experienced skill. A
smooth under sufcient lubrication with oil. An important skilled craftsman must practice for a long time to acquire
factor that inuences the precision of the workpiece is the the hand- or power-scraping technique. This kind of work
quality of the scraping process on the guideway surface. is extremely labor intensive. Nowadays, qualied scraping
technicians are becoming fewer and fewer in the machine
tool industry.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 2 23620032. According to commonly accepted knowledge of the
E-mail address: [email protected] (K.-C. Fan). scraping technique, there are ve parameters to evaluate

0263-2241/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2011.11.006
 K.-C. Fan et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 384392 385

on the scraped surface [1]. The two most important param- conguration and the software and the computations are
eters are the peak points per area of square inch (PPI) and described in the following sections.
the percentage of points (POP). This means that the surface
must contain enough high points and a sufcient area to
2. Measurement of 2-D scraped surfaces by computer
bear the load on the surface top. The indented portion is
vision
used to contain oil for lubrication. The current 2-D inspec-
tion method for these two parameters in the industry in-
2.1. Digital image processing
volves judging the tinted pattern distribution by eye. The
other three parameters are the height of points (HOP) or
Digital image processing techniques have been widely
depth of surroundings (DOS) to estimate oil containment,
used in pattern recognition for some time. Characteristic
the shape of the cavity edge to avoid oil push-out and dirt
features can be identied through a series of operations,
push-in, and the atness of the scraped surface to assure a
such as noise reduction [16], auto threshold selection
smooth motion. These three parameters can only be
[17], edge detection [1820], and mathematical morphol-
judged by a 3-D view. However, none of the existing meth-
ogy [21]. A variety of applications can be implemented
ods can provide this information.
by the use of image processing techniques, such as defect
Using computer vision to examine the scraped work-
inspection of PC boards [23,24] and powder metallurgy
piece requires some pre-processing techniques to remove
products [25]. In this study, the parameters PPI and POP
unwanted noises and enhance some important image fea-
of the scraped surface are examined by a computer vision
tures for further post-processing. Higher points on the
technique. The image system consists of a common CMOS
scraped surface can then be identied. Tsutsumi et al.
sensor with 640  480 pixels and 8-bit gray levels, a prop-
developed an image system with a CCD camera and a color
erly selected lens, and a PC. The sequence of image pro-
lter that could recognize the higher points [2]. Yoshimi
cessing techniques for this purpose is shown in the ow
et al. recognized the higher points by a CCD line sensor
diagram of Fig. 1.
and removed them by a grinder [3]. Such image processing,
This owchart shows that in automatic optical inspec-
which offers a quick way to assess the quality of scraped
tion, the camera needs to be calibrated with a commer-
surfaces, is useful for developing an automatic scraping
cially available standard template at the rst step. After
machine [4]. In order to improve the quality of the scraping
calibration, we know the dimensions of each pixel and
process, Tsutsumi et al. further developed an automatic
the correction of the lens distortion. The second step is to
scraping machine [5]. Tadanori et al. investigated the
threshold the gradient magnitude of edge points in order
sequence of scraping operations to establish a standard
to extract the high-point areas. The potential edges of
manufacturing ow [6]. All of these works focus on 2-D im-
these high-point areas need to be identied rst. These
age inspection followed by re-scraping of the surface to
are done by applying Cannys edge detection technique
improve the quality.
[18]. From our long-term experiments over almost 1 year,
Modern DVD players are well developed and their pick-
however, we found that the detected edge points could
up heads have good focusing characteristics. Many applica-
not be extracted very repeatedly. It could be due to the var-
tions use these low-cost DVD pickup heads for measuring
ied room lighting conditions. To solve this problem, after
features such as prole [79,22], velocity [10], straightness
[11], angle [12], and acceleration [1315]. Although there
are some commercially available sensors or measurement
Start
systems that can measure the 3-D proles of microstruc-
tured surfaces (e.g., the laser triangulation sensor, laser
Camera calibration
confocal sensor, laser confocal microscope, etc.), their costs
are high. Furthermore, there are no reports on their appli-
Taking an image
cation to scraped surface measurements thus far.
In this report, a 2-D image vision system that can assess
only two quality parameters of the scraped surface, namely Thresholding the gradient
magnitude for Edge detection
PPI and POP, is rst studied. Subsequently, a 3-D prole
measurement system to measure scraped surfaces
Opening operation
consisting of a DVD pickup head, an image processing sys-
tem, and an XY stageis presented. This system is able to
analyze ve parametersnamely the PPI, POP, HOP (or Grouping and marking
DOS), surface atness, and oil content. In order to verify
the 3-D measurement results, a separate image processing Is the group area Y
system is also developed to measure the PPI and POP, not too large?
only for the entire surface but also for each local area. This N
system can ensure the evenness of scraped spots for a uni- POP and PPI
form bearing load and a uniform velocity when the slider Calculation
moves across the guideway. Experiments show that the
two measurement systems yield consistent results, in End
which the 3-D system reveals more information about
the quality of the scraped surface. Details of the hardware Fig. 1. Flow diagram of image processing.
386 K.-C. Fan et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 384392

