Heat and mass Transfer Unit I ‘November 2008 1. Calculate the rate of heat loss through the vertical walls of a boiler furnace of size 4 m by 3 m by 3 m high. The walls are constructed from an inner fire brick wall 25 em thick of thermal conductivity 0.4 W/mK, a layer of ceramic blanket insulation of thermal conduct ity 0.2 W/mK and 8 em thick, and a steel protective layer of ity 5S WimK and 2 mm thick. The thermal conducti side temperature of the fire brick layer was measured at 600° C and the temperature of the outside of the insulation 60° C. Also find the interface temperature of layers. Given: Composite Wall 4m b=3m h=3m SEF Area of rectangular wall Ib = 4x3 = 12m? ie Ly =25 em Fire brick 4 k, =0.4 WimkK 002m Steel 54. WimK 5 = 0.08 m insulation 1.2 Wink T,-600° C T =60°C Find @Q@ GT) Solution We know that, CP 1 3 0.0521 Roo = = sae 0.0333K/W Rus = = =0.0000031K/Wle 600 — 60 + 0.000031 + 0.0333 Q= 6320.96 W (i) To find temperature drop across the steel layer (T2 -T3) Ts Ti = Qx Ruz = 6320,96x 0,0000031 Ts Ti = 0.0196 K 2. A spherical container of negligible thickness holding a hot fluid at 140° and having an outer diameter of 0.4 m is insulated with three layers of each 50 mm thick insulation of ky = 0.02: kz = 0.06 and ks = 0.16 W/mK. (Starting from inside). The outside surface temperature is 30°C. Determine (i) the heat loss, and (ii) Interface temperatures of insulating layers. Given: oD = 04m n= 02m = ny + thickness of 1 insulation = 0.24005 n= 025m = 2+ thickness of 2" insulation = 0.25+0.05 n= 03m 1% = 15+ thickness of 3" insulation = 0340.05 % 035m Tw = 140°C, Ty= 30°C, ki 0.02 Wimk ky 0.06 WimK. ks = 0.16 Wimk. Find (i) Q (ii) T2 TsSolution | Ivete (AT overau ERen AT =Tye-Ter ER w = Rut + Roo + Rus men (025-020) ° Roi = Fegan arxoazroaseag 078° CW ryote _ __(030-028) [ Reo = eign mrxaaeroanoas © 8842°CW (035-030) ° Roi = Garry anaoace@asxaas 025684 CW 140-30 = Ko796 + oeea2 + 023684 Q=2157W To find interface temperature (T2, Ts ) ght ~[Qx Re] = 140 - [91.62«0.0796] Tz = S4.17°C Raw Ts = T2-[Q* Rena] = 132.71- [91.62*0.8842] Ts =35.09°C 3. May 2008 A steel tube with § em ID, 7.6 cm OD and k=15Wim’ C is covered with an insulative covering of thickness 2 em and k 0.2 W/m*C: A hot gas at 330° C with h = 400 W/mC flows inside the tube. The outer surface of the insulation is exposed to cooler air at 30°C with h = 60 W/m’°C, Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for 10 m of the tube and the temperature drops resulting from the thermal resistances of the hot gas flow, the steel tube, the insulation layer and the outside air. Given: Inner diameter of steel, di = 5 em =0.05 m Inner radius,r; = 0.025m Outer diameter of steel, d) =7.6 em = 0.076m Outer radius,r2 = 0.025m Radius, ry = r+ thickness of insulation = 0.038+0,02 m15= 0.058 m Thermal conductivity of steel, k:=15Wim" C Thermal conductivity of insulation, ky = 0.2 Wim °C: Hot gas temperature, Tye= 330° C+ 273 = 603 K Heat transfer co-efficient at innear side, ye = 400 Wim'°C Ambient air temperature, Ter= 30°C +273 = 303 K Heat transfer co-efficient at outer side hur= 60 Wim?C. Length, L= 10 m To find: (i) Heat loss (Q) Gi) Temperature drops (Ty¢—T)), (Ti -T2), (TT), (Ts—Teo, Solution: Heat flow @Q = Tazerau Thx Where Tove = Tat—Ter 11 pepo. py dt +pin[2| Paael one et Eade ed es bal * hg 0 ryotey aera tes Le tag el tas 603 03, ea loos Tn OOS] + yn [Oo T 2x10 FOO x 0025 + 15!" (0.025) * 02!" loose) * Sox OSB Q= 7451.72 W We know that, 7451.72 = T TxnXI0 Tap —Ty = 11.859K7451.72 = T IxaxT Tz = 3.310 K i ° Rua Te-Ts apte"tal 7481.72 Tr ~ Ts = 250.75 K Bter Rene nt -1 eso ef ri — 2xmx 10 ~ [60 x 0.058) Ty Tey = 34.07K Nov 2009 4. A long pipe of 0.6 m outside diameter is buried in earth with axis at a depth of 1.8 m. the surface temperature of pipe and earth are 95° C and 25° C respectively. Calculate ‘the heat loss from the pipe per unit length. The conductivity of earth is 0.51W/mK. Given ey D2 os tctie Pipe D=18m k=0.51WimK Find Heat loss from the pipe (Q/L) Solution We know that gL 2 =kScT,Where S mnduction shape factor a = 0.51%2.528(95 — 25) Q 90.25W /m Nov.2010 5. A steam pipe of 10 em ID and 11 cm OD is covered with an insulating substance k= 1 WimK. The steam temperatur s 200 C and ambient temperature is 20° C. If the convective heat transfer coefficient between insulating surface and air is 8 Wim'K, find the critical radius of insulation for this value of r.. Calculate the heat loss per m of pipe and the outer surface temperature, Neglect the resistance of the pipe material. Given: D105, 005 yaya sem m cre 5.5 cm = 0,055m k=1 WimK Ti= 200°C Ts =20°C hy =8 Wim?K Find @ ft If re -rp then QUL. wy To Solution To find critical radius of insulation (r.) nok ha When r.=t5 Kpipe, hyr not given @ L2n(200 - 20) 259 e(Goe0) , 4 1 8x 0.125 4 621W/m ToFind Too T. = Ta + 7 (Renconv) = 20+ 621 x (Same) To = 118.72°C ‘November 2011. 6. The temperature at the inner and outer surfaces of a boiler wall made of 20 mm thick steel and covered with an insulating material of S mm thickness are 300° C and 50° C respectively. If the thermal conductivities of steel and insulating material are 58W/m’C and 0.116 Wim'C respectively, determine the rate of flow through the boiler wall, L1=20x 10° m ki = 58 Wim'C 2=5x10%m ky = 0.116 Wim’C T) 300°C T2 = 50°C Find @ Q Solution o= ster et Roy = Eom BOX W345 x I OCW =0.043 °C W Q= = 5767.8 W = Fax 10-4+ 0008 Q= 5767.8 W7. A spherical shaped vessel of 1.2 m diameter is 100 mm thick. Find the rate of heat leakage, if the temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces is 200° C, ‘Thermal conductivity of material is 0.3 kJ /mh°C. Given 4:=1.2m 11=0.6m nn + thick =0.6 +01 n=0.7 m AT =200°C K=0.3 kI /mbr°C = 0.0833 Wim’ C Find Q Solution: ar Ren ene Tae aasgmmmivearay = 02275 K/W of ssa Ry 0.2275 November 2011 (old regulation) 8. A steel pipe (K = 45.0 W/m.K) having a 0.05m O.D is covered with a 0.042 m thick layer of magnesia (K .07W/m.K) which in turn covered with a 0.024 m layer of fiberglass insulation (K = 0.048 W/m.K). The pipe wall outside temperature is 370 K and the outer surface temperature of the fiberglass is 305K, What is the interfacial temperature between the magnesia and fiberglass? Also calculate the steady state heat transfer. Given: OD = 0.05 m d)= 0.05 m r= 0.025 m ky =45 WinK m= 11+ thick of insulation 1 m= 0.025+0.042 r= 0.067 m ky = 0.07 WimKks = 0.048 WimK 1512+ thick of insulation 2 0.067+0.024 091 m T1-370K, Ts =305K ‘To find @ Tb Gi) Q Solution Here thickness of pipe is not given; neglect the thermal resistance of pipe. (4T)overall Rh Here (4T)overall = T, —T, = 370 — 305 = 65 K ZR a = Ras + Rue n(@2) an) no ata ow (2) (2) Fanon Mi 0152 Kw = ee 719.959 Wim ‘aatasi01s2 To find T Tr = Ti-[Qx Rens] = 370- [19.959 x 2.2414] Ts = 325.26K 109. A motor body is 360 mm in diameter (outside) and 240 mm long. Its surface temperature should not exceed $5 °C when dissipating 340W. Longitudinal fins of 15, mm thickness and 40 mm height are proposed. The convection coefficient is 40W/m?