Prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board as a

Textbook for class VII from the academic year 1998

Junior Secondary Mathematics

[ For class VII ]

Written by
Suruj Uddin Ahmed
A M M Ahsan Ullah

Translated by
Md. Wahiduzzaman
Kemal Raza

Edited by
Dr. Anower Hossain

NATIONAL CURRICULUM AND TEXTBOOK BOARD, DHAKA

 Published by
National curriculum and Textbook Board
69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka

[ All rights reserved by the Publisher ]

First Edition : 1998

Reprint : 2007
Reprin : 2010
Reprint :

Computer Compose
Perform Color Graphics (Pvt.) Ltd

Cover Design
Nasir Biswas

Design
NCTB, Dhaka

For free distribution from academic year 2010 by the Government of Bangladesh

Printed by :
 Preface
Education is the key to development. A progressively improved education system largely
determines the pace and the quality of national development. To reflect the hopes and
aspirations of the people and the socio-economic and cultural reality in the context of the
post independent Bangladesh, new textbooks were introduced in the beginning of the 1980s
folIowing the recommendations of the National Curriculum and Textbook Committee.
In 1994, in accordance with the need for change and development, the textbooks of lower
secondary, secondary and higher secondary were revised and modified. The textbooks from
classes VI to IX were written in 1995. In 2000, almost all the textbooks were rationally
evaluated and necessary revision were made. In 2008 the Ministry of Education formed a
Task Force for Education. According to the advice and guidance of the Task Force, the
cover, spelling and information in the textbooks were updated and corrected.
The study of arithmetic has been limited to class VI and more importance has been given
to the study of algebra. So that application and use of Mathematics can be made simple
and easy. For this reason the study of algebra has been introduced from class six. It is
hoped that students can easily solve mathematical problems through algebraic formulas.
It is necessary to develop mathematical skill in the learners so that they can study science
in a better manner. Therefore, new techniques and methods has been presented in a
simple and concrete way. As a result learners can themselves solve their problems without
depending fully on teachers. Mathematics is a subject where practice is needed. It cannot
be memorised. Exercises after each chapter, therefore, includes both traditional practice
questions as well as creative questions.
This book of Junior Secondary Mathematics for class VII is the English Version of the
original textbook entitled 'Nimna Madhyamik Ganit' written in Bangla.
We know that curriculum development is a continuous process of which textbooks are
written. Any logical and formative suggestions for improvement will be considered with
care. On the event of the golden jubilee of the Independence of Bangladesh in 2021, we
want to be a part of the ceaseless effort to build a prosperous Bangladesh.
In spite of sincere efforts in translation. Editing and printing some inadvertent errors and
omissions may be found in the book. However our efforts to make it more refined and
impeccable will continue. Any constructive suggestion towards its further improvement
will be gratefully considered.
I thank those who have assisted us with their intellect and efforts in the writing, editing
and rational evaluation of this book. We hope that the book will be useful for the students
for whom it is written.
Prof. Md. Mostafa Kamaluddin
Chairman
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka.
 Index

Chapter Contents Pages

Arithmetic
First Chapter Square Root 03
Second Chapter Ratio, Proportion 18
Third Chapter Unitary Method 34
Fourth Chapter Measurement and Unit 47

Algebra
First Chapter Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and
division of algebraic Expression 60
Second Chapter First Four Formulae with its application 77
Third Chapter L.C.M. and H.C.F of Algebraic
Expressions 89
Fourth Chapter Algebraic Fraction 96
Fifth Chapter Simple Equations and Applications 104

Geometry
First Chapter Primary Discussion and Preliminary
Concepts 118
Second Chapter Theorem Concerning Triangles 127
Third Chapter Problems On Triangles 150

Answers 159
Junior Secondary Mathematics
Arithmetic
 Chapter One
Square Root
1.1. Explanation Of Square Roots
We know, a square is a geometrical figure. A square is a rectangle whose sides are
equal to one another and the space enclosed by the square is called the area of the
square. The area of a square is the product of its length and breadth. If the length of a
square be x units, then its breadth is also x units. In that case the area of the square
will be (x x) square units or x2 square units. Conversely, we may say if the area of a
square is x2 square units, then the length of its each side is x units.

Let us assume that marbles are arranged

(figure alongside) in 4 rows so that each
row contains 4 marbles kept at equal
distance apart. Then the total number of
marbles is 4 4 = 42 = 16.
[Since the number of marbles in each row is equal to the number of rows, the figure
will be a square]. Again let us suppose that 16 marbles are arranged in rows so that
each row contains a number of marbles equal to the number of rows. In that case the
number of rows is 4 and the number of marbles is also 4. Here we say, the square of 4
is 16 and the square root of 16 is 4.
When any number is multiplied by itself once the product is called the square of that
number and the number itself is called the square root of the product. Thus. 3 3 or 9
is the square of 3 and 3 is the square root of 9, 12 12 or 144 is the square of 12 and
12 is the square root of 144. etc.
Perfect Square :
A number whose square root can be expressed exactly either by a whole number or by a
fraction is called a perfect square. For example, 4, 9, 16, 4/9, 9/16, 16/25, 144, 256, 0.09.
Below is a list of few perfect squares with their square roots :
Perfect Square Perfect Square Perfect square
square root square root square root
1 1 64 8 225 15
4 2 81 9 256 16
9 3 100 10 289 17
16 4 121 11 324 18
36 6 169 13 400 20
49 7 196 14 441 21
4 Junior Secondary Mathematics

If we carefully notice the table, we understand,

a) If the digit in the unites' place of a number is 1 or 9, the digit in the units' place of
its square is 1.
For example,. the square of 11 is 121, the square of 9 is 81, the square of 19 is 361.
b) If the digit in the units' place of a number is 2 or 8,. the digit in the units' place of
its square is 4.
For example, the square of 2 is 4. the square of 12 is 144, the square of 8 is 64, the
square of 18 is 324.
c) If the digit in the units' place of a number is 3 or 7, the digit in the units' place of its
sqare is 9.
For example. the square of 3 is 9, the square of 7 is 49, the square of 13 is 169, the
square of 17 is 289.
d) If the digit in the units' place of a number is 4 or 6, the digit in the units' place of its
square is 6.
For example, the square of 4 is 16, the square of 6 is 36, the square of 14 is 196, the
square of 16 is 256,
e) If the digit in the units' place of a number is 5, the digits in the units' place of its
square is 5.
For example, the square of 5 is 25, the square of 15 is 225.
f) If the digit in the units' place of a number is 0, the digits in the units' and tens place
of its square root are also 0.
For example, the square of 10 = 100, the square of 20 = 400.
g) The digit in the units' place of a perfect square is 0,1,4,6, or 9.
h) The digit in the units' place of a perfect square cannot be 2,3, 7, or 8
Sign of A Square Root:
To express a square root two symbols are used. Square root of 25 is written as
_1
25 or (25)2 We know, 5 5 = 25. again (_5) x (_5) = 25. As such, the square root of
_1
25 is 5 or _5. However, in arithmetic 25 is 5. Also (25) 2 may be 5 or _5.

The sign written to the left of a number expresses the square root of the number
Square Root 5

Surd: Number which are not perfect squares, their square roots cannot be determined
exactly, such square roots are called surds or irrational numbers.
For example: 2, 3, 10, 25
Although the value of a surd cannot be determined exactly, we may find the value of
the surd to the required decimal places.
1.2 Square Root With The Help Of Factor. (Or Factor Method)
This method is applicable to perfect squares only.
Rule: (1) First, the given number is to be expressed in its prime factors.
(2) To make groups, each consisting of 2 identical factors.
(3) To Write one factor from each group.
(4) The product of the successive multiplication of the written factors gives the
required square root.

Point To Remember:
One Factor Out of Every Pair Of Factors is The Square Root
Example 1. Find the square root of 1024
Solution :

2 1024
2 512
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2 2
1

1024 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= (2 2) (2 2) ( 2 2) (2 2) (2 2)
Therefore, 1024 = 2 2 2 2 2 = 32
6 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Example 2 : What is the least mumber by which 2450 must be multiplied in order to
become a perfect square?
Solution: Here, 2450 = 2 5 5 7 7 = 2 (55) (7 7) .
It is seen that the factor 2 is not in pair, If 2 is found in pair then the number would
have been a perfect square. Therefore, if"the number is multiplied by 2 the number
will be a perfect square.
the required number = 2
Example 3 : What is the least number by which 4608 must be divided in order to
become a perfect square?
Solution: Here, 4608 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
= (2 2) (2 2) (2 2) (2 2) 2 ( 3 3)
It is seen that the factor 2 is onlywithout pair. Therefore the number will be a perfect
square when divided by 2.
The required least number = 2
1.3 To Find The Square Root By Division.
An example illustrates the method to determine the square root of a number.
Example 4 : Find the square root of 2304 by division.
2304
(1) Write down the number 2304
(2) Divide the number into pairs or periods of two digits each beginning 2304
from the extreme right digit. Give bar over every pair /period. 2304 4
(3) Draw a vertical line to the right of the number, as in division. 16
(4) The first pair or period is 23. The nearest perfect square before 23 2304
is 16, whose square root is 16 or 4: now write 4 to the right of
2304 4
the vertical line and 16 just below 23, Draw a horizontal line
16
below 16.
7
(5) Subtract 16 from 23 2304 4
16
(6) Put the next pair or period 04 to the right side of the difference 704
7. Draw a vertical line (sign of division) to the left of 704. 2304 4
(7) Twice the quotient is 4 2 or 8, put it to the left of 704 16
separated by the vertical line. Keep a space for inserting a 8 704
digit between 8 and the vertical line.
Square Root 7

(8) Now find out a digit and place it to the right of 8 so that
the number so formed when multiplied by that digit 2304 48
equals 704 or is less than 704. 16
In this case it is 8: 88 704
Put 8 to the right of 4 in the quotient 704
0
Note: 88 8 = 704
(9) 48 is obtained in the quotient.This is the required square root.
2304 = 48

Explanation To Find The Square Root Of A Number By Division.

We know from the formula in Algebra that,
(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
= a2 + (2a + b)b
So, (30 +6)2 = 302 + 2 30 6 + 62
= 302+(2 30 + 6) 6
And 125 = (120 + 5)2
= 1202 + 2 120 5 + 52
= 1202 + (2 120 + 5) 5
Let us find the square root of 7569
Now, 802 = 6400
and 902 = 8100
Then, clearly the square root of 7569 is greater than 80 and less then 90.

7569 80 + 7
6400
2 80 + 7 = 167 1169
1169
0

So, the digit in the tens place of the square root will be 8. If we now subtract 802 or
6400 from 7569, the difference will be 1169 and that will be equal to (2 80 + digit in
the units' place) (that very digit in the units' place). By trial it is found that the digit
in the unit place is 7. For (2 80 + 7) 7 = 1169. The method is in the next page.
8 Junior Secondary Mathematics

In practice the work is shortened by omitting zeroes thus:

7569 87
64
167 1169
1169
0
Example 5 : Find by the method of divison, the square root of 92416.
Solution :
9 24 16 304
9
604 2416
2416
0
the. reqired square root = 304
Note: while forming pairs, 9 is taken into account and is considered as pair by itself.
After the pair 24 is brought down any digit placed to the right of 6 makes the trial
divisor greater than 24.For Example 61 1 = 61 So, placing 0 in the quotient, the pair
16 is set.
Example 6 : what is the least number which must be subtracted from 7428 in order
to get a perfect square? what is that perfect squre ?
Solution : 74 28 86
64
166 1028
996
32
Therefore, 7428 is not a perfect square. If 32 is subracted from 7428 the difference
will be a perfect Square.
the required perfect square is (7428 _ 32) or, 7396
Example 7 : What is the least number to be added to 651201 in order to obtain a
perfect square?
Solution : 65 12 01 806
64
1606 11201
9636
1565
Square Root 9

Therefore, 651201 is not a perfect square. The least number which when added to it
will make the sum a perfect square and then its square root will be 806 + 1 = 807
the required least number = 807 807_ 651201
= 651249 _ 651201
= 48
that is, 48 is the least number to be added
Ans. Least number 48. square root = 807
Important Points About Perfect Squares And Square Roots :
(1) For any number, one factor out of every two factor is its square root.
(2) If the digit in the extrame right of a number, that is the digit in the unit's place is
2 or 3 or 7 or 8, then it is not a perfect square.
(3) If odd number of zeroes are found to the right of a number, it cannot be a perfect
square.
(4) If the digit in the units'place of a number is 1 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 9 it may be a perfect
square. Again, if even number of zeroes are found to the right of a number, it may
be a perfect square.
For example, 81, 64, 25, 49, 100 etc,
(5) If a point be placed over every second digit in any number beginning with the
units place, the number of points will be the same as the number of digits in the
square root.
For example,
81 = 9 (one digit, here one dot over the number)
100 = 10 (two digits, here two dots over the number)
47089 = 217 (Three digits, here three dots over the number)

Exercise 1.1

1. Find by factors the square roots of:

(a) 361 (b) 784 (c) 1296 (d) 2025
(e) 3969 (f) 7396 (g) 8100 (h) 9216
10 Junior Secondary Mathematics

2. Find by division method, the square root of:

(a) 729 (b) 961 (c) 6561 (d) 49284
(e) 54756 (f) 717409 (g) 193600 (h) 1002001
3. What are the least numbers by which the following numbers be multiplied in order
to become a perfect square?
(a) 432 (b)2187 (c) 23805 (d) 23104
4. What are the least numbers by which the following numbers be divided in order
to become a perfect square?
(a) 2205 (b) 2187 (c) 1922 (d) 3072 (e) 4056
5. What is the least number that must be added to 7245 so that the sum is a perfect
square?
6. What is the least number that must be subtracted from 49289 so that the
difference is a perfect square?
7. Find the least number that must be subtracted from 6558 so that the difference is
a perfect square.

1.4 Square Root or Decimal Fractions

To find the square root of a decimal fraction we proceed as in the case of a whole
number or an integer.
Rule:
(a) The integral part is divided into pairs or periods beginning from the digit
immediately preceding the decimal point as in the case of a whole number. That
is, marking off the periods of two digits each starting from the digit in the units,
place.
(b) The decimal part is marked off in pairs or periods moving to the right of the
decimal point.
If, however, it is found that only one digit remains at the extreme right end then
annexe a zero after that digit and mark over the two digits.
(c) In the usual process of extracting square root when the work is over for the
integral part, the decimal point should, be put in the square, root before bringing
down the pair following the decimal point.
Square Root 11

(d) For every pair of zeroes in the decimal part of a number, one zero is put in the
square root after the decimal point.
Example 8 : Find the square root of 644.1444
Solutions : 644.1444 25.38
4
45 244
225
503 1914
1590
5068 40544
40544
0

the required square root = 25.38

Example 9 : Find the square root of 0.001936
Solution :
0.00 19 36 .044
16
84 336
336
0
the required square root = 0.044
Example 10 : Find the square root of 25.462 to two places of decimals.
Solution : 25.46 20 00 5.045
25
1004 46 20
40 16
10085 6 04 00
5 04 25
99 75
the required square root = 5.05 (to two places of (decimals)
Remarks : Since the third place after decimal is 5 so 1 is added to the digit in the
second place to determine the approximate value of the square root to two decimal
places, which is 5.05.
12 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Rule :
(1) If asked to find the square root to two decimal places. obtain the value up to three
decimal places.
(2) If asked to find the square root of a number up to three decimal places, take at
least 6 digits after the decimal point in the number. If necessary, annexe
required number of zeroes after the extreme right digit of the number. This does
not change the value of the number.
(3) If the third digit after the decimal in a square root is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, then there will
be no change in the second digit after the decimal in the square root.
(4) If the third digit after the decimal in a square root is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, then add 1 to
the digit in the second place after the decimal in the square root.
Example 11 : Find the square root of 3rd to 2nd places of decimals.
Solution :
3.00 00 00 1.732
1
27 200
189
343 1100
1029
3462 7100
6924
176
the required square root = 1.73 ( to two places of decimals)

Exercise l.2
Find the square root of the following numbers: (Question 1-9)
1. 0.49 2. 1.21 3. 0.0025. 4. 4.7089 5. 153.76.
6. 0.005329 7. 0.00005625 8. 644.1444 9. 1.002001
Find the square root to 3rd place of decimals (Question 10-19)
10. 5 11. 8.12 12. 21 13. 0.5 14. .03 15. 0.527
16. 2.7 17. .3 18. 3.36 19. 0.037
Square Root 13

1.5 Square Root of Fraction

The square root of a fraction reduced to its lowest term is the square root of its
numerator divided by the square root of its denominator. If the denominator be 'not a
perfect square, it is convenient to make it So by multiplication.
Perfect Square Fraction :
When a fraction is reduced to its lowest term, the numerator and the denominator are
both perfect squares, then the fraction is said to be a perfect square fraction.
144 192
Example 12: Find the square root of and
289 363
144 144 12
Solution : Square root of = =
289 289 17
192 192 64 8
Square root of = = = (Reduced to lowest terms)
363 363 121 11
Example 13 : Find the square root of 210 1 and 25 242
4 288
1 1 841 29 1
Solution : Square root of 210 = 210 = = = 14
4 4 4 2 2
61 1
Square root of 25 242 = 25 242 = 7442 = 3721 = 12 = 5 12
288 288 288 144
Example 14 : Find the square root of 5 and 7 to there places of decimals.
18 12
5 52 10 10 3.162
Solution : 18 = = 36 = 6 = = 0.527
182 6
7 = 73 = 21 = 21 = 4.682 = 0.764
12 123 36 6 6

Exercise 1.3
1. Find the square root of the following numbers:
9 144 441 22
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) (e) 3 49
49 121 289 10000
1 11 40
(f) 83 81 (g) 38 25 (h) 104 81
2. Find the square root of three places of decimals.
5 17
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 4 12 (e) 8 18 (f) 5 (g) 4 3
7 18 12 32 13
1.6 Practical Application Of Square Root
Example 15 : A general wishing to arrange 63009 soldiers into a solid square found
that these is an excess of 8 soldiers. How many soldiers were there in each row?
14 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Solution: Since 8 soldiers were excess, so if 8 is subtracted from 63009 the difference
will be a perfect square.

63009
(_) 8
63001 251
4
45 230
225
501 501
501
0

Ans. There were 251 soldiers in each row.

Example 16 : A battalion of soldiers can be arranged in rows of 8, 10 and 12. They
may again be arranged squared form, What is the least number of soldiers in the
battalion ?
Solution : The battalion can be arranged in row of 8,10 and 12. So the number of
soldiers in that battalion should be divisible by 8 , 10 and 12.
Such least number is the L. C. M of 8, 10 & 12.

2 8, 10, 12
2 4, 5, 6
2, 5, 3

the L.C. M = 2 2 2 5 3 = 120

The battalion consiting of the L. C. M = 120 can be arranged in rows of 8, 10 and 12
but cannot be arranged in a square; become 120 is not a perfect square.
To make 120 or 2 2 2 5 3 a perfect square, we should multiply this number by
at least 2 3 5.
the least number of soldiers which can be arranged in rows of 8, 10 and 12 and into
a squared form = 2 2 2 3 5 2 3 5 = 3600
Ans. 3600 soldiers.
Square Root 15

Exercise 1.4

1. In a certain garden there were 8 rows of trees. To plant 8 trees in each row, how
many trees are required ?

2. In a certain garden there are 1024 coconut trees. If the number of trees in rows
along the length and this breadth of the garden be same then how many trees are
there in each row ?

3. What least number of soldiers should be withdrawn from 9220 soldiers so that the
soldiers may be arranged in a squared form.

4. What least number of soldiers should be subtracted from or added to 56728

soldiers so that the soldiers can be arranged in solid square ?

5. The product of two numbers is 2688 and their quotient is 6/7. What are the numbers?

6. What is the least perfect square divisible by 9, 15 and 25 ?

7. All the pupils in a class subscribed as many five paisa coins as there were pupils:
the whole subscription raised being Tk. 125.00. How many pupils were there in
that class ?

8. The difference of the squares of two consecutive numbers is 91. Find the numbers.

9. The Product of two numbers is 2250 and their quotient is 9/10, what are the
numbers? .

10. All the members in a boarding subscribe as many 4 times, as there are members,
the whole subscription raised being Tk. 4900. How many members are there?

11. The monthly expenditure for each student is 10 times as the member of the
students in a hostel.There monthly total expenditure is Tk. 62500. How many
students are in the hostel ?
16 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. How much is the square root of 144 ?

289
12
(a) 12 (b) 289
17
144
(c) 17 (d) 17
12
2. How much is the square root of 1.21 ?
(a) 1.01 (b) 1.10
(c) 1.11 (d) 0.110
3. What is the square of 0.03 ?
(a) 0.0900 (b) 0.9000
(c) 0.0090 (d) 0.0009
Answer the questions 4 _ 6 from the following informations:
The difference of square of two consecutive integers is 11.
4. If one number is 6, then how much is the other number?
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 8
5. How much is the sum of the square of the two numbers?
(a) 16 (b) 17
(c) 61 (d) 71
6. How much should, be subtracted from the product of the two numbers so that the
result would be a whole square?
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 7 (d) 9
7. Observe the following statement
(i) 64 is a whole square.
(ii) 112 is a whole square.
(iii) The square root of 81 is 9
which one of the following is correct?
(a) i and ii (b) ii and iii
(c) i and iii (d) i,ii and iii
Junior Secondary Mathematics 17

CREATIVE QUESTIONS

1. An army team can be arranged in 4, 5, 9. rows but they cannot be arranged in a

square shape.
a) What are the factors of 9?
b) By which smallest number the total number of the soldiers should be
multiplied to arrange the army in a square?
c) At least how many soldiers should join the troop to arrange them in a square?
2. The monthly expenditure of each student of a hostel is ten times of the number of
students' living in that hostel. Monthly expenditure is Tk. 9000 in that hostel.
a) Consider the number of students is x, express the monthly expenditure in
terms as x.
b) Find the number of students of that hostel.
c) The students can not be arranged in a square after admission of 12 students
in to the hostel. At least how many students should be left to arrange them in
a square?
3. A team of 655 members of Bharoteswary homes arrives at Dhaka Stadium for
the independent day display. There are 6 teachers in the team.
a) How many students of homes are present in the stadium?
b) At least how many students should be removed from the team to arrange
them in a square?
c) At least how many students should join the team to arrange them in a square?
4. A farmer has 535 mango trees and 1156 coconut trees. He wants to plant equal
number of trees along the length and the width of the garden.
a) How many trees does have?
b) If he plants coconut trees in his garden, find the number of coconut trees in
each row.
c) How much more mango trees would he require to plant equally in each row
along length and width?
 Chapter Two

Ratio, Proportion
2.1 Ratio

4cm
3cm
2cm
1cm

In the above pictures there are four circles with their respective radii. The
circles are arranged in ascending order of their sizes from the left. On the
other hand it can be seen that the cirles arranged in discending order of
their sizes from the right.
Now if we compare the first circle with the fourth one, we can say that,
(a) The diametre of the fourth circle is a four times than that of the 1st
circle or 4 times. In other words,
1
(b) The diametre of the 1st circle is 1 th of the diametre of the 4th circle.
4
In case of (a) we can say that the ratio between the diametres of the 4th to
the 1st circle is 1 .
4
Similarly in case of (b) the ratio of the diametres between the 1st and the
4th circles is 4 .
1
So the term 'ratio' is used to compare between the two quantities.
When two quantities of same category are compared to ascertain how
many times the first contains the other, this kind of comparison is
known as the ratio between the two quantities.
The ratio in case of 'a' can be written as 4t1 and is read as 4 is to 1. Again
in case of (b) the ratio is written as 1 t 4 and read as 1 is to 4. The
mathematical symbol of ratio is represented by the sign:
Ratio, Proportion 19

e.g. the ratio between Tk. 5 and Tk. 3 can be expressed by 5 t 3

Observation : The ratio between 1 cm and 4 cm is written as 1
4
Therfore, 1 t 4 = 1
4
Hence, the ratio is a pure number and a fraction.
2.2 The antecedent and the consequent of simple ratio.
Simple ratio :
The ratio having two quantities is called simple ratio. The 1st quantity of simple is
called antecedent and the 2nd quantity is called consequent e.g. in the ratio 7 t 5, here
the quantity 7 is called antecedent and 5 is called consequents.
Ratio of less Inequality : The ratio in which the antecedent is smaller than the
consequent is called the Ratio of less Inequality.
Ratio of greater Inequality: The ratio in which the antecedent is greater that
consequent is called the ratio of greater Inequality.
Unit Ratio: The ratio in which the antecedent and the consequent are equal is called
unit ratio.
2.3 General Rules regarding Ratios :
(a) Value of any ratio remain unchange if antecedent and consequent of a ratio
multiply or divide by same number except 0.
e.g. 5t 4 = (5 10) t (4 10) = 50t 40
50t 40 = (50 10) t (4 10) = 5 t 4
(b) Ratio can express as smallest form like fraction.
e.g. 50 t 40 = 5t 4 [Divide Antecedent and Consquent by 10]
2.4 Different types of ratios.
a) Inverse ratio: The ratio formed by the cosequent of the given ratio as its antecedent
and the antecedent of the given ratio as its consequent then this ratio is called the
Inverse ratio of the given ratio. For example the inverse ratio of 16 t 5 is 5 t 16.
(b) Mixed or Compound Ratio: The ratio obtained by successive product 'of the
antecedents of given simple ratios as its antecedent and the successive product of the
consequents of the given ratios as its consequent then this is called the compound ratio.
Example 1. Find the compound ratio of 4 t 3, 7t12, 9t 5
Solution : The antecedent of the given ratios are 4, 7, 9 and their product 4 7 9 = 252
20 Junior Secondary Mathematics

The consequents of the given ratios are 3, 12, 5 and their product = 3 12 5 = 180 .
The required compound ratio 252 t 180 or 7t 5 [After simplification]
Ans. 7 t 5
c) Duplicate Ratio: The ratio formed by squaring the antecedent of the given ratio as
its antecedent and by squaring the consequents of the given ratio as its consequent
then this ratio is called duplicate ratio of the given ratio. e.g. the duplicate ratio of
7 t 5 is 72 t 52 or 49 t 25

d) Sub-Duplicate ratio : The ratio formed by taking the square roots of both the
antecedent and consequent of the given ratio is said to be the sub-duplicate of the
given ratio. e.g. the sub--duplicate ratio of 25 t 9 is 25 t 9 = 5 t 3.
2.5 The double rule of three :
Let the length, breadth and height of a house are 17. 15, and 10 metres respectively.
The ratio of length, breadth and height = 17, 15 t 10
In short,
Length: Breadth: Height = 17 t 15 t 10.
The above ratio is known as double rule of three. Similarly we can form a ratio for
more than three quantities also.
Example 2. The length and breadth of a garden are 15m and 10m 25 cm respectively.
Find the ratio of length and breadth of the garden.
Solution: Length of the garden = 15 m = (15 100) cm = 1500 cm.
Breadth of the garden = 10m 25cm = (10 100 + 25) cm. = 1025 cm
Lengtht Breadth =1500cm t 1025cm = 1500 t1025 = 60 t 41 (Dividing by 25)
Ans. 60 t 41
Remark: Both the quantities of the ratio should be converted into the same units.
Example 3. Find the Inverse ratio, Duplicate ratio and sub-duplicate ratios of the
following Ratios:
a) 7 t 16 b) 4 t 25
Solutions: a) The inverse ratio of 7 t16 is 16 t 7
The duplicate ratio of 7 t 16 is 72 t 162 or 49 t 256. The sub-duplicate ratio of 7 t 16 is
7 t 16 or 7 t 4
Ratio, Proportion 21

b) The inverse ratio of 4 t 25 is 25 t 4. The duplicate ratio of 4 t 25 is 42 t 252 or 16 t

625. The sub -duplicate ratio of 4 t 25 is 4 t 25 or 2 t 5
Example 4. The ratio of the ages of father and the son's age is 11 t 4. The age of the
son is 16 yrs. Find the age of the father.
Solution : Age of father t Age of son = 11 t 4

Therefore, the age of father is 11 times than that of son.