the Cannys edge detection, we then adopted Sobel opera- to case, a better scraped surface should have evenly dis-
tors to mask all potential edge pixels to nd the gradients tributed patterns for the sake of a constant friction on
(Gx and Gy) of each pixels gray level in the X and Y direc- the entire surface, although denitions of the PPI and
tions, respectively. The magnitude of the gradient at each POP refer only to the averaged values for the entire surface.
pixel is the vector sum of these gradients, i.e. Therefore, a moving window corresponding to a surface
rf G2x G2y 1=2 . For all potential edge pixels in the image area of one square inch is generated. In the program, this
plane, a large gradient magnitude indicates a potential window is automatically swept across the full image area
edge point as the gray level changes rapidly at this pixel in zigzag motion with a feed size of one pixel. At each po-
point. A suitable rf value (t) is then selected as the thresh- sition, the parameters of PPI and POP are calculated. This is
old value to identify the edge points of high-point areas. to assure that in addition to the full area, each local area is
For any pixel i, when its rf is higher than t its gray level also evaluated. Although expert rules indicate that the
is set to zero (black, which indicates a high point) and vice best-scraped condition should have a PPI of 40 points
versa. The binarization function can be expressed by Eq. and a POP of 50%, in practice, due to the manufacturing
(1), where gi is the original gray level, t is the threshold cost concern in industry acceptable ranges for the PPI
of rf, and H(gi) is the binarized gray level of each pixel. and POP are between 2025 points and 4060%, respec-
 tively [1].
0 rfi P t
Hg i 1
255 rfi < t
2.2. Experimental tests
After thresholding the gradient magnitude for edge
detection, the high points can be identied. The next step A piece of a scraped surface made by a skilled craftsman
is to apply a morphological opening operation to remove is shown in Fig. 3. The picture on the left is the original im-
the noise of the binary image. Then, an 8-connected oper- age and the one on the right is the image after processing.
ation is used to group and mark connected high points, nd The centroid marking of each black zone represents a peak
the area of the group, and mark its centroid. The distribu- area. In practice, the conventional tinted paste coating pro-
tion of contact areas (high-point groups) in the image cess is used to enhance the image contrast of the high
plane can be realized. It is noted that these contact areas points with respect to the low points. The results of ve
are recognized by the tinted paste that generates low gray repeatability tests on the full area are shown in Table 1.
levels in the captured image. The paste, however, may cov- The variation of PPI is 2.3 points and that of POP is 2%,
er a portion of the surrounding area of each high-point which demonstrates that the 2D image processing method
group and connect vicinal groups. This yields an exces- is highly replicable. The pictures also reveal that the spot
sively large contact area. An iterative process of opening distribution is uneven. The use of a moving window to
and grouping is carried out to separate connected high evaluate local parameters is deemed necessary for the sake
points into individual sub-groups. Based on the expert of a constant friction force along the full stroke sliding dis-
rules of the scraping technique, the threshold of the tance. Fig. 4 shows another example evaluated by a moving
high-point contact area is set to 500 pixels in our computer window. It shows that ve local areas do not satisfy the ex-
program. Finally, the last step is to calculate the following pert rules, as marked by the square windows in the gure.
parameters: number of high points per area of square inch Their actual positions are indicated by the (X, Y) coordi-
(PPI) and the percentage of points (POP). nates of their respective upper left corners, and the types
This algorithm is validated by a number of computer of no-go (NG) parameters are remarked in the last column
generated scraped patterns. Fig. 2 is an example of a gener- of Table 2. It is seen that all ve local regions fail to meet
ated scraping pattern. Each high-point area is shown in the required POP range (4060%), being either lower (win-
black and its central point is recorded by a white dot. dows 1, 2, 3, and 5) or slightly higher (window 4). In addi-
The areas of peak and valley zones can clearly be sepa- tion, windows 1 and 5 require slightly more high points to
rated. In addition, as the size of the surface varies from case meet the requirement (2025 points). Note that although
the averaged PPI and POP of the entire surface could be
acceptable according to [1], these local unacceptable areas
may cause velocity variation due to uneven friction forces
when the carriage moves across these areas. This system
provides a stricter rule than human justication. In prac-
tice, however, a slightly out-of-rules area such as window
4 could be regarded acceptable.