°C. determine the number of fins required. Atmospheric temperature is 30°C. thermal conductivity = 40 W/m Given: D = -360x10°m L 240 x10° m T 59°C Q cereing = = 340W Longitudinal fin a 15x10%m bn = = 40x10" m bo = 40Wim?°C k = 40. Wim°C. To = 30°C To find: No of fins required (N) Solution: Here length (or) height of fin is given. It is short fin(assume end i pen. Oper rn From HMT Data book, Q = VAPKA (T, - t..).tan h(mL) re yt m= Say m Perimeter (P) = 2L= 2x 0.24 = 0.48 m (for longitudinal fin fitted on the cylinder) Area (A) = Lt= 0.24 x 0.015 A=0.0036m" _ | 40 x 0.48 =1188m-* m= lao weanose = 155m Opin = VIO X 0.48 X 40 x 0.0036 (55 — 30).tan h(11.55 x 0.04) Qe= 4.718 WMay 2012 10. A mild steel tank of wall thickness 10 mm contains water at 90° C. The thermal conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/m’C , and the heat transfer coefficient for inside and outside of the tank area are 2800 and 11 W/m? °C, respectively. If the atmospheric temperature is 20°C , calculate (i) The rate of heat loss per m’ of the tank surface area. (ii) The temperature of the outside surface tank. Given Lo = 10x10%m Tr = 90°C k= S0Wim °C Dar = = 2800 Wim? he == 1 Wit 8 Te = 20°C To find @ Qin? (i) oT Solution 0 i> Ter = 90-20 = 70°C DY Ren = Rereonny + Rear + Reteonsey Here (AT)oveatt = Rereonoye = Fegk = 0.00036 K/W consny Tg FDOT Ran = ee = A | 002 Kw ska sox 7 1 Rerconey = IgA T1xt 0.09091 K/W a 765.29 W/m? = gosTa69 dm’ To find T: Tag ‘convng + Ren inp ~ [2 Reonony Rens] = 90~ [765x 0.00056] T= 89.57°C 211. A 15 cm outer diameter steam pipe is covered with 5 cm high temperature insulation (k = 0.85 W/m °C ) and 4 cm of low temperature (k = 0.72 Wim? C). The steam is at 500 °C and ambient air is at 40 °C. Neglecting thermal resistance of steam and air sides and metal wall calculate the heat loss from 100 m length of the pipe. Also find temperature drop across the insulation. Given é@ = ISem no = 75x107%m t= ry + thick of high temperature insulation m= 7S45=12.5x10? m = rp thick of low temperature insulation m= 12544=16.5x 107m Kins = 0.85 wim? Ks2 = 0.72 wim? Ty = 500°C Te = 40°C To find @ — Q ifL=1000mm=1m Solution: ona Here AT=1,-T5 ER wy = Rar + Raz 9G) _ ness) = 0.09564 K/W or ° CW Renae Fagg, Dex08sxT 2) <0.06137 K/Wor °CIW Beka, BexOTI 500-40 ‘Doosersooens —2929-75Wim Qs 1B12, Determine the heat transfer through the composite wall shown in the figure below. ‘Take the conductives of A, B, C, D & Eas 50, 10, 6.67, 20& 30 WimK respectively and assume one dimensional heat transfer. Take of area of A =D= E = Im? and B=C=0.5 m’, ‘Temperature entering at wall A is 800 ° C and leaving at wall E is 100°C. B A pi Eg c Given: 00°C T.= 100°C k= 50 Wimk ks = 10 WimK k= 6.67 WimK kp = 20 Wimk ky = 30 WimK Ags A= As Ay Find @ @ Solution carvoveratt Oc L Rens= Ren Parallel lg law * Rag 7 tama Rens Rene Ruz = RR Rens = Rene = Ring = Rene = Rena = Reno = EA 1 Zour = 002 K/W 14Ruw= TaxpR = O2K/W 1 Ruc= SET ROS ~ 02969 K/W Rony = RinaBine__ 02 x 0.299 tnt Rene + Rene 0240299 0.499 Reng = 0.1198 K/W Ly 1 Rens = Renn = Kody = 201 = 205 K/W Ring = B, Fosca = 0.0333 KW TT _ 800 — 100 ~au3761w © SRy OOZFOIIIEF 0.05 + 0.0853 . Q = 3137.61” 13, A long carbon steel rod of length 40 cm and diameter 10 mm (k = 40 wimK) is placed in such that one of its end is 400° C and the ambient temperature is 30° C, the flim co-efficient is 10 w/m'K. Determine (Temperature at the mid length of the fin. (i) Finefficieney (ii) Heat transfer rate from the fin (iv) Fin effectiveness Give 1=40x10? m d=10x10?m k=40 Wink Ty = 400°C To find @ 7, @ Nie (iii) Qain Solution It isa short fin end is insulated From H.M.T Data book Q = VAPKA (1, ~T..).tan h(mL)m Perimeter = nd = x 10 x 10° = 0.0314 m © " Area = 7d = 5 (10 x10")? = 0.000785 m? —_ 10 x 0.0314 ™= a9 xo.0000785 Q = VIOXOOSTEX AUX OOODOTAS (400 — 30).tan A(10 x 40 x 10-4) Q= 0.115 W = 10m From H.M.T Data book T—T. _ coshm(L—x) T)-T. cosh(mb) 0 cosh 10 (0.4 - 0.2) 400-30” ~ cosh (0x 0.4) T-30 3,762 400-30 27.308 370 T= 5097 +30 T=80,97°C 0 = 0.13776 14, A wall furnace is made up of inside layer of silica brick 120 mm thick covered with a layer of magnesite brick 240 mm thick. The temperatures at the inside surface of silica brick wall and outside the surface of magnesite brick wall are 725°C and 110°C respectively. The contact thermal resistance between the two walls at the interface is 0,0035°C/w per unit wall area, If thermal conduct ies of silica and magnesite bricks are 1.7 W/m’C and 5.8 Wim'C, calculate the rate of heat loss per unit area of walls. Give Ly = 120x107 m ki = 1.7 Wim'c 12 = 240 x 107 m ky =5.8 Wim'C T1-725°C Ts = 110°C (Ren )contact = 9.0035 °C/W ‘Area =I m? 16Find @ Q Solution caroweratt _ @ ERR Reh1+ (Rendeont +Rth2 Here T; — Ty = 725-110 = 615°C Roi = hm 228207 Lo o708! CW Roz = Eos BH 9.0414 CW © = Saraeroeasromma ~ 532667 Win? Q= 5324.67 Wim 15. A furnace walls made up of three layers , one of fire brick, one of insulating brick and one of red brick. The inner and outer surfaces are at 870° C and 40° C respectivel ‘The respective co- efficient of thermal conduciveness of the layer are 1.0, 0.12 and 0.75 ‘WimK and thicknesses are 22 cm, 7.5, and 11 em. assuming close bonding of the layer at their interfaces, find the rate of heat loss per sq.meter per hour and the interface temperatures. Given ‘Composite wall (without convection) Ly =22 x10? m ka = 1 Wik 127.5 x10" m ky =0.12 Wink Ls= 1x10? m ks = 0.75 WimK, 1, -870° C T, = 40°C Find @ Qrhr Gi) Ts Solution ‘We know that, (AT overall Reh Here (AT) overall = =870-40 wv= 830°C