4
Therefore, the age of father = 11 age of son = ( 11 16) ytars = 44 years
4 4
Ans. 44 years.

Exercise 2 .1
1. Express the first quantity as the ratio of the second quantity.
a) 7.5 and 3.5 b) 8 1 and 5 1
2 2
c) 5 hrs 10 minutes and 3 hrs. d) 10 m and 5m 7cm
e) 5 kg and 7kg 9 gram f) 2 years. 6 months and 5 years.
2. Express into mixed ratiot
a) 7 t 5, 4t 13, 11t 7 b) 5 t 9, 4 t 17, 3 t 11
c) 6 t 13, 7t 12, 26t 3 d) 8 t 7, 14 t 23, 46 t 9
3. The ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle is 22 t 7. The
diameter of the circle is 4m 20 cm. What is the circumference of that circle.
4. The ratio of the age of Mr. Azmal and his son is 9 t 2 If the age of the son is 12
years, what is the age of Mr. Azmal ?
5. Which one is the biggest ratio among the following ratios 3 t 7, 5 t 9 and 7t 11.
6. The ratio of the prices of two books is 3 t 5. If the price of the 1st book is Tk.
19. 20 then what is the price of the 2nd one ?
7. An ornament weighing 30 gm is made by mixing gold and silver. The weight of
the gold is 25gm. What is the ratio of the weight of silver and gold ?
8. The ratio of the ages of Monowara and shipra is 7 t 4. If the age of Monowara is
35 years, find the age of shipra ?
22 Junior Secondary Mathematics

9. Out of the three coloured balls, red, yellow and white, the ratios of the weight of
red to yellow balls is 5 t 6. The weight of yellow and white is 5 t 4, The yellow is
180 gm. find the ratio of the weights of the white to the red balls.
10. The ratio of the price of two televisions is 4 t 3. The price of the 2nd television is
Tk. 21,000.00. If the price of the 1st television is 1,000.00 taka higher than the
price of the 2nd one what is the ratio of prices of the two televisions ?
11. The sum of the two quantities is 450 and their ratio is 8 t 7. Find the number.

12. Asish covers 16 1 kilometres in 3 hrs and Babu cover 18 9 kilometres in 4 1 hrs.
2 10 2
Find the ratio between their speeds.

2.6 Successive Ratios :

The two ratios A t B and B t C can be written as A t B t C. This is called
Successive Ratio. Any two ratios can be express into Successive Ratio.
Observation: The consequent of the 1st ratio A t B is B and the antecedent of the 2nd
ratio B t C is B.
If the consequet of 1st ratio is equal to the antecedent of 2nd ratio then they can be
written as successive ratios.
Example 5. Express 5 t 7 and 9 t 11 as successive ratio.
Solution : 1st ratio = 5 t 7 = 5 9 t 7 9 t 45 t 63
2nd ratio = 9 t 11 = 9 7 t 11 7 = 63 t 77
The successive ratios of the given two ratios are 45 t 63 t 77.
Ans. 45 t 63 t 77
Rule: The two quantities of 1st ratio should be multiplied by the antecedenr of the
2nd ratio. Again both quantities of the 2nd ratio must be multiplied by the consequent
of 1st ratio.
2 .7 Mixture/Compound
A mixture is made by mixing more than one kind of things. The things which are
mixed together are called the elements of the mixture. A mixture car, be produced by
mixing elements in different ratios. For example, a mixture may be made by mixing 2
litres of water with 10 litres of syrup. In that case we say that this is a water mixed
syrup. In this mixture the ratio of syrup and water = 10 litre t 2 litre = 10 t 2 = 5 t 1
Ratio, Proportion 23

We can produce new material by combining two or more matarial or things in a

definite ratio by Chemical reaction, e.g. If we mix up zinc with oxygen at the ratio
130.34 t 32 then we get zinc oxide.
Example 6. A compound manure is produced by mixing up 6 kg of ammonia 8 kg of
potash and 20 kg of cowdung. In this compound manure find the ratio of amonia,
potash and cowdung.
Solution : The weight of amonia : weight of Potash : weight of cowdung
= 6 kg t 8 kg t20 kg
= 6 t 8 t20 = 3 t 4 t 10 [ Dividing each of the quantity by 2 ]
Ans. 3 t 4 t 10

2.8 Proposition
Suppose there are 4 quantities 6 kg, 8kg.Tk.24 and Tk.32.
Now, I st quantityt 2nd quantity = 6 kg t 8 kg = 6 t 8 = 3 t 4
And 3rd quantityt 4th quantity = Tk. 24 t Tk. 32 = 24 t 32 = 3 t 4
Therefore, 1st quantity t 2nd quantity = 3rd quantity : 4th quantity
The two ratios are equal.
In this case usually it can be said that the four quantities 6kg, 8kg 24 Taka and 32
Taka form a proportion. These four quantities are said to be proportionals.
If the ratio of the 1st quantity an 2nd quantity is equal to the ratio of the 3rd
quantity and the fourth quantity of given four quantities then these four quantities
form a proportion. The four quantities are called proportionals.
Remarks: The 4 quantities of the proportionality may not be of the same units. But
each of quantities of the ratio must be of the same units.
The fourth quantity of the proportionality is said to be the 4th proportional.
Extreme quantities: The 1st and the 4th quantities/terms of the proportion are called
extreme element or simply extremes.
Mid-element /middle term : The 2nd and 3rd quantities of the proposition are called
mid element/middle terms.
The proportion 6 t 8 = 24 t 32 is generally written as 6 t 8 t t 24 t 32 . We use the
symbol 't t' in place of the symbol (=).
24 Junior Secondary Mathematics

In the example we observe t 1st quantities/lst term 2nd quantity/2nd term

6 x 32 = 8 x 24

4th quantity/4th term 3rd quantity /3rd term

Generally,
In the proportional, I st quantity 4th quantity = 2nd quantity 3rd quantity

Example 7 : Find the fourth proportional of 5, 8, 15

Solution : When the four quantities are in proportion
then 1st quantity 4th quantity = 2nd quantity 3rd quantity
Here, 1st quantity = 5, 2nd quantity = 8, 3rd quantity = 15
5 x 4th quantity = 8 15

4th quantity = 8 15 = 24
5
Ans. 24.
2.9 Continued proportion :
Let us take the three quantities 3kg, 6kg and 12kg respectively. Here two ratios can be
formed out of these three quantities. These are 3 t 6 and 6 t 12 Clearly, 3 t 6 t t 6 t 12
This type of proportionality is called continued proportion, The three quantities 3kg,
6kg and 12 kg are of continued proportion.
When the ratio of the 1st to the second is the same as the ratio of the 2nd to the third
of the three given quantities of taken units are said to be in continued proportion.
The second quantity is said to be the mean proportional of the 1st and the 3rd
quantities. The third is called the 3rd proportional of Ist and 2nd quantities.
Remarks : The three quantities of continued proportion must be of the same kind we
observe the following in the continued proportion.
3rd quantity

3 l2 = (6)2

1st quantity Second quantity

Ratio, Proportion 25

Generaly,
In the continued proportion, 1st quantity 3rd quantity = (2nd quantity)2
Example 8 : The 1st and 3rd quantities of a continued proportional quantities are 6
and 24 respectively. Find the mid-term of the continued proportionality and write
down the continued proportion. .
Solution : We know in any continued proportion
(middle quantity)2 = 1st quantity 3rd quantity.
Here, 1st quantity = 6, 3rd quantity = 24
(Middle quantity)2 = 6 24 =144

That means middle quantity = 144 = 12

Again, the required continued proportion is 6 t 12 t t 12 t 24
Ans. Middle quantity = 12, Continued proportion = 6 t 12 t t12 t 24

2.10 The rule of three

It has been discussed earlier that in case four quantitis in a proportion.
1st quantity 4th quantity = 2nd quantity 3rd quantity
Now, the 1st quantity, the 2nd quantity and the third quantity are 7. 14 and 15
respectively.
7 4th quantity =14 15

4th quantity = 14 15 = 30.

7
Therefore, if the three quantities of a proportion are known then we can easily find the
4th one. This process of finding the 4th quantity is called the rule of three.
Example 9. If the price of 8 kg of rice is Tk. 120.00 then what is price of 12 kg of
rice?
Solution: The ratio in which the quantity of rice increases the price of rice also
increases in the same ratio.
That is the ratio of the quantity of rice = the ratio of the price of rice.
8 kg t 12kg = 120 Taka t Required price or 8 t 12 = 120 Taka t Required price
Here, 1st quantity = 8, 2nd quantity = 12, 3rd quantity = 120 Taka.
26 Junior Secondary Mathematics

8 x Required price =12 120 Taka

Required price = 12 120 Taka = 180 Taka,

8
Ans. 180 Taka.
Remarks : The method of finding the 4th proportion as described is said to be simple
rule of three.
In solving this type of problem the following things should be considered:
(1) The quantity which is similar in nature with the required quantity is cal1ed 3rd
quantity of the proportion and the required is the 4th quantity.
(2) The other two quantities should be placed in the 1st and 2nd quantities
respectively. These two should be without any unit [Since in the example we have
seen ,8kg t 12kg = 8 t 12]
(3) The units of 3rd & the rquired quantity must be of the same units.
Example 10. A work can be done in 10 days by 8 persons. How many days would it
require to finish the work by 20 persons.
Solution: The ratio of increase or decrease of manpower is the same as the ratio of
decrease or increase of days required. In other words we can say that the inverse ratio
of manpower is equal to the simple ratio of days required.
Here No. of persons days
8 persons 10 days
20 persons Required days.
20 t 8 = 10 days t Required days.
20 Required days = 10 8 days

the required days = 10 8 days = 4 days

20
Ans. 4 days.
Remarks : The method described earlier to find the 4th proponional is said to be an
Inverse Rule, of three.
Ratio, Proportion 27

Exercise 2.2
I. The extreme quantities of three consecutive quantities are given. Find the
proportion.
a) 5, 45 b) 25, 81
c) 3 , 1 3 d) 1.5, 13.5
5 5
2. Put down the exact quantity in the box :
a) 12 t 16 t t t 20 b) 4t tt 9 t 18
c) 2.6t1.3tt 1.1: d) 1 t 1 tt t 3
3 5 10
3. Find the fourth proportional of the following :
a) 5, 10, 8 b) 24, 32, 36
c) 4, 4 1 , 2 d) 10, 40, 50 e) 3, 4.5, 8
2
4. 5 kg of sugar is mixed with 50 kg of milk. Find the ratio between the sugar and
the milk in the mixture of sugar and milk.
5. A farmer has 40 quintal of cowdung and 16 quintal of Amonia manure. The farmer
purchased same potash and mixed it with cowdung and Amonia. In this mixture the ratio
among Amonia, cowdung and potash is 2 t 5 t 3. Find the quantity of potash purchased.
6. Out of three quantities-of continued proportionals the product of the two quantities
is 36. If one of the quantities is 12 then find the other quantities continued
proportional.
7. The cost of 12 kg of pulses is 480 Taka. Find the cost of 25 kg of pulses.
8. The cost of 5 books is Tk. 126.25. How many books are available by Tk 429.25.
9. A work can be done in 20 days by 18 persons. How many days will be required
to do the same work by 27 persons ?
10. There is a proyision of food for 50 students for 20 days in a boarding. After 3
days 16 students left the boarding: How many days the food can be served the
remaining students ?
11. A factory can produce 14.600 bulbs in 365 days. How many bulbs can the factory
produce in 140 days ?
12. The ratio of the salaries of Mr. Jamal and Mr. Samaresh is 6 t 5. The total amount
of their salaries is Tk. 11,000.00. The salaries of Mr Jamal and Mr Samaresh are
increased by Tk 100.00 and Tk.75.00 respectively after one year. Find the ratio of
their salaries after one year.
28 Junior Secondary Mathematics

13. In a mixture the ratio of weight between the powder milk and water is 5 t 6. In
another mixture the ratio of the weights between the water and the sugar is 7 t 4.
If the mixtures are combined together then find the ratio among the milk, water
and sugar.
14. The ratio of the weights of acid and water in 30 litre of mixtures is 7 t 3. How
much water should be mixed to get the ratio 3 t 7 between the Acid and the
water.

2. 11 Proportional Division :
Suppose we like to divide 30 metre length of a tape into two parts, the ratio 7t3. To
divide the tape at the ratio 7 t 3 means that we are to divide the tape into (3+7) =10
equal portion .and then take 7 portion and 3 portion out of 10
portions. In other words the 1st part of the tape will be equal to 7 parts of the tape.
10
The length of 1st portion = 7 30 metre = 21 metre
10
3
and the length of 2nd portion = 30 metres = 9 metre .
10
The respective part of the proportion
Therefore, one portion = The given quantity
The sum of the proportion
To divide a given quantity by the process described above is called proportional
division.
To divide a given quantity into two or more parts in a given number of portion is
called proportional division.
Example 11. An amount of Tk. 8,000.00 is divided among A, B and C in the ratio 7 t
5 t 4. How much amount will each of A, B and C get?
Solution: The sum of the proportion = 7 + 5 + 4 = 16

A will get 7 8000 Taka = 3500 Taka.

16
B will get 5 8000 Taka = 2500 Taka.
16
C will get 4 8000 Taka = 2000 Taka.
16
Ans. 3500.00 Taka. 2500.00 Taka. 2,000.00 Taka.
2.12 Partnership business :
If two or more people own a business then that business is called partnership business. And
each of them is the owner of that business. They invest money in the business according some
agreed agreement thus the business runs.
Ratio, Proportion 29

The partners after through discussion among themselves distribute the profit and loss
of the business under same agreement. If nothing is mentioned in the agreement about
the share of profit and loss then the profit will be distributed proportional to their
money invested in the business. Similarly, the partners also share the loss accordingly.
For example A and B invested Tk. 2000 and Tk. 3000 respectively in a business. The
ratio of their profit will then be 2000 t 3000 = 2 t 3.
Example 12. Mr Jamal. Mr Azmal and Mr Suresh invested an amount of Tk 6400.00,
Tk 8000.00 and Tk. 9600.00 respectively in a joint stock company.
The profit comes to Tk 3600.00 in one year. How much profit each of them will get ?
Solution : Capita1 of Mr Jamal : the capital of Mr Azmal t the capital of Mr. Suresh =
6400 t 8000 t 9600 = 4 t 5 t 6
The sum of the ratios = 4+5+6 =15

The amount of profit of Mr Jamal = 5 3600 Taka = 960 Taka

15
5
The amount of profit of Mr. Azmal = 3600 Taka = 1200 Taka
15
The amount of profit of Mr Suresh = 6 3600 Taka = 1440 Taka
15
Ans. 960.00 Taka, 1200.00 Taka, 1,440.00 Taka.
Example 13. Rani and Jani started a business jointly with the capitals 5000 Taka and
6000 Taka respectively. Papi joins the business with the capital 8000 Taka as a partner
after 6 months. The amount of profit is taka 3600.00 after one year. How much
amount of profit will each of them get?
Solution : In this business Rani, Jani and Popi invested their capitals in different time
period. Therefore. the amount of profit for a particular and for equivalent amount of
capital of each of them and then distribute the profit proportionately. The amount of
profit obtained by investing Tk.5000.00 for 12 months is equivalent to the amount of
profit by investing (5000 12) Taka 1 month.
The equivalent capital of Rani for one month = (5000 12) Taka. Similarly, the
equivalent capital of Joni for 1 month = (6000 12) Taka.
Since, Popi has invested the capital for 6 months, The equivalent capital for 1 month =
(8000 6) Taka.
:. The equivalent capital of Ranit The equivalent capital of Joni t The amount of
capital of Popi.
30 Junior Secondary Mathematics

= (5000 12) t (6000 12) t (8000 6)

= 10 t 12 t 8 [Dividing (1000 6)]
=5 t 6 t 4
The sum of the ratios = 5 + 6 + 4 = 15
5
Therefore, the profit of Rani = 3600 Taka = 1206 Taka
15
The profit of Joni = 6 3600 Taka = 1440 Taka
15
The profit of Popi = 4 3600 Taka = 960 Taka
15
Ans. 1200.00 Taka, 1440.00 Taka and 960.00 Taka.

Exercise 2.3
1. If At B = 4 t 5, B t C = 7 t 11 then find A . B t C.
2. The ratio of iron and carbon in a steel plate is' 49t 1. How much amount of carbon
contained in 200kg of steel?
3. The weight of a iron and copper mixed solid is 156 gm. The ratio of copper and
iron is 7 t 6. How much gram of iron should be mixed with copper so that the
ratio of copper and iron would be 6 t 7 ?
4. A farmer uses bio-manure, chemical manure in his field at the ratio 9t2. He
requires 22 sacs of mixed manure per hector of land. How much manure of each
kind does he require to use 8 hectors of land ?
5. The ratio of Acid and water in a mixture is 88.9 t 11.1 How much quantity of
acid and water contained in 100 kilogram of mixture?
6. The amount of Tk. 2160.00 is distributed among Jahanara. Ayesha and Minati at
the ratio 3t 7t 14. How much amount of money each of them will get ?
7. Tk 570 has been distributed among three boys as per their age ratio. The ages of
them are 10,13 and 15 respectively. How much money each of them will get ?
8. Some amount of money has been distributed among Azmal, Kader and Rodricks,
at the ratio 7 t 5 t 4. Amal gets an amount of Tk. 350.00. Find the total amount of
money.
9. The ratio of successful and unsuccessful students of a school of 132 students is 9:
2. If the number of successful students is increased by 4 more then what will be
the ratio of successful and unsucessful students ?
Ratio, Proportion 31

10. The monthly salary of Mr. Atik is Tk.5600.00. He saves an amount of Tk.500.00
per month and spend the rest for house rent, monthly expenditure and educational
expenditure of his children at the ratio 5t 11t 1. How much amount does he
expend for the educational expenditure of his children ?
11. The ratio of the incomes of Panir and Monir is 5t 4.The ratio of income of Monir
and Tapan is 3 t 4. The income of Panir is Tk 120.00. Find the income of Tapan.
12. The two friends Nitai and Tanim started business by investing an amount of
money 1500 Taka and 2500 Taka respectively. After one year, the amount of
profit stands at the amount of Tk 849.00. What is the amount of profit of Nitai
and Tanim ?
13. Anwar, Uttam and Jalal started a business investing the amount Tk. 5000, Tk.
6000 and Tk. 5500 respectively. After one year the profit stands at Tk. 2475.00.
How much profit will each of them get ?
14. Ishaque, Ramesh and Zaman invested Tk.1500, Tk. 1200 and Tk. 1700
respectively in a joint cloth business. After one year the loss stands at an amount
of Tk. 220.00. How much amount of loss will each of them share ?
15. Ashiq and Jafar purchased a Television at the cost of Tk. 25000.00. and sells it at
an amount ofTk 2625.00. Ashiq paid an amount of 1 1 times than that of Jafar
2
during purchase of the Television. How much money will Ashiq get from the
profit ?
16. At the begining of the year Zafar and Kashem invested an amount of Tk. 12000
and Tk.15000 respectively in a joint business. After 5 months Jamir invested an
amount of Tk. 2000.00 in the same business. After the end of the year they
profited of Tk.6760.00.How much each of Zamir and Kashem will get out of this
profit ?
17. The three labours Jahed, Maqbul and Rashid established a lath Machine business
by investing Tk. 6500.00; Tk. 9100.00 and Tk. 5200.00 respectively. At the end
of the year the profit stands at an amount of Tk. 5200.00. How much profit will
each of them get ?
18. An amount of Tk. 315.00 is divided among Lily, Mally and Pinkey, Here the
amount of Lily is 3 times as the amount of Molly the amount of Molly is twice
5
the amount of Pinky. Find the amount of Lily, Molly and Pinky.
32 Junior Secondary Mathematics

19. An ornament is made by mixing copper. Zinc and Silver. The ratio of copper and
Zinc in that ornament is 1 t 2, the ratio of Zinc and Silver is 3 t 5. How much
quantity of Zinc will there be when the ornament weight 38 gram ?
20. Suman and Jamal invested an amount of Tk.5000 and Tk. 4000 respectivly in a
business. After 3 'months Suman invested Tk. 1000.00 more and Dilip invested
Tk.7000.00 in the same business as a new partner. After one year the profit stands
at an amount of Tk.3600.00. How much profit will each of them earn ?
21. Three glass of same size are full of sugar juice. The ratio of water and syrup is 3 t
1 in the 1st glass, 5 t 3 in the 2nd glass and 9 t 7 in the 3rd glass. The Sarbat of
three glass was poured into another big container. Find the ratio of water and
syrup in the new container.

Multiple Choice Ouestions:

1 . What is ratio?
(a) An integer (b) a fraction
(c) A prime number (d) an even number
2. Which one of the following is the sub-duplicate ratio of 4 t 9 ?
(a) 2t3 (b) 4t9
(c) 9t4 (d) 16 t 81
3. Observe the following informations:
i) 5 t 2 is the ratio of greater inequality.
ii) Three quantities of succession proportion are not homogeneous.
iii) If a t b.= 2 t 3 and b t c = 3 t 4, then a t b t c = 2 t 3 t 4
Which one of the following is correct ?
(a) i and ii (b) ii and iii
(c) i and iii (d) i, ii and iii
Siam and Fatema started a jointventure business and their earned profit is Tk.
256. The dividend of Fatema is Tk. 160.
Answer the questions 4-6 in view of above informations:
4. Which one of the following is ratio of profit of Siam and Fatema?
(a) 8t5 (b) 3t 8
(c) 3t5 (d) 5t3
Ratio, Proportion 33

5. If the capital of Siam is Tk. 3000, how much taka is the capital of Fatema?
(a) 11 000 (b) 8000
(c) 5000 (d) 3000
6. If Fatema received dividend Tk. 156, which one of the following is the ratio of
Profit earned by Siam and Fatema?
(a) 3t5 (b) 25 t 64
(c) 64 t 39 (d) 25 t 39

CREATIVE QUESTIONS
1. The weight of a red ball and a green ball are 72 gm and 96 gm respectively. The
ratio of weight of a green ball and a black ball is equal to the ratio of weight of a
red ball and a green ball.
(a) Find the ratio of weight of a red ball and a green ball.
(b) Find the weight of a black ball.
(c) If the ratio of buying prices of red, green, and black ball is equal to the ratio
of their weight, find the buying price of red and green ball. (Here the total
price of a red, a green and a black ball is Tk. 296).
1
2. Mustafiz and Ayesha reached Dhaka travelling 50 km is 4 hours and 52 km in
2
1
3 hours respectively for business purpose. They earned 5% profit by investing
2
Tk. 22000 in business.
(a) Find the speed of Mustafiz.
(b) Determine the ratio of speed of Mustafiz and Ayesha.
(c) If the profit of Mustafiz and Ayesha is equal to the ratio of their speed, find
their profit.
3. The ratio of monthly salary of Arefin and Amena is 4 1 t 4 1 . The total of
2 5
their monthly salary is Tk. 29000. The salary of Arefin and Amena are increased
by Tk. 575.75 and Tk. 650.50. respectively after one year.
(a) Express the ratio of salary of Arefin and Amena in the form of a:b where a. b
are integer.
(b) Find the salary of Arefin and Amena.
(c) Find the ratio of salary of Arefin and Amena After one year.
 Chapter Three
Unitary Method

3.1 Revision Of Previous Lessons.

We know, unitary method is to find the cost, weight, measure ete. of one thing trom
the cost, weight, measure etc. of any "number of things and from the cost weight,
measure etc. of one thing, the cost, .weight, measure etc. of particular number of thing
of the same kind its found out.
Let, the cost of 10 oranges be TK. 45.00, we can easily say that the cost of onc orange
is Tk. (45 10)
That is, the cost of one orange is Tk. 45 10. Now from the cost of one orange we
can find the cost of any number of oranges. For example,
9 4
Cost of 8 oranges = Tk. 45 x 8 = Tk. 36
10
2
Rules for Solving the Problem
(1) The cost of oranges reduces if the number of oranges is less. For that reason, the
cost of 10 oranges is divided by 10 to obtain the cost of 1 orange. (2) The cost of
orange increase if the number of oranges increase. Therefore, the cost of 1 orange is
multiplied by 8.
Again let us assume that 10 people can do a piece of work in 7 days. In this case we
may say that 1 person will require 10 times the total time to do that work alone. That
is, 1 person can do the work in 7x10 days. Now if 5 people can do this work, they will
require less time than 1 person.
2
5 people can do it in 7x 10 days or, 14 days,
5

Rules for Solving the Problem,

(1) When number of people decreases the time required enhances. For this, the time
required by 10 people is multiplied by 10 to obtain the time required by 1 person.
(2) Again, when the number of people increases. the time required diminishes. So, the
time required by1 person is divided by 5.
Unitary, Method 35

Example 1. If the cost of 50 kg of sugar is Tk. 1475, what is the cost of 63 kg of

sugar?
Solution: Cost of 50 kg sugar is Tk. 1475

" " 1 Tk. 1475

50
" " 63 Tk. 1475 63
50
or, Tk. 3717
2
or, Tk. 1858.50
Ans: TK. 1858.50
Example 2. Working 8 hours a day, 20 workers reap crop of a field in 15 days.
Working 6 hours a day, in how many days will 25 workers reap the field ?
Solution: In 15 days the workers work (8 x 15) hours or 120 hours.
That is 20 workers reap in 120 hours
1 worker reaps in 120 20 hours
25 workers reap in 120 20 hours = 96 hours
25
Since the workers work 6 hours daily, so they will reap field in (96 6) days, or 16 days.
Ans : 16 days.
Remark : We have taken into consideration that the workers have equal capability to
work.

Exercise 3.1
(1) If the cost of 105 kg. of dal is Tk. 4331.25 what is the cost of 70 kg. of dal (pulse)?
(2) If the weight of 275 silver coins is 2 3 kg. what is the weight of 325 silver coins?
4
1
(3) 7 kg. of coal boils (steams) 52 kg of water. How many kilogrammes of coal is
2
required to steam (boil) water weighing 915 kg.
(4) A shop owner purchases 80 kg of rice at Tk. 18.50 per kg and another 100 kg of
rice at Tk. 15.00 per kg. By selling both the kinds of rice he gains Tk. 170.00.
What is the average selling price per kg of rice?
36 Junior Secondary Mathematics

(5) A man earns Tk. 252 by investing a capital of Tk. 7000. How much will he earn
if he invests a capital of Tk. 10,500? .
(6) Arif Shaheb deposits some money in a bank. He receives a profit to Tk. 585 after
a year. For every Tk. 100 if he receives Tk.6.50 profit in I year, how much money
he had deposited?
(7) 55 people can do a piece of work in 15 days. How many people is required to
finish the work in 25 days?
(8) If 3 quintals of rice last 9 people 30 days, how long would they last 25 people ?
(9) 42 workers build 5000 bricks in 30 days. How long will it take 18 men to build
those bricks ?
(10) The cost of 5 radios and 4 television together is Tk. 89,500. If a television cost
Tk. 19.500. how much will 15 radios cost?
(11) A hostel of 30 students has provisions for 15 days. Some new students were
admitted to the hostel as such the provision lasted 10 days. How many new
students were admitted?
(12) 25 people can dig a canal in 17 days, working 8 hours a day. In how many days
can 34 people dig the same canal working 6 hours a day ?
( 13) 4 men or 8 women can do a piece of work in 10 days. In how many days 2 men
and 12 women could do it ?
(14) Rafiq covers a distance of 480 km in 12 days. walking 10 hours a day. In how
many days will he cover a distance of 360 km, walking 9 hours a day?
(15) A contractor contracts to build 20 km of road in 45 days. He employed 150
workers and could finish half the work in 30 days. What additional bumber of
workers must he employ to complete the work within the stipulated time?
(16) 15 men can do a piece of work in 8 days, working 6 hours a day. How many
hours a day must 10 men work to do the same in 9 days?
(17) 4 men and 10 boys can do a piece of work in 18 days. In how many days can 12
men and 30 boys do it?
3.2 Problems Relating to Time and Work
In problems relating to time and work, two or three different kinds of quantities are
associated. These are:
Unitary, Method 37

(a) Required time

(b) Amount of work
(c) The bumber of workers doing the work
The Tips Given Below Should Be Kept In Mind While Solving Problems Relating
To Time And Work By Unitary Method:
(1) Time increases if quantity of work increases keeping the number of workers
constant. Again time reduces if the quantity of work decreases.
(2) Quantity of work increases if the number of worker increases keeping the time
fixed. Again the quantity of work decreases when the number of wrker decreases.
(3) Time reduces if the number of worker increases keeping the quantity of work
fixed. Again time increases if the number of worker decreases.
Example 3.
5 workers keep a jute field measuring 8 hectares in 4 days. In how many days could
25 workers keep 70 hectares?
Solution :
5 workers reap 8 hectares in 4 days

1 " " 8 " " 4 5 days

1 " " 1 " " 4 5 days

8
25 " " 1 " " 4 5 days
8 25
25 " " 70 " " 4 5 70 days or, 7 days
8 25
Ans. 7 days.
Note : When some people together do a piece of work in a certain time. We consider
that each of them has equal capability to do the work.
Solution of problems in unitary method relating to constant amount or work
done by two or more people taking different amount of time :
Example 4. Shafi can do a piece of work in 24 days.Ratan can do it in 12 days. In
how many days could Shafi and Ratan together do it ?
38 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Solution : In 24 days Shafi can do a whole work or 1 work

1 day " " " " " 1 of the work or 1 works

24 24
Again, in 12 days Ratan can do 1 work
in 1 day Ratan can do 1 works .
12
1 1
(
So, Shafi and Ratan together can do 24 + 12 works. )
or, 3 works or, 1 works
24 8
Shafi and Ratan together can do 1 of the works in 1 day
8
1
(
Shafi and Ratan together can do 1(whole work in 1 8 days = 8 days)
That is, Shaft and Ratan together can do the work in 8 days.
Ans. 8 days.
Example 5. Zakir and Monir do a piece of work in 20 and 30 days respectively. Zakir
and Monir together worked for 7 days and left. Ashish finished the remaining work in
10 days. In how many days could Ashish do the whole work?