3. Measurement of a scraped 3-D surface by the focus

probe

3.1. The focus probe module

Fig. 5 shows the optical system of a commercial DVD

pickup head. The laser diode emits a beam through the
Fig. 2. Computer-generated pattern for testing. grating. The beam then splits into three beams that pass
 K.-C. Fan et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 384392 387

Fig. 3. Images of a scraped surface: (left) original and (right) after image processing.

Table 1 Table 2
Repeatability tests for PPI and POP. Unacceptable local areas (NG means no go).

No. PPI POP (%) Window X Y POP PPI Status

Test 1 23.8 43 1 0 0 34.3 19 NG (POP and PPI)
Test 2 24.4 41 2 390 0 30.8 24 NG (POP)
Test 3 22.1 43 3 780 0 36.8 25 NG (POP)
Test 4 23.6 43 4 1170 780 61.3 23 NG (POP)
Test 5 22.9 43 5 0 1030 32.9 17 NG (POP and PPI)

through the polarization beam splitter, the quarter wave- photodiode becomes elliptically shaped in different orien-
length plate, the collimator lens, and the objective lens, tations (Fig. 6, planes 1 and 3). If the measured surface is in
and nally focus onto the disc surface. The reected beam focus, the image becomes circular (Fig. 6, plane 2). Accord-
passes through the same original path, and after two polar- ing to the beam spot distribution among the four quad-
izations by the quarter wavelength plate, projects onto the rants, the FESs are used to measure the prole of the disc
quadrant detector through the cylindrical lens. The photo- after calibration. A voice coil motor is used to trace the
diode outputs focus error signals (FESs) based on the astig- ight height change of the rotating disc. This focus or
matic principle. If the measurement surface is near to or far auto-focus probe technique has been developed over the
away from the focal point, the image of the beam on the course of more than 10 years by the authors group [8,9].

Fig. 4. Local quality evaluation by a moving window.

388 K.-C. Fan et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 384392

Fig. 7. Optical system of the developed focus probe.