And ER = Rai + Raa + Riss (assume A= 1m?) Rai = Gee BES = 22 x10? KW Raa fo SEE 025 KW 1467 KW 0 = Fanze nana mens 870-40 “0.9917 Q= 836.95 Wim? Q =3.01X 10% ih 18Nov 2010 16, A 12 cm diameter long bar initially at a uniform temperature of 40°C is placed in a medium at 650°C with a convective co efficient of 22 W/m’K calculate the time required for the bar to reach255°C. Take k = 20W/mK, p = 580 kg/m’ and c = 1050 J/kg K. Given : Unsteady state D=12em=0.12m R=0.06m T,=40+273 = 313K T= 650+ 273 = 923 K T= 255 +273 =528 K h=22 Wim'K k=20 Wink p= 580 Kg/m’ © = 1050 kg K Find: Time required to reach 255°C (7) Solution Characteristic length for eylinder =L; = § Le = = 003m We know that a hhe _ 22x03 Be =o B, = 0.033 <0.1 Biot number is less than 0.1. Hence this is lumped heat analysis type problem. For lumped heat parameter, ftom HMT data book We know that Deere = Jos0 xoosxseo ~ T 360.8 sec 1917. A aluminium sphere mass of 5.5 kg and initially at a temperature of 290°Cis suddenly immersed in a fluid at 15 °C with heat transfer co efficient 58 Wim? K. Estimate the time required to cool the aluminium to 95° C for aluminium take p = 2700 kg/m’, c= 900 J /kg K, k= 205 WimK. Give M=55 kg Ty =290 +273 T= 19 +273 = 288K T=95 +273 =368 K h=58 Wim’K k=205 Wik, p= 2700 ky’m? © = 900 j/kg K ‘To find: 63K Time required to cool at 95° C (7) Solution Density=p = at = ® vemos = p> 2700 V =2.037 X 107° For sphere, Characteristic length Le = £ Volume of spher v= iar? R R= 0.0786 m 1, = 0008 Biot number By = “= B=741 X107<0.1 B, <0.1 this is lumped heat analysis type problem, 20368 - 288, 536 — 288 355.4 sec Unit IT May 2012 1. Air at 25°C flows past a flat plate at 2.5 mvs. the plate measures 600 mm X 300 mm and is maintained at a uniform temperature at 95 °C. Calculate the heat loss from the plate, if the air flows parallel to the 600 mm side, How would this heat loss be affected if the flow of air is made parallel to the 300 mm side. Given: Forced convection (air) Flat plate Te=25°C U=25 mis T= 95°C 600 mm = 600 X 10° m 300 mm = 300 X 10° m Find () — Qifair flows parallel to 600 mm side (ii) Qif air flows parallel to 300 mm side and % of heat loss. Solution: \% Ba 60rc Take properties of air at T-= 60° C from H.M.T data book (page no 34) Pr= 0.696 y= 1897 x 10° m*is k= 0.02896 Re = th = 28x06 = = Tasm0% Re =7.91x 10" <5 x 105 This low is laminar. From H.M.T data book Nux = 0.332Re,°° pr°339 (on) Nu , = 0.332Re,°5 pr°339 a= 0,332 X (7.91 X 104)" (0.696) Nur = 82.76 Wy = 2Nu, = 2% 82.76 Wy = 165.52 sz! Nuk _ 165.52 x 0.02896 L 06 h (or) = 7.989 W/mK Q = RACAT)(or)h(w.L) Tw ~ To) Q, = 7.989 (0.6 x 0.3)(95 — 25) Qi = 100.66 W (i) IfL=0.3 mand W hor) 66 m (parallel to 300 mm side) UL_ 25x03 Rea OS y 1897 x 10- 3.95 x 10* R, = 3.95 x 10% <5 x 10° the flow is laminar From H.M.T Data book Nu, = 0.3325 P9933 (or) Nu, = 0.332Re,°5 P9393 Nu, = 0.332(3.95 x 10*)°5 (0.696) Nu = 58.48 Nu = 2Nu, = 2 x 58.48 = 116.96 yk _ 116.96 x 0.02896 L 0.3 h(or)h 1.29W/m?K Qe = HA(AT)(orJh(w.L) (Ty — Ta) Qy = 11.29 (0.6 x 0.3)(95 - 25) Qe 42.25 & % heat loss = x 100 x 100 % heat loss = 41.32% 22. When 0.6 kg of water per minute is passed through a tube of 2 cm diameter, it is found to be heated from 20°C to 60°C. the heating is achieved by condensing steam on the surface of the tube and subsequently the surface temperature of the tube is maintained at 90° C. Determine the length of the tube required for fully developed flow. Give To find Solution: Mass, m= 0.6kg/min = 0.6/60 kgs = 0.01 kgis Diameter, D = 2 om =0.02m Inlet temperature, Ts =20°C Outlet temperature, Tmo = 60°C Tube surface temperature , Ty= 90°C length of the tube,(L). Bulk mean temperature = Thy Properties of water at 40°C: (From H.M.T Data book, page no 22, sixth edition) P=995 kgim® V= 0.657810 m/s Pr= 4340 K=0.628Wimk C= 4178IrkgK Mass flow rate, 1 = paU i pA 0.01 © 995 x # (0.02)? velocity, U = 0.031m/s Let us first determine the type of flow UD _ 0.031 x 0.02 v 0.657%10 Re = 943.6 Re Since Re < 2300, the flow is laminar. For laminar flow, Nusselt Number, Nu = 3.66 23We know that wu = "2 hx 0.02 0628 = 1149 W/mK 3.66 = Heat transfer, Q = meyAT Q= Mey (Tmo — Ti) 0.01 x 4178 x (60 - 20) Q=16712W We know that @ = hAAT Q=AXHXDXLX (y= Tm) 1671.2 = 114.9 x m x 0.02 x L x (90 - 40) Length of tube, L=4.62m ‘November 2012 3, Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a polished copper pan by means of an electric heater. The diameter of the pan is 0.38 m and is kept at 115° C. calculate the following 1. Surface heat flux 2. Power required to boil the water 3, Rate of evaporation 4. Critical heat flux. Diameter, d= 0.38 m Surface temperature, Ty = 115°C To find LOA 2P 3th 4 (QA)nax Solution: We know that, Saturation temperature of water is 100° C i.e, Tar = 100°C 24Properties of water at 100°C: (From H.M.T Data book, page no 22, sixth edition) Density, p = 961 kg/m? Kinematic viscosity, y= 0.293x10° m’/s Prandtl Number, Pr= 1.740 Specific heat, Cy = 4216 HkgK Dynamic viscosity, 4, = py X v = 961 x 0.293 x 10- 281.57 X 10 “Nsim? From Steam table [R.S khurmi steam table] At 100°C Enthalpy of evaporation, by = 2256.9 kIvkg 1256.9 x 10° kg Specific volume of vapour, vp = 1.673 m'/kg Density of vapour, py = 1 Po= Te73 Py = 0.597 kg/m? AT = excess temperature = Ty — Tax = 115° = 100° = 15°C AT = 15°C < 50°C, So this is Nucleate pool boiling process. Power required to boil the water, For Nucleate pool boiling x(p1-po)]°> cpixar_]? Heat fx, $= pr x yy [PAPEEN]® x [BRETT cy (From H.M.T Data book) Where = surface tension for liquid vapour interface At 100°C o = 0.0588 N/m (From H.M.T Data book) For water ~ copper + Car= surface fluid constant = 0.013 N= 1 for water (From H.M.T Data book) Substitute Hu hipq Pu Pv Fs CPLAT, Cop, Me yg, Py Values in eqn (1) 8 ye1.57 x 10-6 x 2256.9 x 105 [281% 61 = 0.5979)" > BERT 10-2969 x10 Tg 4216 x 15 013 x 2256.9 x 10° x 7aSurface Heat flux ,2 = 4,83 x 10°W/m? Heat transfer,,Q = 4.83 x 10° x A Sy ge 4.83 x 108 x Fd 4.83 x 105 x4 (0.38)? Q=54.7 x10 W Q= 54.7 x10° Power= 54,7 x10° W 2. Rate of evaporation, (rit) We know that, Heat transferred, Q = ri x hey Q_ 547 x 103 hg 2256.9 10° tit = 0.024 kg/s 3. Critical heat flux, (Q/A) For Nucleate pool boiling, critical heat flux, @ aX 9 X Pi hv) $= 0.18hy, x pp Per (From H.M.T Data