Solution: In 20 days Zakir does 1 work

1 day Zakir does 1 work

20
In 30 days Monir does 1 work
1 day Monir does 1 work
30
1 1 5 1
20 + 30 = 60 = 12

In 1 day Zakir and Monir together can do 1 works

12
In 7 days Zakir and Monir together can do 7 works
12
( )
The work remaining is 1_ 7 works or, 5 works
12 12
That is, Ashish does 5 works in 10 days
12
( 5
Ashish does 1 (whole) work in 10 12 days )
(
= 10 12
5
)
= 24 days
Ans: 24 days.
Unitary, Method 39

3.3 Problems Concerning Time And Distance.

Example 6. A train of length 120 metres will cross a bridge of length 330 metres. If
the speed of the train is 30 km per hour, how much time the train will require to cross
the bridge?
Solution : The train has to cross the length of the bridge and its own length.
That is, it crosses, (330 + 120) metres or 450 metres.
Here, 30 km = 30 1000 metres,
and I hour = 60 60 seconds
The train travels 30 1000 m in 60 60 seconds

" " 1 " " 60 60 seconds

30 1000
60 60 450
" " 450 " '' seconds
30 1000
Ans. 54 seconds.

Explanation :

The above figure shows the process of crossing starts when the front left end of the
bridge. From the figure at the bottom that the process of crossing ends when the end
of the train just leaves the right end of the bridge. So we find that to cross the bridge
the train has to cross the length of bridge and its own length i.e. (length of the bridge
+ length of the train).
Example 7. The distance between two places 'A' and 'B' is 37 1 km. 3 hours after
2
Ashish starts from A, his friend Rahman starts from the same place by a motor cycle.
If the speeds of Ashish and Rahman are 10 km per hour and 50 km per hour
respectively where and after what time will they meet?
Solution: In 1 hour Ashish covers a distance of 10 km
In 3 hours Ashish covers a distance of 10 3 or 30 km
40 Junior Secondary Mathematics

So, when Rahman starts, the two friends are at a distance of 30 km apart. The
difference of speeds of Rahman and Ashish in 1 hour is (50-10)km or 40 km. That is,
the distance of 40 km decreases between Rahman and Ashish in 1 hour is (50-10) km
or 40 km,

That is, the distance of 40 km decreases between Rahman and Ashish in 1 hour

the distance of 1 km decreases between Rahman and Ashish in 1 hours.

40
the distance of 30 km decreases between Rahman and Ashish in 1 30 hours.
40
or, 3 hours.
4
So, the two meet 3 hours after Rahman starts.
4
In 3 hours Rahman travels 50 3 km or 37 1 km.
4 4 2
both of them meet 37 km away from 'A' that is at 'B'.

Ans. The two meet at B, 3 hours or 45 minutes after Rahman starts.

4
3.4 Problems Relating, to Pipe and Cistern/Tank
Cistern/tank or such things requires pipe to fill water or liquid in it. Again to bring
out water or liquid, pipe is required. Due to the difference in the dimensions of a
pipe there is a difference in time to fill the cistern/tank. If there is leak in the cistern
/tank, water or. liquid leaks through it.
Example 8. A water tank has 3 pipes. The tank can be filled by the first and the
second pipe in 20 and 30 minutes respectively. The full tank is emptied in 60
minutes by the third pipe. In what time the tank be filled if all the three be opened at
once? .

Solution :

In 20 minutes the first pipe fills 1 (whole) tank

In 1 minute the first pipe fills 1 tanks

20
In 30 minutes the second pipe fills 1 (whole) tank

In 1 minutes the second pipe fills 1 tanks

30
Unitary, Method 41

In 60 minutes the third pipe empties 1 (whole) tank

In 1 minute the third pipe empties 1 tanks
60
(
When the three pipes are opened at-once they will fill in 1 minute 1 + 1 _ 1
20 30 60 )
tanks
_
(
20 30 60 )
Now, 1 + 1 _ 1 = 3+2 1 = 4 = 1
60 60 15
1 tanks filled by the three pipes in 1 minute
15
( 1
)
1 (Whole) tank is filled by the three pipe in 1 15 minutes

= 15 minutes
Ans. 15 minutes.
3.5 Problems Related to Boat and Flow of Stream
The speed of a boat in still water is its actual speed. The speed of the boat along with
the current and against the current is its effective speed.
Effective speed of a boat along with = Actual speed of the boat + speed
the current (downstream). of the river current.
Effective speed of a boat against = Actual speed of the boat - speed
current (upstream). of the river current.
A boat travels in a river with its effective speed.
Example 9. In still water the speed of a boat is 7 km per hour. Such a boat takes 3
hours to move along with the stream a distance of 33 km. what time will it require to
return ?
In 3 hours the boat moves along with the current a distance of 33 km.
33
In 1 hour the boat moves alongwith the current a distance of 3 or, 11 km
That is, actual speed of the boat and speed of the river current is 11 km per hour. or, 7
km per hour + speed of the river current = 11 km per hour.
the speed of the river current = ( 11 _ 7) km per hour or 4 km per hour.
When the boat returns, the effective speed
= Actual speed of the boat - speed of the river current.
= 7 km per hour - 4 km per hour
= 3 km per hour.
42 Junior Secondary Mathematics

The boat returns a distance of 3 km in 1 hour.

boat returns a distance of 1 km in 1 hours
3
boat returns a distance of 33 km in 1 33 hours or, 11 hours
3
Ans. 11 hours.
Example 10. A boatman can go against the river current a distance of 32 km in 8
hours. He requires 4 hours to travel that distance. Find the speed of the river current
and the actual speed of the boat.
Solution : In 8 hours the boat moves against the current a distance of 32 km.
In 1 hour the boat moves against the current a distance of 32 km = 4 km.
8
In 4 hours the boat moves alongwith the current a distance of 32 km.
In 1 hour the boat moves alongwith the current a distance of 32 km= 8 km.
4
We know, the effective speed of a boat against the current = Actual speed of the boat-
speed of the current.
actual speed of the boat + speed of the current = 8 km/hour
and actual speed of the boat - speed of the current = 4 km/hour
adding, 2 x Actual speed of the boat = (8 + 4) km / hour
8+4
actual speed, of the boat = 2 km / hour = 6 km hour
and the speed of the current = (8 _ 6) km / hour = 2 km / hour
Ans. 2 km/ hour, 6 km/hour
Remark : We may solve the problem much easily by forming algebraic equations.

Exercise 3.2
1. 3 Workers, working 7 hours a day, can white-wash 6504 square metres of wall in
12 days. How many workers can white-wash 4336 square metres of wall in 14
days working 6 hours a day?
2. The time required to make an almirah is three times that required to make a bench.
6 carpenters make 36 benches and 5 almirahs in 12 days. How long will 10
carpenters take to make 61 benches and 8 almirahs ?
Unitary, Method 43

3. 30 masons can build a house in 25 days. After to days, work could not be
continued for 5 days due to bad weather. How many more masons have to be
employed to finish the work in time?.
4. A contractor contracts to build a 1920 metres long embankment in 120 days and
immediately employs 160 labourers. After 24 days it was found that only 240
metres had been constructed. How many extra labourers should be employed to
finish the work in time?
5. 3 men or 4 boys working 8 hours a day and earn tk. 9750 in 65 days. In how
many days could 7 men and 8 boys, working 10 hours a day, earn Tk. 24375 ?.
6. Ishaque Shaheb uses 4 cows to plough 40 hectares of land in 7 days. How much
hectares of land could he get ploughed by 6 cows in 10 1 days? .
2
7. In a garments factory, 150 workers make 6750 shirts in 15 days. In how many days
could 65 workers of that factory make 3315 shirts?
8. Lily alone can do a work in 10 hours. Hamida alone can do it in 12 hours. In how
many hours could lily and Hamida together do the work?
9. Three friends Zahir, Mihir and Shishir can do a piece of work in 6 days. 8 days
and 12 days respectively. The three friends worked at it for 2 days and then Zahir
and Mihir left. In how many days could shishir do the remaining work?
10. 2 men do as much work as 3 women 4 men 9 women can do a piece of work in
30 days. In how many days could 5 men and 15 women finish that work ?
11. Aziz and Kamal together could build a wall in 20 days. After working together
for 12 days, Aziz finish the remaining work in 10 days. In what time could each
of them alone build the wall ?
12. A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days, B and C in 15 days and A and C in 20
days. In what time could each of them do the whole work alone?
13. 1 man, 1 woman and 1 boy together can do a piece of work in 5 days. But 5
women and 5 boys together can do 7 of the work in 1 day. In how many days
2
could 1 man complete the work?
14. Two buses start from Gabtali bus depot towards Aricha at a speed of 20 km per
hour. After reaching Savar one bus stopped. But the other continue to move. After
half an hour the bus which stopped at savar started moving at a speed of 25 km
per hour. At what distance from savar would both the buses meet ?
44 Junior Secondary Mathematics

15. Distances between two places A and B is 35 km. Monowar starts from A and
Salam from B at the same time. If the speeds of Monowar and salam be 6 per
hour and 8 km per hour respectively, at what time after starting will they meet?
16. In a 12 km cycle race Shuvra beats kajal by 5 seconds. If Kajal's speed be 18 km
per hour, then what is the speed of shuvra ?
17. A 50 metres long train travels at a speed of 36 km per hour. In how many seconds
the train will pass a pole at the way side?
18. The speed of a 100 metres long train is 48 km per hour. That train crosses a
bridge in 21 seconds. What is the length of the bridge?
19. A train 150 metres long, takes 30 seconds to cross a bridge 250 metres long.
What time will the train take to cross a platform of 130 metres long?
20. A cistern has two pipes. The first and the second pipe can fill the empty cistern in
6 hours and 12 hours, respectively. If both the pipes be opened at once in what
time will the empty cistern be filled?
21. A water tank on the roof of a house can be filled by a pipe in 25 minutes.lf the
pipe used for supplying water to the house be opened, the full tank is emptied in
50 minutes. If both the pipes be in action when the tank is half full, how long will
it take to fill it ? .
22. A cistern can be filled by two pipes in 20 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively.
Both the pipes were opened at once when the tank was empty. When will the first
pipe be closed so that the whole cistern is filled in 18 minutes ?
23. A cistern has 3 pipes connected to it. It can be filled by two pipes in 10 minutes
and 30 minutes respectively. Water flows out through the third. When the three
pipes be opened at a time the cistern fill in 15 minutes. In what time the third
pipe empties the water-filled cistern ?
24. A boat covers a distance of 40 km in 4 hours along the current. If the speed of
that boat in still water be 8 km per hour, what is the speed of the river current ?
25. In still water a boat moves 6 km per hour. But in the upstream it takes 3 times the
time to cover 6 km. What time will it take to move 50 km down stream.
26. An anchored boat on a quay snapped the rope because of the high tides and was
carried away to a distance of 7.5 km in 2 hours. After wards the boat man rowed
it back to that quay in 3 hours. What was the actual speed of the boat when
rowed ?.
Unitary, Method 45

27. A steamer left Sadarghat, Dhaka to travel downsteam a certain distance in 10

hours. It takes 20 hours to return to Sadarghat against the current. If the actual
speed of the steamer be 21 km per hour, what is the distance between Sadarghat
and the place of destination?
28. With the help of oar a boat can travel 1.5 km in 6 minutes along the current and
against the stream it travels 1.25 km in 15 minutes. Find the speed of the boat and
the current ?
29. The ratio of doing work by a man, a woman and a boy is 3 t 2 t 1. 4 men, 3
women and 6 boys, working 10 hours a day, can finish a piece of work in 14
days. In how many days could 4 men, 4 women and 15 boys working 6 hours a
day, finish another piece of work twice as great as that ?

Multiple Choice Question:

1. If the number of labour increased to double to finish a particular work, how much
time of the preceding time is required to do the work?
1
(a) 4 time (b) time .
4

(c) 2 time (d) 1 time

2
2. If the velocity of stream is 2 km per hour and the velocity of a boat is 5 km per
hour in favour of stream. How much is the velocity of the boat in still water?
(a) 7 km (b) 5 km
(c) 3 km (d) 1 km
3. The price of 15 goats is equal to the price of 3 cows. How many cows can be
bought in exchange of 20 goats?
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 10
4. The length of a platform is 100 meter. How much distance does a 150'meter long
train have to travel to cross the platform?
(a) 50 meter (b) 100 meter
(c) 150 meter (d) 250 meter.
46 Junior Secondary Mathematics

5. Olsesve the following statements :

(i) The effective velocity of a boat in favour of stream
= Exact velocity of boat + velocity of stream.
(ii) The effective velocity of the boat against the stream
= Velocity of stream --- Exact velocity of boat.
(iii) The velocity of boat in still water is the exact velocity of boat. Which one of
the following is correct?
(a) i and ii (b) i and iii
(c) ii and iii (d) i, ii and iii

CREATIVE QUESTIONS

1
1. The distance of Magura from Jessore is 56 km. Rahman, a friend of Roushan
4
starts from Jessore 3 hours after Rowshan started. The speed of Rowshan and
Rahman are 15 km and 75 km per hour respectively:
(a) How much distance was between them before Rahman starts?
(b) In how much time the distance between Rahman and Rowshan decreases by l km?
(c) Where and when the two friends will meet?
2. Sohel and Masum can harvest a paddy field in 20 and 30 days respectively. They
left the work after working together 7 days. Raton finished the remaining work
by 10 days.
(a) How much does Sohel can do of the work in one day?
(b) How much do Sohel and Masum can do together of the work in one day?
( c) In how many days Raton can finish the work alone?
3. There is a water tank on the roof of your school. There are three pipes with the
tank. The tank fill up by 1st and 2nd pipes in 20 and 30 minutes respectively. The
tank become empty by the 3rd pipe in 60 minutes.
(a). How much part of the tank vacates in one minute by the 3rd pipe?
(b) How much part of the. tank will be filled by the 1st and 2nd pipes separately in
1 minute?
(c) In how much time the tank will be filled up if the three pipes get open at the
same time?
 Chapter Four
Measurement and Unit
4.1 Linear measurement or Length.
Generally we say Let us purchase 4 metres of clothes from the market or the
distance of our school is 2 km away from my residence or "The length of the rod is 5
feet" etc. In the above example kilometre, metre, foot etc. are the units of linear
measurement or simply unit of length. The word linear or length derives from the
word line.The Units Yard, Foot, Inch etc., were first introduced in England. The Units
Yard, Foot and Inch are called British system of measurement of length .
Now a days most of the countries of the
world use Metric system. 1 tenth million Part
of the length from North pole to the equator
alongth any latitude is considered to be one
metre.
Throughout the world the metal scale made
of the metal admixture of Platinum Uramium
and is considered as the 'ideal' or 'standard'
scale. It is kept in French Science Meusium.
When needed any country of the world can
get sample from the standard scale.

1 metre = one croreth part of the distance from the north pole to the equator,
along any longitude.
N.B. For measuring length and weights, Bangladesh introduced the International
standard or system of International units in 1982.
The main unit of length is 'metre' The main Unit of weight is 'gram'.
The list of British system and the Metric system for measuring length
are given below.
12 inch = 1 foot 10 millimetre (mm) = 1 centimetre (cm)
3 feet = 1yard 100 Centimetre (mm) = 1 metre (m)
1760 yards = 1 mile 1000 metres (m) = 1 kilometre (km)
48 Junior Secondary Mathematics

British system Relation between, British and

(for measuring lands) Metric systems.
7.92 inch = 1 Link 1 inch = 2.54 em (approx)
25 Links = 1 Rod 39.37 inch (app) = 1 metre
4 Rods = 1 Chain 1 mile = 1.61 k.m(app)
10 Chains = 1 Farlong 1 k.m =0.62 Mile(app)
8 Farlongs = 1 mile

4.2 Units of Area

An enclosed surface of a plane is called a space.The quantity or the measurement of
the space is called area. The unit of a square is generally taken as the area of a square
having its side as 1 unit. The unit of the area is written as square unit.The area of a
square having its side as 1 inch is equivalent to 1 sq inch. Similarly if the length of
the side of a square is 1 foot its area will be 1 sqft. Again if the length of square be 1
cm then its area will be 1 sq. cm.

1 inch
1 cm

1 cm 1 sq cm 1 cm
1 inch 1 sq. inch 1 inch
1 cm

1 inch

In measuring the area of a space one needs to get the number of square units
contained in it
l ft l ft l ft

l ft lsq.ft 1 sq.ft lsq. ft

l ft lsq. ft Isq.ft 1 sq.ft

l ft I sq.ft Isq.ft lsq .ft

For Example : Suppose the length of the side of the above squares is 1 yrd.
Therefore, the area of this square is 1 sq.yrd.
Measurement and Unit 49

Each of the sides of the square is divided into three equal parts. Then join the
opposite sides of the squares. The main square is then gets divided into several
smaller squares and the area of each of the square becomes 1 sq. ft. In the figure we
can find three squares in each of the three rows. i.e In the main square contains 3 3
= 9 smaller squares.
Therefore, 9sq. ft = 1 sq. yrd.
Similarly, it can be shown that 1 sq. ft = 12 12 =144 sq. inches by dividing a 1 unit
square in to 12 equal smaller.
Squares and joining the points of sides actually in the same way as done in the earlier
example.
Since 12 inch = l ft, 12 12 or 144 inch = 1sq. ft
and Since 3 ft = 1 yrd 3 3 or 9 sq. ft = 1 sq.yrd.
Remarks : 4 metre square and 4 square metre do not represent the same thing. The
statement 4 metre square means a square having 4 metres length as its side and
whose area will be equal to 4 4 = 16 sq metres. On the other hand 4 square metres
means a square having its sides equals to 2 metres.
4.3 Measurement of land
British system Local system
144 sq. inch = 1 sq. ft. 1sq 'hand' = 1Ganda'
9 sq.ft = 1 sq. yrd. 20 'Ganda' = 1satak'
4840 sq.yrd = 1 acre. 16 'satak' = 1katha'
20 'kathas'= 1 'Bigha'

Relationship between British and local system

4 'Ganda' = 1 sq.yrd.
5 sq. yrd = 1 'satak' .
80 sq. yrds = 720 sq. ft.=1 'katha'
1600 sq. yrds = 1 'Bigha'
640 'Acres' = 1 sq. mile.

4.4 Measurement of weights/weighting

Every solid thing has its own weight. Different countries of the world has different
kinds of uints to measure the weight. We have been using the International standard
kilogram as unit for weighting things in Bangladesh since 1982.
50 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Before 1982 the weighting systems in Bangladesh were as follows:

British System: Local system Metric system
16 Ounce = 1 pound 5 Tolas = 1 ' chatak' 1000 milligram = 1 gram
28 pounds = 1 quarter 16 'chataks'= 1'seer' 1000 grams = 1 kilogam (kg)
4 quarter-= 1 Hander 40 'seers' = 1 'mound' 100 kiloram = 1 quintal
20 Handar = 1 British ton

The main unit used for measuring weight is gram. The weight of left water at
4celcius is equal to 1 gram. At this temperature the weight of water is highest.

Relations between different units of weight.

1 gram = 0.0022 Pound (approx.)
= 0.086 Tola (approx.)
1 Pound = 453.60 gram (approx.)
1 Tola = 11.63 gram (approx.)
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.20 Pound (approx.)
= 1.07 Seer (approx.)
1 Seer = 0.93 kilogram (approx.)
1 Mound = 37.32 kilogram (appro x.)
1 Handar = 1 mourid, 14 seers 7 chataks (approx.)
= 50.8 kilo gram (approx.)
1 ton (Bitish) = 27 Mound 9 Seer (approx.)
= 1 metricton 16 Kilograms, (approx.)

4.5 Measuring of Solids

Volume : A solid has its length, breadth and height. We should find out the amount of
the space occupied by a solid.
The volume of the solid occupying the space containing 1 cm length, 1 cm breadth &
1 cm height is equal to 1 cubic centimetre.
Measurement and Unit 51

The solid having equal length, breath and height is called a cube.

Height Breadth

Length

The volume of a rectangular solid = Length Breadth Heigth

The above formula is used in finding the volume of liquid substance.
4.6 Volume of Liquid substance
Make a box of thin paper having 10 cm
length, 10cm breadth and 10cm height.
Then the Volume of the (inner) box will
be (l0 10 10) cubic metre. 1 litre is
10 cm
equivalent to1000 cu.cm. The amount of
water 10 cm contained in the box is equal 10 cm
to 1000 cu.cm or 1 litre. 10 cm
Remarks: Cubic centimetre is abriviated by c.c.
1 cubic cm(c.c)= 1 milritre 1 cubic inch = 16.39 cubic cm ( approx)
4.7 The relation between Metric system and decimal.
We know in decimal number system the value of each digit increases ten times as it
moves one place to the left. In the reverse order the value decreases ten times as each
digits moves to the right. This same relation also holds between the successive units of
lengths, weights & volumes. So it can easily be expressed in any units by using
decimal in measuring length, weight and volumes in Metric system.

Thousands hundreds tens unit tenths hundredths thousandths

1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001

Metre
or
Kilo Hecto Deca Gram Deci Centi Milli
or Litre
52 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Exercise 4.1
1. Express in ecntimetres and milimetres :
a) 8 Metre b) 7.4 Metre c) 13.96 Metre
d) 0.007 Metre e) 0.0479 Metre
2. Express in Metres.
a) 493 mm b) 756.5 cm c) 23.8 km
d) 8 km. 9 cm e) 25 km. 3 cm.
3. Express in Kilometres:
a) 40390 cm b) 5359 mm c) 97865 mm
d) 9 metre 7cm 8 mm e) 75 metre 250 mm
4. Express in Metre, Decimetre, Centimetre and Milimetres:
a) 3.5 metre b) .764 metre
c) 5.37 Deeimetre d) .0056 Decimetre
4.8 Problems relating to measurement and its solution.
Some formula to measure the areas of space of different shape are given below:

Area = Length x Breadth

b =1b
1
Rectangle

h Area = Length Breadth

1 =1h
Parallelogram

1
Area = 2 (Base Altitude)
h
1
= 2 (a h)
a
Triangle
Example 1. The length and breadth of a rectangle are 9 metres and 3 metres
respectively Find the area of the rectangle. .
Measurement and Unit 53

Solution : The required area = (9 3) sq. metre

= 27 sq. metre.

Exampie 2. There are 3 doors and 6 windows of a house. The length and breadth of
each doors are 2 metre and 1.25 metres respectively. The length and breadth of each
windows are 1.25 metres and I metre respectively. Given that the length and breadth
of each of the planks are 5 metres and 0.60 metre respectively. Find the number of
planks required to prepare those doors and windows.

Solution: The area of three doors = (2 1.25) 3 sq.metres

= 7.5 sq. metre.
The area of 6 windows = (1.25 l) 6 sq. metre
= 7.5 sq.metre.
The area of a plank = (5 0.6) sq.metre
= 3 sq. metre.

Required no.of plank

= The sum of the areas of the doors and the windows the area of the plank.
= (7.5 + 7.5) 3
= 15 3 = 5.
Ans: 5 Nos.
Example 3. A land having length and breadths equal to 70 metres and 60 metres
respectively. There is a pond inside that land /field. If the breadth.of each of banks of
pond is 4 metres then find the area of the banks of the pond.
Solution :

4m

4m 4 m 60 m

4m
70 m
54 Junior Secondary Mathematics

The area of the field including the pond = 70 60 sq. metre. = 4200 sq. metre.
The area of the field excluding the pond = {70 _ (4 2)} {6o _ (4 2)} sq. metre.
= (62 52) sq. metre = 3224 sq. metre.
The area of the bank of the pond = (4200 _ 3224) sq. metre.
= 976 sq. metre.

Ans. 976 sq. metre.

Exercise 4.2
Find the area of each of the triangle whose bases heights are given below:
1. Base 10 metre and height 4m.
2. Base 25 cm and height 12 cm.
3. Base 23 m and height 10m.
4. Base 110m and height 25 m.

5. The length and breadth of a rectangular garden are 60 metre and 40 metre
respectively. There is a road of breadth 2 metre inside the garden. Find the area of
the road.
6. The. amount of length of a house is three times the breadth. The cost to cover the
floor with a carpet is Tk. 1102.50 at the rate of Tk. 7.50 per sq.metre. Find the
length and breadth of the floor
7. The length of one of edges of a cube is 5m. Find the volume of the cube.
8. The volume of a mug is 1.5 litre. How many mugs of water will be there in 450
litre of water?
9. The length and heigth of a parallelogram are respectively 75 cm and 40 cm. Find
the area of the parallelogram.
10. The base and height of a parallelogram are respectively 40 metre and 30 metre.
Find its area.
11. The length of a square is 16 metre. Find its area.
12. The length, breadth and height of a golden bar are respectively 20 cm, 1 5 cm.
and 4 cm Gold is 19.3 times heavier than water. Find the weight of the golden bar
in kilogram.
Measurement and Unit 55

13. The length, breadth and height of a rectangular cistern are respectively 5.5 metre,
4 metre and 2 metre Find the volume in litre and weight in kilogram when the
cistern is filled with water. [weight of 1 litre water is 1 kilogram].
14. A family requires 1.25 litre milk daily. Price of 1 litre milk is Tk. 12.00. Find the
cost of milk of that family for 30 days.

Multiple Choice Questions:

I. 1 Mound = How much kilogram?
(a) 37.32 (b) 32.37
(c) 39.37 (d) 37.39

2. (i) Volume= length Width Height.

(ii) Area of rectangle = Length width.
(iii) Area of parallelogram = Length Width.
Which one of the following is correct?
(a) i and ii (b) ii and iii
(c) i and iii (d) i, ii and iii
Answer the questions 3-4 on the basis of thc following informations.
The Length, width and height of a box are 10 cm, 10 cm and 10 cm respectively.

3. How much cubic cm.of volume does the box has?

(a) 10 (b) 100
( c) 1000 (d) 10000

4. How much would the weight of the water if the box is filled by water?
(a) 1 kg (b) 10 kg
(c) 100 kg (d) 1000 kg

5. Obsesve the following statments:

(i) The basic unit of length measurement is meter.
(ii) The basic unit of weight measurement is gram. (gm)
(iii) The basic unit of volume measurement of liquid is kg..
56 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Which one of the following is correct?

(a) i (b) ii
(c) i and ii (d) ii and iii
6. 0.007 meter = How much cm?
(a) 0.7 (b) 7
(c) 0.07 (d) 70

A B
7.

