Chapter 11

MONEY, BANKING, AND FINANCE

Macroeconomics in Context (Goodwin, et al.)

Chapter Overview

In this chapter, you will be introduced to a standard treatment of money and the banking
system as well as the role that banks play in our financial system. You will get an
overview of the relationship between money and the average price level, and will learn
about the role and functions of money, different types of money, and the concept of
liquidity as it applies to money. The chapter explores various types of banks and the
role they play in money creation. The functions of finance are introduced along with
nonbank financial institutions. The final section of the chapter presents a brief survey of
financialization, financial asset bubbles, and the international financial sector (explored
in detail in Chapter 14).

Objectives
After reading and reviewing this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe the consequences of inflation and deflation.

2. Describe the functions and types of money.
3. Describe the measures of the money supply and explain the liquidity continuum.
4. Explain the basic workings of private banks including the use of balance sheets.
5. Explain how banks create money.
6. Describe the categories and functions of nonbank financial institutions.
7. Explain the concept of financialization and provide examples.
8. Explain the concept of speculative bubble and illustrate it with concrete examples.

Key Terms

barter fractional reserve system

deflation liquidity required reserves
commodity money excess reserves
intrinsic value portfolio investment
fiat money leverage
exchange value non-bank financial institution
M1 collective investment vehicle
hedge fund
M2
pension fund
financial
insurance company
intermediary
securities broker
Economic liability
bank reserves mortgage broker

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 1

 Active Review

Fill in the Blank

1. The fact that money can be immediately used in exchange, whereas valuable
jewelry cannot, illustrates the fact that money is very __________________.

2. The measure of the money supply that includes currency in circulation,

travelers checks, and checking accounts is called __________________.

3. When the aggregate price level falls economists use the term ____________
to describe the situation.

4. When something contains intrinsic value and also serves as a medium of

exchange it is known as ____________________.

5. The __________ definition of the money supply is broad enough to include

savings deposits as well as checkable deposits and currency.

6. A medium of exchange that is valuable because a government says that it has

value is known as _______________.

7. Institutions that accept funds and provide loans are known as

_________________________.

8. Vault cash and deposits at the Federal Reserve both count towards
_____________, a term that describes funds not lent out or invested by a
private bank.

9. When banks are only required to hold a fraction of their deposits on reserve
they are part of _________________________.

10. The portion of bank reserves that a bank must keep on reserve are known as
_______________________.

11. The portion of bank reserves that banks are permitted to lend or invest are
known as _______________________.

12. The use of debt to increase the potential rate of return on ones own
investment is called __________________.

13. One alternative to saving money in a bank is to use a

______________________ , which is a category of pooled funds.

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 2

 14. A _______________ is a type of pooled fund that often engages in highly
speculative investments and is generally restricted to wealthy clients.

15. An agent responsible for finding a buyer for sellers of different securities is
known as a ____________________.

True or False

16. When a government finances its expenditures by printing money rather

than collecting taxes, this can lead to too much money chasing too few
goods and hyperinflation.

17. Coins and paper money have in some periods been commodity money and in
other periods fiat money.

18. Nelson takes a $100 bill he had in his wallet and deposits it into his
checking account. Thus, M1 increases by $100.

Short Answer

19. Why is inflation harmful to an economy?

20. Why is deflation harmful to an economy?

21. What are the three roles of money? And what are two types of money?

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 3

 22. Identify the components of M1 and M2.

23. Explain the difference between required reserves and excess reserves.

24. Explain the difference between a commercial bank and an investment bank.

25. What was the Glass-Steagall Act? Why was it originally passed? Why have some
economists argued that elements of the Act should be restored?

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 4

 Problems

1. Jane Doe has the following assets.

$100 in her wallet

$800 in her checking account
$1,000 in her savings account
A $20 travelers check from her last business trip to China.
A $300 outstanding credit card bill.
$3,000 in a small certificate of deposit
A car worth $5,000.
A house, worth $200,000.

a. Identify which are in M1, which are in M2, or in neither M1 nor M2.

b. Suppose she takes the $100 in her wallet and deposits it in her checking account.
What is the change in M1 and M2?

c. Suppose she takes $400 from her checking account and deposits it in her savings
account. What is the change in M1 and M2?

2. Assume a required reserve ratio of 0.10 to complete the following.

Assets Liabilities & Net Worth

Reserves $ 150 million Deposits $ 500 million

Loans $ 250 million Bank Capital $ 25 million
Bonds $ 125 million

TOTAL: 525 Million TOTAL: $ 525 Million

a) Calculate the initial required reserves for this bank.

b) Calculate the initial excess reserves for this bank.
c) Convert all of the excess reserves into loans. Construct the new balance sheet.