object. The FES can be expressed by Eq. (2), where k is

Fig. 5. Components of a DVD-pickup head. the reection coefcient.
FES kB D  A C 2
The FES is processed by a differential circuit. Its linearity In order to eliminate the reectivity effect, a normaliza-
range is about 7 lm for a DVD and 20 lm for a CD, corre- tion method is applied. This is achieved by dividing the FES
sponding to numerical aperture (NA) of the pickups objec- by the sum of all intensities to yield what is called the nor-
tive lens (0.65). malized FES (NFES). The sum of the intensities is expressed
The structure of the developed probe system is shown by Eq. (3), and the NFES can be expressed by Eq. (4). It can
in Fig. 7. The original objective lens and voice coil motor be seen that the reectivity no longer inuences the NFES
of the DVD pickup head (Hitachi HOP-1000) are removed. curve. This makes it possible to measure a surface with dif-
A new microscope objective lens from NIKON (20, NA ferent reection coefcients or using different materials
0.4) is mounted in order to increase the linearity range of with only one NFES curve. In practice, the scraped surface
the FES to about 20 lm. A CMOS camera can assist the user may have different reection coefcients due to changes in
in viewing the exact measured point on the surface. Fig. 8 color.
is a photo of the probe system with each component corre-
SUM kA B C D 3
sponding to the position in Fig. 7. For the sake of clarity,
only some key components are labeled in this gure.
NFES FES=SUM
Given the surface reectivity, the laser intensity on the
photodiode is changed by the material comprising the B D  A C=A B C D 4

Fig. 6. Spot shape within the FES range.

 K.-C. Fan et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 384392 389

prolometer (Talysurf PGI 1240, Taylor Hobson Co.). Dur-

ing the experiment, we attempted to match the lines as
closely as possible. Given that this experiment dealt only
with one line data, the above-mentioned image processing
techniques could not be applied. We only used the simple
moving average operation to lter out the noise of each
measured data point. Comparison results are shown in
Fig. 11a under the condition of setting both initial points
to zero. The trends of the line prole are in good agree-
ment. The magnitude of the prolometer measurement is
on average higher than that of the focus probe measure-
ment, especially at the peaks. When the slope is steep,
the relative error becomes large. This could be caused by
one or more of the following factors: (1) a slight offset in
the compared lines when measured by two separate
instruments; (2) the difference of stylus tips (diameter:
4-lm contact type for PGI 1240 and 1.6-lm noncontact
type for focus probe); and (3) a correction factor is not ap-
plied when measuring a steep surface as the focus probe is
calibrated by the height changes of a at surface. From the
Fig. 8. Photo of the focus probe system. error plot of Fig. 11b, the average difference is within
2 lm, except at a few highly sloped points. The proler
trend is reasonable; hence, it should not cause much devi-
3.2. Experimental setup and calibration ation of the evaluated 2-D parameters (PPI and POP) and
atness, although it might affect the amounts of evaluated
Fig. 9 illustrates the experimental setup. The entire HOP (DOS) and oil retention volume to some degree. The
scraped prole can rapidly be scanned by driving the focus probe system, however, is much cheaper, faster,
motorized XY stage in zigzag steps. The auto power con- and portable for use in the factory.
trol (APC) circuit provides the constant output power of
the laser diode. The XY stage is controlled by two step mo-
3.3. Parameter evaluation methods
tors with a microprocessor (AVR). The scanning speed is
controlled to about 20 mm/s.
The measured data contain noise, particularly at the
The scraped surface needs to be perfectly leveled to
sharp edge of each spot created by the scraper, as seen in
keep the entire surface prole within the linear range of
Fig. 12a. At each position (xi, yi) there is a corresponding
the NFES. This system is calibrated by a laser interferome-
height (zi). A general 3  3 low-pass mask for image
ter (SIOS Co., SP-2000) on a ground surface of the same
processing is used to convolute each point in order to re-
scraping material. The linearity range is about 18 lm and
move this high-frequency noise. A clear 3-D topography
the average error is about 0.3 lm, as shown in Fig. 10. From
of a scraped surface can then be used for data analysis, as
the expert rules [1], the peak-to-valley height of an ac-
shown in Fig. 12b. The measured 3-D prole can reveal
cepted surface should be around 10 lm. This is just within
more information on the surface characteristics. Given that
the linear range of the NFES.
the parameters related to the quality of a 3-D scraped sur-
The prole of a measured scraped line by the developed
face have never been evaluated before, this report proposes
focus probe system is compared with that of a commercial
the rst evaluation methods for the following parameters.