D C

How much is the area of the region ABCD drawn in the figure if each of the
smallest square is of 1 square inch?
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 12 (d) 16

CREATIVE QUESTIONS
1. There is a rectangular garden of length 80 meter and of width 70 meter. There is
a road of width 5 meter along the four sides inside the garden.
(a) Find the length of the garden excluding the road.
(b) Find the area of the garden excluding the road.
(c) How much would be the cost for grafting grass on the road at the rate of Tk.
64 per square meter?
Measurement and Unit 57

2. There are 4 doors and 8 windows in a hall room of a school. Each door is of length
2.5 meter and of width 1.5 meter, each window is of length 2 meter and of width
1.5 meter.
(a) Find the area of each door.
(b) Find the total area of the windows.
(c) How many plank of length 5 meter and of width 0.60 meter would require to
make the doors and windows of that hall room?
3. The amount of length is 3 times of the width of a room. It cost total Tk. 1102.50
to cover the floor of the room with a carpet.
(a) Express the length in terms of x if the width of the room is x meter.
(b) Find the area of the room if the cost is Tk. 7.5 per square meter.
(c) Find the length and width of the room.
4. The length, width and height of a rectangular tank are 5.5. meter, 400 cm and 200
cm respectively.
(a) How much cm is the length of the tank?
(b) Find the volume of the tank.
(c) How much is the weight of the water of the tank?
(The weight of 1 liter .water is 1 kilogram)
Junior Secondary Mathematics
Algebra
 Chapter One
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication
and division of algebraic expression

4.1. Revision.
Algebraic Expression :
5a b + 3c _ 2d f is an algebraic expressions in brief an expression; Any
meaningful arrangement of literal and arithmetical numbers alongwith arithmetical
operations is called an algebraic expression or an expression.
Term Of An Expression:
The parts of an expression connected by addition (+) or subtraction (_) signs are
called terms of the expression. For example, there are 4 terms in
5a b + 3c _ 2d 9e + f. They are 5a b, 3c, 2d 9e and f.
An expression containing only one term is called a Mononomial. For example, 3a
5a2 3c is a mononomial. Expression containing two terms is a Binomial and
containing three terms is a Trinomial. Generally a trinomial is called a multinominal.
An expression containing 3 or more terms is called a Multinomial or Polynomial.
For example, x3 + 3x2y + x2 + y3 is a multinomial.
Coefficient:
If any number or expression is multiplied by 1, no change takes place. For that reason
the numerical coefficient to the left of every number and expression is 1.
Index Or Exponent :
We know a a a a a is written in short as a5. Here a5 is the power of a. 5 is called
the Index or Exponent of the power of a. The second and third power of a number are
respectively called the square and cube of that number.
Additive Invene :
Two numbers a, b are called Additive Inverse to each other, if a + b = 0. The additive
inverse of a number a is written as _ a.
For example, the additive inverse of 5 is _5 and the additive inverse of _5 is _ (_5) = 5.
Like and Unlike terms:
Those terms which are contained in one or more algebraic expressions and differ only in
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and division of algebraic expression 61

their numerical coefficients are called like terms. However numerical coefficients in
like terms may be same. For example:
Like Terms: (i) 3abx2, 5x2ab (ii) 5x2yz, 7yx2z and 5zx2y (iii) 9a3b3c3, 8b3c3a3 and
8b3a3c3
Unlike Terms: (i) 2x2y and 3xy2, (ii) 2x2y2 and 5x2y2z
1.2 Commutative Law:
a + b = b + a is called commutative law of Addition and a b = b a is called
commutative law of multiplication.
1.3 Associative Law :
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) is called associative law of addition and
(a b) c = a (b c) is called associative law of multiplication.
1.4 Addition of Algebraic Expressions :
Example 1. Add 3a+5b, 2a
Solution: (3a + 5b) +2a
= 3a + (5b + 2a) [Associative Law]
= 3a + (2a + 5b) [Commutative Law]
= (3a + 2a) + 5b [Associative Law]
= 5a + 5b
Note : Like Terms have been taken adjacent by associative law and commutative 1aw.
Example 2. Add 3a + 2b+5c, 4a _ 3b _ 2c
Solution: (3a + 2b + 5c) + (4a _ 3b _ 2c) .
= (3a + 4a) + (2b _ 3b) + (5c _ 2c) [Like terms have been taken by
associative law and commutative law.]
= 7a _ b + 3c
Example 3. add:
3a2b _ 7ab2 + 8b3, -10b3 + 9ab2 + 10a2b
Solution :
The required sum = (3a2b _ 7ab2 + 8b3) + (_ l0b3+9ab2 + l0a2b)
=3a2b _ 7ab2 + 8b3_ 10b3 + 9ab2 + 10a2b
62 Junior Secondary Mathematics

= (3a2b + 10a2b) + (_ 7ab2 + 9ab2) + (8b3 - 10b3)

= 13a2b + 2ab2 _ 2b3 [By applying the associative and commutative law]
Note: 13= 3 + 10 2 = _7 + 9 _ 2 = 8 _ 10.

So, it is seen that sum of the numerical coefficients of like terms have been found. The
related symbols have been placed besides the sum so obtained. In this way the sum of
all the terms so obtained is the required sum.

Alternative Method
3a2b _ 7ab2 + 8b3
10a2b + 9ab2 _ 10b3
13a2b + 2ab2 _ 2b3
the required sum 13a2 + 2ab2 _ 2b3.

Rules : (i) We have to first arrange the terms so that the like terms are placed, one
below the other.
(ii) Now the numerical coefficients of the like terms should be added according
to the rule of addition of numbers with signs. Then the symbols of the
related like terms should be placed beside the sum so obtained.
(iii) Sum of all the like terms and unlike terms is the required sum. .

Example 4. Add:
x3 + 3x2y _ 5x + 4, 2x3 _ 6x2 + 7x _ 8.
x3 + 7x2 _ 2xy2 + 9 and 5x2 + 2.

Solution : Arranging the like terms one below the other, we obtain
x3 + 3x2y _ 5x + 4
2x3 + 7x _ 8 _ 6x2
x3 + 9 + 7x2 _ 2xy2
+ 2 + 5x2
4x3 + 3x2y + 2x + 7 + 6x2 _ 2xy2
the required sum = 4x3 + 3x2y _ 2xy2 + 6x2 + 2x + 7
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and division of algebraic expression 63

Exercise 1.1
Add: (Question. 1 _ 12)

1. _ k + 3m + 5n and 5k _ 4m _ 6n.

2. _ a + 2b + 5c and 7a _ 3b _ 8c

3. _ 3x + 5y _ 9z, 5x _ 3y + 7z and _ 2y + z

4. 3a _ 2b + 7c _ 8d, 2c + 6d _ 5a, 3b + d _ 10c, and _ 7d + 5b

5 8x3 _ 7x2 + 13x + 8, _ 6x3 _ 7x + 9 and 8x2 + 9x _ 7
6. x3 _ 3x2y + 3xy2 _ y3, x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 and _ 2x3 + 5
7. 5x3y _ 3x2y2 + 9xy3 _ y4, _ 2x3y _ 9x2y2 + y4 and 5x2y2 + 2xy3
8. a3 _ b3, 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3, _ 2a3 _ 2b3 and _ 5a2b + 5b3
9. 8a2xy2 + 3a2x2y2 _ 8, _ 5a2xy2 _ 6a2x2y2 and 7a2xy2 + y2
10. p3q3r3 _ 3p2q2r2 + 5p4q4r4, _ 7p4q4 + 8 and 7p3r3q3 _ 10

11. 1 x + 1 y _ 1 z, 1 z _ 1 y + 1 x and 1 z _ 1 x
2 2 4 3 2 4 2 3
12. 1 a2x _ 5 ax2 _ 3 a3, a3 _ 1 a2x + 1 ax2 and 3 ax2 _ 1 a3
8 8 4 8 2 4 2

If a = 1, b = 2, x = 3 then find the value of: (Question 13 - 18)

13. (a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3) + (_ 3a2b + 5ab2 _ b3) + (2a3_ 8ab2)

14. (x2y2 + 3x _ 5) + (6x _y3 + 2) + (y3_ x2y2 + 3)

15 (3x4 + 5x3 + 8x2 - 6x + 5) + (7+6x _ 9x2 _ 5x3 _ 3x4)

16. (a2x2 _ 3a3x _ 25a4) + (_ 5a3x + l1a2x2 _ 12a4) + (8a3x _ 12a2x2 _ 14a4)

17. (a2 + 4ab + 4b2) + (4b2 _ 4ab + a2) + (a2 _ 8b2)

18. (a2b2x2 + 3a3b3x2 _ 6a5xy) + (2a5xy _ 4x2a3b3) + (b3a3x2 + 4a5xy)

1.5 Subtraction of Algebraic Expression

In arithmetic we subtract smaller number from greater number as. 5 - 3 = 2. Now, we
can find the sum {( + 5) + (_ 3))} with the help of the number line.
64 Junior Secondary Mathematics

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
_3
-2

From the above number line we may say, (+5) + (_ 3) = 2.

5_3 = (+5) + (_3).
That is, to subtract 3 from 5 implies adding (_3), the ivnerse of (+3),with 5. In general,
a _ b = a + (_ b).
To subtract one quantity from another is same as adding the inverse of the second
to the first.

Example 5. Subtract 2x2y2 from 5x2y2

Solution : 5x2y2 _ 2x2y2
= 5x2y2 + (_ 2x2y2)
= 3x2y2
Note: The sign of the subtrahend is changed to plus sign.
Example 6: Subtract 4y2 + 4xy _ 2x2 from 2y2 _ 3xy + x2
Solution : By taking the inverse terms of every terms in the subtrahend that is by
changing the sign of the terms of the subtrahend, we obtain _ 4y2 _ 4xy +2x2. We now
have to add the first expression and the subtrahend so changed. By arranging the like
terms of these two expressions one below the other we obtain.
2y2 _ 3xy + x2
_ 4y2 _ 4xy + 2x2
Adding, _ 2y2 _ 7xy + 3x2
the required difference = _ 2y2 _ 7xy + 3x2
Example 7: Subtract 2x3 _ 4x2 + 7x + 5 From x3 _ 3x2 + 6x
Solution: x3 _ 3x2 + 6x
2x3 _ 4x2 + 7x + 5
(_) (+) (_) (_)
_ x 3 + x2 _ x _ 5
the required difference = _ x3 + x2 _ x _ 5
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and division of algebraic expression 65

Rules :
(i) The minuend expression at the top and the subtrahend expression below the
minuend be so placed that the like terms are one below the other.
(ii) We have to add by changing the signs of the terms of the subtrahend. If
necessary, the changed signs may be written below.
(iii) The sum of the numerical coefficient of like terms should procede the related
literal number. In this way the sum of all like terms and unlike terms is the
required difference.

Exercise 1.2
Subtract the second expression from the first: (Question 1- 6)
1. 2x + 3y _ 4z, _ x+y _ z
2. 4a2 _ 6a + 5, 7a2 + 3a _ 2
3. a2 _ 5ab _ 8b2, _ 3a2 + 2ab _ 7b2
4. 3ax _ 7by _ 7cz, 7cz _ 6by + 2ax.
5. 10m2 + 7mn _ 12n2, 4n2 + 8m2 _ 3mn.
6. 4x2 _ 9x2y _ 10xy2 + 7y3, 2x3 _ 5x2y + 5xy2 _ 2y3.
Subtract after arranging like terms one under another (7 - 13)
7. 5a4 _ 8a _ 13a2 + 9, 4a _ 3 _ 11a2 + 6a4
8. a3 _ 3a2b + 3ab2 _ b3, a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
9. 9x3 + 6x2y + 5xy2 + y3, 3x3 + y3
10. 6x2y _ 8xy2, 10x3 + 3y3 _ 5x2y + 3xy2
11. a3 + b3, 2a3 + 2b3 _ 3a2b + 3ab2
12. 3x5 + 6x4y _ 3x2y3 + 9y5, 3y5 + 3x4y _ 3x2y3 + x5
13. x2 + y2 + z2, x2 + y2 + z2 _ yz _ zx _ xy
14. By how much is 20a2 + 9ab _ 10b2 greater than 7a2 _ 5ab + 5b2?
15. What must be added to x3 _ 6x2 _ 6x + 1 so that the sum is 3x3 _ 6x2 _ 13x + 11 ?
16. What must be added to the sum of (x3 + y3) and (7x3 _ 8y3) so that the sum is
l3x3 + l3y3 ?
17. What must be subtracted from x3 + 3x2y + 5xy2 _ 2y3 so that the difference is 9x3?
18. If A = 5x3 _ 3a2x2 + 4a3
B = 4x3 _ 3a2x2 + 3a3, then prove that A _ B = x3 + a3.
66 Junior Secondary Mathematics

1.6 Multiplication Of Algebraic Expression

In arithmetic only positive numbers are used. But in algebra, besides positive
numbers, negative numbers and literal numbers are used. For this we need to have a
clear understanding of few points while multiplication and division. Meanwhile we
discussed about the commutative and associative laws of multiplication.
Further discussions are given below;

Multiplication of Numbers With Signs:

We know, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5 that is, if 1 is taken 5 times the particular number is 5.
Similarly, if 3 is taken 5 times it becomes (3 + 3 + 3 + 3 +3) or 15.
The operation which transforms 1 to 5 when applied on 3 is called 3 is multiplied by 5
That is 3 5 = 3+3 + 3 + 3 + 3=15.
In general, a b = ab
So, (_3) 5 = (_3) + (_3) + (_3) + (_3) + (_3) = _15
In general, (_ a) b = _ ab
Again (_1) + (_1) + (_1) = _3
That is, if the inverse of 1 is taken 3 times the particular number becomes (_ 3).
5 (_3) = (_5) + (_5) + (_5) = _ 15 [since the inverse of 5 is (_ 5) ]
In general, a (_ b) = _ (a b) = _ ab
(_ p) (_ q) = _{(_ p) q} [ ... a (_ b) = _ (a b)]
= _ { _ (p q)} [ ... (_ a b) = _ (a b)]
=pq [ ... The positive inverse of a is _ a]
That is (_ p) (_ q) = p q = pq
The product of two like signed numbers will be preceded by (+) sign.
The product of two unlike signed numbers will be preceded by (_) sign.
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and division of algebraic expression 67

Rules Relating To Exponent Or Index ;

We know,
a a = a2, a a a = a3
a2 a3 = (a a) (a a a) = a5 = a2+3
In general, am an = am+n (m and n are each natural number)
Again, (a2)3 = a2 a2 a2 = a6 = a23
In general, (am)n = amn
Distributive law :
We know, 3(a + b) = (a + b) + (a + b) + (a+ b) = 3a + 3b.
In general, x (a + b + c + d + .......................)
= xa + xb + xc + xd +.....................
This rule is called the Distributive Law Of Multiplication.
Example 8. Multiply 5a3b2 4a4b3
Solution : ( 5a3b2 4a4b3)
= (5 4 ) (a3 a4) (b2 b3), [by applying the commutative and
associative laws of multiplication]
= 20a7b5 [ by rules of indices ]
the required product = 20a7b5
Example 9. Multiply _ 3a2b2c by 4a2b2
Solution: (_3a2b2c) 4a2b2
= (_3) 4a2 a2 b2 c
= _12 a4 b4 c
= _12a4b4c
the required product = _ 12a4b4c
Example 10: Multiply _3x2y2z2 by _ 5a2x3y3
Solution: (_3x2y2z2) (_5a2x3y3)
= (_3) (_5) a2 x2 x3 y2 y3 z2
= 15a2 x5y5z2
the required product = 15a2x5y5z2
68 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Example 11: Multiply -2m3 + 3m2n - 5mn2 by 4mn

Solution: (_2m3 + 3m2n _5mn2) 4mn
= _2m3 4mn + 3m2n 4mn _5mn2 4mn. [by distributive law]
= _ 8m4n + 12m3n2 _ 20m2n3
the required product = _ 8m4n + 12m3n2 _ 20m2n3

Polynomial Multiplied By Polynomial:

(a + b) (c + d) = (a + b) x p [ let, p = c + d)
= a p + b p. [ by distributive law]
= a (c + d) + b (c + d) [ ... we assumed, p = c + d)
=ac+ad+bc+bd
That is, the terms of the second expression are separately multiplied by the terms
of the first expression. In this way, the algebraic sum of the products so obtained
gives the required product.

Example 12 : Multiply a2 + 2ab + b2 by a + b.

Solution: a2 + 2ab + b2 (multiplicand)

a+b (multiplier)
a3 + 2a2b + ab2 (multiplying by a)
a2b + 2ab2 +b3 (multiplying by b)
Adding, a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
the required product = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

Rules : (i) At first we multiply every term of the multiplicand by the first term of the
multiplier.
(ii) Then the terms of the multiplicand are multiplied by the second term of
the multiplier. This product should be so written that the like terms of
both the product lie one below the other.
(iii) The algebraic sum of the two products is the required product.
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and division of algebraic expression 69

Exercise 1.3
Multiply the first expression by the second expression (Question 1-26)
1. 2a2, 3ab 2. 6ab, _ 9b2
3. 5a2x2, 2ax5y 4. 2ax2, _ 7a3x
5. _ 3bx2, 10b3x2yz 6. _ 3p2q3, _ 5p5q4

7. _ 4abxy, _ 8a3x4by2 8. _14xy4, _ 5x4yz

9. 7a3xy5z2, _ 2z5x3a2y4 10. 2x _ 3y, 4xy

11. 2a2 _ 3b2 _ c2, abc 12. _ 2c2d + 3d3c _ 5cd2, _ 6c2 _ d4
13. a3 _ b3+ 3abc, a4b 14. x + 5, x + 4
15. a + b, a _ b 16. a + b _ c, b + c
17. 5x _ 8y, 2x _ 7y 18. x2 + 2x _ 3, x + 4
19. a2 _ ab + b2, 3a + 4b 20. a2 _ 2ab + b2, a _ b
21. x4 + y4, x4 _ y4 22. x2 + 2ax + a2, x + a
23. 4p2 _ 4pq + q2, 2p _ q 24. x2-x + 1, 1 + x + x2
25. a2 + ab + b2, b2 _ ab + a2 26. x + y + z, x + y + Z
27. If A = x2 + xy + y2 and B = x _ y, then prove that AB = x3 _ y3
28. Show that (x +1) (x _ 1) (x2 + 1) = x4 _ 1

1.7 Division of Algebraic Expression

Division of numbers with signs:
Divisor Quotient Dividend

We know, if a b = c
then c a = b, cb=a

In multiplication of numbers with signs a (_ b) = _ ab

(_ ab) a = _ b and (_ ab) (_ b) = a
Again, (_ a) (_ b) = ab
ab (_ a) = _ b and ab (_ b) = _ a.

The quotient of two like signed numbers will be preceded by (+) sign.
The quotient of two unlike signed numbers will be preceded by (_) sign.
70 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Remarks: If both the numbers are preceded by (+) sign or by (_) sign the numbers are
called mutually like signed numbers, Again if one number is preceded by (+) sign' and
the other by (_) sign then they are called mutually unlike signed numbers.

Division Rule of Exponents:

a5 a a a a a
a5 a 3 = = aaa =aa [cancelling the common factors from
a3
the numerator and the denominator]
_
That is, a5 a3 = a a = a2 = a (5 3)
_n
In general, am an = am , where m and n are natural numbers and m>n.
_m
Corollary : am am = am = a0
am
Also, am am = am = 1

a0 = 1
Example 13. Divide 15a4b7 by 5a2b4
Solution : The required quotient
15a4b7
=
5a2b4
15 a4 b7
=
5 a2 b4
_ _4
= 3a4 2b7

= 3a2b3

Example 14. Divide _12 x13y9z3 by _ 3x4y5z2

_12 x13y9z3
Solution : The required quotient = _ 4 5 2
3x y z
_12 _ _ _
= _ x13 4 y9 5 z3 2
3
= 4x9y4z

Division of A Multinomial by A Mononomial

We know, (5 + 15 + 20) 5 = 40 5 = 8
Since 5 5 = 1, 15 5 = 3, 20 5 = 4
5 5 + 15 5 + 20 5 = 1 + 3 + 4 = 8
so, (5 + 15 + 20) 5 = (5 5) + (15 5) + (20 5)
In general, (a + b + c) d = (a d) + (b d) + (c d)
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and division of algebraic expression 71

a+b+c a b c
That is, = + +
d d d d
This is called the distributive law of division

Example 15. Divide 6a3x2-10a2x3 + 8ax4 by 6ax,

3 2_ 2 3 4
Solution : The required quotient = 6a x 10a x + 8ax
6ax
3 2 _10a2x3 8ax4
= 6a x + + [by the distributive
6ax 6ax 6ax
law of division]
= 3a2x _ 5ax2 + 4x3

Division of a multinomial by a mononomial :

By the commutative law of addition 5a2x+ 3ax3_2a3x2 may be written as

3ax3_2a3x2 + 5a2x

Again 5a2x +3ax3 _ 2a3x2 may be written as 5a2x _ 2a3x2 + 3ax3

Note : The exponents or indices of the powers of x in the second rearranged case is 1.2.3

In the first case we say the expression has been arranged in the descending order of
the powers of x. In the second case it is arranged in the ascending order of the powers
of x.

Rules :

(i) The dividend and the divisor are both arranged in ascending order of the powers
of their common algebraic symbol.

Then divison is done by placing them as in arithmetic.

(ii) The quotient so obtained by dividing the first term of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor is the first term of the required quotient.

(iii) The product so obtained by multiplying all the terms of the divisor by the term of
the required quotient is subtracted from the dividend.

(iv) The difference is the new dividend. The difference should be written in ascending
or descending order as before.

(v) The quotient so obtained by dividing the first term of the new dividend by the first
term of the divisor is the second term of the required quotient.
72 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Example 16. Divide l0x2 + 29x_21 by 2x + 7

Solution : Both the expressions are arranged in descending order of powers of

2x + 7 ) 10x2 + 29x _21 (5x _ 3 10x2 2x = 5x
10x2 + 35x _ 6x 2x = _3
_ 6x _ 21
_ 6x _ 21
0

the required quotient = 5x_3

Example 17. Divided a16_3 a8 + 1 by (a8 + a4_1)

Solution : Both the expressions are arranged in descending order of powers of a

a8 _ a4 _1) a16 _ 3a8 +1 (a8 + a4_1 a16 a8= a8

a16 _ a8 _ a12 a16 a8 = a8
_ a8 a8 = _1
a12 _ 2a8 +1
a 12 _ 8_
a a 4
_ a8 + a4 + 1
_ a8 + a4 + 1
0
the required quotient = a + a4 _1.
8

Remarks : The new dividend should be arranged in ascending or descending order of

the powers of a as before.

Exercise 1.4
Divide the first expression by the second: (Question 1-35)

1. 16x4, 4x. 19. 9m3n4 _ 21m2n5 _12m4n3, 3m2n3

2. _27a6, 3a3 20. x3 + 3x4y5 _ 5x3y4z2, 5x3

3. _15x12, _ 5x6 21. a3b2 + 2a2b3, a + 2b

4. _30a4x3, 6a2x 22. x2 _ 9x + 14, x _7

5. _18a3z3y3, _ 6ayz 23. 12a2 _ 8a _ 32, 4a _ 8

6. 26p2q2r2, _13pq 24. 2x2 _7xy + 6y2, x _ 2y

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and division of algebraic expression 73

7. 5x12y9q4, _ x9y2q4 25. x2 - 8xy + 16y2, x- 4y

8. _ 22x2yz, _ 2xyz 26. a2 + 4axyz + 4x2y2z2, a + 2xyz

9. 50x4y6z, _ 10x4zy5 27. x4 _ 1, x2 + 1

10. _ 35xy3a5b4, _ 7a4b2xy2 28. x4y4 _ 1, x2y2 + 1

11. 3a3b2 _ 2a2b3, a2b2 29. 25x2_ 9y2, 5x _ 3y

12. 6a5b3 _ 9a3b4, 3a2b2 30. x2 _ 8abx +15a2b2, x _ 3ab

13. a3b4 _ 3a7b7, _ a3b3 31. x4 + 8x2 + 15, x2 + 5

14. x2yz + zy2z + xyz2, _ xyz 32. 2a2b2 + 5abd + 3d2, ab + d

15, 15a3x _ 20a2x2 + 10ax3, _ 5ax 33. x6 + x4 + 1, x2 _ x + 1

16. 8p4q2 _16p3q3 _ 20p2q4, _ 4p2q2 34. 4a4 + b4 _ 5a2b2, 4a2 _ b2

17. 3x6 _ 9x2y + 12xy3, _3x 35. 81p4 + q4 _ 22p2q2, 9p2 + 2pq _ q2

18. 21a2b2c _12a4b4c4 _ 9a2b6c2, _ 3ab2

1.8 Brackets and Removal of Brackets of Algebraic Expression :

We know, 5 + (7 _ 2) = 5 + 5 =10 and 5 + 7_ 2 = 12 _ 2 =10
5 + (7_ 2) = 5 + 7 _ 2
In general, a + (b _ c) = a + b _ c
Note: * (+ ) sign precedes the bracket
*After removal of the bracket there were no change in the sign of the terms
inside the bracket.
So If (+) sign precedes a bracket there will be no change in the signs of the terms
inside the bracket when the bracket is removed.
Again, 10 _ (8 _ 2) = 10 _ 6 =4 and 10 _ 8+2 = 2 + 2 = 4
10 _ (8 _ 2) = 10 _ 8 + 2
In general, a _ (b _ c) = a _ b + c
Note: * (_) sign precedes the bracket.
*After removal of the bracket the signs of the terms inside the bracket changed
to opposite sign.
74 Junior Secondary Mathematics

So. If (_) sign preceds a bracket due to removal of the bracket the signs preceding
the terms inside the bracket change. That is, the terms preceded by (+) signs
change to (_) signs and the terms preceded by (_) signs change to( +) signs.

We have learnt before, a + (b-c) = a + b _ c

That is, a + b _ c = a + (b _ c)
Similarly, a _ b + c = a _ (b _ c)

Note: * In the first case the ( + ) sign preceds the bracket to enclose the terms within
the bracket. Here the sign preceding the terms remained intact.
* In the second case the (_) sign preceds the bracket to enclose the terms. Here
the signs preceding the terms changed.
So Terms of an expression which are enclosed within bracket With (+ )sign
preceding the bracket, the signs of each terms remain intact. Again when the
terms of an expression are enclosed within the bracket with (_) sign preceding
the bracket their signs require to be changed.

Example 18. Simplify: [b_{c _ d _ (e _ f + g)}]

Solution: a + [b _{c _ d _ (e _ f+ g)}]
= a + [b _ {c _ d _ e + f _ g}]
= a + [b _ c + d + e _ f + g]
=a+b_c+d+e_f+g

Remark: As in arithmetic, first, second and third brackets are removed successively.

Example 19. Simplify: 2x _ [3x + {4y _ (2x _ y) + 5x _ 7y}]

Solution: 2x _ [3x + {4y _ (2x _ y) + 5x _ 7y}]

= 2x _ [3x + {4y _ 2x + y + 5x _ 7y}]
= 2x _ [3x + (3x _ 2y)]
= 2x _ [3x + 3x _ 2y]
= 2x _ [6x _ 2y]
= 2x _ 6x + 2y
= _ 4x + 2y
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and division of algebraic expression 75

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which one of the following is the sum of
3a+ 2b _ c and 2c _ 2a _ b?
(a) a + 2b + c (b) a + b + c
(c) 2a + b + c (d) a + b + 2c
2. Which one of the following is the result of subtraction of
3ax _ 6by + 2cz from 4ax _ 5by + 3cz?
(a) ax + by + cz (b) 7ax _ ll by + 5cz
(c) ax _ 11by + cz (d) ax _ by + cz
3. Which one of the following is the quotient if of 18a5b2 divided by 3a3?
(i) 6ab2 (ii) 6a2b
(iii) 6a2b2 (iv) 6a3b2
4. Which one of the following is the product of 2a2b and _5ab2?
(i) _10a2b2 (ii) _10a3b2
(iii) _10a2b3 (iv) _10a3b3
5. Which one of the following is the correct value of a3 +2a2 _1?
When a = _1
(a) _ 2 (b) _ 1
(c) 0 (d) 1
6. Which one of the following is the simplified result of a _ {b _ (c _ d)}?
(i) a _ b + c + d (ii) a _ b + c _ d
(iii) a _ b _ c _ d (iv) a _ b _ c + d
7. Which one of the following is the quotient if 8a6b5c4 is divided by _ 2a2b2c2?
(i) _ 4a4b2c3 (ii) _ 4a4b3c2
(iii) _ 4a3b3c3 (iv) _ 4a4b3c3
8. Which one of the following is the co-efficient of xy in the expression xy?
(a) 1 (b) 0
(b) x (d) y
76 Junior Secondary Mathematics

9. Which one of the following is the additive inverse of x?

(i) x (ii) _x
1
(iii) x (iv) _1
10. Which one of the following pairs is similar?
(i) 5abx2, 3x2ab (ii) 2x2y, 3xy2
(iii) 5ab2, 7ab (iv) 10a3b, 10ab3

CREATIVE QUESTIONS
1. (l5x2+7x_2) and (5x_1) are two algebraic expressions
i) Find the sum of the two expressions.
ii) Write the quotient of (15x2+7x_2) divided by (5x_l)
iii) Find the product of the two expressions.
2. (a_3), (a+3) and (a2+2) are three expressions.
(a) Subtract the 2nd expression from the 1st expression.
(b) Find the sum of 3rd expression with the product of 1st and 2nd expressions.
(c) If a = 3 then find the value of the product of the three expressions.
3. 2x + y, 3x_z and x_4y_3z+2 are three algebraic expressions.
(a) In case of 3rd expression close first two terms by bracket beginning with (+)
sign and close the next terms by bracket beginning with (_) sign.
(b) Subtract the 3 times of 2nd expression from 2 times of the 1st expression.
(c) Simplify 7 + (12x + y) _ {(3x _ 7}_ (x _ 4y) _ 3z + 2( + l0}] .
4. 5a2b _ 15a3b and 20a4b _ 10a3b2 + 15a2b4 are three algebraic expressions.
(a) Multiply the 2nd expression by the 1st expression.
(b) Divide the 3rd expression by lst expression.
(c) a =1 and b =2 the find the summation of the above three expressions.
5. a6_ a3_ 2 and l5 + 2a12 _ 10a6 are two expressions formed using a.
(i) Arrange the 2nd expression in descending order of power of a
(ii) Multiply the 1st expression by (a2)3.
(iii) Find quotient and remainder of 2nd expression divided by 1st expression.
 Chapter Two
First four formulae with its application
2.1 Defination of algebraic formulae
If we divide a number with another number then we get Dividend = Divisor
Quotient. For all numbers it is true. So it is a postulate. Now let us denote dividend,
the divisor and the quotient by the letters N, D and Q respectively to get N = DQ.
The above relation is an algebraic formulae.
Any deduction expressed by algebraic symbols is called an algebraic formulae or
Simply a formula.