book) = 0:18 x 2256.9 x 102 x 0,597 x [2.0588 % 9:81 x (961 = 0.597) 25 ~ " ” [ (597) Critical heat flux,q = © = 1.52 x 10°W /m? May 2013 4, A thin 80 cm long and 8 cm wide horizontal plat. maintained at a temperature of 130°C in large tank full of water at 70°C. Estimate the rate of heat input into the plate necessary to maintain the temperature of 130°C. Given: bee 106C 1} Horizontal plate length, L = 80 em =0.08m Wide, W= 8 cm = 0.08 m, Plate temperature, Ty = 130°C Fluid temperature, T= 70°C To find: Rate of heat input into the plate Solution: 26130470 _ 4990 ¢ Flim temperature, v7 Properties of water at 100°C: (From H.M.T Data book, page no 22, sixth edition) p=961 kg/m? v= 0.293x10 mils Pr=1.740 = 0.6804WimK Buater (From H.M.T Data book, page no 30, sixth edition) We know that, 0.76 x 10°3K-* wxpxiedxaT Grashof number, Gr we For horizontal plate Le = Characteristic length = eg 0.08 L, = 2 2 Le = 0.04m 9.81 x 0.76 x 107? x (0.04)? x (130 — 70) (0298 x 10-9) Gr = 0.333 x 10 Grashof number, G GrPr = 0,333 x 10° x 1.740 GrPr 0.580 x 10° GrPr value is in between 8x10° and 10"! i.e.,8x10°< GrPr<10" $o, for horizontal plate, upper surface heated, Nusselt number, Nu = 0.15(GrP1)"* (From H.M.T Data book, page no 136, sixth edition) Nu =0.15(0580 x 10°)? Nu= 124.25 Ay Nusselt number, Nu = ayags = BaX 0.08 ° = “0.6804 hy = 2113.49 W/m?K Heat transfer coefficient for upper surface heated hy = 2113.49 W/m?K For horizontal plate, Lower surface heated: ‘Nusselt number, Nu; = 0.27(GrPr)"** 27(From H.M.T Data book, page no 137, sixth edition) = 0.27[0.580x10°}"7* Nui =42.06 We know that, Nusselt number, Nuy = hy x 0.04 0.6804 hy = 715.44 W/mK Heat transfer coefficient for lower surface heated hy = 715.44 W/m?K 42.06 Total heat transfer, Q = (hy +h AAT = hy thy) XWX Lx [Ty — Too] = (2113.49 + 715.44) x (0.08 x 0.8) x [130 - 70] Q= 10.86 x 10°W 5. A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained at a constant temperature of 120° C. the pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30°. Find heat loss by natural conveetion, Giver Vertical pipe diameter D = 80 mm = 0.080m Height (or) length L= 2m Surface temperature Ts = 120°C Air temperature T= 30°C To find heat loss (Q) Solution: We know that Flim temperature, 1; = Tete = 208 _ 7506 Properties of water at 75 °C: p= 1.0145 kg/m? v= 20.55 x10°n Pr= 0.693 k= 30.06 x 107? Wik. We know s- Tink 28B= = 2.87% 109K! 754273 We know 3 Grashof number, Gr = 2*B*1 XAT v __ 9.81 x 2.87 x 10°? x (0.08)? x (120 — 30) @o Gr = 4.80 x 10"° GrPr = 4.80 x10! x 0.693 GrPr = 3.32 x 10 Since GrPr>10”, flow is turbulent. For turbulent flow, from HMT data book Nw .10(GrPr)o333 Nu = 0.10(8.32 x 10%)983 Nu=318.8 We know that, Nusselt number, Nu Ax2 30.06 x 10- Heat transfer cof ficient, h = 4.79 W /m?K Heat loss, Q = hx Ax AT 318.8 =hxaxDXLX(T,—T.) 4.79 X 1 X 0.080 x 2 x (120 - 30) Q=216.7 W Heat loss Q= 216.7. November 2012 6. Derive an equation for free convection by use of dimensional analysis. Nu = C(Pr".Gr™) Assume, h=f {p, #, Cp, k, (8, AT)} The heat transfer co efficient in case of natural or free convection, depends upon the variables, V, p, ks, Cp and L, or D. Since the fluid circulation in free convection is owing to difference in density between the various fluids layers due to temperature gradient and not by external agency. Thus heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ may be expressed as follows: 29=f (Ley BgAT) seseeli) Fie LW hs cp, B gAT) sell) [This parameter (B g AT) represents the buoyant force and has the dimensions of LT] Total number of variables, n = 7 Fundamental dimensions in the problem are M,L,T, 0 and hense m= 4 Number of dimensionless x- terms = (nm) = 7-4= 3 The equation (ii) may be written as Ff, Oty, Ma, 3) = 3 We close p,L, and k as the core group (repeating variables) with unknown exponents, The ‘groups to be formed are now represented as the following groups. my = pt Le keh Ty = pRLP2. we? KC, tg = p15, us. kés.B g At my: term: M° LTB? = (ML-9)%. (LY. (ML~"T~*)%. (MLT~36-*)4. (MI-?8-*) Equating the exponents of M,L,T and 6 respectively, we get ForM:0 = a +a +d) +1 For L:0 = —3a, +by—c + dy ForT:0 = -c, +3d,—3 ForT: 0 = -d;-1 Solving the above equations, we get ob, ay 1¢, = 0,4; = -1 : hb m= Lk*h (or) my. My- Term: MOL°T°9° = (ML~8)%, (L)2, (MET~*)%, (MLT~3071)%, (2T-20-1) Equating the exponents of M, L, T and @ respectively, we get For M:0 = a; +¢z +d) For L:0 = —3ay +bz—cy +d, +2 For T:0 = —c,— 3d, —2 ForT: @ = -d,-1 Solving the above equations, we get a = 0,by =0,¢, = 1d, = -1 6c y= Wh Gy (or), = 4B 30m3 Term: M°LT°9® = (ML-3)*. (LY, (ML“'T-*). (MLT~30-"). (LT-?) Equating the exponents of M, L, T and 0 respectively, we get ForM: 0 = a3 +c) + dip ForL: 0 = —3a3+b,—c, +d, +1 ForT: 0 = —c,-3d,—2 ForT: @ = -dy Solving the above equations, we get ay = 2,bg =3,c) = 2d, = 0 ry = p?.L3y-?, (BgAt) ory = LOMA? _ (Haat)? # v or Nu = @(Pr)(Gr) Nu = C(Pr)*(Gr)"(where Gr = Grashof f number) Here C,n and mare constants and may be evaluated experimentally. or 31UNIT - HII ‘Two large plates are maintained at a temperature of 900 K and S00 K respectively. Each plate has area of 6°. Compare the net heat exchange between the plates for the following cases. (Both plates are black (ii) Plates have an emissivity of 0.5 Given: =900 K T= 500K A=6mr To find: (@— Qra)er Both plates are black €=1 Gi) Qis)aa Plates have an emissivity of € Solution Case (i) Qanee ate ~ Gta) AxS5, 67 (. 