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 5

 Self Test

1. Which of the following is not a reason why an unexpected episode of inflation is

harmful to an economy?

a. It wipes out the value of peoples savings.

b. It hurts people on fixed incomes, such as retired people who receive non-indexed
pensions.
c. It redistributes wealth from debtors to creditors.
d. It creates menu costs.
e. It creates uncertainty, which makes financial planning for the future more
difficult.

2. Hyperinflation

a. is often defined as any annual inflation rate higher than 10 percent.

b. describes the German economy after World War II.
c. can be become so severe that people resort to barter.
d. means that people tend to save money much more aggressively.
e. none of these statements is accurate.

3. According to the textbook , why is deflation harmful to an economy?

a. It redistributes wealth from debtors to creditors.

b. It creates menu costs
c. It creates uncertainty, which makes financial planning for the future more
difficult.
d. It can lead to cutbacks in borrowing and spending, which can slow down the
economy.
e. All of the above.

4. Which of the following is NOT a function of money?

a. A hedge against inflation.

b. A unit of account.
c. A store of value.
d. A medium of exchange.
e. All of these are functions of money.

5. Which of the following is NOT a type of money described in the textbook?

a. Fishhooks as money.
b. Fiat money.
c. Commodity money.
d. Silver coins as money.
e. All of these are types described in the text.
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 6. Fiat money refers to

a. Older U.S. coins that contain a high (90%) silver content.

b. A creative alternative to modern money (such as cigarettes in a prisoner of war
camp.)
c. Money that is valuable because a government says it has value.
d. Paper money backed by gold or other precious metals.
e. None of these is fiat money.

7. Which of the following is the most liquid?

a. A $20 bill in your pocket

b. A gold necklace
c. Three shares of Microsoft stock
d. A certificate of deposit (CD) in your bank.
e. A new Toyota Prius automobile

8. Which of these sequences best captures the liquidity continuum?

a. Checking accounts, precious metal, real estate, share of stock

b. Checking accounts, precious metal, share of stock, real estate
c. Checking accounts, share of stock, precious metal, real estate
d. Checking accounts, share of stock, real estate, precious metal
e. Precious metal, checking accounts, share of stock, real estate

9. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics necessary for commodity
money to be used as money?

a. It must be durable.
b. It must be portable.
c. It must be generally acceptable.
d. It must be differentiated.
e. It must be scarce.

10. Which of the following is not included as money in M1?

a. Currency in circulation
b. Checkable deposits
c. Travelers checks
d. The use of a credit card
e. The use of debit cards that take funds from a checking account

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 11. Suppose Tabatha takes $500 from her savings account and deposits it in her
checking account. What is the change in M1 and M2?

a. M1 increases and M2 decreases

b. M1 increases and M2 remains unchanged
c. M1 and M2 both increase
d. M2 increases and M1 remains unchanged
e. M1 and M2 both remain unchanged

12. Which of the following is NOT a component of the M2 definition of the money supply?
a. Certificates of deposit
b. Checking account deposits
c. Retail money market funds
d. Travelers checks
e. All of these are components of the M2 definition of the money supply.

13. Which of these is (was) NOT a financial intermediary?

a. The New York Stock Exchange

b. Bank of America
c. MetLife Insurance Company
d. Washington Mutual Savings and Loan
e. All of these are (were) financial intermediaries.

14. Which of these would be an INCORRECT use a balance sheet for a private bank?

a. A government bonds entry listed as an asset.

b. A deposits entry listed as a liability.
c. A loans entry listed as an asset.
d. Both (b) and (c) are incorrect.
e. All three of (a), (b), AND (c) are correct entries.

15. Which of these is NOT an example of a bank type described in the textbook?

a. Goldman Sachs investment bank

b. Washington Mutual Savings and Loan
c. Service Federal Credit Union
d. The Federal Reserve
e. All of these are examples of bank types described in the textbook.

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 8

16. The Glass-Steagall Act

a. was passed in 2009 to prevent future financial crises.

b. was strengthened in 1999 to increase financial regulation.
c. was passed in the late 1980s in response to the Savings & Loan crisis.
d. was passed in the 1930s to increase financial regulation.
e. None of these is correct.