2.2 First four rules.

In this chapter the first four rules are presented
Rule/Formula 1. (a + b)2 = a2 +2ab + b2
Proof. (a + b)2 is equal to (a + b) (a + b)
(a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b) = a(a + b) + b(a + b)
= a2 + ab + ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
i.e. The square of the sum of two quantities or two numbers = the square of 1st
number + 2 1st number 2nd number + the square of the Second number.
Corollary 1. a2 + b2 = (a2 + 2ab + b2) _ 2ab
= (a + b)2_2ab.
Rule 2. (a _ b)2 = a2 _ 2ab + b2
Proof: (a _ b)2 = (a _ b)( a _ b)
= a (a _ b) _ b( a _ b)
= a2 _ ab _ ab + b2
= a2 _ 2ab + b2
i.e. The square of the sum of two quantities = the square of the first quantity _ 2
first quantity second quantity + the square of the second quantity.
Remarks: (a _ b)2 = {a + (_ b)}2
= a2 + 2a(_ b) + (_ b)2
= a2 _ 2ab + b2
i.e, the second rule can be obtained by using the first rule.
78 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Corollary 2: a2 + b2 = (a2 _ 2ab +b2) + 2ab

= (a _ b)2 +2ab
Corollaries from the 1st two rules :
Corollary 3: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
= a2 + b2 _ 2ab + 4ab
= (a _ b)2 + 4ab [ ... 2ab = _ 2ab + 4ab]
Corollary 4: (a _ b)2 = a2 _2ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 _ 4ab
= (a + b)2 _ 4ab
Corollary 5 : (a + b)2 + (a _ b)2
= a2 + 2ab + b2 + a2 _ 2ab + b2
= 2a2 + 2b2
= 2(a2 + b2)
Corollary 6 : (a + b )2 _ (a _ b )2
= (a2 + 2ab + b2) _ (a2 _ 2ab + b2)
= a2 + 2ab + b2 _ a2 + 2ab _ b2
= 4ab.
Example 1. Find the square of 5x + 3y
Solution: (5x + 3y)2
= (5x)2 + 2.5x.3y + (3y)2
= 25x2 + 30xy + 9y2
Example 2. Find the square of 9a _ b
Solution : (9a _ b)2
= (9a)2 _ 2.9a.b + b2
= 81a2 _18ab + b2
Example 3. Find the square of 999
Solution :
... 999 = 1000 _ 1
(999)2 = (1000 _ 1)2
= (1000)2 _ 2 1000 1 + (1)2
= 1000000 _ 2000 + 1
= 998001
First four formulae with its application 79

Example 4. Find the square of a + b + c.

Solution: (a + b + c)2
= {a+(b+c)}2
= a2 + 2a(b + c) + (b + c)2
= a2 + 2ab + 2ac + b2 + 2bc + c2
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

Remarks/Conclusion: a + b + c

Following the rule showing in the above picture the value of (a + b+c)2 is equal to the
grand total of twice the products of two numbers as per above picture & the sum of
the squares of each of the numbers. To find the solution of this complex type of
problems we can apply the above rule.
Example 5. Find the square of 3x _ 5y + 2z
Solution:
... 3x _ 5y + 2z = 3x _ (5y _ 2z)
(3x _ 5y + 2z)2
= {3x _ (5y _ 2z)}2
= (3x)2 _ 2(3x)(5y _ 2z) + (5y _ 2z)2 [ ..
. 1st quantity = 3x &
2nd quantity = 5y _ 2z ]
= 9x2 _ 30xy + 12xz + (5y)2 _ 2.5y.2z + (2z)2
= 9x2 _ 30xy + 12xz + 25y2 _ 20yz + 4z2
= 9x2 + 25y2 + 4z2 _ 30xy + 12zx _ 20yz
Example 6. Simplify: (5x + 4y)2 _ 2(5x + 4y)(3y + 5x) + (3y + 5x)2
Solution : Let 5x + 4y = a and 3y + 5x = b
The given expression = a2 _ 2ab + b2
= (a _ b)2
= {(5x + 4y) _ (3y + 5x)}2
= (5x + 4y _ 3y _ 5x)2
= (y)2
= y2
80 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Example 7. Given a = 15 and b = 6, Fine the value of 9a2 _ 48ab + 64b2

Solution : The given expression = 9a2 _ 48ab + 64b2
= (3a)2 _ 2.3a.8b + (8b)2 = (3a _ 8b)2
= (315 _ 8 6)2
= (45 _ 48)2
= (_3)2
= _3 _ 3
=9
Example 8. Given a + b = 7 and ab = 24, Find the value of a2 + b2
Solution: a2 + b2 = (a + b )2 _ 2ab
= (7)2 _ 2 24
= 49 _ 48
=1
2
1 1
Example 9. If x _ x = 9 then Prove that x2 + x ( ) = 83
1 2
( )
Sobition : x2 + x = 83
1 1
=(x_ x )2 + 2.x. x

= (9)2 + 2
= 81 + 2
= 83 (Proved)

Exercise 2.1
Find the squares of the following: (Question 1 - 19)
1. 2a + 3 . 2. 5x + 2y 3. 9x + 5a
4. 3m + 7x 5. 5a _7 6. 3x _ 7y
7. ax + by 8. 3a _ 11xy 9. 5a2 + 9m2
10. 9x2 _ lly2 11. 99 12. 1005
13. 997 14. a _ b + c 15. a + 2b + 3c
16. 2x + y _ z 17. bc + ca + ab 18. x2 + y2 _ z2
19. a2 + 2b _ c2
First four formulae with its application 81

Simplify : (Question 20 - 24)

20. (a + b)2 _ 2(a + b)(a _ b) + (a _ b)2
21. (2x + 3y)2 + 2(2x + 3y)(2x _ 3y) + (2x _ 3y)2
22. (2a _ 3b + 4c)2 + (2a + 3b _ 4c)2 + 2(2a _ 3b + 4c)(2a + 3b _ 4c)
23. (5a _ 7b)2 + 2(5a _ 7b)(9b _ 4a) + (9b _ 4a)2
24. (2a + 5b + 3c)2 + (5b + 3c _ a)2 _ 2(2a + 5b + 3c)(5b + 3c _ a)
Find the values of the following: (Question 25 - 28)
25. 9x2 + 30x + 25, when x = _ 2
26. 4x2 _ 28xy + 49y2, when x = 7 & y = 2
27. 16a2 _ 40ab + 25b2 when a = 7 & b = 6
28. 81x2 + 18xz+ z2, when x = 7 & z = _ 67
1 1
29. If m + m = 4, prove that m2 + 2 = 14
m
1 1
30. If a_ a = 5, prove that a2 + 2 = 27
a
1 1
31. Find the value of m2 + 2 if m + m = p
m
32. If a + b = 5 and ab = 12, then prove that a2 + b2 = 1.
33. Find the value of ab when a + b = 8 and a _ b = 4
1 4
1
34. If x + x = 3, show that x4 + x () = 47

35. Find the value of a2 + b2 + 5ab if a + b = 7 and ab = 10.

Rule 3. (a + b)(a _ b) = a2 _ b2
Proof: (a + b)(a _ b)
= a(a _ b) + b(a _ b)
=a2 _ ab + ab _ b2
= a2 _ b2
i.e. Sum of two quantities its differencs = the defference of the squares of these
two quantities
Ruls 4. (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
82 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Proof: (x + a)(x + b)
= (x + a)x + (x + a)b
= x2 + ax + bx + ab
=x2 + (a + b)x + ab
i.e. (x + a)(x + b)
= x2 + (algebraic sum of a & b) x + (the product of a and b).
Corollary 1. (x + a)(x _ b)
= x2 + (a _ b)x + a(_b)
= x2 + (a _ b )x _ ab

Corollary 2. (x _ a)(x + b)
= x2 + (_a + b)x + (_a)(b)
= x2 + (b _ a)x _ ab.

Corollary 3. (x _ a)(x _ b)
= x2 + (_ a _ b)x + (_ a)(_b)
= x2 _ (a + b)x + ab

Example 10. Using an appropriate formula multiply 2x + 3 by 2x _ 3.

Solution: (2x + 3)(2x _ 3)

= (2x)2 _ (3)2
= 4x2 _ 9.

Example 11. Find the value of (2x + 3y + 1) (2x _ 3y + 1)

Solution: (2x + 3y + 1) (2x _ 3y + 1)

= {(2x + 1) + 3y}{(2x + 1) _ 3y}
= (2x + 1)2 _ (3y)2
= (2x)2 + 2.2x.l + 12 _ 9y2
= 4x2 + 4x+1 _ 9y2
= 4x2 _ 9y2 + 4x + 1
Example 12. Multiply x + 3a by x + 7a
First four formulae with its application 83

Solution : The first term of both the expressions is x & the second terms are 3a and 7a
respectively.
(x + 3a)(x + 7a)
= x2 + (3a + 7a)x + (3a)(7a)
= x2 + 10ax + 21a2
Example 13. Multiply 3a2 _ 7 by 3a2 _ 9.
Solution : (3a2 _ 7)(3a2 _ 9)
= (3a2)2 + (_7 _ 9)3a2 + (_7)(_ 9)
= 9a4 _ 48a2 + 63

Exercise 2.2
Multiply the 1st expression by the second one using the formulae given above:
(Question 1-15) 2. 5a + 8b, 5a _ 8b
1. 4x + 3, 4x 3_
4. 13 _ 12p, 13 + 12p
_
3. 4a + 7b, 4a 7b
6. a _ b _ c, a + b + C
2
5. ax + b, ax b2 _
8. 4x2 + 6x + 9, 4x2 _ 6x + 9
2 _ 2
7. x x+ l, x + x +1
10. a4 + 3a2x2 + 9x4, 9x4_ 3a2x2 + a4
4 _ 2 4
9. 1 + 4x 2x , 4x + 2x + 12
12. Px + 3, Px _ 5
11. x + 16, x + 9
14. q2x2 + r, q2x2 + 3r
13. 2x + 5, 2x + 8
2 1
15. x+ , x+
3 3

Find the products with the help of rules: (Question 16-18)

16. (x_ 1 a)(x + 1 a)

3 3 (5 6 )(
17. 1 x + 1 y 1 x _ 1 y
5 6 )
18. (x + 1)(x _1)(x2 + 1)

2.3. Factors of algebraic expressions.

We know, 15 = 3 x 5
Here we say that 3 and 5 are the two factors of 15.
From the formulae/rule 3. We know that a2 _ b2 = (a + b)(a _ b).
Here (a + b) and (a_b) are the two factors of the algebraic expression of a2 _ b2
84 Junior Secondary Mathematics

When an expression is a product of two or more expressions, each of these two or

more expressions is termed as a factor.
Factorize the algebraic expression' means that one is to find the factors of that
expression. By applying associative, distributive and reflexible rules in case of
multiplication and also by applying the algebraic formulae we can express any
algebraic quantity as the product of two or more factors.
Application of Associative, Distributive and Reflexible rules in finding the factors
of any algebraic expression :
Example 14. Factorize the following expression: ax + ay
Solution : ax + ay
= a.x + ay
= a (a + y) [Distributive law]
Example 15. Factorize: x3 + 5x2 +3x +15
Solution : x3 + 5x2 + 3x + 15
= x2.x + x2.5 + 3x + 3 _ 5
= x2(x + 5) + 3(x + 5) [Distributive law]
= (x + 5)(x2 + 3) [ Distributive law]
Remarks: You are to select two quantities in such a way so that by applying the
distributive law you can find a common factor between the two quantities. Use of the
formula a2 _ b2 = (a + b)(a _ b) in finding the factors :
Example 16. Factorize : 81x2 _ 25
Solution: 81x2 _ 25
= (9x)2 _ (5)2
= (9x + 5) (9x _ 5)
Example 17. Find the factors of the following : ax4 _ 4a
Solutions: ax4 _ 4a
= a.x4 _ 4.a
= a(x4 _ 4) [By distributive law]
= a{(x2)2 _ 22}
= a(x2+ 2)(x2 _ 2)
First four formulae with its application 85

Remarks : If necessary first find the factors by using distributive law.

Example 18. Factorize 25(3a _ 2b)2 _ 16 (2a + 3b)2
Solution: Let 3a _ 2b = x and 2a + 3b = y
Then the given quantity = 25x2 _ 16y2
= (5x)2 _ (4y)2
= (5x + 4y)(5x _ 4y)
= {5 (3a _ 2b) + 4 (2a + 3b)} {5(3a _ 2b) _ 4(2a + 3b)}
= (15a _ l0b + 8a + 12b)(15a _ l0b _ 8a _ 12b)
(Putting the values of x and y)
=(23a + 2b)(7a _ 22b)
Example 19. Resolve into factors: x4 + x2 + 1
Solutions: x4 + x2 + 1
= (x2)2 + x2 + (1)2
= (x2)2 + (1)2 + 2x2 1_ 2x2 + x2
= (x+1)2 _ x2
= (x2 + 1 + x)(x2 + 1_ x)
= (x2 + x + l)(x2 _ x + 1) [After arrangement]
Rule : (i) Twice of the product of the given two quantities should be added or
subtracted with twice the sum of the squares of the given two quantities. (ii) The
quantity which is added or subtracted should, respective, be added with or
subtracted from the given quantity.
Example 20. Resolve into factors : a2 _ 2bc _ 2ab _ c2
Solution : a2 _ 2bc _ 2ab _ c2
= a2 _ 2ab + b2 _ b2 _ 2bc _ c2 [ adding and subtracting b2 ]
= (a2 _ 2ab + b2) _ (b2 + 2bc + c2)
= (a _ b)2 _ (b + c)2
= {(a _ b) + (b + c)}{(a _ b) _ (b + c)
= (a _ b + b + c)(a _ b _ b _ c)
= (a + c)( a _ 2b _ c)
Note from the above example:
* b2 is added to a2 _ 2ab. By this we get a perfect square.
* Since, we added b2, we subtracted b2.
86 Junior Secondary Mathematics

This resulted the given quantity unchanged.

Example 21. Resolve into factors: x2 + 7x + 10
Solution : x2 + 7x+ 10
=x2+(5+2)x+10
= x2 + 5x + 2x+ 1 0
= x(x + 5) + 2(x + 5)
= (x + 2)(x + 5)
Rule : The co-efficient of x should be divided into two parts such that the product of
these two must be equal to the third term. That is if the two quantities be a and b then
a + b = 7 and ab = 10
Example 22 . Resolve into factors: x2 + 5x _ 6
Solution : Here, if a = 6 and b = _ 1
then a + b = 6 _ 1= 5 and ab = 6(_1) = _ 6,
x2 + 5x _ 6
= x2 +(6 _1) x + 6(_1)
= x2 + 6x _ x _ 6 .
= x(x + 6) _ 1 (x + 6)
= (x + 6)(x _ 1).
Remarks : The algebraic expression should be resolve into factors as mentioned in
the above example without the direct application of the formula.

Exercise 2.3
Resolve into factors(Question 1_ 34)
1. xy + a2x 2. a2bc + ab2c + abc2
3. a2 + bc + ca + ab 4. x2 _ ax _ bx + ab
5. 1 + a + a2 + a3 6. ab(px + qy) + a2qx + b2py
7. 4ab_10bc + 4ad _ 10cd 8. x2 _ 25
9. 4x2 _ y2 10. a2 _ 81b2
11. 49 _ a2b2 12. a2 _ (x + y)2
13. x2 _ (b _ c)2 14. 80x3 _ 45x
1
15. p2 _ 16. pq3 _ p3q
9
First four formulae with its application 87

17. 16x4 _ 81y4 18. 1 x2 _ 3

3
19. 25x4 _ 36y4 20. 9(2a + 5x)2 _ 16(3a _ x)2
21. (x2 + 1)2 _ (y2 + 1)2 22. 144x7 _ 25x3a4
23. 64 _ 9(x _ y)2 24. 4x4 + 81
25. a2 _ 2ab + b2 _ c2 26. a2 _ b2 + 2bc _ c2
27. 4x2 _ 4xy + y2 _ z2 28. x2 + 5x + 6
29. x2 + llx + 30 30. x2 _ 14x + 45
31. a2 + 3a _ 40 32. m2 + m _ 30
33. a2 _ 6a _ 91 34. m2 _ 15m + 56.

Multiple Choice Questions:

1
1. If p + p = 2 then which one of the following is correct value of
1
p ?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) _1 (d) _2
2. If x + 1x = 1 and x2 _ 12 = 0, which one of the fol1owing is correct
x
(
value of x_ 1x ? )
(i) _1 (ii) 0
(i i i) 1 (iv) 2
3. If a+b = 3 and a2+b2 =1, which one of the following is correct value of ab?
(i) 1 (ii) 3
(iii) 4 (iv) 8
4. i) It is good not to write (1000 _1 )2 for the square of 999.
(ii) 4xy = (x+y)2 _ (x _ y)2
(iii) The product of (x +1) and (x _1) can be written in the form x2 +(_1+l)x+(_1)(1)
Which one of the following is correct?
(i) i and ii (b) i and iii
(c) ii and iii (d) i. ii and iii
88 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Answer the questions 5 _ 7 on the basis of the following informantion's.

Observe the algebraic expressions:
(i) x2_25 (ii) x2 + 4x _ 5
5. Whieh one of the following is the difference of i and ii putting x = 1?
(a) 0 (b) _ 24
(c) 24 (d) 25
6. Which one of the following is the factorization of (ii) ?
(a) (x_1) (x+5) (b) (x+l) (x_5)
(c) (_x+1) (x+5) (d) (_x+l) (5_x)
7. Which one of the following is the common factor of i and ii ?
(a) (x _ 5) (b) (x _ 1)
(c) (x + 1) (d) (x + 5)

CREATIVE QUESTIONS
1
l. If x + x = 2, then
(a) Show that, x2 _ 2x + 1= 0
1
(b) Prove that, x2 _ =0
x2
1
(c) Find the value of x4 + 4
x
2. If x + y = 4 and xy = 3, then
(a) Find the square of (x _ y)
(b) Show that, x2 _ y2 =10
(c) Find the value of (x_ y)2 + (x2 _ y2)
3. Observe the following algebraic expressions :
(i) x2 + 5x
(ii) x2 + 7x + 10
(iii) ax4 _ 625a
(a) Factorize the expression (i).
(b) Using the formula, show that the product of (x + 5) and (x+2) is equal to the
expression (ii)
(c) Show that (x_5) is a factor of the expression (iii)
 Chapter Three
L.C.M. and H.C.F. of Algebraic
Expressions.

3.1. Conception about Dividend, Divisor and Multiple.

a b = c

Dividend Divisor Quotient

In the above example you can find the process of Division. We already know that the
quantity which divides another quantity or the dividend is called divisor. If the
quotient C in the above example is an integer then a is divisible by b. Here a is called
a multiple of b.
If a quantity (Dividend) is divisible by another quantity (Divisor) then the
Dividend is a multiple of the Divisor.

3.2. H.C.F or G.C.M.

The factors of abd are a,b, and d;
The factors of 5a are 5 and a.
The factors of apq are a, p and q.
The Common factor of these quantities abd, 5a and apq is 'a'.
The quantity which is Common to two or more quantities then the first quantity is
a factor of each of them and that quantity is called common factor.
From Arithmetic we get
12 = 2 2 3= 22 3
24 = 2 2 2 3 = 23 3
The H.C.F. of 12 and 24 = 2 2 3 = 22 3
Note: * Each of Prime factors 2 and 3 is a common factor of both 12 and 24
* Here 2 comes twice i.e. the highest power of 2 is 2 and the highest power of 3 is I.
Therefore, the highest Common factor (H.C.F) = 22 3
The product of the highest number of prime factors which are common to two or
more number or quantities is called the Highest Common Factors (H.C.F) of those
quantities.
90 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Rules of finding H.C.F.

i) The H.C.F of the co-efficients should be determined by applying the rules of
Arithmetic.
ii) The prime factors should be found of those algebraic quantites.
iii) The product of the highest number of common factors of algebraic quantity and
the H.C.F of the co-efficient is the H.C.F of the given quantities.
Example 1. Find the H.C.F of 6a2bc and 8a3b2c2
Solution : 6a2bc = 6 x a2 b c
8a3b2c2 = 8 a3 b2 c2
Here the H.C.F of the Co-efficient 6 and 8 is 2
Here a with highest power common to both the quantities. = a2
b. " " " " " " =b
c " " " " " " =c
The required H.C.F = 2 a2 b c = 2a2bc
Remarks : Here a comes twice means that the highest power of a is 2 i.e the value = a2
Example 2. Find the H.C.F of 3 (a2 _ b2) and (a2 + 2ab + b2)
Solution: Here the 1st quantity = 3(a2 _ b2) = 3 (a + b)(a _ b)
The 2nd quantity = (a2 + 2ab + b2) = (a + b)2
The H.C.F of the co-efficient 3 and 1 is 1
The highest power of the prime Common factor a + b is 1 i.e. the value = a + b
the required, H.C.F = a + b.
Example 3. Find the H.C.F of x2 _ 9, x2 + 7x + 12 and 3x + 9.
1st quantity = x2 _ 9
= (x + 3)(x _ 3)
2nd quantity = x2 + 7x + 12
= x2 + (4 + 3)x + 3 x 4
= x2 + 4x + 3x + 12
= x (x + 4) + 3(x + 4)
= (x + 3)(x + 4)
3rd quantity = 3x + 9
= 3(x + 3)
First four formulae with its application 91

The H.C.F of the Co-efficients, 1, 1 and 3 is 1

The highest power of the Common factor (x + 3) is 1 i.e. the value = (x + 3)
The required H.C.F = 1 x (x + 3) = x + 3
Example 4. Find the H.C.F of 16x2 _ 9y2, 4x2 + 3xy and 16x2 + 9y2 + 24xy.
Solution :
1st quantity = 16x2 _ 9y2
= (4x)2 _ (3y)2
= (4x + 3y)(4x _ 3y)
2nd quantity = 4x2 + 3xy
= x(4x + 3y)
3rd quantity = 16x2 + 9y + 24xy
= (4x)2 + (3y)2 + 2.4x.3y
= (4x + 3y)2
The required H.C.F = 4x + 3y
3.3. L.C.M
We know, x2y2 xy2 = x
x2y2 x2y= y
i.e. x2y2 is divisible by both the quantities xy2 and x2y. therefore x2y2 is , a common
multiple of xy2 and x2y.
Similarly, x3y2 , x3y3, x2y3 etc are also the common multiple of xy2 and x2.
Again, xy2 = x y2
x2y = x2 y
i.e.The common prime factors of xy2 and x2y are x and y. Now the value of the
common factor x be at least equal to x2 then it will be,divisible by both x2 and x.
Similiarly if we can have the common factor y twice if the value of the common factor
be equal to y2 then must be divisible by both y and y2 i.e The minimum common
factors between this two quantities must be x2 and y2
The L.C.M of these two quantities = x2y2
The common multiple which has the minimum number of factors, present then
that common multiple is the least common multiple i.e. L.C.M of those quantities.
92 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Ramarks : This definition of L.C.M is also applicable for more than two quantities.
By this time we have seen that the L.C.M of x2y and xy2 is equal to x2y2.
Example 5. Find the L.C.M of a2b, b2c and abc3
Solution : a2b = a2 b
b2c = b2 c
abc3 = a b c3
In the above three quantities a, b, c are the three factors. The highest value of a is a2,
the highest value of b is b2 and the highest value c is c3.
The required L.C.M = a2b2c3
Example 6. Find the L.C.M of 6a2bcd, 15ab3c2d3 and 3b2c2d3.
Solution: The L.C.M of the Co-efficients 6, 15, 3 is 30.
The highest values of the factors a, b, c, d are a2, b3, c2, d5 respectively.
The required L.C.M = 30a2b3c2d5
Remarks: The L.C.M of the Co-efficients must be shown seperately.
Example 7. Find the L.C.M of 3x2 + 9, x4 _ 9 and x4 + 6x2 + 9
Solution: 1st quantity = 3x2 + 9 = 3(x2 + 3)
2nd quantity = x4 _ 9
= (x2)2 _ (3)2
= (x2 + 3)(x2 _ 3)
3rd quantity = x4 + 6x2 + 9
= (x2)2 + 2x2.3 + (3)2
= (x2 + 3)2 .
The L.C.M of the Co-efficients 3, 1, 1 = 3
The highest values of the factors (x2 + 3), (x2 _ 3) are (x2 + 3)2, x2 respectively.
The required L.C.M = 3(x2 + 3)2 (x2 _ 3)
Example 8. Find the L.C.M of x2 _ 8x + 15, x2 _ 25 and x2 + 2x _15
Solution: 1st quantity = x2_ 8x + 15.
= x2 + (_5 _3)x + (_5)(_3)
= x2 _ 5x_ 3x + 15
= x(x _ 5) _ 3(x _ 5)
= (x _ 3)(x _ 5).
First four formulae with its application 93

2nd quantity = x2 _ 25
= (x)2 _ (5)2
= (x + 5)(x _ 5)
3rd quantity = x2 + 2x _ 15
= x2 + (5 _ 3)x + (5)( _ 3)
= x2 + 5x _ 3x _ 15
= x (x + 5) _ 3(x + 5)
= (x _ 3)(x + 5)
The required L..C.M = (x _ 5)(x + 5) (x _ 3)
= (x2 _ 25)(x _ 3)

Exercise - 3

Find the H.C.F for the following (Question 1-12)

1. x3y5, xy4 2. 3a3b2, 2a2b3
3. 4a4x7, 6a5x4 4. 3xyz2, 2yz2x2, zx2y2
5. 16a3x4y, 40a2y3x, 28ax3 6. a2 + ab, a2 _ b2
7. a3 _ ab2, a4 + 2a3b + a2b2 8. 4a4x _ 9a2x3, 4a2x2 + 6ax3
9. x2 + 7x + 12, x2 + 9x + 20 10. x2 _ x _ 20, x2 _ 9x + 20
11. x2 + 3x + 2, x2 _ 4 12. xy _ y, x3y _ xy, x2 _ 2x + 1

Find the L.C.M of the following (Question 13-24)

13. 2a2b, 3ab2c 14. 4a2x3c, 6ac4x2
15. 13c3d2, 26acd4, 39c5d 16. 4ab, 9a2c,12b3
17. 2a3b2, 3x3a, 5ax2y2z2 18. 3x2, 4x3 + 8x
19. x2 + 2x, x2 + 3x + 2 20. x2 + l0x + 21, x4 _ 49x2
21. 9x2 _ 25y2, 15ax _ 25ay 22. x2 _ 3x _ 10, x2 _ l0x + 25

23. ax2 + 2a, x4 _ 4, x4 + 4x2 + 4

24. a2 _ 7a + 12, a2 + a _ 20, a2 + 2a _ 15.

94 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Multiple Choice Questions :

1. Obsesve the following statements:
(i) The full expression of L.C.F. is Least Common Factor.
(ii) The full expression of G.C.F is Greatest Common Factor.
(iii) Common multiple is a multiple of each of the expressions.
Which one of the following is corrrect ?
(a) i and ii (b) ii and iii
(c) i and iii (d) i, ii and iii

2. Which one of the following is the G.C.F of x3y5 an xy4?

(a) xy (b) xy4
(c) x3y5 (d) x4y9

3. Which one of the following is the L.C.M. of 4a2cx3 and 6ac4x2 ?

(a) 2acx (b) 12a2c4x3
(c) 24a3c5x5 (d) 3ac3x

4. If a quantity is divisible by another quantity, then what is called dividend in

respect of divisor ?
(a) Remainder (b) Multiple
(c) Factor (d) Quotient
Answer the questions 5 _7 on the basis of the following information's. a2 _ ab, a2 _ b2
are two algcbraic expressions.

5. Which one of the following is the G.C.F. of the two expressions?

(i) b (ii) a2
(iii) a+b (iv) a_b
6. How much is the multiple of (a+b) in the 1st expression?
(i) a (ii) a_b
(iii) a(a+b) (iv) a(a _b)

7. Which one of the following is the L.C.M. of the two expressions?

(i) a2 (ii) a(a+b)
(iii) a(a _ b) (iv) a(a+b) (a _ b)
First four formulae with its application 95

CREATIVE QUESTIONS

1. a2b, a3b+3a2b+2ab, a4+2a3+a2 are three algebraic expressions.

(a) How much is the multiple of b in the 1st expressions ?
(b) Factorize the 3rd expression.
(c) Find the G.C.F. of the three expressions.