705) rdnee = “tn 7 2 & 1 (Qi2dnee = TH (Qiadner = 201.9 x 105W Case (i) = €=05 hott —T3" Qi2dnet son’ =r’) ee 900)* _ 500") oso 190, - 0) ] (radnee = 7 wstas (Qi2)ner = 67300 W 322, The sun emits maximum radiation at 2 = 0.52 p. Assuming the sun to be a black body, calculate the surface temperature of the sun. Also calculate the monochromatic emissive power of the sun’s surface. Give Aeox = 0.52 = 0.52 x10°%m To find: (i) Surface temperature, T. (ii) Monochromatic emissive power, Ex, (iii) Total emissive power, E (iv) Maximum emissive power, Eaax Solution: 1. From Wien’s law, Yams T= 2.9 x 10° mK [From HMT Data book, page no 82, sixth editions] 2.9 x10 -3 052 x10 — T =5576K 2. Monochromatic emissive power, (Ex) From Planck's law, an aa] [From HMT Data book, page no 82, sixth editions} ‘Where ¢, = 0.374 x 10-35 Wm? c= 14.4 1073 mK A = 052x10-$m T=5516K 0.374 x 10-8 [ ba = Tapa? elaaaeie "ser — 1 52x 10 ~®]-5 By, = 6.9.x 10" W/m? 3. Total emissive power E =oT* =5.67x107 x(5576)* Wim? 4, Maximum emissive power 1.28510" 576)" Wim? 285 x1 Ene 333. A.70 mm thick metal plate with a circular hole of 35 mm diameter along the thickness is maintained at a uniform temperature 250 ° C. Find the loss of energy to the surroundings at 27°, assuming the two ends of the hole to be as parallel dises and the metallic surfaces and surroundings have black body characteristics. Given: 12 = (ty = B= 17.5 mm = 0.0175 m L=70 mm =0.07 m Ty = 250 4273 = 523 K Tuer = 27 +273 = 300K Let suffix I designate the cavity and the suffices 2 and 3 denote the two ends of 35 mm dia. Hole which are behaving as dises. Thus, L_ 007 (00175 1% _ 0.0175 T= 007 = 95 The configuration factor, F 2. is 0.065 Now, Fait Frat Fas=1 .-ssBy summation rule But, Foz =0 Fou =1-F2a=1-0.065 = 0.935 Also, AiFia= AoFs- By reciprocating theorem Fa = © (0.0175)? x 0.935 oat68 - X 0.035 x 0.07 Fug = Fy = 0.1168 esses By symmetry The total loss of energy = loss of heat by both ends = AL Fy26(Ty* = Tyure*) + Ar Fis 6 (Th* — Tyure*) therefore (Fy = 2A, Fr-26 (Th ~ Toure") = 2 (r x 0.035 x 0.07) x 0.1168 x 5.6 (aa) -() |= saw 34November 2011 4. The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered as a black body radiating into a black enclosure at 70° C. the filament diameter is 0.10 mm and length is S cm. considering the radiation, determine the filament temperature . Given: Q=75W = 75 Vs T= 70 +273 = 343 K d=0.1 mm I=Sem Area= dl for black body Q = aca (tt 1") = 5.67 x 10-8 x 1x x 0.1 x 1079 x 5 x 10°7(T,* — (343)*) ‘ 7 + 343)" ~ 3906 x 10-8 T, = 3029 K 3029 - 273 = 2756°C November 2011 (old regulation) 5, Two parallel plates of size 1.0 m by 1.0 m spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a very large room, the walls of which are maintained at a temperature of 27° C. one p[late is maintained at a temperature of 900" C and other at 400°C. their emissivi 0.2 and 0.5 respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and the surroundings, find the net heat transfer to each plate and to the room. Consider only the plate surface facing each other. Given: Three surfaces (2 plates and wall) T, = 900°C = 1173 K T, = 400°C = 673 K Ty = 27°C = 300K Ay = A = 1.0m? a= 02 = 0.2 Room size is much larger than the plate sizeSurface resistance = Oand then Ey = Ja 1. To find the shape Ratio of smaller side to distance between plane. 1 0s Corresponding to 2 and curve 2 in HMT Data book Fi2=04 By summation rule The resistances are 1.67 1.67 1x06 To find radiosities J,J2 and Js, find total emissive power (Ex) 365, 67 (223)" = 107.4 kW /m? Ego = oT! = 5.67 (SB) = 11.7 kW/m? Ey = 073! = 5.67 any! 0.46 kW/m? Node Ji : Buch Dee she 1A 4 he 946-1 Jy interms of Js Node Jr hi=h Boz — Ia Ra Here Jy in terms of Js n= 11.6kWim? And J) = 25.0kWim? The total heat loss by plate (1) is 1074-25 oy aw 400 UI7=16 yyy i007 The total heat received by the room is =atO Qs = 20.6+ 0.1 Q) = 20.7 kW Net energy lost by the plates = Absorbed by the room, 6. Two large parallel planes with emissivities of 0.3 and 0.5 are maintained at temperatures of 527” C and 127°C respectively A radiation shield having emissivities of 0.05 on both sides is placed between them. Calculate (Heat transfer rate between them without shield. (i) Heat transfer rate between them with shield. Given: €1=03 €)=05 Ty = 5274273 = 800 K 37Ta = 127+ 273 = 400 K Find: Qwiosiee and Q win sie ‘adiacion Heat Exchange between Surfaces om aasfoas os pssst Solution: o(tyt - T* (Qizdnet without shieta = ott) atect 367 (ee). oa) ) 5.67(8* ~ 4%) + I I (3+ vos 1) + Gos tas— (Quiz) wien snieta = 859.45 W/m? November 2012 1B ities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800° C and 300° C are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter of the plates. If a polished aluminium shield (€ = 0.05) is placed between them. Find the percentage of reduction in heat transfer. Give T= 800° C 4273 = 1073 K Tz = 300° C 4273 = 573 K a =03 2 =03 Radiation shield emissivity #5= 0.05 38e203 Ratton = Shald eg = 0.08, Pitot _ Plate 2 To find: i (ii) Percentage of reduction in heat transfer due to radiation shield, () Net radiant heat exchange per square met Solution: Case I: Heat transfer without radiation shield: Heat exchange between two large parallel plates without radiation shield is given by Qiz = &0 alr,’ = 7,4] Where 03 +05 é= 0.230 Qiz = 0.230 x 5.67 x 10-8 x A x [(1073)* — (573)'] 212 Heat transfer without radiation shietd[22] = 15.8 X10°W/m? Case II: Heat transfer with radiation shield: Heat exchange between plate I and radiation shield 3 is given by Qs = é0 A[T,* — Where 1 TyiL oaAlr,* Qs = Ay -@) ata? Heat exchange between radiation shield 3 and plate 2 is given by 39Where 1 1.1 ae oaltst - 7] Qn = A sos sne ne vex (2) ete-1 3 Ee We know that, _ 2073) -1, _ 134 — (673)* T, 1 1,1 03 * 005 uostos~ 1 _ 4073)*-7,* _ T;*— 673)* 22.3 21 = 2.78x 10% ~ 21 7,4 = 22.3T;' - 2.4x 10" = 3.02 x 10" = 43,37," Shield temperature T, = 913.8 K Heat transfer with radiation shield Q is, o Alt, — 754] 13 1 i ate 5.67 x 1078 x A x [(1073)* — (913.8)4) T 3 + 0.05 — 1 $B = 1594.6 W/m? oooccecsereeenQ) % of reduction in heat transfer = 2uithoutsnieia— Q with shield Qwiehout shietd due to radiation shield Qi ~ Q Qe 15.8 x 109 — 1594.6 58x10 = 0.899 = 899% 408, Two rectangular surfaces are perpendicular to each other with a common edge of 2 m. the horizontal plane is 2 m long and vertical plane is 3 m long. Vertical plane is at 1200 K and has an emissivity of 0.4. the horizontal plane is 18° C and has a emissivity of 0.3. Determine the net heat exchange between the planes. Solution ‘g)r-2A.9(Ty* ~ Te‘) Here ghz I= & ‘A ~ Area of horizontal plane = XY = 2x2 = 4m? LX = 3x2 = 6m? Az= Area of vertical plane Both surfaces have common edge for which 23 is nat x72 aex From HMT data book the shape factor F .2 = 0.22 1200)* _ (18 + 273)" 4 «5.67 (Yor) - (a) ) 4, 1, (1-034 wa tomt Core Quo 61657.7 W 9. Determine the view factor (F) for the figure shown below. 2 Que. From Fig. We know that = Ata, AstAy At Fist AoFos [As = Ait Ao: Fs.6= Fo + F 2-6) a= AiFiat AiFiat AoFa-s [HAs= Ar+ Aas Fso= Fico Fae] AsPs6 = As Fs Ao Fos + Ai Pia Ac Fas [r Ar Ast Aa; Fis= F s-3-F 2-3] SAVFis = AS Fsp—As Fes + Ap Fos ~ Ao Fas A, A Pe = SIK.