17. Which of these is NOT an example of leverage?

a. An investment bank increases its liabilities to speculate on derivatives.

b. A local entrepreneur borrows heavily to finance the cost of starting a new business.
c. General Motors issues new stock to raise funds for a new factory.
d. Microsoft issues commercial bonds to finance production of a new product.
e. All of these are examples of leverage.

18. A hedge fund is an example of

a. a financial intermediary
b. a nonbank financial institution
c. an investment bank
d. a pension fund
e. None of these.

19. Nonbank institutions

a. have been growing in importance in our financial system.

b. Often provide much more attractive alternatives to traditional savings accounts.
c. Are typically subject to less government regulation than traditional banks.
d. Include pension funds and insurance companies.
e. All of these statements are accurate.

20. Speculative bubbles

a. generally form for psychological and economic reasons.

b. are an important source of economic growth.
c. generally occur due to a general lack of liquidity.
d. are generally associated with tight credit conditions.
e. None of these statements is true.

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 9

 Answers to Active Review Questions

1. liquid
2. M1
3. deflation
4. commodity money
5. M2
6. fiat money
7. financial intermediaries
8. bank reserves
9. fractional reserve system
10. required reserves
11. excess reserves
12. leverage
13. collective investment vehicle
14. hedge fund
15. securities broker
16. True.
17. True.
18. False, M1 remains unchanged. There has just been a change in the composition of
M1, but the size of M1 remains the same.
19. Inflation is harmful because: it wipes out the value of peoples savings; it hurts
people on fixed incomes; it redistributes wealth from creditors to debtors; it creates
menu costs; and it creates uncertainty, making financial planning for the future more
difficult.
20. Deflation is a problem because: it redistributes wealth from debtors to creditors, it
creates menu costs; it creates uncertainty, making financial planning for the future more
difficult; and it can lead to cutbacks in borrowing and spending, which can slow down
the economy.
21. The three roles of money are: medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of
account. Two types of money are commodity money and fiat money.
Commodity money is a good that is used as money that is also valuable in
itself. Fiat money is a medium of exchange used as money because the
government declares it as such and people accept it.
22. M1 consists of currency in circulation, travelers checks, and checkable deposits.
M2 consists of all of M1, plus savings accounts, and other funds such as small
certificates of deposit and retail money market funds.
23. Banks generate much of their profit from the use of other peoples money.
Checking account deposits entrusted to banks are also known as demand deposits
because the depositors have access to their money whenever they want.
Consequently banks are obligated to hold a minimal portion of these deposits in
liquid reserves. This portion is a percentage (set by the Federal Reserve in the
U.S.) of total deposits and is known as required reserves. All of the reserves a
bank has beyond this category of required reserves are referred to as excess
reserves.

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 10

 24. Commercial banks provide retail services to individuals and businesses. These are
the institutions that we typically associate with checking accounts and lending.
Investment banks are institutions that focus on underwriting and issuing securities.
They do not provide traditional banking functions.
25. The Glass-Steagall Act was a 1933 legislative attempt to provide greater stability
for the banking system through increased government regulation. It contained a
number of provisions including the separation of commercial banking from
investment banking. Some economists have argued that a firewall such as the
one provided by Glass-Steagall should be restored between institutions that are
federally insured (by the FDIC) and investment banks because of differences in
risk-taking across the two types of banks.

Answers to Problems

1.
a. The following are in M1, M2, or neither:

$100 in her wallet = M1

$800 in her checking account = M1
$1,000 in her savings account = M2
A $20 travelers check from her last business trip to China = M1
A $300 outstanding credit card bill = Neither
$3,000 in a small certificate of deposit = M2
A car worth $5,000 = Neither
A house, worth $200,000 = Neither

b. M1 and M2 remain unchanged.

c. M1 decreases by $400, and M2 remains unchanged.

2.
a. Required Reserves = reserve ratio * deposits
= (0.10) * 500 million
= $ 50 million

b. Excess Reserves = total reserves required reserves

= 150 million 50 million
= $ 100 million
c.
Assets Liabilities & Net Worth

Reserves $ 50 million Deposits $ 500 million

Loans $ 350 million Bank Capital $ 25 million
Bonds $ 125 million

TOTAL: 525 Million TOTAL: $ 525 Million

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 11

Answers to Self Test Questions

1. C 11. B
2. C 12. E
3. E 13. A
4. A 14. B
5. E 15. E
6. C 16. D
7. A 17. C
8. C 18. B
9. D 19. E
10. D 20. A

(note on #1: Inflation redistributes wealth from creditors to debtors)

Chapter 11 Money, Banking, and Finance 12