2. 4(a2 _ b2), 2(a2+2ab+b2), 6(a2b+ab2), 2(a4 _ b4) are four algebraic expressions.
(a) How much is the G.C.F. of the numerical co-effecients of the four expressions ?
(b) Factorize the 1st and 2nd expression.
(c) Find the G.C.F of the four expression.

3. x4 _ 16, x2 _ 3x _ 10 are two algebraic expressions.

(a) Which formula has to use to factorize the 1st expressions?
(b) Factorize the 2nd expression.
(c) Find the L.C.M. of the two expressions.
 Chapter Four
Algebraic Fraction
We already have discussed on fractions in Arithmetic. 5 is a fraction of which 5 is
16
Numerator and 16 is Denominator. In place of the number 5 and 16 if we replace them
by algebraic symbol like a and b then we have the fraction like a . Then a is called an
b b
algebraic fraction. And again if 16 is replaced by b only then we shall get the fraction in
the form 5 , which is also an algebraic fraction. Like wise if the Denominator or
b
numerator of any fraction be algebraic quantity, the fraction is an algebraic fraction,
2
e.g. x +2 ; 1 ; x+5 etc. are the examples of algebraic fractions.
x+2 x+1 3
Remarks : The expression (a b) can be written in the form of an algebraic fraction, like a
b
4.1 Change of A Fraction or Its Lowest Term :
If we multiply or divide both the numerator and the denominator of a fraction by same
quantity except O then the value of the fraction remains unchanged.
2 3 3
Example 1. Express 4a b 4c 3 in its lowest fraction,
10ab c
4a2b3c3 2ab3c3 2a 2a
Solution . 4 3 = = 5b
10ab c 2ab3c3 5b
Remarks: Both the numerator and the denominator is divided by their H.C.F
2
Example 2. Express a +2a in its lowest form of fraction.
a2_4
Solution : Numerator = a2 + 2a = a(a + 2)

Denominator = a2 _ 4 = (a)2 _ (2)2 = (a + 2)(a _ 2)

a(a+2)
the given fraction =
(a+2)(a _ 2)
a
= a_2 [ Dividing both the Numerator and the
Denominator by the common factor (a + 2)]
Algebraic Fraction 97

Exercise 4.1
Express the following in the smallest form :
x3y2z2 2 3 4 46x4y5z9
1. 3a 2. 3abc 3. 4. 38k3p3m3 5.
6ab 15a2b2c x2y3z3 57k p m 69x2y3x12
2_ x2+4x+4 2 4x2 _ 9a2 3x2 _ 12xy
6. x 9 7. 8. x 2+7x=12 9. 10.
ax+3a x2_4 x +4 _12 4x2 + 6ax 48y2 _ 3x2
2 _ 2_ _ _ 3
11. a +2a 15 12. x2_5x_14 13. 4 81x
a2+9a+20 x 4x 21 9x4_2x3

4.2 Change of a fraction in the form of Common Denominator

Let a and c be the two fractions.

b d
Here the L.C.M of the Denominators b and d = bd.

Now, a = axd [Since bd b = d]

b bxd
= ad
bd
and c = cxb [Since bd d = b]
d dxb
= bc
bd
Here the Denominator of both these fractions is bd.
Rule : (i) L.C.M of the denominators should be determined.
(ii) The L.C.M should be divided by each of the denominator. Then multiply
both the numerator and the denominator by the respective quotient.
x y
Example 3. Express the fractions and x_1 as the lowest fraction of which the
x+1
denominator is same or equal.
Solution : The L.C.M of the denominators x + 1 and x_1= (x+1)(x_1)
x(x_1)
x+1 = (x+1)(x_1) [ ... (x+1)(x_1) (x+1) = (x_1)]
x

and x_1 = (x_1)(x+1) [... (x+1)(x_1) (x_1) = (x+1)]

y y(x+1)

1 x
Example 4. Express 2 and x2_1 in their smallest term such that the
x +3x+2
denominators are equal.
98 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Solution : The denominator of the 1st fraction = x2 + 3x + 2

= (x+1)(x+2)
The denominator of the 2nd fraction = x2_1
=(x+1)(x_1)
The L.C.M of the denominators = (x+1)(x_1)(x+2)
Dividing the L.C.M by each of the denominators we get (x_1) & (x+2) respectively.
1 x_1
=
x2+3x+2 (x+1)(x+2)(x_1)
x x(x+2) x2+2x
and 2_ = _ =
x 1 (x+1)(x 1)(x+2) (x+1)(x+2)(x_1)

Exercise 4.2
Reduce the following fractions into their lowest term with common denominator:
(Q1-10)

a , 3c x y z
1. 2. a , b , c 3. a , b 4. _ , x+y , x(x+y)
2b 4d bc ca ab b+c c+a x y
x2 , y2 2x , 3y , 4z
5. 6. 2
a2+2ab a_2b _
a (a+x) b (a x) c (a2_x2)
2 2

3 , 5 x , y
7. 8. 2_
2_ _
a a 2 a +a_6
2 x a x +2x_15
2

1 , b , c 1 , y , z
9. 10
a2+3a a2+5a+6 a2_a+2 4x2_25y2 2ax+5ay 2x+5y

4.3. Addition, Subtraction and Simplification of fractions.

By distribution law, we have
a b _ c
x+ x x
= a x + (b x) _ (c x)
=(a + b _ c) x
a+b_c
= x
Observation: The denominators of each of the above three factors are x i.e the
fractions are of equal denominators. Again the algebraic sum of the three factions is
also a fraction.
Algebraic Fraction 99

Rules of addition and subtraction of algebraic fractions.

i) Express the fraction such that their denominators are equal.
ii) The sum or difference of numerators is the numerator of the required
fraction. The common denominator is the denominator of the required
fraction.
2 3
Example 5. Add with
x x
3 2 3+2 5
Solution. x + x = x = x

a_b a+b
Example 6. Add a+b With a_b

Solution : The L.C.M of the denominators of the given fraction = (a+b)(a _ b)

a+b (a+b)2
_
1st fraction = a b = (a_b)(a+b)
a_b (a_b)2
2nd fraction = = (a+b)(a_b)
a+b
a+b a_b (a+b)2 (a_b)2
= a_b + a+b = (a+b)(a_b) + (a+b)(a_b)

(a+b)2+(a_b)2 2(a2+b2)
= (a+b)(a_b) =
a2_b2
4ax x+a
Example 7. Subtract, _ from _
2
x a 2 x a
x+a _ 4ax
Solution : x_a
x2_a2
x+a 4ax
= x_a _
(x+a)(x_a)
(x+a)2 _ 4ax
= _
(x a)(x+a) (x+a)(x_a)
(x+a)2_ 4ax
= _
(x a)(x+a)
(x_a)2
= _ [ By formula]
(x a)(x+a)
(x+a)
= [ Simplest formula]
(x_a)
100 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Simplification of fraction :
Two or more fractions connected by mathematical operational symbols like +, -, etc.
can be converted into one quantity or one fraction. This is called the simplification of
the fractions.
x2 (x+a)2 _ (x+b)2
Example 8. Simplify : +
ab a(a_b) b(a_b)
Solution : The L. C. M of the denominator = ab(a_b)
2 2 2
The given quantity = x + (x+a) _ (x+b)
ab a(a_b) b(a_b)
x2(a_b) b(x+a)2 _ a(x+b)2
= +
ab(a_b) ab(a_b) ab(a_b)
x2(a_b)+b(x+a)2_a(x+b)2
=
ab(a_b)
ax2_bx+bx2+2abx+a2b_ax2_2abx_ab2
=
ab(a_b)
a2b_ab2 ab(a_b)
= = =1
ab(a_b) ab(a_b)

Exercise 4.3

Simplify : (Question 1-20)

1. x y 2. 3x3 2y
+ a + b
a b

3. x y 4. a2 _ b2
y + x b a
_
5. x+y + x y 6. a+b _ a_b
x y b a

7. x2+y2 _ x2_y2 8. a_b_c a+b+c

xy xy +
a a
1 1 3 _ 2
9. + 10.
a+1 x_2 a+3 a+2
1 _ 1 y
11. 12. x + x_y
a+3 a2_9 x+y
Algebraic Fraction 101

b_c c_a a_b a _ b

13. + + ab 14.
bc ca a_b a_b
a2+b2 _ a_b 1
15. 16.
a2_b2 2(a+b) x2+7x+12

17. 5 1 18.
3 _ 4
+ _
2_
x 6x+5 x 1 x2_ _
4x 5 x+1
3a 1 2a + a
19. + 20.
4x2_9y2 2x+3y a2_ 4b 2 2
2b +ab

Multiple Choice Questions :

1. Which one of the following is a fraction expressed in the least form ?

a2+a a+b
(i) (ii)
a+1 a_b
x2y3 x2_9
(iii) (iv)
x3y2 ax+3a
3_4 2
2. (
Which one of the following is the value of x x + x ? )
1 1
(a) _ (b)
x x
6 14
(c) (d)
x x
3. How much is the value of a _ b ?
b a
(a) 1 (b) 0
a2 _ b 2
(c) (d) a2 _ b2
ab
4. Which one of the following is the L.C.M. of the denominators

a2+b2 a_b
of the fractions and ?
a2_ b2 2(a+b)

(i) 2(a2_b2) (ii) a2 _ b2

(iii) 1 (iv) (a2+b2) (a_b)

102 Junior Secondary Mathematics

46x4y3z9
5. How much would be if it is expressed in the least form ?
69x7y2z6
23xyz3 3y2z3
(a) (b)
34x3z2 4x3
2yz2 2yz3
(c) (d)
4x3 3x3
4a2b_9b3
6. If is expressed in the least form then it would be -
4a2b+6ab2
2a+3b 2a_3b
(i) (ii)
2ab 2ab
2a+3b 2a_3b
(iii) (iv)
2a 2a
y y
7. How much would be the result if _ is from subtracted from _ ?
x y x y
(a) x (b) y

(c) 1 (d) 0

CREATIVE QUESTIONS

1 x
1. Two algebraic fractions are and
x2+3x+2 x2_1

(a) Factorize the denominator of the 1st fraction

(b) Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of the two fractions.

(c) Express the fraction in to the fraction with least common denominator.

2. x2 , (x+a)2 and (x+b)2 are three algebraic fraction.

ab a2_ab ab_b2

(a) Factorize the denominator of 2nd fraction

(b) Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of the fractions.

(c) Subtract the 3rd fraction from the summation of 1st and 2nd fraction.
Algebraic Fraction 103

1 b c
3. , 2
and 2_ _ are three algebraic fractions.
a(a+3) a +5a+6 a a 12

(a) How much is the index of a in the denominator of 1st fraction ?

(b) Factorize the denominators of 2nd and 3rd factions.

(c) Express the three fractions with the least common denominator.
 Chapter Five
Simple Equations and Applications

5.1 Revision On Previous Lessons.

Equation: The relation formed between two expression of which at least one has to
be an algebraic expression when connected by the equal sign (=) is called an equation.
The expression to the left of the equal sign (=) in an equations called the left hand side
and that to the right is called the right hand side. for example, x + 5 = 1 4, x + 5x +3=
0, 2x + 3y = 5 are equiations.
Unknown Quantity: In an equation the algebraic symbol or literal number whose one or
more certain values equate both the sides of the equation is called the unknown qantity.
Root of an Equation: The value of the unknown quantity which makes the left hand
side of an equation equal to the right hand side is said to satisfy the equation and is
known as the root of the equation.
Simple Equation: Equation in a' single unknown quantity of first degree (linear) is
called an simple equation For exqmple, x _ 13 = 0, 3x + 5 = x + 7 etc. are equations.
Solution of an Equation : The process which enables to find the root of an equation
is called the solution of the equation.
Remarks: The word equation is used extensivly. If an equation is satistied for particular
values of the unknown quantity, it is called an equation. If, however, the equation is
satisfied for any values of the unkown quantity, it is called an identity. For example
(x + 2)(x _ 2) = x2 _ 4. This is an identity, for it will be satisfied for any values of x.
5.2 The Following Axioms Are Used ln Solving Equations
(i) If same quantities are added to equal quantities their sums will also be equal to
each other.
(ii) If same quantities are subtracted from equal quantities, the difference will also
be equal to each other
(iii) If equal quantities are multiplied by the same quantities, the products will also be
equal to each other.
(iv) If equal quantities are divided by the same quantities excepting zero, the quotients
wi1l also be equal to each other.
Simple Equations and Applications 105

5.3. Laws Of Equation:

Law of Transposition :
The given Equation Derived Equation Axiom
3x +5_5 = 2x_5 We subtract 5 from both the
3x+5 = 2x or, 3x = 2x _5 sides of the given equation.
3x + 9 +2x = 5_2x+2x We add 2x to both the sides
3x+9=5_2x or, 3x + 9 + 2x =5 the given equation.
Note: * In the first case 5 is transposed from the left hand side to the right hand side
by changing sign .
* In the second case -2x is transposed from the right hand side to the left hand
side by changing sign.

Any term of an equation may be transposed (moved) from one side to the other
provided that the sign of the term is changed, This is called the Law of
Transposition

Law Of Cancellation Of Addition

The Given Equation Derived Equation Axiom.
3x+5_5= x +5_5 We subtract 5 from
3x+5 = x+5 or, 3x = x both the sides of the equation
2x_3+ 3 = 9x _3 + 3 We add 3 to both the sides
2x_3 = 9x_3 or, 2x = 9x.. of the equation

We may cancell same terms from both the sides of an equation, provided they are
preceded by the same sign. This is called the Law Of Cancellation of Addition

Law of Cancellation of Multiplication :

The Given Equation Derived Equation Axiom
3(x+ 3) = 3 (2x+5) x+3 = 2x+5 Both the sides have been
divided by the common factor 3
106 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Note : The common factor 3 is cancelled from both the sides

Common factor may be cancelled from both the sides. of an equation. This is called
the Law Of Cancellation Of Multiplication:

Law of Cross Multiplication :

a c
Let, =
b d
a c
x bd = x bd [ Both the sides are multiplied by bd ]
b d
or, ad = bc.
That is Numerator of the left hand side Denominator of the right hand side =
denominator of the left hand side numerator of the right hand side. This
is called the Law of Cross Multiplitcation

The Following Rules Are Followed In Solving Equation :

(i) The unknown quantity is usually retained in the left hand side of an equation,
(ii) All the terms of the left hand side of an equation can be transposed to the
right side and simultaneously all the terms of the right hand side can be
transposed to the left side without changing their signs.

For example,
5x _ 9 = 2x+3
2x + 3 = 5x_9 [By law of transposition]
or, _5x + 9 = _2x_3
or, _(5x_ 9) = _ (2x + 3)
or, (_1)(5x_9) = (_1)(2x + 3)
5x _ 9 = 2x+3 [_1 is cancelled from both the sides by
the law of cancellation of multiplication]
This is called the law of transposition of equation.

5.4 Solution Of Simple Equation

Example 1. Solve: 5x _ 13 = 12
Solution : The given equation, 5x _ 13 = 12
or, 5x = 12 + 13 [Law of transposition]
or, 5x = 25
Simple Equations and Applications 107

x= 5, [Dividing both the sides by 5]

the root of the equation = 5
Checkup : L.H.S = 5x_13
= 55_13 = 25_13=12
and R.H.S = 12
L.H.S = R.H.S
the solution of the equations is correct.
Example 2. Solve : 5(1_x) +3 (2_x)= _29
Solution : The given equations 5(1_x) + 3(2_x)= _29
or, 5_5x+6 _3x= _29
or, _5x_3x = _29 _ 5 _ 6
or, _ 8x= _ 40
_ 40
or, x = _
8
x=5
the required root = 5
Check Up : L.H.S = 5(1_x)+3(2_x)
=5(_5) + 3(2_5)
=5(_ 4) + 3(_3)
= _ 20 _ 9 = _29
and R.H.S = _29
L.H.S = R.H.S
So, the solution of the equation is corrct.

Example 3. Sove: x _ x = x _ x + 7
6 5 15 3
Solution : The given equation is : x _ x = x _ x + 7
6 5 15 3
x _ x _ x x
or, + =7
6 5 15 3
_ _
or, 5x 6x 2x + 10x = 7
30
_
or, 15x 8x = 7
30
or, 7x = 7
30 1
108 Junior Secondary Mathematics

or, 7x=7 30 [ by cross multiplication]

x=30 [ by cancelling 7 from both the sides]
the required root = 30
Remark : check should be done separately.

Alternative Method:
The denominators of the terms of the equation are 6, 5, 15 and. 3; Their L.C.M. is 30.
We multiply both the sides by 30 to obtain,
5x _ 6x = 2x _ 10x + 210
or, 5x _ 6x _ 2x + 10x = 210
or, 15x _ 8x = 210
or, 7x = 210

x = 210 = 30
7
the required root = 30
_
Example 4. Solve: 2x + 5x 2 = 11x+6
3 4 12
_
Solution : The given equation is 2x + 5x 2 = 11x+6
3 4 12
Here the denominators of the terms are 3,4 and 12;. their L.C.M. is 12. Multiplying
both sides of the equation by 12. we obtain.
4.2x + 3.(5x_2) = 11 x + 6
or, 8x + 15x_6 = 1lx + 6
or. 8x + I5x _ 11x = 6 + 6
or, 23x _ 11 x = 12
or, 12x =12
12
x= =1
12
the required root = 1
_
Example 5. Solve: x 2 _ x+2 = 5 _ 2x+1
5 9 3
_
Solution : The given equation, x 2 _ x+2 = 5 _ 2x+1
5 9 3
Simple Equations and Applications 109

Here the denominators are 5, 9 and 3; their L.C.M is 45.

Multiplying both sides by 45, we obtain,

9(x _ 2) _5(x +2) = 5 x 45 _ 15(2x +1)

or, 9x _ 18 _ 5x _ 10 = 225 _ 30x _ 15
or, 4x _ 28 = 210 _ 30x.
or, 4x+30x=210+28

or, 34x = 238

x = 238 = 7
34
the required root = 7

Exercise 5.1

Solve: (Question 1-30)

1. 4x + 3 = 2x + 5 2. 3x + 2 = x + 6

3. 5x _ 6 = 2x + 3 4. 15x _ 9 = 1lx _ 25

5. 19 _ 3x = 5x+ 35 6. 13x _ 5 = 3 _ 2x

7. 2x _ 9 = 13x _ 7 8. 15x _ 9 = 11 x _ 35
x x +5 = x + 7
9. =_4 10.
7 2 3
11. x _ x = x _
1
12. x _ 1 = x + 1
2 3 5 6 3 2 4 2
x _ 2 5x _ 4 x 3 3 _ x
13. = 5 14 + = 3
5 7 7 4 5 4 5
15. 4(2_x)+2(3 _2x) = 30 16. 7(3_2x) + 5(x_l) = 34

17. 3(x_2) + 5(2x_3) = 5(1_2x) _59 18. 8(2x_7) _ 9(3x_14) _15 = 0

1 _ 1 1 1 1 1
19. 5(x+ ) 6(2x + )=7 20. (x+l) + (x+ 2)+ (x + 3) =16
2 3 2 2 3 4
110 Junior Secondary Mathematics

_ 5x_1 2x+3 13x+7

21. 3x+1 = 2x 7 22. + =
5 3 4 5 10
_ _
x+1 _ x 2 _ x 3_
23. x+6 _ x+2 = x _ x 4 24. =2
4 6 2 3 2 3 5
_ x_2 1 2x_1
25. 3x+7 _ x + 5x 4 = 3 1 26. + =x_
4 7 2 4 3 3
_
1 _
2x+13 _ x 2 = 3 _ x_3
3x+ 2 x+1 7
27. + = 6 28. 5 15
3 5 9

29. (x+1)(x+2) = (x+4)(x_2) 30. (2x_1)(x+3) = 2x(x+1)

5.5 Application of Equations.

Many arithmetical problems can be solved easily with the help of equations. The
required quantity is represented by literal number or algebraic symbol. Then equation
is formed with the help of the condition given in the problem and the solution of the
equation is determined. The value obtained in the solution of the equation is the
required value of the quantity .

Example 6. Raihan obtained 185 marks all together in General Mathematics and
Higher Mathematics. He obtained 5 marks less in Higher mathematics than General
Mathematics. What is his marks in each subject.

Solution : Let in General Mathematics Raihan obtain x marks

So, he obtains in Higher Mathematics (x_5) marks [since he obtained 5 marks less in
Higher Mathematics]

So, according to the given condition, x + (x _ 5) =185

or, x + x _ 5 = 185

or, 2x = 185 + 5

or, 2x = 190

190
or, x = = 95
2
x = 95

Raihan obtains in General Mathematics 95 marks, and in Higher mathematics

(95_5) marks or 90 marks.
Simple Equations and Applications 111

Example 7. The sum and difference of the two numbers are 320 and 20 respectively,
Find the two numbers.
Solution : Let the greater number be x
Since sum of the two numbers is 320, the other number is (320 _ x)
So, according to the given condition.

x _ (320 _ x) = 20 [Since the difference of the two numbers is 20]

or, x _ 320 + x = 20
or, 2x = 20 + 320
or, 2x = 340
340
or, x =
2
x = 170
the greater number is 170 and the other number is (320 _ 170) or, 150
the required two numbers are 170 and 150.

Example 8. Zaman started from Dhaka at a speed of 20 kilometres per hour and
reached his home. Again he returned to Dhaka from his home at a speed of 30
kilometres per hour. It took him in all 10 hours. What is the distance of his home from
Dhaka?

Solution: Let the distance from Dhaka to Zaman's home be x km.

The time required to travel to his home from Dhaka is x hours.

20
Again the time required to return to Dhaka from his home is x hours.
30
So, according to the given condition,
x x
+ = 10
20 30
or, 3x + 2x = 600 [Multiplying both sides by 60]

or, 5x = 600
600
or, x =
5
x =120

the distance from Dhaka to Zaman's home is 120 km.

112 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Exercise 5.2

Form equation and solve: (Question 1-15)

1. 5 is added to which number, so that the sum is 38 ?
or
Find the number which when added to 5 makes the sum 38.
What is the number to which 5 is added so that the sum is 38 ?
2. What is the number from which 15 is subtracted, so that the difference is 21 ?
3. Sum of the ages of Azmal and Shafique is 35 years. If Azmal is 5 years older than
Shafique; find their ages.
4. The sum and difference of two numbers is 80 and 24 respectively; what are the
two numbers ?
5. The sum of three consecutive numbers is 135. Find the three numbers.
or
Find three consecutive numbers whose sum is 135 ?
6. What is the number whose one third when added to one fourth of it gives the
sum 35 ?
7. What is the number so that when 63 is deducted from 11 times of that number,
the difference is 190 ?
or
When 63 is subtracted from 11 times a certain number, the difference is 190.
Find the number.
8. Jamal, Kamal and Haripada altogether have Tk. 177, Jamal has Tk. 5 less than
Kamal and Haripada has Tk. 7 more than Jamal. Find how much taka each have.

9. Of the total number of fruits a fruit seller has 1 apples, 1 mangoes, 1 oranges
6 8 4
and 165 lichis. How many fruits he possessed ?

10. The distance between Dhaka and Sreepur is 48 Kilometres. Two people start at
the same time from Dhaka and Sreepur and meet after 6 hours, if the speed of the
first is 3 times that of the second find the speed of each person.
Simple Equations and Applications 113

11. A train travelling at 30 km per hour reach its destination If the speed of the train
is 27 km per hour it would take 20 minutes longer to reach the destination. Find
the distance the train travels.

12. The difference of two numbers is 25. If 4 times the greater number equals 5 times
the smaller. What are the two numbers?

13. A boatman rows down a river 45 kilometres in 5 hours with the stream. If the
speed of the boat in still water is 7 km per hour; find the speed at which the
stream flows per hour.

14. A boat travels with the stream at a spead 5 times the speed at which it travels
against the stream, if the speed of the boat in still water be 6 km per hour, what is
the speed at which the stream flows per hour?

15. A pen and a book together cost Tk 85. If the cost of the pen is Tk. 15 more and
the cost of the book Tk 14 less, the cost of the pen will be twice that of the book.
What is the cost of pen ?

Multiple Choice Questions :

1. How many unknown quantity are there in a simple equation?

(a) 1 (b) 2

(c) 3 (d) 4

2. Which one of the following indicates an equation?

(a) xo =1 (b) 4x2 = 4x.x

(c) (x+1 )2 = x2+2x+1 (d) x+5=14

3. Rahim has obtained total 180 marks in Mathematics and Higher Mathematics. He
obtained 10 marks less in Higher Mathematics than Mathematics. If he obtained
x in Mathematics, then according to the above information which one of the
following relation is correct?

(a) x_ ( x_ l0) =180 (b) x_ (x _ l0) =180

(c) (x_ l0) _ x =180 (d) 180 _ x =10 _ x

114 Junior Secondary Mathematics

4. If the summation of two consecutive integers is 15, then which one of the
following is the correct value of the two numbers?

(a) (4, 11) (b) (10, 5)

(c) (7, 8) (d) (9, 6)
5. Observe the following informations :
(i) The unknown quantity is always kept in the left side in an equation.
(ii) (x + y)2 = (x _ y)2 + 4xy is an identify.
(iii) Common factors can be omitted from both the sides of and quation
Which one of the following is correct in the basis of above information ?
(a) i and ii (b) i and iii
(c) ii and iii (d) i, ii and iii
Answer the questions 6 _7 in the basis of the information given below.
Sapnil has 25 more pencils than that of Shithil has. The 4 times of the number of
pencils of Sapnil is eqqual to 8 times of the number of pencils of Shithil.
6. If the number of pencil of Sapnil is x and that of Shithil is. y, which one of the
following relation is correct?
(a) x + y + 25 = 0 (b) x + 25 = y
(c) x + y = 25 (d) x = y + 25
7. Which of the following is the number of pencils of Shithil ?
(a) 25 (b) 50

(c) 75 (d) 100

CREATIVE QUESTIONS
1. Observe the two following equations:
x _ x x _ 1 2x
(i) = +
2 3 5 6 15
_
(ii) 2x + 5x 2 = 11x + 6
3 5 12
(a) Find the L.C.M. of denominators of equation No. i.
(b) Solve the equation No. i
(c) Show that the root of equation i is the root of the equation ii.
Simple Equations and Applications 115

2. The total price of a pen and a book is Tk. 190. If the price of a pen is Tk. 30 more
and pricc of a book is Tk. 25 less then the price of a pen become double of the
price of a book.

(Let price of a pen be Tk. x and price of a book be Tk. y)

(a) Express the total pricc of a pen and a book in an equation.

(b) Express x in terms of y.

(c) Determine the price of a pen and a book separately.

3. The distance of Gaforgaon from Dhaka is 72 km. Keya and Sumi started from
Dhaka and Gaforgaon at the same time and they met after 6 hours. The speed of
Keya is 3 times of the speed of Sumi.

(a) If the speed of Sumi is x km per hour then find the sum of the speed of both
of them.

(b) Find the speed of Sumi.

(c) If the speed of both is increased by 2 km then find that how much more time
would required by Sumi than the time of Keya to reach a fixed destination.
Junior Secondary Mathematics
Geometry
 Chapter One
Primary Discussion and Preliminary
Concepts.

1.1. Geometry
'Geo' means land and 'Metry' means the method of measurement, This branch of
science has been developed from the method of measuring land.

1.2. The symbols used in Geometry.

Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning
+ Addition || is Parallel to
= Equal to angle
> is Greater than is Perpendicular to
< is less than triangle
~
= is Congruent to/is equal Circle
in all respect to Therefore
... Since

1.3. Geometrical argument

Proposition : The subjects discussed in Geometry is generally called proposition.
Proposition

Problems Theorems

Data Construction Proof Particular General Construction

Enunciation Enunciation

Problem : The proposition in which one has to Construct & Prove the
Construction by arguments/reasons is Called Problem.
1) Data: The given facts in the Problem.
Primary Discussion and Preliminary Concepts 119

2.) Construction: The drawings which are made to solve the problems.

3) Proof: Justification of the construction by argument.

Theorem : The proposition which is established for some geometrical statement by

argument is called a theorem.

The theorem consists of following parts :

a) General Enunciation : This is a preliminary statement describing in general terms

the purpose of the proposition.

b) Particular Enunciation: This repeats in special terms the statement already made,
and refers it to a diagram, which enables the reader to fol low the reasoning more easily.

c) Construcdons: The additional drawing made to prove the truth of a problem.

d) Proof: The proof shows that the object proposed in a problem has been
accomplished, or that the property stated in a Theorem is true.

e) Corollary: This is a statement the truth of which follows readily from an established
proposition as an inference or deduction, which usually requires no further proof.

f) Converse theorem: If we interchange the hypothesis and conclusion of a theorem,

we enunciate a new theorem which is called the Converse of the 1st. The theorems
which were discussed in books of lower levels are described below:

Theorem - 1
The adjacent angles which are straight line makes with another straight line on one
side of it are together equal to two right angles.