-F1+SIk-F, son SFis al bo Foal au td 0) [Refer HMT Data book, page No.94 (sixth Edition) 2 - & B Y A B Z value is 2, Y value is 2, From that, we can find corresponding shape factor value is 0.14930, (From tables) Fu = 0.14930 Shape factor for the area Ac and AsY Fs = 0.11643 Shape factor for the area Az and As ey > Fig. 456. Zz = y= Fog = 0.23285 Substitute Fs. Fs, Fas, and Fp values in equation (1), A, 0. 14930-0.1 1643) +2jo.20004- 0.23285) Sing = 43- — 440.03287]-42[0.03281) 4 4 Fig = 0.03293 Result : View factor, Fy.4= 0.03293 10. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m? area for two large parallel plates at 6.1f a polished temperatures of 427° C and 27°C. € (yor pute) = 0.9 and € (ois plate) = Ou aluminium shield is placed between them, find the % reduction in the heat transfer € ies) = 04 ' be a Net radiation heat transfer (Q 12)nec = ? Given: ‘Ty, =427+273 = 700K Tp = 27+ 273 = 300K €,=09 €.=06 €=04 Solution: (Grade iene site = een) (Qi2)net = 7399.35 W/m? Percentage reduction in the heat transfer flow Reduction in heat flow due to shield 4) Wet heat flow Reduction in heat flow due to shield = (Q12)net — (Qia)net 44(Qis)nee with shield = To find T; shield temperature (Q,3) net = (Qs2)net Let Tiy25—-1° 254167 -1 x4 = 12538 Th _ (12538)" = 5.95 To = (1253.8) = (or) (Qis)net = 2492.14 W/m? Reduction in heat flow due to shield = (Q:2)net ~ (Qia)net = 7399.35 -2492.14 = 4907.21 W/m? 490721 7399.8 Percentage reduction = x 100 = 66.32%11. There are two large parallel plane with emissivities 0.3 and 0.8 exchange heat. Find the percentage reduction when an aluminium shield of emissivity 0.04 is pllaced between them. Use the method of electrical analogy. 0.04 Percentage reduction in heat transfer _ Reduction in heat transfer due to shield |, ‘Net heat transfer rate Reduction in heat flow due to shield = (22net— (Gis)nee (Qiadner o(1 a(t 7,4) _ o(t,* - 1° (Qr2)net wo shieta ¢ ) (ht) _ ot) 358 ) ete) ostoat o(f:'=73') _ o(ti*=73') _ o(*-75") (Qisdnet with shicia =F 1 2733 T arte ovstooa} Percentage reduction in heat transfer _@s) @u) Here Ts = in terms of T; and T To find the values of Ts @Qs)nee = (Qs2)net T;* = 0.48 (T;* + 1.08T,*) Percentage reduction in heat transfer (Qua) (Qu) o(ty* ~ 7,4) /27.33 ~ a(t, =7,")/2733 460.52 (7,4 - T)* ci ) = 1-0.131(0.52) 0.131 = 0.932 = 93.2% a7Unit -1V. 1. Consider a two dimensional steady state heat conduction in a square region of side ‘L’ subject to the boundary conditions shown in the figure Calculate Ty, T, Ts and Ts considering Ax = Ay = L/3. Calculate the heat transfer rate through the boundary surface at x= L per Im length perpendicular to the plane of figure for L=0.1m, k=20W/mK. 200 3 |4 | 600 300 400 i) Interior nodal Temperature ¥ i 600 400 + 600 + 7, + T,-47,=0 wo 1 400 ii) wa Es M004 2004 7,4 @ Ts % iit) BE OH BOE TAT =O on eo0 iv) 800 + 600+ 7, +7,-47,=0 wo 48Solution Rearrange the questions and apply Gauss-seidel Iteration method; 1000 + T;+Ty-4T; =0 600+ Ts +T)-4T2=0 1000 + T2+ Ts 4Ts=0 1400 +1, + T3—4Ts=0 No. ofteration (a) | Ty T T Th rassumed value) | 500 300 300 700 T 300 400 325 606.25 2 30156 | 40664 | 30822 | 601.95 3 30195 | 401.29 | S008 | 600.69 4 30049 | 40033 | 50026 | 600.19 3 300.13 | 400.09 | 300.07 ] 600.05 ‘The fourth and fifth iteration have approximately equal values T1=500.13°C; T)=400.09°C; Ts=500.07°C; ty = 600.05°C To find heat transfer rate at x=L o-kareD [Heredy=1) ay = 20x0.03333 (500=800} + (600005-800) u 0.03333 J -10,000 W 2 the figure shows the temperature in a part of a solid and the boundary conditions. Estimate the thermal conduct ity of the material and also find the heat flow over surface 1. Solution: To find heat flow from surface | (mode of heat transfer is convection) 49Q=hA(AT) or — Q=hAy (AT), Tear A= Ax.Ay ( Vertical heat flow i.e heat flow from bottom face -. unit thickness Ay = 1) O= has (Te-1.)+(0p-7,) 1 500— 200) = 193 -. We know that, heat transfer is same for the material £.Q=kA(AT) Q=kAxl(T,-Tp)+(T, -T)+ (Te -T)] 193 = kx0,1[(435-356)+(454-337)+(500-500)] 193 © 0.1x196, k= 9.847 WimK 3. A small cubical furnace 50 x 50 x 50 cm on the inside ISV constructed of fire clay brick (k = 10W/mK) with a wall thickness of 10 em. The inside furnace is maintained at 500° C. Calculate the heat loss through the wall. Given Size of cubical furnace 50 x 50 x 50Cm. ky = 1.04 WimK L= 10em=10x10°m T;= 500°C T, = 50°C Find Q=? Solution We know that Q = kS (T;- Ts) Cubic furnace, having 6 wall sections, 8 comers and 12 edges. A_ 05x05 Conduction shape factor for (s) wall = = LOL Conduction shape factor for corner = 0.15L = 0.15.X 0.1 = 0.015m Conduction shape factor for edges = 0.54 D= 0.54 x 0.5 = 0.27 m 2.5m Total conduction shape factor(s) = (6x2.5)+(8x0.015)+(12x0.27) $= 1836m Q= KSAT 1.04x18.36(500-50)Q=8.592W 4, What is meant relaxation method? Explain in detail. * It may also be solved by “Gauss-seidel Iteration” method (For large node) In this method, a combined volume of the system is divided into number of sub- volumes. Each sub volume has a temperature distribution at its centre. Each sub volume has heat conducting rod. The center of each sub- volume having temperature distribution is called “nodes”. Various Steps involved in Relaxation Process 1 Subdivide the system into a number of small sub volumes and assign a reference number to each, Assume values of temperatures at various nodes. Using the assumed temperatures, calculate the residuals at each node, Relax the largest residual to zero by changing the corresponding nodal temperature by an appropriate amount. Change the residuals of the surrounding nodes to correspond with the temperature change in step (4). Continue to relax residuals until all are equal to zero onductiny i Qi0t Q0t Qt QWo=O Th) KAT -T) Ay 0 =0 IfAX#AY Here Ax=Ay Tr Ty-4To = 0 To find the temperature at an interior node To (or) Taw is Ti+ T+ T3+Ty- 4To=05. A square plate of side L is fully insulated along the surfaces ‘The temperature maintained at the edges are given as: T (x,0) =0 T@y) -0 T(x, L) = 100°C and T(Ly) = 100°C Find the expression for steady state temperature distribution. Solution: y 0 100° From HMT Data book Tue =A Mlanin Tunes *Tarie Ha 4 Here Taig = 100°C Tayyy = 100°C