Fig. 9. Experimental setup of 3-D scraped surface measurement. Fig. 10. Linear range of the normalized FES.
390 K.-C. Fan et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 384392

cessed image of Fig. 13b reveals the location of each

high-point area. For the assessment of HOP (or DOS), the
mean height of all peak zones and the mean depth of all
valley zones are calculated. The distance in between is de-
ned as the height of point (HOP) or the depth of the sur-
rounding (DOS).
Let Hi indicate the mean height of the ith peak area (i = 1
to N) and Dj the mean height of the jth valley area (j = 1 to
M). Then the formula for HOP (or DOS) can be expressed by
!, !,
X
N X
M
HOP Hi N Dj M 5
i1 j1

3.3.3. Evaluation of atness and oil-retention volume

The surface atness refers only to the bearing area that
will be in sliding contact with the moving carriage. The
contact areas have been separated from the surroundings
by the threshold value during the image processing pro-
cess. The average height of all threshold points (i.e., edge
points) is dened as the threshold plane of the 3-D topog-
raphy, as shown in Fig. 14. This threshold plane only pro-
vides a reference height. For each high-point area its
Fig. 11. (a) Comparison of a line measured with the focus probe or the central height relative to this threshold plane is recorded.
Talysurf prolometer and (b) a plot of the difference. Then, a least-squares (LSQ) plane passing through all cen-
tral heights can be calculated. The peak-to-valley distance
of the residuals referenced to the LSQ plane is dened as
3.3.1. Evaluation of PPI and POP the atness error of the bearing area. This approach is sim-
On a 3-D plot, the method of evaluating PPI and POP is
ilar to the normal LSQ atness analysis of any surface plate,
similar to that of 2-D image processing. The height distri- with the exception that only the heights of all central
bution across the entire surface is normalized to the range points of contact areas are considered.
of 0255, and the corresponding gray level is assigned to
For the evaluation of oil retention volume, we assume
each point. Image processing techniques similar to those the lubrication oil is lled full in all cavities of the scraped
applied to the 2-D image in Section 2.1 are then applied
pattern. The LSQ plane expressed above represents the
to the gray-level image of these 3-D data. Fig. 13 shows best-t plane passing through all central points of the con-
the processed images measured by a CCD camera and the
tact areas. Therefore, the amount of oil-retention volume
focus probe on the same sample. Both have identical POPs can be dened as the sum of all volumes below this LSQ
of 50%. The PPI for the camera image is 21.1 and that for
plane, as shown the shaded part in Fig. 14. Given that the
focus probe image is 22.3. The absence of tinted paste coat- measured data are digital, we can easily calculate this vol-
ing during the focus probe measurement yields lower con-
ume by summation of all heights below the LSQ plane in
trast for the entire image. Nonetheless, the evaluated the computer program.
results are almost the same.
3.4. Experiments
3.3.2. Evaluation of HOP (or DOS)
From the smoothed 3-D topography (e.g., Fig. 12b) and Three sample plates were ordered from different scrap-
its PPI calculation, the threshold separating the high-point ing experts who work for different machine tool compa-
areas from the surroundings can be obtained. The pro- nies, to be scraped to the nest quality. Their photos are

(a) (b)
Fig. 12. Measured 3-D microstructure prole: (a) raw data plot and (b) smoothed data plot.
 K.-C. Fan et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 384392 391

(a) (b)

Fig. 13. Evaluation of PPI and POP: (a) measured by 2-D CCD camera and (b) measured by 3-D focus probe.

the Z-axis slideway of a grinding machine. Their 2-D image

processing results are shown in Fig. 15b and their 3-D mea-
surement results are plotted in Fig. 15c. Plate 1 was pre-
sented in Fig. 13 and its 3-D topography is the same as
Fig. 14. Calculation of atness and oil retention volume. that shown in Fig. 12b. Five parameters are evaluated
and listed in Table 3. It can be seen that although plates
shown in Fig. 15a. Plates 1 and 2 were scraped to a similar 1 and 2 are similar in their evaluated parameters, plate 1
pattern that is used for the slideway of a turning or milling shows larger atness error. It can be predicted that the
machine. Plate 3, scraped to a different pattern, is used for sliding contact performance of plate 1 will be worse. If

(a)

(b)