Let the straight line OC makes with the

straight line AB at the point O, the C
adjacent AOC and BOC.

Therefore, AOC + BOC = 2 right

angles.
A O B
120 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Theorem - 2
If at a point in a straight line, two other straight lines, on opposite sides of it, make the
adjacent angles together equal to two right angles, then these two straight lines lie on
one and the same straight line.

A O B

In the figure OA and OB are on the opposite sides of OC and make the adjacent
AOC and BOC together equal to two right angles, Therefore. OB lies on the same
straight line as OA.

Theorem - 3
If two straight lines cut one another, the vertically opposite angles are equal.

A D

C B

Let the straight lines AB and CD cut one another at the point 'O'
Therefore, AOD = vertically opposite BOC
and AOC = vertically opposite BOD.
Primary Discussion and Preliminary Concepts 121

Theorem - 4

If a straight line cuts two parallel lines, it makes

a) the alternate angles equal to one another.
b) the corresponding angles equal to one another.
c) the two interior angles on the same side together equal to two right angles.

E
A B

C F D

In the figure AB || CD and PQ cuts the lines AB and CD at the points E and F respectively.
Hence, a. (i) BEF = alternate CFE
(ii) AEF =. alternate EFD

b. (i) BEF = corresponding DFQ

(ii) PEB = Corresponding EFD
(iii) AEF = Corresponding CFQ
(iv) PEA = Corresponding EFC

c. (i) BEF + EFD = 2 right angles,

(ii) AEF + EFC = 2 right angles.

Theorem - 5
If a straight line cuts two other straight lines so as to make a) the alternate angles
equal or b) the corresponding angles equal or c) the interior angles on the same side
equal to two right angles, then in each case the two straight lines are parallel.
122 Junior Secondary Mathematics

E
A B

C F D

In the figure PQ cuts the straight lines AB and CD at the points E and F respectively and
a) AEF = The alternate EFD
or. b) PEB = Corresponding EFD
or. c) BEF + EFD = 2 right angles,

Hence AB and CD are Parallel to one another.

Remarks : Theorem 5 is the reverse proposition of theorem 4.

Theorem - 6
The straight lines which are parallel to the same straight lines are parallel to one
another. P

A B

C D

E F

In the figure AB is parallel to EF, CD is parallel to EF.

Hence, AB and CD are parallel to each other.
Primary Discussion and Preliminary Concepts 123

Exercise 1.1
1. Find the magnitude of the directed angles in the adjacent figure.

105 y
z

p 55 u 110
q w
r 19

2. Find the reasons for the following sentences to be true in the adjaceut figure.

a'
a

b' c'
b c
x y

(a). a + a' = two right angles.

(b). c' > a
(c). b = x
(d). c' > b
(e). c = y
(f). a + b = c'
(g). a' = b + c
(h). b + b' = two right angles.
124 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Multiple Choice Questions:

1.
N M
P

Q L
R

In the figure: if PQR=55, LRN = 90 and PG || MR then which one of the

following is the value of MRN?
(a) 35 (b) 45

(c) 55 (d) 90

P S

Q L
R

2. In the figure: if PQ || SR, QPR = 55 and PRQ = 50 then which one of the
following is the value of LRS?

(a) 40 (b) 50

(c) 55 (d) 75

3. In the isosceles triangle ABC the line EF is parallel to base BC and intersected
AB and AC at the. points E and F.
Primary Discussion and Preliminary Concepts 125

If B= 52 the which one of the following is the value of A+ F?

(a) 76 (b) 104

(c) 128 (d) 156

Answer the questions 4-6 on the basis of the informations given below:

A 450 B
C
Y D
X
E Z
F
320

AB || CD || EF

4. Which one of the following is the correct value of x?

(a) 28 (b) 32

(c) 45 (d) 58

5. Which one of the following is the value of Z?

(a) 58 (b) 103

(c) 122 (d) 148

6. Which one of the following is the correct value of y-2x?

(a) 58 (b) 71

(c) 103 (d) 122

7. Obsesve the following informations:

(i) Two adjacent angles situated on the same line can be equal to one-another.

(ii) The bisectors of the vertically opposite angles are situated on the same
straight line.
126 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Which one of the following is correct?

(a) i and ii (b) i and iii

(c) ii and iii (d) i, ii and iii

CREATIVE QUESTIONS:

A P
B

Q
C D
R
F

In the figure, AB || CD, BPE = 60 and PQ = PR

(a) Show that APE = 120

(b) Find the value of CQF

(c) Prove that, PQR is an equilateral triangle.

 Chapter two
Theorem Concerning Triangles
2.1 Triangle

The boundary line of a closed area formed by the parts of three straight lines is called
a triangle and the parts of the lines are called side. The common point of the two sides
is vertex. The angle formed at the vertex formed by two sides is an angle of the
triangle. There are three sides and three angles in a triangle. The sum of the length of
the sides is called parameter. The area enclosed by the sides of the triangle is called
triangle area.

ABC is triangle in the adjent figure.

A,B,C are vertices. AB, BC', CA are its
three sides and A,B,C are its three A
angles. AB+BC+CA is the parameter of
the triangle. If three sides of triangle are
equal then it is called equilateral triangle.
If two sides of a triangle are equal then it B C
is called isosceles triangle .

Congruency :
If two triangles coincide in all
respects when one is applied on the
other, then the triangles are congruent.
If ABC and DEF are congruent A D
and vertices A,B,C fall respectively
on D,E,F then AB = DE, AC = DF,
BC = EF A = D, B = E, C =
F sometimes congruency of two B C E F
triangles ABC, DEF is denoted by
ABC DEF.

Exterior and interior angle of triangle :

The angle formed by extending a side of a triangle is called an exterior angle of the
triangle. Except the adjacent angle of this angle, the other two angles of the triangle is
called opposite interior angle of this exterior angle.
128 Junior Secondary Mathematics

(a) In the adjacent figure side BC of

ABC is extended up to D, ACD is an A
exterior angle ABC, BAC and ACB
are three interior angle of ABC.
ACB is called adjacent angle with
B
respect to ACD ABC and BAC both C D
are opposite interior angle with respect to
ACD.
(b) In, the figure, AB||CE
BAC = ACE [alternate angle] and
ABC = ECD.
A E
Therefore, BAC + ABC = ACE
+ECD = ACD
ie, ACD is equal to sum of BAC and
B
ABC C D

ACD is greater than each BAC and

ABC
ie, The exterior angle formed by
extending any side of a triangle is greater
than each opposite interior angle. This
proposition will be use in the next
theorems. .
Theorem - 7
If two triangles have two sides of the one .equal to two sides of the .other, each to
each, the angles included by those sides are also equal, then the triangles are. equal in
all respects.
B E

A C D F
Theorem Concerning Triangles 129

Particular Enunciation : Let ABC and DEF be two triangles in which AB = DE,
AC = DF and the included BAC= the included EDF. It is required to prove that
ABC DEF.

Proof : Apply ABC to the DEF So that the point A falls on the point D, the side AB
along the side DE and C falls on the same side of DE as F.

Then because AB = DE
the point B must coincide with the point E
And again because AB falls along DE and BAC = EDF
AC must fall along DF, Now since AC = DF
the point C must coincide with the point F.
Then since B coincides with E and C with F
the side BC must coincide with the side EF
Hence the ABC coincides with the DEF.
ABC DEF (Proved).
A special proposition : (This proposition A E
will be used to prove next theorems) If a
M
side of a triangle is extended, the exterior
angle so formed is greater than each of
the two interior opposite angles. Suppose B D
C
the side BC of the ABC is extended up
to D. It is required to prove that the
exterior angle ACD is greater than each
of the two interior opposite angles CAB
and ABC.

Construction: We join B and M, mid point of AC and extend BM up to E so that ME

= BM.

Proof: In the triangles MCE and MAB

MC = MA ( M is the mid point of AC)
ME = MB ( According to construction)
CME = AMB ( opposite angle)
MCE and MAB are congruent.
MCE =MAB
i.e. ACE = CAB ..........(i)
130 Junior Secondary Mathematics

But they are alternative angle of EC ar.d AB with respect to their intersector.
Hence, EC||AR
So, ECD = ABC............. (ii)
But both ACE and ECD are part of ACD
Hence, ACD> ACE and ACE> ECD
Front (i) and (ii) we get D B
ACD> CAB and ACD > ABC (proved)
Example 1. In the figure, AO = OB, CO = OD
Prove that, AOD BOC O
Proof: In the AOD and BOC AO = OB,
A C
CO = OD ( given) and the included AOD =
the included BOC (vertically opposite
angles are equal to each other)
OD BOC (theorem - 7) proved.
Example 2. In the figure AD is a line
segment and B and C lie on the line E

AD.
Again, EBC = ECB
BE = CE
AB= CD.
Prove that ABE DCE. A B C D
Proof: The line segment BE meets
the line AC at the extreme point B.
EBA + EBC = 2 right angles ....................(l) (Theorem-1)
And the line CE meets the line BD at the extreme point C
ECB + ECD = Two right angles ................(2)
We get from (l) and (2)
EBA + EBC = ECB + ECD
or EBA + EBC = EBC + ECD [Since EBC = ECB (given)] Cancelling
EBC from both the sides, EBA = ECD.
Now from the BE and DCE
BE = CE, AB = CD and the included EBA = included ECD
ABE DCE [theorem. 7] (proved).
Theorem Concerning Triangles 131

Exercise .2.1

C
1. In the figure, CD is the
Perpendicular bisector of AB, prove
that, ADC BDC. A B
D

2. In the figure, CD = CB and DCA= D

BCA, prove that AB = AD
A C

B
3. In the figure. XY = XZ and XM is the
bisector of YXZ. Prove that, the Z
line segment XM is the bisector of L
X M
YLZ
Y
4. In the figure the diagonals AC and BD
D C
of the Parallelogram ABCD bisect
O
each other at the point O. Prove that,
AOD COB and DOC AOB
A B
5. Prove that any point on the perpendicular bisector of a line segment is equidistance
from the extreme points of the line segment.
A C
6. In the figure, AD and BC are the two
diametres of the circle ABDC, Prove O
that AB = CD. B D

7. In the figure C is the mid Point of the B C D

line segment BD.
x = y, AC = CE, x y
Prove that AB = ED.

A E
132 Junior Secondary Mathematics

8. In the figure BAC = ACD and D C

AB = DC.
Prove that AD = BC.

Theorem - 8 A B

If two sides of a triangle are equal, then the angles opposite the equal sides are also
equal.

Particular enunciation :
A
Suppose in the ABC, AB = AC. It is
required to prove that, ABC = ACB

Construction : We construct the bisector

AD of BAC, which meets C B
D
BC at D.

Proof: In the ABD and ACD.

AB = AC (by hypothesis), AD is common to both the triangles and the included
BAD = the included CAD (by construction).

So, D ACD (Theorem-7)

ABD = ACD
That is, ABC = ACB ( Proved).

Example 1 : If the equal sides of an isosceles triangle are produced the exterior
angles so formed are equal.

Suppose in the ABC, AB = AC. AB and

A
AC are produced to D and E respectively.
It is required to prove that DBC =
B C
ECB
D E
Proof : The line-segment BC meets the
straight line AD at the point B. Therefore,

ABC + DBC = 2 right angles .....................(1) [Theorem-1]

Similarly, ACB + ECB = 2 right angles .........................(2)

Theorem Concerning Triangles 133

So, ABC + DBC = ACB + ECB

or. ABC + DBC = ABC + ECB, [ AB = AC ; ABC = ACB]
Cancelling, ABC from both the sides,
DBC = ECB. [Proved]

Example 2 : In the figure, AB = AC and BD = CE in the ABC, Prove that AD = AE.

Proof: In the ABC, AB = AC, so,

ACB = ABC. (Theorem-8) Now in the
ABD and ACE, AB = AC, BD=CE and A
ABD = ACE Therefore, ADB
ACE [Theorem- 7]

So, AD = AE [Proved]

B D E C

Exercise 2.2
1. If the base of an isosceles triangles are produced both ways, show that the exterior
angles so formed are equal. A

2. In the figure, AD= AE, BD= CE.

Prove that AB = AC. B D E C

A
3. In the figure, ABC and DBC
are both isosceles triangles. D
Prove that, ABD ACD
B C
4. Show that the medians drawn from the extremities of the base of an isosceles
triangle to the opposite sides are equal to one another.
134 Junior Secondary Mathematics

C
5. In the figure, AB and CD bisect
each other at O and OA = OC.
Prove that, ODB =OBD. A B
O

D
6. In the figure ABC is a triangle in
A
which ABC, AB = AC, BD = DC
and DE = DF Prove that EDB
E F
=FDC.
B C
D
7. In the quadrilateral ABDC, AB = AC, AD is the bisector of BAC. Prove that BD
= CD.

8. Prove that the angles of an equilateral triangle are equal to one another.

Theorem - 9
If two angles of a triangle are equal, then the sides opposite to the equal angles
are equal. A
D
Particular enunciations : Let ABC be
a triangle in which the ACB = the
ABC. It is required to prove that AB
= AC. B C

Proof: If AC and AB are not equal, suppose that AB>AC.

From BA cut off BD equal to CA, join CD.
Now in the ABC and DBC, AC = BD, BC is common and the included.

ACB = the included DBC.

ABC DBC [Theorem-7]

DCB=ABC But ABC=ACB (given)

DCB=ACB

That is, area of ABC = area of DBC. But this is absurd. because a part can not be
equal to the whole.
Theorem Concerning Triangles 135

AB is not greater than AC. Similarly AC is not greater than AB.

AB = AC (Proved)

Example 1 : In the figure, ABC is a triangle in which DE and DF are two

perpendiculars drawn on AB and AC respectively. DE = DF and BE = CE Prove that
AB = AC

Proof: In BDE and CFD

DE = DF. BE = CF (given)and included BED = included CFD [Since each of them
is equal to one right angle]
A
BDE =CFD [Problem-7 ]
B = C [Conesponding angles of E F
congruent triangles]
B C
AC=AB [Problem-9] D

Example 2. In the figure ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = AB, ADC

ABC. It is required to prove that BC = CD .
Proof: In ADB, AD= AB (given)
ADB = ABD [Theorem-8] C
D
Again, ADC = ABC (given)
or, ADB + CDB = ABD + CBD.
or, ADB + CDB = ADB + CBD
[Since ADB = ABD]
or, CDB = CBD A B

(Cancelling ADB from both the sides)

BC = CD [Theorem : 9] (proved)

Exercise 2.3

1. In the ABC, BD = CD and AD BC, Prove that ABC is an isosceles triangle.

2. In the ABC, A = C, AC = BC, Prove that ABC is an equilateral triangle.
136 Junior Secondary Mathematics

3. In the ABC, D,E and F are points on BC, AB and AC respectively, BD = DC, ED
= FD and EDB = FDC, Prove that AB = AC. A
4. In the given figure, BO and CO
bisect the ABC and ACB
O
respectively and BO = CO, Prove
that AB = AC B C
5. In the figure B = C and BD = A
EC, Prove that ADE is an
isosceles triangle.
6. Prove that if the three angles of a
triangle are equal to one other then B C
D E
its sides are also equal.
7. If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects the base, then prove that it
is an isosceles triangle.
Theorem - 10
If two triangles have the three sides of the one equal to the three sides of the other,
each to each, then they are equal in all respects.

D
A

E F

B C

Particular Enunciation: G
In the ABC and DEF, AB = DE, AC = DF and BC=EF,
It is required to prove that ABC DEF.
Proof: Let us assume that BC and EF are the largest sides of the ABC and DEF
respectively.
We now apply the ABC to the DEF in such a way that the point B falls on the point
E and the side BC falls along the side EF but the point A falls on the side of EF
opposite the point D. Let the point G be the new position of the point A. Since BC =
EF, the point C falls on the point F.
Theorem Concerning Triangles 137

So, GEF is the new position of the ABC.

That is EG = BA. FG = CA and EGF = BAC.
We join D and G Now, in the EGD, EG = ED [since EG = BA = ED].
Therefore, EDG = EGD [Theorem- 8]
Again, in the FGD, FG = FD, [since FG = CA = FD]
Therefore, FDG = FGD [Theorem-8]
So, EDG = FDG =EGD + FGD
or, EDF = EGF.
that is, BAC = EDF
So, in the ABC and DEF, AB = DE, AC =DF and the included
BAC = the included EDF.

Therefore, ABC = DEF [Theorem-7] (proved).

Example 1 : Prove that the diagonals of a rectangle bisect it into two congruent
triangles.

Particular Enunciation:
A D
Suppose in the rectangle ABCD, BD be the
diagonal. It is required to prove ABD BCD
Proof: In BD and BCD.
B C
AB = DC
AD = BC
[ ... the opposite sides of a rectangle are equal] and BD is common to both the
triangles.
Therefore, ABD BCD
[Theorem- 10] (proved).

Exercise - 2.4
1. In the ABC, AB = AC and O is a point such that OB = OC Prove that AOB = AOC.
2. OP is the bisector of the chord AB of a circle centre O Prove that OPA = OPB.
or
In a Circle with centre at O, OP bisects the chord AB. Prove that, OPA =OPB
3. In the ABC, D and E are point on AB and AC respectively such that BD = CE
and BE = CD. Prove that ABC = ACB.
4. Two isosceles triangles ABC and DBC drawn on the same base BC and on the
138 Junior Secondary Mathematics

same side of it. Prove that the straight line joining A and D bisects both the
vertical angles.
5. In the quadrilateral BCD, AB = CD and the diagonals BD and AC are equal and
intersect each other at O. Prove that, BOC is an isosceles triangle.
6. In a circle with centre O, the chords BC and ED are equal in length. Prove that
BOC = EOD.
Theorem - 11
If one side of a triangle is greater than another, then the angle opposite the greater side
is greater than the angle opposite the less.
Particular Enunciation: Let ABC be a triangle, in which the AC >AB. It is required
to prove that ABC > ACB.
Construction: From AC we cut off AD equal to AB. B,D is joined.
Proof: In the ABD, AB = AD.
the ADB = the ABD [Theorem-8] A
But ADB is the exterior angle of the D
BDC
ADB > BCD Because if a side of a B C
triangle is extended then an external
angle is produced which is greater than each of the two opposite internal angles.
the ADB > the ABD
the ABD> the BCD
or the ABD> the ACB
But the ABC > the ABD [Since the ABD is a part of the ABC] Therefore,
ABC > ACB.
Remarks: The exterior angle formed by extending a side of a triangle is greater than
each of the two interior opposite angles.

Theorem - 12
If one angle of a triangle is greater than another, then the side opposite the greater
angle is greater than the side opposite the less.
A
Particular Enunciation : Let ABC be a
triangle in which ABC > ACB. It is
required to prove that AC>AB.
Proof: If AC is not greater than AB, it
must be either equal or less than AB. B C
Theorem Concerning Triangles 139

i.e. AC=AB or AC<AB.

Now if AC were equal to AB then the ABC would be equal to the ACB. [Theorem -8]
But by hypothesis, this is not true.
Again, if AC were less than AB then
the ABC would be less than the ACB. [Theorem-11]
But, by Hypothesis this is not true. That is AC is neither equal to, nor less the an AB.
:. AC>AB Proved.
Remarks/Conclusion : Theorem 12 is the converse of theorem 11.
Example 1. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB = AD, BC = CD and BC>AB. It is
required to prove that the DAB > the DCB
Particular Enunciation:
Let ABCD be a quadrilateral in which AB =AD, BC = CD & BC >AB. It is required
to prove that the OAB> the OCB
D
Proof: In the ABC, BC >AB,
Therefore, the BAC> the
A
BCA .............................(1) [Theorem- 11]
Again, from the ADC, CD>AD.
Therefore. the DAC> the B C
DCA ...................(2) [Theorem-11]
Adding (1) and (2) we have the BAC+the DAC > the BCA + the DCA,
That is, the DAB> the DCB (proved).

Exercise 2.5
1. In the ABC, AB>AC and the bisectors of the B and C intersects at the point
P, Prove that PB>PC
2. ABC is an isosceles triangle and AB=AC.. BC is extended up to E. Prove that
AD>AB.
3. In the quadrilateral ABCD, AB = AD, BC = CD and CD > AD. Prove that
DAB> BCD.
4. In the ABC, AB=AC and D is any point on BC. Prove that AB>AD.
5. In the BC, AB AC and D is any point on AC. Proved that BC>BD.
6. Prove that the hypotenuse is the greatest side of a right angled triangle.
140 Junior Secondary Mathematics

7. Prove that the angle opposite the greatest side of a triangle is also the greatest
angle of that triangle.
8. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the B = the C and AB> CD. Prove that the
D> the A.

Theorem - 13
Any two sides of a triangle are together greater than' the, third side.
D
A

B C

Particular Enunciation: Let ABC be a triangle, it is required to prove that any two of
its sides are together greater than. the third side. Let, BC to be the greatest side. Then
it is enough to prove that AB+AC>BC
Construction: BA is produced to D so that. AD = AC, We join C and D
Proof: In the ADC, AD = AC
Therefore, ACD=ADC [Theorem-8]
But, BCD>ACD [since, ACD is a part of BCD]
Therefore, BCD>ADC
That is, in the BCD, BCD>BDC
Therefore, BD>BC [ Theorem-12 ]
But, BD= AB + AD = AB + AC [Since AC = AD]
Therefore, AB + AC > BC (proved)
A
Example 1: In the ABC, AB= AC and
D is a point on AC produced. Prove that,
BD>CD.
Particular Enunciation:
In the ABC, AB = AC and D is a point B C
on AC produced. It is required to prove
that BD>CD.
D
Theorem Concerning Triangles 141

Proof: In the ABD,

AB + BD>AD [Theorem-13]
or, AB + BD>AC + CD
or, AB + BD > AB + CD [AB = AC, by hypothesis]
or, BD > CD [Cancelling AB from both sides] (proved).

Theorem - 14
Of all line segments that can be drawn to a given straight line from a point outside it,
the perpendicular is the shortest,
Pitrticular Enunciation : Let AB be a
straight line and O, a point outside it. It is O
required to prove that of all line segments
that can be drawn from O to AB, the
perpendicular is the shortest. Let OM
drawn from O to AB. Then it is enough to
A p M B
prove that OP< OM.
Proof: In the OPM OPM =1 right angle = OPA
But OPA>OMP. [If one side of a triangle is produced the exterior angle that is
greater than the opposite two interior angle]
Therefore, OPM> OMP
So, OM > OP. [Theorem-12]
That is, OP<OM (proved)

Exercise-2.6
1. Prove that the difference of any two sides of a triangle is less' than the third side.
2. D is any point within the ABC. Prove that, AB + AC > BD + CD.
3. The diagonals AC and BD of a .quadrilateral ABCD intersect at O. Prove that.
AC+ BD>BC+AD
4. O is any point within the ABC. Prove that, AB+ BC + CA>OA+ OB + OC
5. O is any point within the ABC and AB > OC. Prove that AO+BO>CO.
6. Prove that in any triangle, the sum of the medians is less than its perimeter
142 Junior Secondary Mathematics

7. Prove that, the sum of the two diagonals of a quadrilateral is less than its perimeter.
8. Prove that, of all the line segments drawn from the vertex of an isosceles triangle
to its base, the median is the shortest.

Theorem - 15
The three angles of a triangle are together equal to two right angles.

A E

B C D

Particular Enunciation: Let ABC be a triangle.

It is required to prove that BAC+ ABC +ACB = Two right angles.
Construction:
We produce the side BC to any point D and a line CE is drawn parallel to the line BA
through C.
Proof: Because BA and CE are parallel and AC meets them.
the BAC = the alternate ACE
Again because BA and CE are parallel and BD meets them
the ABC = the corresponding ECD.
Therefore, the BAC + the ABC = the ACE + the ECD = the ACD ........... (1)
Adding the ACB to both the sides,
we have, the BAC+ the ABC+ the ACB = the ACD + the ACB.
But the ACD +the ACB = 2 right angles [theorem-l]
the BAC + the ABC + the ACB = 2 right angles (proved).
Corollary 1: If a side of a triangle is produced then the exterior angle so formed is
equal to the sum of the two opposite exterior angles. .
Corollary 2: If a side of a triangle is produced then the exterior angle so fomed is
greater then each of the two interior opposite angles.
Corollary 3: The acute angles of a right angled triangle are complementary to one another.
Corollary 4: In an equilateral triangle each angle measures 60.
Theorem Concerning Triangles 143

Theorem - 16
If two triangles have two angles of one equal to two angles of the other, each to each,
and any side of the 1st equal to the corresponding side of the other then
the triangles are equal in all respects.
A D

B C E F

Particular Enunciation: Let ABC and DEF be two triangles in which the A = the
D, the B = the E .
and the side BC = the corresponding side EF.
It is required to prove that the ABC the DEF
Proof: ABC is a triangle in which the A + the B + the C = 2 right angles
[Theorem-15].
From the DEF
the D +the E + the F = 2 right angles [Theorem-15]
Since, the A = The D and
the B = the E
the C = the F
Apply the ABC to the DEF, so that B falls on E, BC along EF and A falls on the
side of EF as D.
Then because BC = EF.
C coincides with F
Again because the B = the E
BA must fall along DE and because the C = the F
CA must fall along FD.
the point A; which falls both on ED and FD must coincide with D.
That is, the ABC coincides with the DEF
the ABC the DEF
Example 1: Prove that if an angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the other two
angles then the triangle is right angled.
Proof: We know that in any ABC, the A + the B + the C = 180 [Given, the
A = the B + the C ]
144 Junior Secondary Mathematics

2A=180
the A = 90
Therefore, the ABC is a right angled triangle.
Example 2: If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle is perpendicular to the
base then prove that it is an isoceles triangle.
Particular Enunciation :In the figure, let A
ABC be triangle.The bisector AD of the
vertical angle A is perpendicular at the
point D on the base BC of the triangle
ABC. B D C
It is required to prove that, AB =AC
Proof: In the ABD and the ACD
the BAD=CAD [ ... AD is the bisector of the BAC]
the ADB = the ADC [ ... AD is perpendicular on BC]
and AD is common
Therefore, the ABD the ACD [ Theorem-16]
Hence, AB = AC (proved)

Theorem - 17
If two right angled triangles have their hypotenuses equal and one side of one equal to
one side of the other then they are equal in all respects.

A D

B C
G E F

Particular Enuncition :
Let ABC and DEF be two right angled triangles, in which the hypotenuse AC=
hypotenuse DF and AB = DE It is required to prove that ABC DEF
Theorem Concerning Triangles 145

Proof: Apply the BC to the DEF so that the point B falls on the point E, BA falls
on the side ED and the point C on the side of ED opposite to 'F' Let, G be the point on
which C falls since AB = DE
A falls on. D. Thus DEG represents the ABC is its new position.
Therefore, DG = AC = DF, DEF = ABC = one right angle
andDGE =ACB
since DEF + DEG = 1 right angle + 1 right angle = 2 right angle
GEF is a straight line.
Now, since in the DGF, DG=DF
DFE = DGE [Theorem -8]
Therefore, DFE = ACB
Now in the ABC and DEF
ABC = DEF [ ... each is equal to one right angle]
ACB = DFE and side AB = side DE
Therefore, ABC DEF [ Theorem -16] (Proved)

Exercise -2.7
A
1. In the figure, ABC is a triangle in
which ABC = 90, BAC = 48 and
48
BD perpendicular to AC. Find of the D
remaining angles.
x
y z
B C

2. The vertical angle of an isosceles triangle is 50. Find the other two angles.
3. Prove that the sum of the angles of a quadrilateral equal to 4 right angles.
4. The two line segments PQ & RS intersects at the point O and LM RS, EF
PQ. Prove that MLO = FEO
146 Junior Secondary Mathematics

5. In the ABC, the internal bisectors of the B and C intersect at the point D.
1
Prove that BDC = 90 + A.
2
6. The ABC is right angled at C, E is a point on. AC produced. The perpendicular
ED on AB is drawn to meet BC at O.
Prove that CEO = DBO.
7. In the ABC, the external bisectors of the B and C intersect at the point O.
Prove that BOC = 90 _ 1 A.
2
8. If the bisector of the vertical angle of any mangle is perpendicular to the base
then prove that the triangle is isosceles.
A
9. In the figure ABC is a triangle in
which AB = AC and BAD =
CAE ; Prove that BD = CEO

D B C E

10. In the quadrilateral ABCD. AC is the bisector of the BAD and BCD. Prove
that B = D.
11. In the figure ABCD is a quadrilateral D C
in which AB is equal and parallel to
CD and the diagonals AC and BD
O
intersect at the point O. Prove that
A B
AD =BC.
A
12. In the figure, ABC is a triangle in
which AB = AC, BC is produced on
both sides to D and E and DAB =
EAC proved that AD = AE B C E
D

13. Proved that the perpendiculars from the end points of the base of an isosceles
triangle to the opposite sides are equal.
14. Proved that, If the perpendiculars from the end points of the base of a triangle to
the opposite sides are equal then the triangle isosceles triangle.
15. In the quadrilateral ABCD. AB = AD and B = D = 1 right angle. Prove that
ABC ADC.
Theorem Concerning Triangles 147

Multiple Choice Questions:

Answer the questions 1_3 on the basis of the following information:

A E

60
D
B C

In the figure, the side BC of ABC is extended to D and CE is

the bisector of ACD. AB || CE and ECD = 60

1. Which one of the following is the value of BAC

(a) 30 (b) 45
(c) 60 (d) 120

2. Which one of the following is the value of ACD?

(a) 60 (b) 90
(c) 120 (d) 180

3. What kind of triangle is ABC is?

(a) obtuse-angled (b) isosceles
(c) equilateral (d) right-angled.