Ty, =0°C Tayey =0°C Tay 4f100+100+0-+0) Try = 50°C 6, The temperature distribution and boundary condi n in part of a solid is shown below; Determine the temperature at nodes marked A, B and C. Also determine the heat convected over surface exposed to convection. (k =1.5W/mK). Solution 1. Node A is an interior node.To find the temperature at node A Tmt} Tain tT nt *Tost Tr, = rests Tunes Tae 4 __ 132.8+172.94137+200 4 Ta = 160.68°C 2. To find temperature at node B (it is at the insulated boundary) Ty. R414 T ys +20 yn Ts = 4 (Refer HMT data book) 129.4445.8+2(103.5) 4 Ta = 95.55°C 3. To find temperature at node C (It is at convection boundary) Mr dor tT, rar (Refer HMT data book) Ard _ 5000.1 ROIS B, 2%103.5+45.8+67) +2 37.35°C 4.18 Heat and Mass Transfer 4, Let the heat convected over surface exposed to convection. Q com = HAST = hx Ay D\(T-T,) - hay| rT 1y-a-1,)-40-1)| (Unit thickness +. Av=1) 500x1x0.1] (45.8-30) +(37.35—30) + (67-30) + (200-30) | o=757.5W 53|. Water UNE flows at the rate of 65 kg/min through a double pipe counter flow heat exchanger. Water is heated from 50° C to75°C by an oil flowing through the tube. The sp ecific heat of the oil is 1.780 kj/kg.K. The oil enters at 115°C and leaves at 70°C.the overall heat transfer co-efficient is 340 W/m2K.calcualte the following 1. Heat 2, Rate Given: ‘exchanger area of heat transfer Hot fluid — oil, Cold fluid — water 7) (ut) Mass flow rate of water (cold fluid), me = 65 kg/min = 65160 kg/s m, = 1.08 ke/s Entry temperature of water, ty =50°C Exit temperature of water, ty =75° C Specific heat of oil (Hot uid), Cyy=1.780 Kikg K = 1.780 x 10° J/kg K Entry temperature of oil, Ty “115°C Exit temperature of water, Tr =70° C Overall heat transfer e4 fficient, U = 340 wim? K To find: Solution 1. Heat exchanger area, (A) 2. Rate of heat transfer, (Q) mm: We know that, Heat transfer, Q =m ee (121) (01) my Epa (Ts - Q= Mm, Coo (tr— th) Q= 1.08 x 4186 x (75 - 50) [Specific heat of water, cy, = 4186 J/kg K] Q=113x10°W We know that, Heat transfer, Q= Ux A (AT) wo [From HMT data book page no:152(sixth edition)]Where AT,»~ Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. (LMTD) For counter flow, [(h-)- = wfe=a] AT, = 28.8°C Substitute (AT)im, Q and U values in Equn (1) i) Q=UA (ATI 113 x 10°= 340 x Ax 28.8 A=1154 m? .A parallel flow heat exchanger is used to cool 4.2 kg/min of hot liquid of spes heat 3.5 ki/kg K at 130° C. A cooling water of specific heat 4.18 kivkg K is used for cooling purpose of a temperature of 15° C. The mass flow rate of cooling water is 17 kg/min, calculate the following. 1. Outlet temperature of liquid 2. Outlet temperature of water 3. Effectiveness of heat exchanger Take Overall heat transfer co-efficient is 1100 Wim? K. Heat exchanger area is 030m? Given: Mass flow rate of hot liquid, _m, = 4.2 kg/min 07 kgis Specific heat of hot liquid, cj =3.5 ki/kg K pn = 3.5 x 10° Iikg K Inlet temperature of hot liquid, T; = 130°C. Specific heat of hot water, — Cyc = 4.18 Ki/kg K Coe = 4.18 x 10° kg Ks°c Inlet temperature of hot water, f Mass flow rate of cooling water, m.= 17 kg/min m.= 0.28 kg/s Overall heat transfer co ~ efficient, U = 1100 wim? K Area, A=0.03 m? To fin 1. Outlet temperature of liquid, (2) ue 2. Outlet temperature of water, (t:) 3. Effectiveness of heat exchanger, (2) cavenee Solution : Capacity rate of hot liquid, Cy my x Cyn =0.07x3.5x10° Cy = 245 WIKessseees (1) Capacity rate of water, Co= mex Cpe = 0.28 x4.18 x 10° 1170.6 WIK cssseeees 2) From (1) and (2), Coin = 245 WK Crue = 1170.4 WK = 0,209 Cmax 1704 @) va ‘Number of transfer units, NTU [From HMT data book page no. 152] NTU =134 (4) To find effectiveness ¢, refer HMT data book page no 163 (Parallel flow heat exchanger) From graph, Xai NTU 34 Cone Sats =0.209 Corresponding Yous value is 64% ive, © 0.64from HIMT data Book -T, c= mePulT = Ts) Coon =) 130-7, 064 - HO=E 130-15 T)=56.4°C To find ts my epy(T-T3) = m.Cp¢ (te) 0.07 x3.5x10* (130-56.4) = 0.28%4186 (12-15) = 304°C Maximum possible heat transfer Quix = Cnin(Ti =) = 245 (130-15) Qnox = 28.175 W Actual heat transfer rate Q= Ex Qiux 0.64 x 28.175 Q= 18.032 W We know that, Heat transfer, Q =m, Cys(t2—t) => 18.032 = 0.28 x4.18 x 10° (ty - 15) 1170.4 tz - 17556 t =30.40°C Outlet temperature of cold water, t: = 30.40°C We know that, Heat transfer, Q= my Cys(T) = Ta) => 18.032 = 0.07 x3.5 x 10° (130-T2) => 18.032= 31850 -245 Ts => T, =56.4°C Outlet temperature of hot liguid, T: = 56.4°C 573.Hot chemical products (Cyn = 2.5 ki/kg K) at 600° C and at a flow rate of 30 kg/s are ‘used to heat cold chemical products (C, = 4.2 ki/kg K) at 200°C. and at a flow rate 20 kg/s in a parallel flow heat exchanger. The total heat transfer is 50 m’ and the overall heat transfer coefficient may be taken as 1500 W/m" K. calculate the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold chemical products. Given: Parallel flow heat exchanger Tai = 600° C ; m= 30 ke/s Cyn= 2.5 klikg K Tey = 100°C ; m.28 kg/s Ce 4.2kIrkg K A= 50m U= 1500 Wim?k Find: @ Te @Te? Solution The heat capacities of the two fluids y= egy = 30 x 2.5 =75 KWIK, = mec 28 x 4.2-= 117.6 KWIK The ratio = = 0.64 stu he= SB For a parallel flow heat exchanger, the effectiveness from Fig. 13.15 corresponding to 2" 6 Gar and NTU We know that Actuat heat transfer Max possibte heat transfer Tra) mph Grin Opa Fes) = m= Ta) (Taa= Tes) 0.48 — $00—Taz ‘600-100Tre = 360°C We know that Heat lost by the hot product = Heat gained by the cold product, mycon Tha Tha) = matyn (Tea Tea) 75(600 - 360) ~ 117.6 (Tez — 100) Tz = 253.06" C 4, Estimate the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a tube of 10mm diameter and 15cm long into dry air 25°C. Take the diffusion coefficient of water through air as 0.235 x 10“m’is Given: D=0.255 x 10“m*/s ‘Area (A) =7 d? = 7 (0.01)? R,= 8314 Jkg— mole K T=25+273 =298K 7,85 x 10-5 m? My = molecular weight of water = 18 P =Total pressure = 1.01325 x 10° Nim? X:-X)=0.15m P= partial pressure at 25° C = 0.03166 x 10° Nim? Pao 0 Diffusion rate of water (or) Mass transfer rate of water. Solution We know that Molar rate of water (M.) CT CT) Here Pro=P—Pra, Par =P—Po ‘Ma = 1.72 x 107 kg-mole/s Mass transfer rate of water (on) = Molar rate of water X molecular weight of steam Diffusion rate of water My 2172 x 10" x 18 on rate of water (My) =3.1 x 10" kg/s5. A vessel contains a binary mixture of Oz and Nz with partial pressure in the ratio of 0.21 and 0.79 at 15°C. The total pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar. Calculate the following 1. Molar concentration 2. Mass densities 3. Mass fractions 4, Molar fractions. T=15+273=288K P= 1.