(c)
Fig. 15. Three scraped plates: (a) photographs, (b) corresponding 2-D image processing patterns, and (c) corresponding 3-D topography plots.
392 K.-C. Fan et al. / Measurement 45 (2012) 384392

Table 3 scraped surfaces recognition of black bearing by CCD camera (1st

Evaluated parameters for the three scraped surfaces. report), Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 62
(1996) 219223.
Parameters Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 [3] T. Yoshimi, S. Masafumi, Y. Tetsuya, C. Masahiro, The recognition of
bearings by means of a CCD line sensor and the automation of
Total area (in.2) 3.442 3.508 1.81
scraping works, NII-Electronic Library Service 71 (1986) 9398.
Total high points 72 67 30
[4] H. Tsutsumi, R. Yamada, A. Kyusojin, T. Nakamura, Development of
PPI 20.9 19 16.5 an automatic scraping machine with recognition for bearing of
POP (%) 54 56 83 scraped surfaces construction of automatic scraping machine (3rd
HOP (DOS) (lm) 10.2 8.9 11.5 report), Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 71
Flatness (lm) 4.5 3.9 1.5 (2005) 358362.
Oil retention volume (cc) 0.00169 0.00229 0.00073 [5] H. Tsutsumi, A. Kyusojin, T. Nakamura, Development of an automatic
scraping machine with recognition for bearing of motion mechanism
(2nd report), Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering
62 (1996) 554558.
the local quality evaluation rule indicated in Section 2.2 [6] S. Tadanori, Y. Yasuo, S. Itaru, N. Norihiko, Digitalization and
and Fig. 4 is used, this plate needs to be re-scraped. Plate intellectualization of scraping operation (1st report): investigation
3 is particularly scraped for the slideway in the Z-axis mo- of a series of scraping operation by skilful worker, Journal of the
Japan Society for Precision Engineering 69 (2003) 949954.
tion of the grinding machine. The grinding head as well as
[7] J.H. Zhang, L.L. Cai, An autofocusing measurement system with a
the grinding wheel has to remain good straightness during piezoelectric translator, Transactions IEEE-ASME on Mechatronics 2
up and down motion along the machine tool column. In or- (1997) 213216.
der to resist the grinding force, its bearing area ratio and [8] K.C. Fan, C.Y. Lin, L.H. Shyu, The development of a low-cost focusing
probe for prole measurement, Measurement Science and
atness are of greatest concern. Although this plate does Technology 11 (2000) N1N7.
not fulll the expert rules values, the manufacturer, how- [9] K.C. Fan, C.L. Chu, J.I. Mou, Development of a low-cost autofocusing
ever, requires more POP and better atness for the accept- probe for prole measurement, Measurement Science and
Technology 12 (2001) 21372146.
able quality of this work. From this investigation, it can be [10] F. Quercioli, A. Mannoni, B. Tiribilli, Correlation optical velocimetry
realized that with 3-D inspection and evaluation methods, with a compact disk pickup, Applied Optics 36 (1997) 63726375.
more unknown phenomena of surface scraping techniques [11] K.C. Fan, C.L. Chu, J.L. Liao, J.I. Mou, Development of a high-precision
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[12] T.R. Armstrong, M.P. Fitzgerald, An autocollimator based on the laser
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4. Conclusions
Technology 3 (1992) 10721076.
[13] C.L. Chu, C.H. Lin, Development of an optical accelerometer with a
In this report, we have proposed two investigation DVD pick-up head, Measurement Science and Technology 16 (2005)
methods to evaluate the quality parameters of scraped sur- 24982502.
[14] C.L. Chu, C.H. Lin, K.C. Fan, Two-dimensional optical accelerometer
faces. Although the 2-D image processing method is simi- based on commercial DVD pick-up head, Measurement Science and
lar to other published methods in terms of hardware, the Technology 18 (2007) 265274.
proposed method of local quality evaluation by a moving [15] Y.C. Liu, K.C. Fan, C.L. Chu, C.A. Werner, G. Jager, Development of an
optical accelerometer for low-frequency vibration using the voice
window throughout the entire image can help identify un- coil on a DVD pickup head, Measurement Science and Technology 19
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