4. If A=70 and B = 40 in ABC then what type of triangle is ABC?

(a) obtuse-angled (b) right_angled
(c) equilateral (d) isosceles.

5 Two sides of a triangle are of length 5 cm. and 4 cm. Which one of the following
is the measurement of the other side of the triangle?
(a) 1 cm (b) 4 cm
(c) 9 cm. (d) 10 cm.
148 Junior Secondary Mathematics

6. The equal sides of an isosceles triangle are extended and if one of the external
angles is 120 then how much is the other external angle?
(a) 120 (b) 90
(c) 60 (d) 30

7. If one of the two acute angles of a right angled triangle is 40, then which of the
following is the value of other acute angle?
(a) 40 (b) 45
(c) 50 (d) 60

8, If the sum of two angles is equal to the other angle of a triangle, what type of
triangle is it?
(a) Equilateral (b) acute-angled
(c) right-angled (d) abtuse-angled

CREATIVE QUESTIONS
1.

In the figure, AB = AC in ABC, ACB=60, BO and CO are external bisectors of

B and C respectively.
(a) How much is the value of ABC ?
(b) Find the value of BAC and show that AB=BC
(c) Prove that BOC= 90 _ A
Theorem Concerning Triangles 149

2.
P

Q R
M

In the figure, QPM = RPM; PM QR and QPM ,= 90

(a) Find the value of QPM.
(b) How much are the values of PQM and PMR?
(c) If PQ =6 cm, find the value of PR.

3. The sides AB and AC of ABC are equal to one another. AD is perpendicular to

BC from A.
(a) Draw the figure on the basis of the above informations.
(b) Show that AD < AC
(c) Prove that ABD ACD

4. AB > AC in ABC and the bisectors of A, B and C intersected at the point O.

(a) Draw the figure on the basis of above informations.
(b) Show that, OB > OC
(c) Prove that, (AB+BC+CA) <2(DB+OA+OC)

5. QR of PQR is extended to S. RT || QP and PQ||RT.

(a) Draw the figure on the basis of the above informations.
(b) Show that PQR + QPR=PRS
(c) Joining P with T, prove that PQR PRT.
 Chapter Three
Problems On Triangles

Every triangle has (a) three sides, and (b) three angles.
Two triangles can be equal in all respects or congruent if three parts of one are equal
to corresponding parts of the other. If only those parts are given the shape of the
triangle can be determined and the triangle can be constructed or drawn. If one of the
following data of a triangle is known, a particular triangle may be drawn :
(1) Two sides and the angle included by those sides.
(2) Three sides, (sum of the length of any two sides is greater than the length of the
third side).
(3) Two angles and one side.
(4) Two sides and an angle opposite to one of the two sides.

Problem - 9
To construct a triangle having given the lengths of the three sides.

A
a
b c b
c

B a C

Let a, b, c be the given length of the three sides of a triangle. We are to construct the
triangle.
Construction: We cut off BC equal to a, from any line segment BD. With center at B
and C and radius equal to c and b respectively, we draw two arcs on the same side of
BC. The two arcs intersect each other at A. We join A with B and C. Then, ABC is the
required triangle.
Proof: By construction, in the ABC, BC = a, AC = b and AB = c.
ABC is the required triangle.
Problems On Triangles 151

Remarks : According to Theorem -13 any two sides of a triangle are together Greater
than the third side. So the given sides should be such that the sum of the lengths of
any two sides is greater than the length of the third side. It is only then that it is
possible to construct the triangle.

Problem - 10
To construct a triangle having given two sides and an angle included by those sides.

E
a
b A

C
B C D
Let a and b be the two given sides and C the given angle included by those sides. We
are to draw the triangle.
Construction: We cut off BC equal to a from any line-segment BD. We draw BCE
equal to C at the point C. We cut off CA equal to b from the line segment CE We
join A and B. Then ABC is the required triangle.
Proof: By construction, in the ABC, BC = CA= b and ACB= C
Therefore, ABC is the required triangle.

Problem - 11
To construct a triangle having given one side and two angles adjacent to it.

a F E
A

B C
B C D
152 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Let a be a given side and B and C, the two given angles adjacent to it. We are to
construct the triangle.

Construction: We cut off BC equal to a, from any line-segment BD. We construct

CBE = B at B and BCF = C at C on the line-segment BC. BE and CF intersect
each other at A. Then, ABC is the required triangle.

Proof: By construction, in the ABC, BC= a, ABC=B and ACB = C.

Therefore ABC is the required triangle.

Remarks : By theorem- 15 the sum of the three angles of a triangle is equal to

two right angles, so the two given angles be such that their sum should be less than
two right angles, otherwise no triangle can be drawn.

Problem - 12
To construct a triangle having given two angles and side opposite to one of them.

G F
A E

B
B C D

Let A and B be the two given angles and a the given length of the side opposite to
A. We are to construct the triangle.
Construction: We cut off BC equal to a, from any line-segment BD. We drawCBF
and DCE equal to B at B and C respectively. Again on the line segment CE at C
we draw ECO equal to A on the side of CE opposite to the angle drawn equal to
B. The straight line CG intersects BF at A.
Then ABC is the required triangle.

Proof: By construction, ABC = ECD. Since these are corresponding angles.

So BA|| CE
Now BA || CE and AC intersects them.
Problems On Triangles 153

Therefore, BAC = the alternate ACE = A,

So in ABC, BAC = A, ABC = B and BC = a
Therefore, ABC is the required triangle.

Problem - 13
To construct a triangle having given two sides and an angle opposite to one of them

c E
A
b

B
B C C' D

Let b and c be the two given sides and B the given angle opposite the side b. We are to
construct the triangle.
Construction: We draw DBE equal to B at B on any line seagment BD. We cut
off BA equal to the side c from BE. Now with centre at A and radius equal to the side
b, we draw an arc cutting line segment BD at C and C.We join A with C and C'. Then
both the ABC and ABC are the required triangles.
Proof: By construction in the ABC, BA = c, AC = b and ABC = B and in the
ABC', BA=c AC' = b and ABC' =B
Therefore, both ABC and ABC' are the required triangles.

Problem - 14
To construct a right angled triangle having given hypotenuse and one side.
E
A
b
a

B C D
Let a be the given hypotenuse of a right angled triangle and b the given side. We are to
construct the triangle.
154 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Construction: We cut off BC equal to b from any line segment BD, We draw a
perpendicular BE to BD centre at A. With centre at C and radius equal to a, we draw
an arc-cutting BE at A. We join, A and C. Then ABC is the required tringle.
Proof : By construction, the hypotenuse AC= a, BC = b and ABC= 1 right angle.
Therefore ABC is the required triangle.

Problem - 15
To construct a right angled triangle having given the hypotenuse and one angle

a A

B
B O D E

Let a be the given hypotenuse of a right angled triangle and B the given angle. We are
to construct the triangle.
Construction: We cut off BD = a from any line segment. BE. We find the middle
point O of the line segment BD. Now with centre at O and radius equal to OB we
draw a semicircle. We draw DBA= B at B on BD. The straight line BA meets the
semicircle at A. We join A and D. Then ABD is the required triangle.
Proof : We join A and O.
Since OB = OA. [being radius of the same circle]
Therefore, OAB = OB A [Theorem-8]
Again, OA = OD, [being radius of the same circle]
Therefore, OAD = ODA
Therefore. OAB + OA D = OBA + ODA
or, BAD = ABD + BDA = 1 right angle.
Now. BD = the hypotenuse a ABD= B and BAD = 1 right angle
So, ADB is the required triangle.
Problems On Triangles 155

Exercise - 3.1

1. Construct a triangle whose sides are:

(a) 2 cm, 3 cm and 4 cm
(b) 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm
(c) 3.5 cm, 2.7 cm and 4.8 cm
2. (a) Construct an isosceles triangle having given the base of the triangle and any one side.
(b) The length of a side of an equilateral triangle is 3.8 cm. Draw the triangle.
3. Construct a triangle above two sides and the angle included by these sides are:-
(a) 2 cm, 3.5 cm and 60
(b) 3.8 cm, 4.5 cm and 45
4. Construct a triangle in which a side and two angles adjacent to it are:-
(a) 3 cm, 30 and 45
(b) 3.5 cm, 50 and 60
5. Construct a triangle in which two angles and opposite to the first angle are:-
(a) 120, 30 and 5cm
(b) 60, 30 and 3cm
6. Construct a triangle in whieh two sides and an angle opposite to the first side are:-
(a) 5.4 cm, 6 cm and 60
(b) 4 cm, 5 cm and 30
7. Construct a triangle in which the length of the hypotenuse and one side adjacent
to it are:-
(a) 7.6 cm and 4.5 cm
(b) 3 cm and 2.8 cm
8. The length of a hypotenuse of an isosceles right angle triangle is 6 cm. Construct
the triangle.
9. The length of a particular side of a right angled triangle is 5 cm and one of the
acute angles is 40, Construct the triangle.
156 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. If two sides of a triangle and one angle opposite to one of that sides are given,
then how many triangles can be drawn?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
2. In which case it is possible to draw a triangle when the length of the sides are
respectively_
(a) 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm (b) 3 cm. 4 cm, 5 cm.
(c) 2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm. (d) 3 cm, 4 cm, 7 cm.
3. (i) If two sides of a triangle and the included angle are given then the triangle
can be drawn.
(ii) If the sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than third side then the
triangle can be drawn.
(iii) There may exist more than one abtuse angle in a triangle. Which one of the
following is correct?
(a) i and ii (b) ii and iii
(c) i and iii (d) i, ii and iii.
Answer the questions 4-5 according to the following figure
D

B C

4. To draw a line parallel to AB at the point C, angle equal to which angle has to draw?
(a) ABC (b) ACB
(c) BAC (b) CAD
5. Which one of the following is equal to CAD?
(a) BAC+ACB (b) ABC+ ACB
(c) ABC + ACB +BAC (d) ABC+BAC
Problems On Triangles 157

CREATIVE QUESTION

1. There are three points A, B and C so that they are not colinear.
(a) Draw a triangle through the three points.
(b) Draw perpendicular to the base from the vertex of the drawn triangle. .
(c) If the base of the drawn triangle is the hypotenuse of right angled isosceles
triangle then draw the triangle.
2.
A

B C

(a) Which is the hypotenuse of the triangle in the figure above?

(b) Measure the hypotenuse in centimeter and draw a angle equalizing the angle
ACB.
(c) Draw a right-angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 2 cm greater than that of
drawn triangle and an angle is equal to ACB

3.
A E

B D
C

In figure, lines BA and CE are parallel to one-another.

(a) Write the relation between BAC and ACE
(b) Show that BAC+ ABC = ACD
(c) Draw a triangle whose two angles are equal to the angles ECD and ABC
and one side is equal to AB.
158 Junior Secondary Mathematics

4. There are two sides a = 3.2 cm, b= 4.5 cm and an angle B=30 of a triangle.
(a) Draw an angle equal to B.
(b) Draw a triangle whose two sides are equal to a and b and included angle is
equal to B
(c) Draw such a triangle whose one side is b and the opposite side of B is a.

5. The length of one side is 4 cm of a triangle and two angles are 37 and 46
adjacent to the side.
(a) How much is the amount of the other angle?
(b) What type of triangle it is and why?
(c) Draw the triangle.
 Answers
Arithmetic
Exercise 1.1

1. (a) 19 (b) 28 (c) 36 (d) 45 (e) 63 (f) 87 (g) 90 (h) 96

2. (a) 27 (b) 31 (c) 81 (d) 222 (e) 234 (f) 847 (g) 440 (h) 1001
3. (a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
4. (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 3 (e) 6
5. 3 6. 5 7. 20

Exercise 1.2

1. 0.7 2. 1.1 3. .05 4. 2.17 5. 12.4 6. .073

7. .0075 8. 25.38 9. 1.001 10. 2.236 11. 2.828 12. 3.494
13. .707 14. .173 15. .726 16. 1.643 17. .548 18. 1.833
19. .192
Exercise 1.3

1. (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 12 (d) 21 (e) 1 6 (f) 9 1 (g) 6 1 (h) 10 2

7 11 17 100 7 9 5 9
2. (a) .845 (b) .527 (c) .764 (d) 2.101 (e) 2.991 (f) .395 (g) 2.057

Exercise 1.4
1. 64 tress 2. 32 trees 3. 4 4. 84,393 5. 48,56 6. 225 7. 50 pupils
8. 45,46 9. 45,50 10. 35 people 11. 25 people

Exercise 2.1
1. a) 15J 7 b) 5000 J 7009 c) 31J 18 d) 1000 J 507 e) 1J 2 f) 5 J C
2. a) 44J56 b) 20J561 c) 7 J 3 d) 32 J 9
3. 13m 20cm 4. .54 years 5. 7 J 11 6.32 J 00 Taka 7. 1 J 5
160 Junior Secondary Mathematics

8. 20 years 9. 24 J 25 10. 29 J 21 11. 240, 210

12. Sodium 78.67 gm (Appx.), Chlorine 121.33 gm 13. 55 J 42

Exercise 2.2
1. a) 1 J 3 J 9 b) 25 J 45 J 81 c) 9 J 1J 25 d) 1 J 3 J 9
1
2. a) 15 b) 8 c) 0.55 d)
2
1
3. a) 16. b) 48 c) 2 d) 200 e) 12.
4
4. 1 J 10 5. 24 quintal 6. 3 J 6 J12 7. 4 gm 8. 1000.00 Taka
1
9. 17 Nos. 10. 13 days 11. 25 days 12. 5,600 Nos 13. 244 J 203
3
14. 35 J 42 J 24 15. 40 litres.

Exercise 2.3
1. 28 J 35 J 55 2.4kg 3. 26gm
4. Biomanure 144 sacs, Chemical fertilizer 32 sacs.
5. Oxygen 88.9 kg. Hydrogene 11.1 kg. 6. 270 Taka. 630 Taka, 1260 Taka
7. Tk.150.00 Tk.195'00 Tk.225.00 8. Tk 800,00 9. 14 J 3 10. Tk. 300.00
11. Tk. 128.00 12. Tk. 315.00, Tk 525.00
13. Tk.750. Tk. 900, Tk. 825 14. Tk. 75 Tk. 60, Tk. 85
15. Tk.750, Tk.500 16. Tk. 3160, Tk. 3600.
17. Tk.1625, Tk.2275, Tk.1300
18. Lily 90 Taka, Moly 150 Taka, Pinky 75 Taka.
19. 12 gm. 20. Male 500 Taka, Female 200 Taka, Boys 120 Taka. .
21. Suman 1380 Taka, Jamal 960 Taka. Dilip 1260 Taka,
22. 31 J 17

Exercise 3.1
1
1. Tk.2887.50 2. 3 kg. 3. 122 kg 4. Tk.17.50 5. Tk.378,
4
6. Tk.9000 7.33 People 8. 10 4 days 9. 70 days 10. Tk 34500
5
Answers 161

11. 15 Students 12. 16 2 13. 5 days 14. 10 days 15. 150 workers
3
16. 8 hours 17. 6 days,

Exercise 3.2
1. 2 workers 2. 12 days 3. 15 masons 4. 120 labourers 5.30 days
6. 90 hectors. 7. 17 days 8. 5 5 hours 9. 3days 10.20 days
11
11. Aziz in. 25 days , Kamal in 100 days,
12. A in 30 days, B in 20 days, C in 60 days.
13. In 12 days. 14. 50 Km 15. 2 hours 30 minutes
16. 18.04 km per hour (Approx.) 17. 5 seconds
18. 180 metres. 19. 21 seconds 20. 4 hours 21. 25 minutes
22. After 8 minutes. 23. 15 minutes 24. 2 Km per hour
25. 6 hour 26. 6.2 Km per hour 27. 280 Km

28. Speed of the boat 1 Km per hour, speed of the current 1 Km per hour.
6 12
29. 32 days.
Exercise 4.1
1. (a) 800 cm, 8000 mm (b) 740 cm, 7400mm. (c) 1396 em, 13960mm.
(d) 0.7 cm, 7mm (e) 4790cm, 47900mm.
2. (a) 0.493m (b) 7.565 m (c) 23800m (d) 8000.09m (e) 25000.03m
3. (a) 0.4039km. (b) 0.005359 km (c) 0.097865 km (d) .009078 km
(e) 0.07525km
4. (a) 3m 5 decim (b) 7 decim 6cm 4mm c) 53m 7 decim d) 5cm 6mm

Exercise 4.2
1. 20 sq.m 2; 150 sq.cm 3. 115 sq m. 4.1375 sq.m
5. 384sq.m 6. 21 m,7m 7. 125 cm 8. 300 mgs
9. 3000 sq.cm. 10. 1200 sq. metre 11. 250 sq.metre 12. 23.16 kg.
13. 44,000 litre and 44,000 kg. 14. Tk. 450.00
162 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Algebra
Answer
Exercise 1.1
1. 4K_m_ n. 2.6a_b _3c 3.2x_ z 4. _ 2a+ 6b_ c_ 8d
5. 2x3 + x2 + 15x + 10 6. 6xy2 + 5 7. 3x3y _7x2y2 + ll xy3
8. _a3 + 3b3_2a2b + 3ab2 9. l0a2xy2-3a2x2y2 + y3-8.

10. 8p3q3r3 _ 3p2q2r2 _ 2p4q4r4 _2 11. 5 x _ 1 y + 7 z

12 6 12
12. _ 1 a3 + 5 ax2 13.3 14. 27 15.3 16. _1 17. 3. 18. 36.
4 8

Exercise 1.2

1. 3x + 2y _3z 2. _ 3a2_9a+ 7
3. 4a2 _7ab _ b2 4. ax_by_14cz
5. 2m2+ 10mn _16n2 6. 2x3_ 4x2y _15xy2+ 9y3
7. _ a4 _ 2a2 _12a +12 8. _ a3+ 3b3 _ 2a2b +3ab2
9. 6x3+ 6x2y + 5xy2 10. llx2y _ llxy2_10x3 _ 3y3
11. _ a3_b + 3a2b _3ab2 12. 2x5+3x4y + 6y5
13. yz+zx + xy 14. 13a2+14ab _18b2
15. 2x3_7x+ 10 16. 5x3 + 20y3
17. _8x3 + 3x2y + 5xy2 _2y3

Exercise 1.3

1. 6a3b. 2. _54ab3 3. 10a3x7y 4. _14a4x3

5. _30b4x4yz, 6. 15p7q7 7. 32a4b2x5y3 8. 70x5y5z
9. _14a5 x4y9z7 10.8x2y_12xy2 11. 2a3bc _3ab3c _ abc3
12. 12c4d5-18c3d7 + 30c3d6 13. a7b _ a4b4+ 3a5b2c.
14. x2 + 9x + 20 15. a2 _ b2 16. ab+ac+b2_ c2
17. 10x2-51xy + 56y2 18. x3+6x2+5x_12
Answers 163

19. 3a3 + a2b _ ab2 + 4b3 20. a3_3a2b + 3ab2_b3 21. x8_y8

22. x3 + 3x2a + 3xa2 + a3 23. 8p3 _ 12p2q + 6pq2 _ q3 24. x4 + x2+ 1

25. a4+a2b2+b4 26. x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx

Exercise 1.4
1. 4x2 2. _ 9z3 3. 3x6 4. _5a2x2 5. 3a2z2y

6. _2pqr2 7. _5x3y7 8. 11x 9. _5y. 10. 5yab2

11. 3a_2b. 12 2a3b _ 3ab2 13. _b+ 3a4b4 14. _x_y_z

15. _3a2 +4ax_2x2 16. _2p2 + 4pq +5q2 17. _x5+3xy_4y3

1 3
18. _7ac+4a3b2c4+3ab4c2 19. 3mn_7n2_4m2 20. + xy5_y4z2
5 5
21. a2b2 22. x_2 23. 3a +4 24. 2x_3y 25. x_ 4y

26. a +2xyz 27. x2_1 28. x2y2 _ 1. 29. 5x + 3y 30. x_ 5ab.

31. x2+3. 32. 2ab +3d. 33. x2 + x + 1. 34. a2_b2 35. 9p2_2pq_ q2

Exercise 1.5
1. a_b+c_d 2. 2x_2a. 3. 5y_5x 4. 3x+4y_z + b + 2c.
5.7b_2a. 6. 0 7.5y_2x+7z. 8.6a_6b_18c.
9. 5a_b+llc. 10. _10x+14y_18z. 11. 2a+3b+28c. 12. _ 9.
13. x_(_y +a_b) 14. _(a_b+c) + (d_c)
15.3x_{4y+(8z_5)} 16. 10 _[7+ {_3+(4_8)}], 10

Exerctse 2.1
1. 4a2 +12a+9 2. 25x2 +20xy + 4y2
3. 8lx2 + 90ax+25a2 4. 9m2 + 42mn + 49n2
5. 25a2 _ 70 a+49 6. 9a2 _ 42xy + 49y2
7. a2x2 _ 2abxy+b2y2 8. 9a _ 66axy + 121x2y2
9. 25a4+90a2m2+81m4 10. 81x4 _ 198x2y2 + 121y4
11. 9801 12. 1010025
164 Junior Secondary Mathematics

13. 994009 14. a2+b2 +c2_2ab + 2ca _2bc

15. a2+4b2+9c2+4ab+6ca+12bc 16. 4x2 + y2 +z2+ 4xy_ 4zx_2yz
17. b2c2 +c2a2+a2b2 + 2abc2+ 2ab2c + 2a2bc
18. x4+y4_z4 + 2x2y2_2z2x2_2yz2
19. a4+ 4b2 + c4+ 4a2b _2c2a2_4bc2
20.4b2 21.16 x2 22.16a2 23. a2 + 4ab + 4b2 24. 9a2 25.1
26. 0 27. 4 28.16 31. P2_2 33. 12 35. 79.

Exercise 2.2
1. 16x2 _ 9 2. 25a2 _ 64b2 3. 16a2 _ 49b2 4. 169 _ 144p2
5. a2x4 _ b2 6. a2 _ b2 _ c2 _ 2bc 7. x4 + x2 + 1
8. 16x4 + 36x2 +81 9. 1 + 4x4 + 16x8 10. a8 + 9a4x4 + 81a8
11. x2 + 25x + 144 12. p2x2 _ 2px _ 15 13. 4x2 + 26x +40
2 1
14 q4x4 + 4rq2x2+ 3r2 15. x2+x+ 9 16. x2 _ 9 a2

17. 1 x2 _ 1 y2 18. x4 _1
25 36
Exercise 2.3

1. x(y+a2) 2. abc(a+b+c) 3. (c+a)(a+b)

4.(x_a) (x_b) 5. (1+a) (1+a2) 6. (ax +by) (bp+ aq)
7. 2(b+d) (2a _5c) 8. (x+5)(x_5) 9. (2x+y)(2x_y)
10. (a+9b) (a_9b) 11.(7+ab)(7_ab) 12. (a+x+y) (a_x_y)
1 1
13. (x+b_c) (x_b+c) 14. 5x(4x+3) (4x_3) 15. (p+ 3 ) (p_ )
3
16. pq(p+q) (p_ q) 17. (2x +3y) (2x_3y) (4x2 +9y2) 18. 1 (x+3)(x_3)
3
19. (5x2+6y2)(5x2_6y2) 20. (18a+llx)(19x_6a)
21. (x+y)(x_y)(x2+y2+2) 22. x3(12x2+5a2)(l2x2_5a2)
23. (8+3x_3y)(8_3x+3y) 24. (2x2+6x+9)(2x2_6x+9)
25. (a_b+c)(a_b_c) 26. (a+b_c)(a_b+c)
Answers 165

27. (2x_y+z)(2x_y_z) 28. (x+3)(x+2)

29. (x+5)(x+6) 30. (x_9)(x_5)
31. (a+8)(a_5) 32. (m+6)(m_5)
33. (a_13)(a+7) 34. (m_8)(m_7)

Exercise 3
1. xy4 2. a2b2 3.2a4x4 4. xyz
5.4ax 6. (a+b) 7. a(a+b) 8. ax(2a+3x)
9. (x+4) 10. (x_5) 11. (x+2) 12. (x_1)
13.6a2b2c 14. 12a2x3c4 15. 78ac5d4 16. 36a2b3c
17. 30a3b2x3y2z2 18. 12x2(x+2) 19. x(x2+3a+2) 20. x2(x2_49)(x+3)
21. 5a(9x2_25y2) 22. (x_5)2(x+2) 23. a(x2_2)(x2+2) 24. (a2_7a+12)(a_5)

Exercise 4.1

1. 1 2. 1 3. x 4. 2m 5. 2x2y2
2b 5ab yz 3k 3z
x_3 x+2 x+3 2x_3a x
6. 7. _ 8. _ 9. 10.
a x 2 x 3 2x x+4y
_ 2+9x
11. a 3 12. x+2 13. _
a+4 x+3 x3
Exercise 4.2
2 2 2 ac+a2 , b2+bc
1. 2ad , 3bc 2. a , b , c , 3.
4bd 4bd abc abc abc (b+c)(c+a) (b+c)(c+a)
2 2y 2 _ 2 _ ax2_2bx2 , a2y2+2aby2
4. x +x , x y xy , zx yz 5.
x(x2_y2) x(x2_y2) x(x2_y2) a(a+2b)(a_2b) a(a+2b)(a_2b)
2xb2c2(a_x) 3yc2a2(a+x) 4za2b2
6. 2 2 2 2_ 2 , 2 2 2 2_ 2 , 2 2 2 2_ 2
a b c (a x ) a b c (a x ) a b c (a x )
3a+9 , 5a+5 x2+5x , xy+3y
7. 8.
(a+1)(a+3)(a-2) (a+1)(a+3)(a-2) (x+3)(x 3)(x+5) (x+3)(x_3)(x+5)
_

a2_2a_8 , a2_ 4ab , a2c+2ac

9.
a(a+3)(a+2)(a_4) a(a+3)(a+2)(a_4) a(a+3)(a+2)(a_4)
ax , 2xy-5y2 , 2axz+5ayz
10.
a(2x+5y)(2x 5y) a(2x+5y)(2x 5y) a(2x+5y)(2x_5y)
_ _
166 Junior Secondary Mathematics

Exercise 4.3
3 x2_y2 3_ 3 2 2
1. bx+ay 2. 3x b+2ay 3. 4. a b 5. x +y
ab xy xy ab xy
a2+b2 2y _
6. 7. 8. 2 9. 2x 1 10. a
ab x x2_x_2 a2+5a+6

11. a_ 4 2 2
12. x +y 13. 0 14. 1 15. a+b
a2_9 x2_y2 2a_7b
23_4x _ a3
16. 1 17. x 18. 19. 5x 3y 20.
x+3 2_
x 6x+5 x2_ 4x+5 4x2_9y2 b(a2_4b2)

Exercise 5.1
8 4 1
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. _ 4 5. _ 2 6. 15 7. 2 11 8. _ 6 2

9. _ 28 10. 12 11. 5 12. 12 13. 1 14. 7 15. _2 16. _ 2

17. _ 1 18. 5 19. _ 1 20. 13 21. 38 22. 1 23. _ 2 24. _ 7
2
25. 5 26. _ 6 27. 28. 41 29. _ 10 30. 1
3
Exercise 5.2
1. 33 2. _ 6 3. Azmal 20 years, Shafique 15 years.
4. 52, 28. 5. 44, 45, 46 6. 60 7. 23
8. Kamal Tk. 60, Jamal Tk. 55, Haripada Tk. 62: 9. 360 fruits,
10. 2km/hour and 6Km/hour 11. 90 Km
12. Greater 125 Smaller 100. 13. 2 Km/hour
14. 4 Km/hour 15. Tk. 49

Geometry
Exercise 1.1
1. x = 60, y = 120, z = 60
p = 135, q = 55 r = 135
u = 50, v = 130, w = 50
Exercise 2.7
1. x = 42, y = 48, z = 42
2. 65, 65