[bar=1.1 x 10° Nim? P,, = 0.21 bar Py, = 0.21 bar Solution 1. To find Molar concentration (C., and Co, ) Co, = 0.00965 kg mole/m? Cu, “Agr ania aoe Cy, = 0.0363 kg mole/m* 2. To find mass densities (p., and py, ) P=MC Where, M: Molecular weight P,, = Mo, X Co, = 32 x 0.00965 Po, = 0.309 kg/m? Py, = Mn, XCu, = 28 x 0.0363 Py, = 1.016 kg/m? 3. To find mass fractions (M., and My, ) We know that P= Pox + Prg= 0.309 + 1.016My, = 0.767 4, To find molar fraction (tg, and ny, ) ‘We know that Co, + Cu,= 0.00965 + 0.0363 1.375 kg mole/m> Gon, _ 0.00968 Nose aon My, = 0.24 sy Site = 00368, Me 0046 ny, = 0.79 AS kj/kg”C) of oil 6. A counter flow heat exchanger is employed to cool 0.55 kg/s (Cy from 115°C to 40°C by the use of water. The inlet and outlet temperature of cooling water are 15°C and 75°C respectively. The overall heat transfer coefficient is expected to be 1450 W/m"*C. Using NTU method, calculate the following: (The mass flow rate of water (i) The effectiveness of heat exchanger. (iii) The surface area required. Given: Counter flow HE My = 0.55 ke/s Coy= 24 5Kitke"C T= 115°C T2=40°C t= 15°C t2=75°C U= 1450 Wim To find: 1 The mass flow rate of water. (m:) 2.The effectiveness of heat exchanger. (€) 3.TThe surface area required.(A) Solution: For € NTU method from HMT date book Q=E Corin (Tr - ty) 61To find me Use energy balance equation. Heat lost by hot fluid = Heat gained by cold fluid myCpy TT) = MeCp, (tote) 0.55 x 2450 (115 - 40) = m. x 4186 (75 - 15) m, = 0.40kg/s Heat capacity rate of hot fluid = C, = mC, Pn = 0.55 x2.45 y= 135 kwiK Heat capacity rate of cold fluid 0.40 x 4.186 1.67kWwIK Gy Pw Py2 — partial pressure at the top of the pan, which is zero. > Pw = 0 w = m, _ 0.25x10~ 1.013 «10° 1013x105 -0 A 8314x303" 0.020 04242 x10" | = rIsxio*bgamole s For unit Area, Molar rate of water, mix2.15 « 108 AE=mele We know that, Mass Rate of Molar Rate of Molecular weight water vapour ‘water vapour of steam 21Sx10% 18.016 Molar rate of water vapour = 3.87x10% kg/s-m? The total amount of water to be evaporated per m* area = (0.20x1) «1000 =20 kg/m? Area 20 ‘Massrateof water vapour ‘Time required, ¢ 6320 3.87x10's Result : Time required for all the water to evaporate, =516.79x10°S, 8. A heat exchanger is to be designed to condense an organic vapour at a rate of 500 g/min. WI K is available at a flow rate of 60 kg/s. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 475 ich is available at its saturation temperature of 355 K. Cooling water at 286 ‘Wim'C Latent heat of condensation of the organic vapour is 600 kJ/kg. Calculate 1. The number of tubes required, if tubes of 25 mm otuer diameter, 2mm thick and 4.87m ong are available, and 2. The number of tube passes, if cooling water velocity (tube side) should not exceed 2nv/s. Given: = 25mm= 0.025 d= 25422) 21 mm=0.21m = 487m = 2ms = 286-273 = 13°C Tn = To ~355-273= 82°C U 475 Im? K he == 600 Kirke m= gs kas 60 m= 60kg/s Find (Number of tubes (N) (i) Number of tube passes (P) Solution Q = UAR = U(Rd ENO Q =o mphg = MC Tea Ter) i.e, Heat lost by vapour = heat gained by ater 6433x600%10° Q=me_(T2-T) 8,33%600%10" = 60x4.18 (Tea 13) 32.9°C . nf GE) .-T) (82-13) -(82-32.9) inf (82 a) {(92=32.9) 6, = 585°C Heat transfer rate is given by Q=m,h, 8.33 x600x10° = 475 (1x0.025%4.87xNX58.5) UA@, N= 470 Tubes To find N. of tube passes (P) N=PxN,, Where No. of tubes P No. of tube passes Np. No. of tubes in each pass i.e, The cold water flow passing through each pass. m,=AV,N, 60= 7 arv, x) ane 6-0 021)? 21000, 5.5 We know that, N=PxN,No. of passes (P)= © = A491 95.5 P=5 Number of passes (P) = $ 9. An Open pan 20 cm in diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at 25°C and is exposed to dry atmospheric air. If the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 8.54x10 kg/h, estimate the diffusion co-efficient of water in air. Given Diameter d 206m 020m Length (x2-%1 Sem 0.08 m Temperature,T= 25°C}273 = 298K Diffusion rate (or) Mass rate of water vapour = 8.54x10" kg/h 85410 ke 36005 = 237%10 kis To find Diffusion co-efficient, Djy Dry atmospheric air Solution I y We know that Molar rate of water vapour We know that, Mass rate of water vapour = Molar rate of water vapour + Molecular weight of steam 237x107 PEP 18.016 con (I) 66= 2 = 4020 4 (020) A = 0.0314 m? J Universal gas constant = 8314 ———_ kg — mole —K atm = 1.013 bar Total pressure 1.013 x 10° Nim? Pu = Partial pressure at the bottom of the test tube corresponding to saturation temperature 25°C AL25°C = pa = 0.03166 bar [From (R.S. Khurami) Steam table, Page no.2] =>pw = 0.03166 x 10° N/m? Puc - Partial pressure at the top of the pan. Here, air is dry and there is no water vapour. So, pw2—0. = pa =0 (237x107 D,, «0.0314 1.013 10° 013 x 10° — Since aaa" cori oamicena |" Dy = 258x108 mi’ Result: Diffusion co-efficient, Dyy = 2.58 x 10° 10, A counter flow double pipe heat exchanger using super heated steam is used to heat water at the rate of 10500 kg/hr. The steam enters the heat exchanger at 180°C and leaves at 130°C. The inlet and exit temperature of water are 30°C and 80°C respectively. If the overall heat transfer coefficient from steam to water is 814 W/m" K, calculate the heat transfer area. What would be the increase in area if the fluid flow were parallel? Given Counter flow heat exchanger tin, =n, = 10500 9 o17kg/s 3600 TT = 180°C 130°C Tr 130°C t= 80°C U=814 Wim’ K 67Find (Area of heat transfer (A) Gi) Increase in area Solution (i When the flow is counter: -6, 1n(0,70,) 0, =T, ~1, =180-80=100°C =130-30=100°C LMT! 0°C If LMTD = 0°C use AMTD. +8, So,AMTD = ~~~ [AMTD: Arithmetic mean temperature difference] 1 amTp — = 100100 2 AMTD = 100°C Bm = 100°C Here AT, = AMTD To find heat transfer rate Q=UAAT in Qe Meeps 4) Q=2.917x4.187 x10° (80-90) 2.9174.187 x10° x50 = 814 x A x100 A=75mr ii) When the flow is parallel 68150 Se? In[is0/50] Ve QQ =UAATn ‘or 2.917 x(4.187%10°) x(80-30) = 814 xA x91 A = 824m Increase in Area = sas 0.0987 or 9.87% 68